Bacteriophage Therapy in Freshwater and Saltwater Aquaculture Species

Bacteriophages, or phages, which are viruses with specifically restricted tropism for bacteria, have regained interest in the last few decades as alternative therapeutic agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in animals and humans worldwide. In this context, bacteriophage therapy has been developed to treat bacterial infections of cultured fish, shellfish, and crustaceans. Nowadays, aquaculture is the only feasible solution to meet the continuously growing global demand for high-quality seafood. As such, it is crucial to focus on controlling the spread of pathogenic bacteria, as they have a significant economic impact on aquaculture systems. Overall, the documented research supports the application of bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture, but also underlies the need for additional studies, as it is still mostly in the scientific stage. This review aims to highlight and critically examine recent advancements in the application of bacteriophages to treat the most common bacterial infectious diseases in both freshwater and saltwater aquaculture species, providing topical perspectives and innovative advances.

Emergence of highly virulent multidrug and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in buffalo subclinical mastitis cases

This study aimed to characterize virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from cases of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffaloes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1540 quarter milk samples collected from 385 buffaloes. Milk samples were screened using the California Mastitis Test and Modified Whiteside Test. Positive samples underwent bacterial culture, biochemical tests, biofilm detection and molecular analysis for pathogen identification and detection of virulence, resistance, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The prevalence of SCM was 67.9% (1046/1540) at the quarter level and 80.8% (311/385) at the animal level. E. coli was identified in 9.5% (146/1540) of the samples, while K. pneumoniae was detected in 9.09% (140/1540). Virulence genes, such as stx1 (27.4%), and resistance genes, including aac(3)-iv (77.4%) and tetA (76.7%), exhibited higher prevalence. Additionally, β-lactamase genes, notably blaTEM (67.1%), and ESBL genes, such as blaCTX-M1, were detected. Biofilm formation was detected in 83.6% (122/146) of E. coli isolates and 75.7% (106/140) of K. pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and aminoglycosides. MDR was observed in 31.5% of E. coli and 39.3% of K. pneumoniae isolates, with XDR rates of 8.9% and 12.9%, respectively. These findings underscore the alarming spread of resistant pathogens in SCM-affected buffaloes, emphasizing the urgent need for ongoing surveillance and targeted intervention strategies.

Insights into garlic (Allium Sativum)'s nutrigenomics-associated fly-repellent potency in cattle

Despite effective control of flies using synthetic pesticides, fly resistance and environmental contamination have led to the inadequacy of this strategy. The use of integrated pest management approaches has since been advocated in contemporary research to sustainably control fly populations. Recent studies have found garlic (Allium Sativum) and its derivative bioactive compounds to possess insect-repellent attributes among other key health and production enhancing properties. This highlights the potential of garlic as a botanical pesticide to control flies in cattle. Moreover, the ability of cattle to naturally repel flies is influenced by animal genetic predisposition. The dietary garlic supplementation and gene interaction in disease resistance could also be an influential factor in repelling flies in cattle. Transcriptomics has emerged as a valuable tool in animal breeding and genetics which allows identification of trait-associated genes and understanding of complex interactions between dietary nutrients and animal genome expression. This paper explores the nutrigenomic effects of garlic supplementation on cattle and its contribution towards fly repellence efficacy in cattle. It was concluded that garlic supplementation in cattle diets could offer a sustainable approach to managing fly infestations in cattle farming. These findings underscore the importance of further research to validate these assertions and optimise the use of garlic to control flies in cattle under different production systems.

Supplemental effect of dietary nucleotides on hematological profile, hepatic biomarkers, antioxidant capacity, and digestive functions in Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus

This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides (NTs) on hematological indices, hepatic biomarkers, antioxidant capacity, digestive functions, and intestinal histomorphology of Sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Over 10 weeks, five diets with varying levels of NTs (0 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, 3.5 g/kg, and 5.0 g/kg) were fed to triplicate groups of the fish (initial weight: 95.33 ± 1.23 g) in a flow-through system. The results indicated that final weight and relative growth rate reached the highest values in fish fed with the 5.0 g/kg NTs supplemented diet (p < 0.05). The fish fed NTs-supplemented diets also had lower feed conversion ratios than those fed the basal diet (p < 0.05). While total leukocytes were increased by increasing the dietary NTs supplementation to the highest value in the fish fed with 3.5 g/kg NTs, no significant differences were obtained in RBC, Hb, MCHC, HCT, and eosinophil values among the experimental groups (p > 0.05). The highest WBC count was seen in the fish fed with 3.5 g/kg NTs compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The serum hepatic enzyme levels generally decreased with higher NTs supplementation, although alanine transaminase significantly increased at the 5.0 g/kg level (p < 0.05). The antioxidant capacity was improved in the fish fed with NTs at 0.25 and 0.35 g/kg (p < 0.05), while the serum malondialdehyde level was decreased up to 3.5 g/kg NTs but it was increased at 5.0 g/kg (p < 0.05). The protease and amylase activities peaked in the fish receiving 3.5 g/kg NTs (p < 0.05), with the highest lipase activity obtained in 2.5 g/kg NTs (p < 0.05). The intestinal histology revealed that the fish fed with NTs at 3.5 g/kg exhibited the greatest villus height and width, along with more goblet cells (p < 0.05). Based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the optimum dietary levels of NTs for positive effects on physiometabolic responses and intestine functions of the Sterlet sturgeon lies in the range of 2.2-3.6 g/kg.

The probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation reduces Salmonella load and modulates growth, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and immune responses in chickens

Salmonella, a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, is primarily transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated poultry products. The increasing resistance of Salmonella to antibiotics and lack of cross-protection by vaccines necessitate new control strategies in poultry production systems. This study assessed the efficacy of probiotics against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bb12) showed inhibition of ST and SE in agar well diffusion assay, with stable inhibitory properties. In co-culture assay, both LGG and Bb12 completely suppressed ST and SE growth. Liquid chromatography-with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the LGG and Bb12 cell-free culture supernatant identified novel bioactive peptides with anti-Salmonella properties. Administering LGG in drinking water of chickens raised on built-up litter floor in experimental conditions significantly reduced the ST load (5.95 logs and 3.74 on 7 days post-infection [dpi] and 14 dpi, respectively). Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased abundance of several beneficial genera such as Butyricicoccus, Erysipelatoclostridium, Flavonifractor, and Bacillus in LGG-treated groups. Histomorphometry analysis demonstrated increased villus height (VH) and VH by crypt depth ratio in the ileum of the LGG-treated group on 14 dpi. These results highlight LGG as a promising probiotic for controlling Salmonella in chickens and reducing transmission to humans. The beneficial properties of LGG are attributed to the production of antimicrobial peptides, microbiota modulation, and enhanced intestinal integrity.IMPORTANCESalmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States and worldwide. It is primarily transmitted through contaminated poultry and poultry products (eggs and poultry meat). Increasing resistance of Salmonella to antibiotics and lack of cross-protection by vaccines necessitate new control strategies to reduce Salmonella in poultry production system and minimize human infections. Probiotics, which are live beneficial microorganisms when administered in an optimum amount, have been increasingly used in recent years as alternatives to antibiotics to promote health. Our study showed that LGG exhibited superior probiotics properties and significantly reduced Salmonella load in chickens. Thus, LGG supplementation is a promising approach to prevent Salmonella infection and enhance performance of poultry thereby enhance food safety, proper antibiotic stewardship and public health.

Association of Stress and Inflammatory Diseases with Serum Ferritin and Iron Concentrations in Neonatal Calves

This study investigated the effects of iron supplementation and inflammatory disease on cortisol, white blood cell (WBC) count, total protein (TP), lactate, interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), substance P (SP), hepcidin, haptoglobin, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in calves. Correlation analyses for the aforementioned parameters with serum iron and ferritin were performed in 40 neonatal calves over the first 10 days of life. Neither iron supplementation, disease status, nor sex had statistically significant effects on the areas under the curve of ferritin, WBC, TP, IL1β, IL6, SP, hepcidin, haptoglobin, or FRAP. However, cortisol concentrations were influenced by disease development. Cortisol concentrations were higher at birth (44.1 ± 1.95 ng/mL) than on day 2 (38.8 ± 1.87 ng/mL) (p = 0.0477), and healthy animals exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than diseased calves (p = 0.0028). Correlation analyses indicated weak positive correlations between ferritin and IL1β (p = 0.0015; ρ = 0.49) and IL6 (p = 0.0011; ρ = 0.50), respectively. The clinical significance of these findings and resulting therapeutic consequences, especially with respect to iron supplementation, should be further investigated in calves and adult cattle.

ALKBH5 Improves the Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions to Inhibit Escherichia coli-Induced Mastitis

Mastitis poses a severe threat to the global cattle industry, causing huge economic losses. Environmental mastitis is mainly induced by Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the current treatment is still using antibiotics, with problems such as drug resistance and food safety. ALKBH5 is an RNA m6A demethylase that plays an important role in various biological processes, while p65 is a key regulator of inflammatory responses. Therefore, studying the interaction between ALKBH5 and p65 in protecting the mammary epithelial barrier provides new insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis. This study revealed that E. coli-induced acute inflammation activated the NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway and disrupted mammary epithelial cell tight junctions. Knockdown of ALKBH5 promoted p65 phosphorylation and inhibited the expressions of the tight junction proteins TJP1, CDH1, and OCLN. Furthermore, motif analysis, CHIP-PCR, and dual luciferase assay confirmed that phosphorylated p65 inhibited TJP1 promoter activity, thereby inhibiting TJP1 expression. In addition, the mouse experiment further demonstrated that knockdown of ALKBH5 aggravated E. coli-induced acute mastitis and epithelial cell tight junction disruption, and promoted E. coli invasion and proliferation. Significantly, this study is the first to demonstrate the details of the interaction between p65 and TJP1 and to declare the molecular mechanism of ALKBH5 in improving the cell tight junction, which lays a potential target and theoretical foundation for the treatment of mastitis and other infectious diseases.

Impact of Kluyveromyces marxianus VM004 culture conditions on the cell wall structure and its influence on aflatoxin B1 binding

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of Kluyveromyces marxianus VM004 culture conditions on the cell wall (CW) structure and its influence on aflatoxin B1 binding. The yeast was inoculated into two types of culture media: yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) broth and dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDG). The CW was extracted from the biomass produced in these media. AFB1 (150ng/ml) adsorption tests using the biomass (1×107cells/ml) and the CW (0.001g) were performed at pH 2 and pH 8. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluated the CW thickness, and infrared spectroscopy (IR) determined the CW composition. Biomass production in YPD was higher than that in DDG. Cell diameter (μm) and CW thickness (μm) increased in the DDG medium. The CW percentage obtained in DDG was higher than that in YPD. The absorbance of carbohydrates by IR was higher in YPD. pH influenced AFB1 adsorption, which was lower at pH 8. The proportion of β-glucan and chitin present in CW was higher in the YPD medium. The IR method allowed to study the CW carbohydrate variation under the influence of these carbon sources. In conclusion, the culture media composition influenced the β-glucan and chitin composition and consequently, AFB1 adsorption.

Albendazole resistance in naturally infected sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes in two northwest municipalities of Sinaloa, Mexico

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic resistance to albendazole (ABZ) (from the benzimidazole [BZ] family) in sheep farms located in the northeast of Sinaloa, Mexico. The study was conducted on four sheep farms in the northwest of Sinaloa, Mexico. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), along with endpoint and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques, were used to determine the percentage and proportion of BZ resistance in gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species before and after ABZ treatment. Genomic DNA (gDNA) from infective larvae (L3) was processed to identify GIN species and detect nucleotide changes at codons 167 and 200 of the β-tubulin gene. Results from the FECRT showed low ABZ efficacy, ranging from 0 % to 83 % across the four sheep farms. Haemonchus was the most prevalent nematode identified, with a high number of gDNA copies detected both before and after ABZ treatment, followed by Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, and Oesophagostomum, but only before ABZ treatment. Additionally, ABZ BZ] polymorphisms were confirmed at codon 200 (TTC/TAC) in Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) across all four farms, with both gDNA fragments detected: a 550-bp fragment indicating susceptibility and a 250-bp fragment indicating a heterozygous population for BZ resistance. No BZ polymorphism was observed at codon 167 (TTC/TAC) in any population. In conclusion, sheep farms in the northwest of Sinaloa demonstrated resistance to BZ, with H. contortus being the main GIN species involved. These findings highlight the importance of conducting parasitological and molecular diagnostics for anthelmintic resistance, as detecting heterozygous populations may help improve control methods and preserve ABZ efficacy.

Prediction of marbling score in ribeye quartered at the 5th- 6th rib of French beef using the Q-FOM™ beef assessment camera

In the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) and Guaranteed Global Grading (3G) grading schemes, beef marbling is scored visually in the chiller by accredited graders from 100 to 1190 marble score points in increments of 10. This study aimed to evaluate a hand-held camera (Q-FOM™ Beef) for determining MSA marbling scores of carcasses quartered between the 5th and 6th rib. The carcasses were scored by two accredited graders, including an expert grader (i.e. a more experienced grader). The R2 of correlation between scores of the two graders for 377 carcasses was 0.78 with a RMSE of 47.9. The R2 of correlation between the scores of the expert grader and the Q-FOM™ for 285 carcasses was 0.75 with a RMSE of 44.9. For the grader-to-grader comparison, 75.9 %, 97.1 % and 100 % of the values were within 50, 100 and 200 marbling points, respectively. For the comparison between Q-FOM™ predictions and the expert grader, 78.6 %, 96.8 % and 99.7 % of the values were within 50, 100 and 200 marbling points, respectively. Both between visual graders and the Q-FOM™ against expert grader showed acceptable accuracy performance and fulfilled the accreditation criteria defined by AUS-MEAT in Australia. Additionally, 124 Q-FOM™ images were assessed on-screen by the expert grader. The R2 of correlation between the in-chiller and on-screen MSA marbling scores was 0.78 with a RMSEP of 48.7. Thus, on-screen assessing met requirements for accreditation, and both in-chiller and on-screen visual assessments of MSA marbling score are acceptable inputs for developing a Q-FOM™ Beef marbling model.

Comparison of immunogenicity of 17 Burkholderia mallei antigens and whole cell lysate using indirect ELISA

Glanders is a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-notifiable equine disease caused by the infection of Burkholderia mallei, and is endemic in Mongolia, South Asia, Africa, and South America. While the complement fixation test (CFT) has been widely used for serodiagnosis of glanders and is considered a standard serological test, it has several limitations. These limitations include poor specificity, labor intensive techniques, variability in antigen and protocol. Consequently, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) based on recombinant proteins have been developed as alternative serodiagnostic assays to address some of the challenges associated with the CFT. The accuracy of iELISA relies on the B. mallei proteins used as an antigen. Hence, to determine the best diagnostic candidate in iELISA, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, a comparison of 17 immunogenic B. mallei proteins and detergent-based whole cell lysate (WCL) was performed. According to the sensitivity and specificity on the sera from glanderous and non-glanderous Mongolian native horses, iELISA using Hcp1, GroEL, and detergent-based WCL represented the highest diagnostic accuracy. These three candidates did not have cross-reactivity to horse sera with several other equine diseases. WCL, Hcp1, and GroEL showed considerable potential as antigens for iELISA in the serodiagnosis of glanders in Mongolia. Detergent-based WCL extraction offers a consistent approach for the preparation of reliable B. mallei antigen. WCL-iELISA should be further validated in a large-scale study to meet WOAH demands.

Effects of sedation on haematological, biochemical, coagulation profile, and kaolin-activated thromboelastography in rabbits

Blood sampling and analysis are essential procedures for assessing the health status of exotic pets. While careful manual restraint is generally recommended, sedation may be necessary in specific cases. However, the use of chemical restraint may introduce analytical variations. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of sedation with butorphanol, midazolam, ketamine and dexmedetomidine on haematological, biochemical and coagulation parameters (prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and fibrinogen), as well as thromboelastography in adult healthy New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Two groups of adult New Zealand rabbits, housed under identical conditions and considered healthy based on normal physical examination and unremarkable clinical histories, were included in the study. The non-sedated group comprised ten rabbits, while the sedated group consisted of fifteen. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture, and haematological, biochemical and coagulation profiles were performed. In conclusion, some variation in haematological and biochemical values were observed depending on sex and/or sedation protocols. Sex can influence haematology in terms of haemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte and platelet count; biochemistry in alanine aminotransferase, chloride, gamma-glutamyl transferase, potassium, sodium, calcium, total cholesterol, urea nitrogen, but not in coagulation parameters. Meanwhile, sedation can affect haematology in terms of leucocyte and lymphocyte count and biochemistry in total bilirubin, calcium, total protein, sodium, albumin, glucose, creatinine, phosphorous. Plasma-based coagulation assays showed increased prolongation of aPTT and PT, although these changes do not seem to be clinically relevant. There were no changes observed in thromboelastographic parameters.

Factors determining the dead-on-arrival (DOA) rate of turkeys transported for slaughter in Germany

In total, approximately 30.5 million fattening turkeys were slaughtered in Germany in 2022. This evaluation included data on around 11.9 million fattening turkeys of various ages and breeds transported within Germany in 2022, representing 39 % of all fattening turkey consignments that year. The aim of this study was to analyze German fattening turkey consignments (n = 2,864) to the slaughterhouse in 2022, focusing on the dead-on-arrival (DOA) rate and potential influencing factors. The relationship between factors such as the total number of animals per transport, transport duration and distance, planned stocking density in transport cages, average daily temperature, time of day, season of transport, and DOA rate was statistically assessed. The results indicated a mean DOA rate of 0.14 % (SD 0.09), this being consistent with findings of previous European studies. The evaluated data showed no influence of the number of animals, the distance and duration of transport, or the stocking density on the DOA rate (%). Higher temperatures and transport during summer were associated with a higher mean DOA rate, indicating that high temperatures can present a significant challenge for the welfare of fattening turkeys during transport.

The Evolving Landscape of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Turkeys: A Review

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic rod-shaped bacterium that causes respiratory disease in the commercial poultry industry. This bacterium has been causing severe disease in chickens and turkeys since it emerged in the 1980s. In birds, increased mortality, reduced egg production, and loss in weight gain gives ORT the potential to have severe economic implications. In older birds, ORT causes more severe lesions and increases in mortality; therefore it is of particular concern in the breeder industry because infection and loss of production in breeders impact all stages of production. Despite the importance of ORT, few published studies have contributed to understanding of the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of this disease. This review discusses the evolving landscape of ORT and summarizes an update on important issues related to ORT.

[New drugs for small animals in 2024]

In 2024, three novel pharmaceutical agents for small animals were released on the German veterinary medicinal products market: the histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine for the treatment of gastric ulcers, the alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist tasipimidine for the relief of anxiety and the SGLT-2 inhibitor velagliflozin for the insulin-independent treatment of diabetes mellitus. No active substance was extended to other animal species. The following are new to the market for small animals: two active substances (amlodipine; fluralaner), each in a new dosage form, a new combination of active substances (neomycin sulphate + polymyxin B sulphate) and one active substance (trilostane) in two new dosage forms. There were no vaccines for small animals against new diseases and no new dosage forms. A new recombinant vaccine against Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus was approved.

Surveillance and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy herds across Taiwan

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts cattle worldwide, causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive disorders that lead to substantial economic losses. Despite its high global prevalence and various genotypes, the infection status of BVDV in Taiwan has not been reported. This study conducted large-scale surveillance in 2014, analyzing 460 bovine serum samples collected from 49 dairy herds across Taiwan. The results revealed a herd-level seroprevalence of 59.2 % (29/49), with significant regional variations: 16.7 % in the northern region and 77.8 % in the southern region. At the animal level, the overall BVDV-positive rate was 32.4 % (148/460), ranging from 3.3 % (northern region) to 41.5 % (central region), with significant regional differences as analyzed by the mixed-effects logistic regression model. Five-year surveillance of a single dairy farm revealed persistent BVDV circulation, with the seroprevalence starting at 89 % in 2019 and remaining between 82 % and 100 % among the cohort of 27 cattle monitored from 2020 to 2023. In contrast, a study of three farms revealed that while the two high-prevalence farms maintained high infection rates, the low-prevalence farm experienced a gradual decline in infections, indicating varied infection dynamics. Moreover, this study identified BVDV-1b as the predominant genotype in Taiwan, along with BVDV-1a and BVDV-2a, which were detected in mosquito samples. These findings emphasize the high prevalence of BVDV in Taiwan, ongoing viral circulation within herds, and the need for continuous surveillance and robust control measures to mitigate the spread of BVDV in Taiwan's cattle industry.

The rumen microbiome and metabolome profile of Ongole crossbreed cattle fed probiotics and protected amino acids

This study aimed to investigate the microbial population dynamics and metabolite profiles of Ongole crossbreed cattle (OCC) fed a combination of feed additives using metagenomic and metabolomic analyses. A crossover design was employed, involving four 3-year-old fistulated OCC bulls, each receiving four distinct dietary treatments per experimental period, followed by a washout phase with a basal diet. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (G1) as control, and the addition of feed additives as follows: G2: probiotics (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum); G3: premix; G4: G2 + G3 + amino acids lysine and methionine; and G5: G2 + G3 + amino acids protected with tannin. Rumen fluid was collected for the analysis of microbiome dynamics and metabolite profiles. The bacterial communities in diets G1, G2, G3, and G5 exhibited similar compositions, dominated by Bacteroidota, particularly the genus Prevotella. The G5 diet successfully suppressed the population of archaea, notably Methanosarcinales and Methanobacteriales, which are associated with methane production. A total of 28 significant metabolites (VIP > 1) was identified in rumen fluid, including lipid prenols, phenolic compounds, indoles and derivatives, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, fatty acyls, benzene derivatives, and organooxygen compounds. The volatile compounds profile of rumen fluid showed a marked increase in prenol lipid compounds, especially in the G5 diet. Additionally, Methanosarcinales and Methanobacteriales were negatively correlated with prenol lipid levels. The inclusion of probiotics and protected amino acids alters the microbiome community structure and metabolites, positively affecting ruminant productivity.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Moroccan Poultry: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles, Characterization of Recent Isolates, and Retrospective Study (2019-23) of Its Occurrence in Different Poultry Production Systems

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of poultry, notably in turkeys, while Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is the etiologic agent of infectious serositis, the most economically significant disease of domestic ducks and, to a lesser extent, geese and turkeys. Currently, little is known about ORT and RA infections in Moroccan poultry. Thus, the main aim of this study was to describe ORT incidence in Moroccan poultry flocks during the period from 2019 to 2023 and gain better insights into genetic characteristics in combination with assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility of Moroccan ORT isolates during 2023 outbreaks. In addition, we report the first detection of RA in Moroccan turkeys and caged layer chickens. For this purpose, poultry flocks exhibiting elevated mortality rates along with respiratory clinical signs were necropsied. Additionally, the birds presenting fibrinous pleuropneumonia were investigated for ORT infection during the period from January to December 2023. Samples of the lungs, air sacs, and tracheas were collected for bacteriology testing, and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on the isolates. Furthermore, trachea and lung samples were subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and positive qPCR samples were then selected for further amplification of the rpoB gene, followed by sequencing. Moreover, a retrospective study of the incidence of ORT from 2019 to 2023 was carried out. The results showed a significant increase of ORT cases (p , 0.001); additionally, age was identified as the sole significant risk factor associated with ORT diagnosis in the multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 4.87, 95% confidence interval = 2.54-9.37, p , 0.001). Bacteriology confirmed 10 ORT isolates. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed complete resistance to several antibiotics, with varying levels of resistance and sensitivity across isolates, including 100% sensitivity to florfenicol in broilers and turkeys. Sequencing of the rpoB gene revealed that 10 ORT isolates had nucleotide similarity ranging from 98% to 100% with other known ORT isolates from chickens and turkeys reported in the U.K., Chile, China, Portugal, and the United States. On the other hand, two ORT isolates were found to be genetically very close to known RA strains, despite testing positive for ORT by real-time qPCR. Amino acid sequence comparisons for these isolates reached 83.10% similarity with Riemerella sp. strain WJ4 isolated in China and 98.79% similarity with strain IPDH 98/90 isolated in Germany. In conclusion, the prevalence of ORT in Moroccan poultry flocks increased over the 5-yr period covered by this retrospective study, contributing significantly to recent respiratory disease outbreaks. Additionally, RA may also contribute to polyserositis in poultry; however, further studies are needed to determine its pathogenicity.

The Number and Size of Invasion Areas in Mixed-Type Carcinoma in Female Dogs Are Associated with Regional Metastases

Mixed-type carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 44% of mammary neoplasms in bitches and poses challenges in histological grading due to the heterogeneity of invasive areas. The present study aimed to measure and characterize invasive areas in the stroma of MTC and investigate the association of those parameters with lymph node status and survival. Forty cases were analyzed and divided into two groups: with metastasis and without metastasis. The size, perimeter, length, and number of invasive carcinomatous areas were measured. Cases with metastasis showed a higher number of foci (p = 0.003) and larger invasive areas (p = 0.006) compared to cases without metastasis. Bitches with invasive areas larger than 2 mm2 had shorter survival times. No association was found between the perimeter or length of invasive areas, the expression of Ki67, ER, PR, COX-2, HER-2, and the immunophenotype. Thus, the number and size of invasive areas are associated with regional lymph node status, suggesting histomorphometry may serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the biological behavior of mixed-type carcinoma.

Bacterial exotoxins in medicine: potential value and perspectives

Bacterial exotoxins are protein- or peptide-based substances secreted by bacteria with high toxicity and specificity. They have diverse mechanisms of action on host cells, leading to host injury by destroying the cellular structure or interfering with physiological functions. With the continuous progress in biotechnology, bacterial exotoxins have broad application prospects in immunotherapy, vaccine development, drug design, and other fields. Appropriate modification of exotoxins can lead to the preparation of highly efficient immune agents and targeted drugs, which brings new hope for overcoming difficult diseases. This study provides a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the application of bacterial exotoxins in the field of medicine and further explores the potential value of bacterial exotoxins, which is expected to make greater contributions to human health in the future.

Effects of Yeast β-Glucan Supplementation on Calf Intestinal and Respiratory Health

The physiological functions of newborn calves are undeveloped, especially the immune system, making them susceptible to infections. In recent years, the theory of trained immunity has attracted attention and provided new strategies to prevent unknown infections in animals. This study investigated the effects of feeding yeast β-glucan on the intestinal and respiratory health of calves during the suckling period. Newborn Holstein calves (average birth weight: 36.18 ± 0.61 kg, mean ± SE) were randomly assigned to two groups: the PO (Per Os) group (n = 22) and the CON (Control) group (n = 22). Calves in the PO group were fed a yeast β-glucan solution (0.1 g/mL, 65 mg/kg body weight) at 3 and 6 days of age, respectively, while calves in the CON group received equal volumes of sterile saline orally at the same time. Blood and fecal samples were collected at 7 and 30 days of age, respectively. The results showed that (1) Compared to the CON group, being fed yeast β-glucan resulted in an inflammatory response after 24 h of the second administration, including increased gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6, p < 0.01), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β, p < 0.01), and malonaldehyde (MDA, p < 0.001) content. Also, stimulation with β-glucan increased the concentrations of secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA, p < 0.01) and defensins (p < 0.05) in the rectal feces. (2) Pre-stimulation with yeast β-glucan effectively reduced the incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD, p < 0.05) from day 31 to day 60. (3) At 30 days of age, the pre-stimulated calves had significantly lower serum DAO (p < 0.001) and MDA levels (p < 0.05), while they had higher levels of serum IL-6 (p < 0.01) and fecal slgA (p < 0.05) than calves in the CON group. (4) Pre-stimulation with yeast β-glucan altered the intestinal bacterial community; the Beta diversity results showed that the CON group and the PO group were clustered separately in the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) graph. Obviously, the PO group sample points were more clustered. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of yeast β-glucan-induced trained immunity to improve calf health during the suckling period. The findings offer new insights into the prevention of intestinal and respiratory infections in calves.

Rhodotorula Yeast Culture Improved the Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Immunity of Sheep Livers

There is currently no research on the application evaluation of R. mucilaginosa yeast culture (RYC) in animal production. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of RYC on the antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and immunity of sheep livers. Twenty-four 3-month-old Duhan male sheep (36 ± 4 kg) were divided into four groups. The control group received a basal diet, the L group received a basal diet + 10 g/sheep/day RYC, the M group received a basal diet + 20 g/sheep/day RYC, and the H group received a basal diet + 40 g/sheep/day RYC. The trial lasted for 75 days. The results showed that the content of glutathione peroxidase in the livers of sheep in group M was significantly increased by 26.6%, and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by 38% (p < 0.05). Additionally, the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased; the liver content of C16:0 decreased; and the levels of C18:2n6C and C20:1 increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the contents of cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in sheep livers from the M group were also significantly decreased by 20% and 24.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that supplementation with 20 g/sheep/day RYC can enhance antioxidant capacity, improve lipid metabolism, and reduce inflammation in sheep livers, which is advantageous for farming healthy sheep.

Clinical, Histological and Genetic Characterisation of a Disorder of Sexual Development in a Pygmy Goat

A 10-month-old pygmy goat was examined at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies at the University of Edinburgh in January 2022, having been referred with a suspected diagnosis of a disorder of sexual development (DSD). The animal displayed a predominantly female phenotype (vulva with enlarged clitoris and vagina) but some male external characteristics such as a beard, larger body size, and larger horns. It also typically exhibits male behaviours such as mounting, aggression, and flehmen response. Computed tomography (CT) detected a bicornuated tubular fluid-filled structure connected to bulbous soft tissue masses. Subsequent exploratory laparotomy and reproductive tract removal identified underdeveloped uterine horns connected to ductus deferens and gonads, which were confirmed as testicles by histological examination. No spermatogenesis was detected, and no ovarian tissue was apparent. Blood levels of testosterone showed a marked decrease post-surgery (2.10 nmol/L to <0.03 nmol/L). Whole genome sequencing suggested that the patient may have an XY male karyotype, although cytological analysis was not possible to confirm the XY karyotype.

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV): Epidemiology and Molecular Characteristics-An Updated Overview

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae. PRCV, a TGEV mutant with a spike(S) gene deletion, exhibits altered tissue tropism. TGEV replicates mainly in the intestines and causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, whereas PRCV replicates mainly in the respiratory tract. PRCV causes mild or subclinical respiratory infections but may contribute to respiratory disease syndrome in pigs infected with other respiratory pathogens. As PRCV and TGEV continuously evolve, monitoring these viruses is important for disease prevention and control. In this review, we provide updated information on the prevalence and genetic characteristics of TGEV/PRCV and their phylogenetic relationships. We also discuss the impact of mutations, deletions and recombination on the virulence and tissue tropism of TGEV/PRCV and highlight the possible zoonotic potential of these viruses.

Sustainable Meat Alternatives: Incorporation of Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus Powders into Pork-Based Hybrid Hams

The increasing demand for sustainable meat alternatives has driven research into edible insects as a protein source. This study developed and characterized hybrid hams using pork meat with 10% of Tenebrio molitor, 10% of Alphitobius diaperinus, or 5% of A. diaperinus plus 5% of T. molitor powders. The hybrid hams were analyzed for color, texture, nutritional composition, amino acid profile, antioxidant activity, and consumer acceptance. Results indicated that adding insect powder led to a darker color in hybrid hams. The protein content increased, reaching 49% in the 10% T. molitor and 46% in the 10% A. diaperinus formulations, compared to 35% in the control (without insect powder). Amino acid analysis of the 10% A. diaperinus formulation revealed higher concentrations of essential amino acids compared to the control, with threonine increasing by 185%, valine by 24% and histidine by 27%. Also, the inclusion of insect powders enhanced the mineral profile, mainly sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur. The total polyphenol content nearly doubled in the 10% A. diaperinus and mixed formulations. Additionally, sensory evaluation revealed that these formulations were well-accepted. These findings support the potential of edible insects as a sustainable and nutritious protein source for innovative food products.

Phage-Based Control of Listeria innocua in the Food Industry: A Strategy for Preventing Listeria monocytogenes Persistence in Biofilms

Listeria innocua, though considered non-pathogenic, frequently coexists with Listeria monocytogenes in industrial environments, aiding its survival in biofilms. These biofilms pose a significant challenge in food processing facilities, as they protect bacteria from disinfectants and facilitate their spread. The aim of this review was to identify bacteriophages as a promising method for eliminating Listeria biofilms from the food industry. Lytic bacteriophages show great potential in combating Listeria biofilms. Commercially available products, such as PhageGuard Listex™ (P100) (Micreos Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands), effectively reduce both L. monocytogenes and L. innocua in food products and on production surfaces. Additionally, phage-derived enzymes, such as endolysins, can degrade biofilms, eliminating bacteria without compromising food quality. The following article highlights that although bacteriophages present a promising biocontrol method, further research is necessary to assess their long-term effectiveness, particularly regarding bacterial resistance. To maximize efficacy, a combination of strategies such as phage cocktails and disinfectants is recommended to enhance biofilm eradication and minimize food contamination risks.

Natural Antiseptics in Veterinary Practice: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety

Antiseptics are essential in infection control within veterinary medicine and are widely used for wound care, dermatological treatments, and disinfection. Growing interest in eco-friendly antiseptics has led to research on natural formulations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of natural antiseptic agents in combating pathogenic microorganisms and their use in disinfection. This article presents the results of efficacy testing, particularly focusing on Shozan (anolyte + ozone + shungite), which demonstrated strong bactericidal activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Brucella melitensis, effectively inhibiting their growth across various concentrations and exposure times. In contrast, Shuprozan (anolyte + ozone + shungite + propolis) and Prozan (anolyte + ozone + propolis) did not exhibit significant antibacterial effects. No antiviral activity was detected against the lumpy skin disease virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, and no fungicidal properties were observed against Trichophyton verrucosum and Histoplasma farciminosum. This study's results confirm the high efficacy and safety of natural antiseptics.

Serosurvey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Quilombola Communities of Southern Brazil

Although quilombola individuals and their dogs may be exposed to hemoparasites such as A. phagocytophilum, B. microti, and E. chaffeensis, no study to date has been conducted in these populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in humans and dogs from quilombola communities in Brazil. Serum samples from humans and dogs were collected from four rural quilombola communities and analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence assays. The results revealed antibody levels of 8% for A. phagocytophilum, 3% for B. microti, and 1% for E. chaffeensis in humans and 60%, 50%, and 65%, respectively, in dogs. Notably, women were significantly more likely to be seropositive for A. phagocytophilum than men (p = 0.0289). Dogs from the Serra do Apon community more commonly had A. phagocytophilum (p = 0.0477) and B. microti (p = 0.0448) than those from the other areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report human exposure to A. phagocytophilum and the ocurrence of B. microti in Brazil. The antibody level of vector-borne diseases in humans is a public health concern, particularly in vulnerable populations and rural areas. The dogs were universally hosted Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, suggesting their possible role in transmission. Thus, further epidemiological surveillance studies should be conducted in vulnerable populations to mitigate the impact of such zoonotic diseases.

Multiplex one-step RT-qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of BRV, BCoV, Escherichia coli K99+ and Cryptosporidium parvum

Introduction

Bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Escherichia coli K99+ (E. coli K99+), and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) are the most common pathogens involved in calf production. These pathogens can cause calf diarrhea, leading to significant economic losses in the cattle farming industry. These four pathogens have similar clinical symptoms, making them difficult to distinguish. Therefore, we established a one-step quadruple TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR method capable of simultaneously and rapidly detecting BRV, BCoV, E. coli K99+, and C. parvum.

Methods

Specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the BRV VP-6 gene, BCoV N gene, E. coli K99+ K99 gene, and C. parvum 18S rRNA gene. Standard positive plasmids were constructed, and the reaction conditions of the method were optimized. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the method were validated, and clinical samples were tested.

Results

The minimum detection limits of this method for BRV, BCoV, E. coli K99+, and C. parvum were 5.8 × 101, 2.3 × 101, 4.5 × 102, and 2.6 × 101 copies/μL, respectively. The intra- and intergroup coefficients of variation were all less than 1.2%. This method has the advantages of strong specificity, reproducibility, low cost, and no cross-reaction with other bovine pathogens. Compared with the commercial reagent kit method were used to analyze clinical samples, and both the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) were above 90%, with kappa values greater than 0.9.

Discussion

The one-step multiplex RT-qPCR method developed in this study for detecting BRV, BCoV, E. coli K99+, and C. parvum is expected to be an effective tool for the rapid and economical diagnosis and monitoring of diarrhoeal diseases in calves.

Assessment of physical facilities and detection of post-mortem lesions in public abattoirs in selected districts of Wolaita zone, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Participatory abattoir appraisals and observational analysis were conducted in selected local abattoirs in the Wolaita, Ethiopia with the aims of assessing (i) the physical facilities available in these abattoirs and (ii) the detection of post-mortem gross lesions upon routine meat inspection that may have been due to infectious diseases.

METHODS

Our study surveyed public abattoirs to evaluate meat inspection services and facility standards. Gross lesions in slaughtered animals were categorized by consistency, prioritized using a scoring matrix, and analyzed for anatomical distribution. Concordance in prioritization was assessed with Kendall's W test.

RESULTS

Our investigation revealed that almost all public abattoirs surveyed had substandard physical facilities for conducting meat inspection services. According to statistics from the studied abattoirs, 26.6% of slaughtered animals exhibited at least one grossly visible lesion, of which 65% were considered by the local veterinary inspectorate to have potential animal or public health significance. Among the identified lesions, 10% were classified as having a 'soft' consistency (e.g., cystic or caseous/abscess), while 5% were categorized as 'hard' (e.g., fibrotic, firm, fibrous, or mineralized). The remaining 85% of lesions were uncategorized. Using a prioritization matrix scoring method, the overall mean proportional priority rank data indicated that 'mineralized/calcified' hard lesions were assigned the highest priority (0.67), followed by 'cystic' lesions (0.58). The evidence for group concordance in prioritization was moderate (W = 0.275; p = 0.019). Regarding anatomical distribution, the survey groups ranked gross lesions in the lungs and associated mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes as the top priority (0.67). Lesions in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes (0.33) were ranked second, followed by lesions in the hepatic lymph nodes (0.42). There was strong concordance in the overall mean ranking of these lesion sites within the survey groups (W = 0.518; p = 0.0001). Some of the gross lesions detected in this study may pose a potential zoonotic risk (e.g. tuberculosis).

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights how infrastructural deficiencies and operational procedures in abattoirs can contribute to poor quality and potentially diseased meat entering the human food chain, features which need to be addressed locally to safeguard public health.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation Using Phytobiotics with Different Functional Properties on Expression of Immunity Genes, Intestinal Histology, Growth, and Meat Productivity of Broiler Chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of immunity-related genes and morpho-histological features of the intestines, and the growth and meat production of broiler chickens when fed plant extracts with different functional components. Chickens in the control group received a basic diet. The feed in the experimental groups contained plant extracts standardized to various biologically active components such as the extract of common chicory with inulin (INUL), St. John's wort with flavonoids (FLAV), maral root with ecdysterone (ECDS), and extracts of creeping thyme with flavonoids and tannins (FLAV-TANN). The results of this study showed that the application of the studied phytobiotics increased the expression of the pro-inflammatory gene IL8, with the 2-ΔΔCT value ranging from 2.66 to 4.63. In the case of the antimicrobial peptide gene AvBD9, the 2-ΔΔCT value ranged from 1.66 to 8.16, depending on the group. AvBD10 gene expression increased (2-ΔΔCT = 2.19) when the chickens were fed the chicory extract and decreased when thyme extract was used (2-ΔΔCT = 0.33). The study also found that using biologically active components in the diets of broiler chickens was accompanied by a significant decrease in the height of epithelial cells in the cecum mucous membrane in the INUL group (61.3%, p ≤ 0.001), FLAV group (60.0%, p ≤ 0.001), ECDS group (48.2%, p ≤ 0.001), and FLAV + TANN group (67.6%, p ≤ 0.001). It also caused a reduction in the depth of crypts in the INUL (38.4%, p ≤ 0.001), FLAV (32.3%, p ≤ 0.001), ECDS (50.9%, p ≤ 0.001), and FLAV + TANN (53.4%, p ≤ 0.001) groups. The use of all extracts, except creeping thyme, caused changes in the size of muscular elements in the intestinal walls; thus, the thickness of the muscular layer increased 1.5-2.0 times under the influence of flavonoids in St. John's wort and of inulin in chicory, to 430.99 and 579.87 μm, respectively (p ≤ 0.001), and decreased 1.9 times under the influence of ecdysterone in maral root to 151.59 μm (p ≤ 0.001). The use of phytobiotics increased feed consumption and stock safety, leading to an increase of 4.1-7.5% in the live weights of broiler chickens at the end of the rearing period, thus contributing to the higher slaughter quality of poultry; in particular, the weights of breast muscles in cockerels in the INUL group increased by 16.9% (p ≤ 0.05), while the weights in the ECDS and FLAV + TANN groups increased by 18.1% (p ≤ 0.05) and 23.1% (p ≤ 0.01), respectively. Thus, the use of the studied phytobiotics in the broiler chicken diet increases meat production and activates immunity, which indicates the possibility of replacing antibacterial drugs with natural nutraceuticals.

Animal health and nutrition: metabolic disorders in cattle and improvement strategies

The health and productivity of cattle are significantly compromised by metabolic diseases on a global scale. These disorders disrupt normal metabolic processes, leading to substantial economic losses for the livestock industry. Metabolic disorders can arise from defective biochemical pathways, deficiencies in enzymes, coenzymes, or cofactors, and may be either inherited or acquired. Dairy cows are particularly susceptible during the transition period from late lactation to early management, facing conditions such as ketosis, milk fever, and hepatic lipidosis. This susceptibility is primarily due to reduced dry matter intake caused by fetal development and a decline in rumen capacity. The negative energy balance (NEB) during this phase, characterized by elevated blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) due to increased energy mobilization, is closely linked to the onset of these diseases. Providing high-energy-density diets during this period is critical to mitigating the effects of NEB. Metabolic disorders represent a major health challenge in cattle, adversely affecting animal welfare and agricultural output. A comprehensive understanding of their etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies is essential for effective prevention and treatment. Ongoing research and the adoption of preventive measures are vital to reducing the economic and health impacts of these diseases. Early diagnosis and proactive management strategies are crucial to mitigating their impact on dairy cattle health and productivity. Early identification enables timely interventions, preventing disease progression and reducing adverse effects on animal health. Proactive measures, such as optimizing nutritional programs, implementing precision farming technologies, and ensuring timely veterinary care, are essential for enhancing the overall wellbeing of dairy cows. This review serves as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers, offering in-depth insights into the etiology, clinical signs, diagnostics, and management of prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle. By equipping stakeholders with this knowledge, it aims to support informed decision-making and improve herd management practices. The focus on early diagnosis and proactive strategies underscores the potential to significantly reduce the economic and health burdens imposed by metabolic diseases on the livestock industry.

Prevalence of MRSA in Livestock, Including Cattle, Farm Animals, and Poultry, in Mainland China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can spread from animals to humans, but how it adapts to infect both is not fully understood. Our review aimed to determine the prevalence of MRSA in livestock, poultry, and companion animals in different countries, including Bangladesh, the Hong Kong SAR, Mainland China, and Sri Lanka. Articles were collected using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Only prevalence studies that followed the PICO guidelines were included. A random-effects model meta-analysis was used to pool the data. The quality of the evidence and bias were assessed using the GRADEpro and Cochrane collaboration tools. Out of 1438 articles, 69 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The studies showed significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97.00%, p < 0.0001) in the prevalence of MRSA colonization. Therefore, a random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of MRSA colonization, which was found to be 4.92% (95% CI: 3.79% to 6.18%). Begg's test (p = 0.0002) and Egger's test (p = 0.0044) revealed publication bias. Subgroup analysis of the pooled prevalence of MRSA showed a significant difference (p < 0.00001) when the subgroups were divided by country, MRSA detection method, whether pre-enrichment was performed or not, study period, sample collection location, and study population. Although significant factors can partially explain the heterogeneity, it is crucial to recognize the heterogeneity within different subgroups. The pooled prevalence of MRSA was found to vary significantly (p < 0.00001) among the study periods and has increased since the study period of 2020. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor and implement measures to control the spread of MRSA in animals to minimize the risk of transmission to humans.

Anatomo-pathological investigations in pigs of the Piedmont region (Northern Italy) for infectious diseases surveillance in an antimicrobial resistance perspective

Intensive breeding responds to the expanding market demand and animal health must be guaranteed to safeguard human and Public Health. Pig farming has grown in the last decades, leading to increased animal stress, pathogens dissemination, and the consequent use of antibiotics and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The present study aimed to describe the anatomopathological findings observed during necropsies performed from 2019 to 2021 on deceased pigs from five intensive breeding farms in northwestern Italy also reporting bacterial isolations, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and virological results. Weaned pigs (WP) (N = 143) represented the majority of the carcasses, while the remaining part (N = 49) were fattening pigs (FP). Most of WP were affected by systemic disease (N = 79, 55.2 %), whereas 49 % of FP were affected by respiratory disease (N = 24). Streptococcus suis was the most frequently isolated microorganism in respiratory (around 20 % in both WP and FP) and systemic cases (25.3 % in WP and 33.3 % in FP). Enteric disorders were attributable to Brachyspira spp. and Escherichia coli in WP and FP (44.5 % and 55.5 %, respectively). Escherichia coli was considered to be the second causative agent of systemic disease (22.8 %) in WP. Streptococcus suis and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated and demonstrated a high rate of multi-drug resistance (84 % and 100 %, respectively): the first showed resistance mainly against tetracyclines (100 %), lincosamides (88 %) and macrolides (84 %), whereas the latter to tetracyclines, sulfametox-trimethoprim, ampicillin, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin. Necropsy and microbiological assays are powerful tools for disease surveillance programs, highlighting potential risks for public health.

Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Edible Tissues of Guinea Pigs Raised in the Central Andes of Peru: Potential Human Health Risk?

Toxic metals and metalloids food contamination is a source of health risks; this study evaluated lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (AS) contamination in the meat, liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs of guinea pigs raised on a farm near a mini mineral concentrator and with pastures irrigated with wastewater in the Central Andes of Peru. The risk of consuming these elements was estimated in the Peruvian population aged 2 to 85 years, whose consumption is 660 g/per capita/year. The quantification of Pb, Cd, and As was carried out via Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. The heart had 3.3, 4.3, 7.3, and 81 times more Pb than the liver, lung, kidneys, and meat. The liver had 1.02, 2.22, 9.15, and 722.5 times more Cd than the kidneys, heart, lungs, and meat, respectively. The kidneys had 1.16 and 1.72 times more As than the liver and heart, respectively. The Target Hazard Quotient (TQH) and Hazard Index (HI) for Pb, Cd, and As, were <1 in the entire population, and there was no risk from their consumption. The cancer risk values found in the study are within the tolerated ranges. The findings expand the scientific basis for the safe and innocuous production of guinea pigs in the Central Andes of Peru and provide evidence to establish limits on water, soil, pastures, and agri-food products.

A Systematic Literature Review of Mitochondrial DNA Analysis for Horse Genetic Diversity

This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) consolidates current research on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in horses, focusing on genetic variation, maternal lineage tracing, and haplogroup identification. The article selection process screened 1380 articles, with 76 fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Data extraction covered sampling techniques, studied mtDNA regions, sequencing methods, and haplogroup identification. Following the methodology of the PRISMA guidelines, this review encompasses studies published since 2012, obtained from Scopus, PubMed, Research4Life, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The major findings emphasise the use of mtDNA for tracing ancestry, validating maternal lineages, and identifying haplogroups along with their geographic distributions. This review identifies challenges, including the need to update the haplogroup classification system and potential information loss due to sequence trimming. Additionally, it examines promising avenues for future research, such as the implementation of next-generation sequencing and the merging of haplogroup data with performance traits, which could influence conservation initiatives and breeding programs. This review emphasises the necessity for standardised classification systems and further research on underrepresented breeds and regions to improve our understanding of equine genetic diversity.

Mesenchymal stromal cell isolation from pond slider (Trachemys scripta) adipose tissue obtained during routine neutering: a model for turtle species

Introduction

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great clinical potential in veterinary regenerative medicine. However, a notable gap exists in the literature regarding the isolation and characterization of these cells in reptiles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of isolating adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from pond slider (Trachemys scripta) tissue samples collected during routine neutering procedures.

Methods

Adipose tissue samples were obtained from five animals and processed using an enzymatic procedure. The resulting cell suspension was subsequently cultured at 28°C in a controlled atmosphere with 5% CO2. The cell growth rates were evaluated through direct counting of cells up to passage 7. The colony-forming unit (CFU) capacity of MSCs was evaluated in low-density cell cultures, and the ability of the cells to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages was assessed. The cell phenotype was characterized at the molecular level using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and amplicon sequencing, with a focus on markers commonly used for gene expression profiling of mammalian MSCs.

Results

The cells demonstrated the capacity to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages. RT-PCR revealed the expression of CD105, CD73, CD44, and CD90, whereas CD34 and HLA-DRA were not expressed. Sequence homology analysis demonstrated that the amplicons matched the sequences reported in the Trachemys scripta whole-genome shotgun sequence. This study represents the first investigation aimed at the isolation, in vitro expansion, and characterization of reptile adipose tissue-derived MSCs.

Discussion

The results demonstrate the feasibility of isolating MSC-like cells from chelonian adipose tissue and underscore their potential for application in regenerative medicine for both companion reptiles and endangered wild species.

Pain in Dairy Cattle: A Narrative Review of the Need for Pain Control, Industry Practices and Stakeholder Expectations, and Opportunities

Pain is an adverse experience causing distress and decreased production in dairy cattle. Pain, and its associated distress, is also undesirable from an animal welfare standpoint. Consumers consider animal welfare an important issue; therefore, ensuring proper pain management, and by extension good welfare, is important to maintain the social acceptability of dairy production. However, while some painful procedures and diseases can be avoided, some are inevitable. When this is the case, it is important to provide pain mitigation where possible. Various dairy quality assurance programs provide guidance on pain management practices for producers; however, guidelines differ across countries and jurisdictions. This narrative review covers common painful conditions and procedures, including disbudding and dehorning, castration, calving and dystocia, surgeries, disease conditions, and lameness. Further, this paper reviews evidence of the necessity and efficacy of pain management in these cases, current uptake of pain management, and quality assurance program standards for addressing pain in dairy cattle. Overall, there are clear advantages to providing pain mitigation for some conditions and procedures. For others, gaps still exist in understanding the best methods for pain control. Further attention should be paid to understanding and reducing the barriers to adoption of pain management strategies, as it is crucial to minimizing pain in animals and ensuring productive and sustainable dairy production.

Tracking the Track: The Impact of Different Grazing Strategies on Managing Equine Obesity

Horses evolved to live in herds, continuously moving and foraging. Domestic horses often have limited social contact and movement, with high calorific intake, contributing to obesity. "Track grazing" is an increasingly popular management system, but evidence of its impact on weight management, behaviour, and welfare is limited. Horses (n = 19) resident at HorseWorld (UK) were observed July to October 2023, monitoring bodyweight (kg), Body Conditions Score (BCS), hoof health, behaviour, and welfare indicators. Horses on track grazing systems lost significantly more bodyweight (kg) (F(1,15) = 8.752, p = 0.010) than their restricted grazing counterparts, although this was not supported by BCS findings which may be ineffective for subtle body weight changes. Horses on track grazing systems lost (mean ± S.D.) 10.67 ± 9.9 kg from their starting weight, whereas those on the traditional paddock systems gained 6.8 ± 13.7 kg. Hoof health and general welfare assessment scores were maintained. More behaviours in "positive", "negative", and "neutral" categories were observed in paddock system horses than those on the track grazing system, although these differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that horses prone to bodyweight gain can be managed effectively using track grazing systems whilst maintaining health and welfare.

Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis, Financial Losses and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease in Lira and Gulu Districts, Northern Uganda

Bovine fasciolosis (BF) is a parasitic disease of cattle that causes significant economic impacts to cattle farmers. The physical loses include weight loss, drop in productivity, liver condemnation and mortalities. This study assessed the prevalence, financial losses and risk factors associated with the disease in Lira and Gulu Districts, northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study of 720 slaughter cattle from the abattoirs was conducted by macroscopic examination of the animals and carcasses during routine slaughter. In the farms, 120 rectal faecal samples were taken to a laboratory for Fasciola egg detection by simple microscopy, while risk factors were assessed by administering a questionnaire to farm owners. Prevalence of BF was highest (38%) within cattle in the age group of 1-3 years and lowest (18%) in those over 5 years. The overall BF prevalence was 48% and 26% by postmortem examination and coprology, respectively. The cattle body condition had a significant association (p < 0.01) with prevalence of BF, in which emaciated cattle were most affected (59%), while fat ones had the least prevalence (15%). The annual financial loss due to BF infection was USD 89,099. The major risk factors associated with the disease at the farm level were communal grazing in swampy areas (82%) and watering cattle in swamps (71%). Farms where the source of drinking water was swamp water had higher chances (p < 0.05) of their cattle having BF. An integrated approach using routine deworming programs, improvement of cattle management practices and control of snail intermediate hosts is recommended to effectively control the spread of BF.

Menthol in Livestock: Unveiling Its Multifaceted Properties and Future Potential for Sustainable Agriculture

Menthol, the primary active compound in the widely cultivated peppermint plant (Mentha piperita), is well known for its use in human products such as topical analgesics and cold remedies. Menthol's cooling sensation and ability to locally modulate pain through interactions with transient receptor potential channels make it a valuable bioactive compound. In recent years, menthol's antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have drawn attention in the livestock industry as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics in feed additives. This review comprehensively examines the existing literature to assess menthol's effects on animal growth performance, product quality, immune function, gastrointestinal microbial ecosystems, and metabolism across various livestock species. Notably, menthol shows potential for improving feed efficiency, mitigating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting environmental and gastrointestinal pathogens, and enhancing calcium absorption. However, optimal dosages, treatment durations, synergies with other phytogenic compounds, and regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. Additionally, with increasing global temperatures and growing concerns about animal welfare, menthol's cooling, methane-reducing, and analgesic properties present promising opportunities for advancing sustainable livestock practices.

Effects of lactic acid and herbal blend as antibiotic alternatives on growth, carcass traits, blood chemistry, and microbial load in broiler chickens

The objective of the current study was to estimate the beneficial effects of lactic acid (LA) and an herbal mixture (HM) as alternatives to antibiotics in broilers' diets, focusing on different growth performance (GP) traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, besides the microbial load of intestinal. In a fully randomized design, A total number of 360 - unsexed - broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) at the age of one day, were divided into six experimental groups. Every group was further divided into 6 replicates (10 chicks per replicate). The treatments included: NC group (birds fed standard diet only), PC (birds fed standard diet + antibiotic Colistin® at a level of 0.5 g /kg), LA2, LA4 (standard diet + LA at levels of 2 and 4 cm³ /kg, respectively), and HM2, HM4 (standard diet + HM at levels of 2 and 4 g /kg, respectively). The HM was composed of: 300 g of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris), 300 g of hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum), 300 g of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), 150 g of anise (Pimpinella anisum), 150 g of spearmint (Mentha spicata), 300 g of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa), and 300 g of garlic powder (Allium sativum). A nonsignificant (p > 0.05) differences were detected in broiler live body weight (LBW) among the treatments. However, there was substantial improvement (P < 0.05) in daily body weight gain (DBWG) in the 22-32-day period. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were also significantly influenced (P < 0.001) during the 22-32-day period and across the entire 1-32-day experimental period. Although absolute spleen and gizzard weights were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05), other carcass traits were unaffected. Serum biochemical indices and antioxidant enzyme activities were remarkably improved (P < 0.001, and P < 0.05) across all treatment groups. Additionally, supplementation with these feed additives significantly impacted caecal microbial load, the HM4 group displayed the highest scores of total bacterial counts (TBC) and Lactobacilli. Overall, the supplementation of lactic acid (LA4) and the herbal mixture (HM4) enhanced blood parameters, antioxidant activity, and gut bacterial counts, thereby promoting optimal broiler performance.

Prevalence of human brucellosis in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Brucellosis is a significant public health challenge in Ethiopia, which is characterized by a high prevalence among humans. The disease is primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In addition to its impact on human health, brucellosis imposes substantial economic burdens. However, existing epidemiological studies provide inconsistent prevalence estimates, underscoring the need for a more comprehensive and systematic analysis of the disease's burden and associated risk factors in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to generate representative data on the prevalence of human brucellosis in Ethiopia. We searched databases like PubMed and Science Direct for articles published between 2007 and 2022. The analysis included 26 studies covering 5,718 human serum samples. The Complement Fixation Test served as the confirmatory diagnostic test. The results suggest a relatively high seroprevalence of human brucellosis in Ethiopia, with an overall pooled prevalence of 14.0% (95% CI: 10.23, 18.12). Prevalence varied significantly across regions, with the highest observed in Afar (24.21%) and the lowest in Oromia (7.75%). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 97.64%), suggesting significant variations in prevalence across regions and over time. Additionally, the analysis suggests a possible increasing trend in prevalence over the years. Human brucellosis is a significant health concern in Ethiopia, and further research is crucial for effective prevention and control. The higher prevalence than previously reported in meta-analyses underscores the urgent need for intervention strategies from policymakers, such as the Ministry of Health. Identifying risk factors associated with human brucellosis is essential for implementing effective control measures. Prioritizing brucellosis prevention and control is vital for ensuring public health and well-being. Prospero registration number: CRD42022350237.

Genetic Diversity Estimation and Genome-Wide Selective Sweep Analysis of the Bazhou Yak

The Bazhou yak, a major native meat yak breed in Xinjiang, China, is renowned for its fast growth rate, strong adaptability, and particularly high intramuscular fat (IMF) content. However, limited knowledge regarding its phylogenetic history and genomic composition has hindered its long-term conservation and utilization. This study evaluated the genetic diversity, population phylogenetics, and genome-wide selective sweep analysis (GWSA) of 100 newly obtained Bazhou yaks through genome resequencing, as well as 340 public yak genomes from nine other populations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results revealed moderate diversity, lower genomic inbreeding levels, and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay in Bazhou yaks. Principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis showed a clear separation of Bazhou yaks from other yak populations, indicating the Bazhou yak as an independent genetic population. Furthermore, less genetic differentiation was found between the Bazhou yak and the Huanhu yak, while ADMIXTURE analysis revealed a common ancestral lineage between Bazhou yaks and Huanhu yaks, indicating an important genetic contribution of the Qinghai yak population to Bazhou yaks. The GWSA identified a total of 833 selected genes in Bazhou yaks using the top 5% interaction windows of both parameters (FST, Pi ratio, and XP-EHH). A significant number of these genes are related to fat synthesis and deposition, such as MTOR, APOA1, and GPAT4. In summary, this study sheds light on the phylogenetic status and distinctive genomic features of Bazhou yaks, which facilitates our understanding of the genetic basis of the IMF phenotype in Bazhou yaks.

Prediction of total lipids and fatty acids in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) dried larvae by NIR-hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics

The unique fatty acid composition of BSF larvae oil makes it suitable for various applications, including use in animal feed, aquaculture, biodiesel production, biomaterials, and the food industry. Determination of BSF larvae composition usually requires analytical methods with chemicals, thus needing emerging techniques for fast characterization of its composition. In this study, Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging (NIR-HSI) (928 - 2524 nm) coupled with chemometrics was applied to predict the lipid content and fatty acid composition in intact black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Support Vectors Machine Regression (SVMR) models, combined with two variable selection methods, Interval Partial Least Squares (iPLS) and Bootstrapping Soft Shrinkage (BOSS), were compared. PLSR reached a good performance to predict myristic acid with Root Mean Square Error in prediction (RMSEP) = 0.45 %, while SVMR reached values of Ratio to Prediction Deviation (RPD) > 3 to predict total lipid content, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. In addition, selecting wavelength by BOSS improved PLSR models (6 - 15 % increases in RPD), while iPLS improved SVMR model to predict palmitic acid (16 % increases in RPD). The study emphasizes the advantages of NIR-HSI as a non-invasive, rapid method for lipid and fatty acid quantification, which can be highly valuable for industrial applications such as monitoring BSF larvae feeding systems to ensure high-quality oil production.

Mitochondrial mechanism of florfenicol-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in zebrafish using multi-omics technology

Florfenicol (FF), a third-generation chloramphenicol antibiotic widely used in food-producing animals, has become a "pseudopersistent" environmental contaminant, raising concerns about its potential ecological and human health impacts. However, its bioaccumulation behavior and hepatotoxic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to address these gaps with a 28-day exposure experiment in adult zebrafish at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/L FF. Multiomic analyses (metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics), combined with histological and mitochondrial function assessments, were employed. Higher bioaccumulation was observed at 0.05 mg/L, potentially due to metabolic saturation at higher concentrations. Histological analysis revealed significant hepatic steatosis (>5 % steatosis area), indicative of moderate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Multiomic data demonstrated global dysregulation in energy metabolism, including marked alterations in lipids (accumulation of toxic sphingolipids, excessive fatty acids, and acylglycerol), amino acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, and nucleotides. Crucially, mitochondrial dysfunction was identified as a central mechanism, with impaired respiratory chain activities, adenosine triphosphate depletion, elevated reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress promoting NAFLD progression. These findings highlight mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress as key drivers of FF-induced hepatotoxicity, providing novel insights into its toxicological mechanisms and emphasizing the ecological risks posed by antibiotic pollution in aquatic systems.

Antibiotics and Opportunities of Their Alternatives in Pig Production: Mechanisms Through Modulating Intestinal Microbiota on Intestinal Health and Growth

Antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels have been used in pig diets as antimicrobial growth promoters. However, concerns about antibiotic resistance have increased the demand for alternatives to these antimicrobial growth promoters. This review paper explores the mechanisms through which antimicrobial growth promoters and their alternatives exert their antimicrobial effects. Additionally, this systemic review also covers how modulation of intestinal microbiota by antimicrobial growth promoters or their alternatives affects intestinal health and, subsequently, growth of pigs. The mechanisms and effects of antimicrobial growth promoters and their alternatives on intestinal microbiota, intestinal health, and growth are diverse and inconsistent. Therefore, pig producers should carefully assess which alternative is the most effective for optimizing both profitability and the health status of pigs in their production system.

Companions in antimicrobial resistance: examining transmission of common antimicrobial-resistant organisms between people and their dogs, cats, and horses

SUMMARYNumerous questions persist regarding the role of companion animals as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant organisms that can infect humans. While relative antimicrobial usage in companion animals is lower than that in humans, certain antimicrobial-resistant pathogens have comparable colonization rates in companion animals and their human counterparts, which inevitably raises questions regarding potential antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission. Furthermore, the close contact between pets and their owners, as well as pets, veterinary professionals, and the veterinary clinic environment, provides ample opportunity for zoonotic transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Here we summarize what is known about the transmission of AMR and select antimicrobial-resistant organisms between companion animals (primarily dogs, cats, and horses) and humans. We also describe the global distribution of selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms in companion animals. The impact of interspecies AMR transmission within households and veterinary care settings is critically reviewed and discussed in the context of methicillin-resistant staphylococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Key research areas are emphasized within established global action plans on AMR, offering valuable insights for shaping future research and surveillance initiatives.

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Quantification of Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria (Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) in Dogs

The present study investigated the molecular presence of 4 species of pathogenic periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 230 household dogs with or without gingivitis, dental plaque and/or calculus. Overall, T. forsythia was most frequently present (77.8%), followed by P. gulae (50.9%), T. denticola (38.7%), and P. gingivalis (34.8%). A higher percentage of these bacteria was associated with factors such as age, grade of gingivitis, and an increase in dental plaque and/or calculus that indicated poor oral cleanliness. Even without a direct relation to gingivitis and plaque and/or calculus, these 4 species were consistently found not only in older dogs but also in younger ones. The results suggest that these bacteria are commonly present in household dogs, which puts them at risk of developing periodontal disease. Considering that 3 species of bacteria, excluding P. gulae, have zoonotic potential, it emphasizes the need for caution to prevent transmission between dogs and humans. Regarding overall bacterial DNA copy numbers, there was a wide range, with P. gulae having the most, followed by T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, and finally, T. denticola. The copy numbers did not always correlate with prevalence. The DNA copy numbers of T. forsythia were significantly lower in cases of higher-grade gingivitis and when there was poor oral cleanliness. These findings highlight the complexity of the interplay between bacterial type, prevalence, DNA copy numbers, and the oral health of household dogs.

Assessing veterinary professionals' perspectives on community knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dog rabies in Turkana, Kenya

In Kenya, rabies is a deadly zoonotic illness that has been recognized for over a century. The main reservoir and vector for human transmission of the disease is domestic dogs. Utilizing a Rabies Workshop in Turkana County, Kenya in November 2023, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the local community people regarding rabies. Data were gathered using an online survey from a range of veterinary professionals, including public and private veterinarians, para-veterinarians, and community disease reporters, using a cross-sectional approach. Each participant acted as a representative respondent for the local communities in which they served. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze occupational differences, while a two-sample t-test was conducted to evaluate regional differences. The results indicated that 42.4% of experts believed less than half of the community was knowledgeable about rabies, while 75.8% thought less than half could recognize the clinical signs in dogs. Likewise, the level of knowledge, positive attitudes, and practices regarding dog vaccination in Turkana was similarly less than 50%. Dogs were largely utilized for the purpose of security and guarding, and predominantly free to roam. The primary obstacles to dog vaccination encompassed insufficient awareness regarding rabies, a lack of information concerning immunization campaigns and the cost of vaccination. No statistical significance was found in the participant's responses against their service locations, and their professions, except the positive attitudes toward veterinary care for dogs in different sub-counties (p-value = 0.03). The study indicates that utilizing any and/or all professionals can contribute valid surveillance data for rabies control efforts in Turkana. Overall, the rabies-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the Turkana community are unsatisfactory across all sub-counties. These findings have significant influence on policy development and decision-making process, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve rabies awareness and vaccination rates in similar settings.