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Kamzeeva PN, Aralov AV, Alferova VA, Korshun VA. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleoside Antivirals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6851-6879. [PMID: 37623252 PMCID: PMC10453654 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs has been greatly accelerated by the emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant strains of known pathogens. Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a prospective class of antivirals due to known safety profiles, which are important for rapid repurposing in the fight against emerging pathogens. Recent improvements in research methods have revealed new unexpected details in the mechanisms of action of NAs that can pave the way for new approaches for the further development of effective drugs. This review accounts advanced techniques in viral polymerase targeting, new viral and host enzyme targeting approaches, and prodrug-based strategies for the development of antiviral NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.N.K.); (A.V.A.); (V.A.A.)
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102
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Zhu Y, Sharma L, Chang D. Pathophysiology and clinical management of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a mini-review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116131. [PMID: 37646038 PMCID: PMC10461092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented global pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has created a severe healthcare threat and become one of the biggest challenges to human health and the global economy. As of July 2023, over 767 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been diagnosed, including more than 6.95 million deaths. The S protein of this novel coronavirus binds to the ACE2 receptor to enter the host cells with the help of another transmembrane protease TMPRSS2. Infected subjects that can mount an appropriate host immune response can quickly inhibit the spread of infection into the lower respiratory system and the disease may remain asymptomatic or a mild infection. The inability to mount a strong initial response can allow the virus to replicate unchecked and manifest as severe acute pneumonia or prolonged disease that may manifest as systemic disease manifested as viremia, excessive inflammation, multiple organ failure, and secondary bacterial infection among others, leading to delayed recovery, hospitalization, and even life-threatening consequences. The clinical management should be targeted to specific pathogenic mechanisms present at the specific phase of the disease. Here we summarize distinct phases of COVID-19 pathogenesis and appropriate therapeutic paradigms associated with the specific phase of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - De Chang
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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103
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Colapietro F, Angelotti G, Masetti C, Shiffer D, Pugliese N, De Nicola S, Carella F, Desai A, Ormas M, Calatroni M, Omodei P, Ciccarelli M, Aliberti S, Reggiani F, Bartoletti M, Cecconi M, Lleo A, Aghemo A, Voza A. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Does Not Improve COVID-19 Outcome in Hospitalized Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:1738. [PMID: 37632080 PMCID: PMC10457973 DOI: 10.3390/v15081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was demonstrated to reduce susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and improve infection course in chronic liver diseases. However, real-life evidence is lacking. We analyzed the impact of UDCA on COVID-19 outcomes in patients hospitalized in a tertiary center. Between January 2020 and January 2023, among 3847 patients consecutively hospitalized for COVID19, 57 (=UDCA group) were taking UDCA. The UDCA and the control groups (n = 3790) did not differ concerning comorbidities including diabetes mellitus type 2 (15.8% vs. 12.8%) and neoplasia (12.3% vs. 9.4%). Liver diseases and vaccination rate were more common in the UDCA group (14.0% vs. 2.5% and 54.4% vs. 30.2%, respectively). Overall mortality and CPAP treatment were 22.8 % and 15.7% in the UDCA, and 21.3% and 25.9% in the control group. Mortality was similar (p = 0.243), whereas UDCA was associated with a lower rate of CPAP treatment (OR = 0.76, p < 0.05). Treatment with UDCA was not an independent predictor of survival in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colapietro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Giovanni Angelotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Humanitas Artificial Intelligence Center, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Masetti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Dana Shiffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Emergency Department, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pugliese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Stella De Nicola
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Francesco Carella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Desai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Emergency Department, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ormas
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Marta Calatroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Omodei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCSS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas University IRCCS, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Antonio Voza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy (A.D.); (M.B.); (A.A.)
- Emergency Department, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
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104
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Foka FET, Mufhandu HT. Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1732. [PMID: 37632074 PMCID: PMC10458198 DOI: 10.3390/v15081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. Virologic failure refers to the persistent detectable viral load in patients receiving ART, indicating an incomplete suppression of HIV replication. It can occur due to various factors, including poor medication adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal drug concentrations, drug interactions, and viral factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to understand and address virologic failure in order to optimize treatment outcomes. Strategies to prevent and manage virologic failure include improving treatment adherence through patient education, counselling, and supportive interventions. In addition, the regular monitoring of viral load and resistance testing enables the early detection of treatment failure and facilitates timely adjustments in ART regimens. Thus, the development of novel antiretroviral agents with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles offers new options for patients experiencing virologic failure. However, new treatment options would also face virologic failure if not managed appropriately. A solution to virologic failure requires a comprehensive approach that combines individualized patient care, robust monitoring, and access to a range of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Tatsing Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
| | - Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
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105
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Ogunnaike M, Das S, Raut SS, Sultana A, Nayan MU, Ganesan M, Edagwa BJ, Osna NA, Poluektova LY. Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: New Approaches towards Cure. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1208. [PMID: 37627273 PMCID: PMC10452112 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lifelong treatment with nucleotides/nucleoside antiviral agents is effective at suppressing HBV replication, however, adherence to daily therapy can be challenging. This review discusses recent advances in the development of long-acting formulations for HBV treatment and prevention, which could potentially improve adherence. Promising new compounds that target distinct steps of the virus life cycle are summarized. In addition to treatments that suppress viral replication, curative strategies are focused on the elimination of covalently closed circular DNA and the inactivation of the integrated viral DNA from infected hepatocytes. We highlight promising long-acting antivirals and genome editing strategies for the elimination or deactivation of persistent viral DNA products in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Ogunnaike
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Samiksha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Ashrafi Sultana
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Benson J. Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
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106
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Spiess B, Kleiner H, Tarnopolscaia I, Naumann N, Fabarius A, Hofmann WK, Saussele S, Seifarth W. Reverse Transcription Can Critically Impact the Diagnostic Outcome of BCR::ABL1 Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3914. [PMID: 37568730 PMCID: PMC10417499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptases (RT) are essential tools in BCR::ABL1 fusion transcript monitoring in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The RT type and cDNA priming method may impair the stoichiometry of cDNA synthesis, thereby potentially introducing a bias in BCR::ABL1 qRT-PCR data. Using the Acrometrix™ BCR::ABL1 reference panel and 37 clinical specimens, we have comparatively investigated the performance of the RTs MLV and SuperScript IV with random hexamer vs. target-specific priming. Quantitative RT-PCR results identified the priming type and RT type as major factors for diagnostic data variation, mainly due to the different efficacies of processing BCR::ABL1 low-copy-numbers (<50) compared to GUSB or ABL1 high-copy targets. The impairment of SuperScript IV in processing low- and high-copy-number RNA targets equally was not reflected by the diagnostically relevant Log (BCR::ABL1/GUSB%) values. Therefore, the correct representation of housekeeping and BCR::ABL1 target genes should have priority when aiming at as high a number of housekeeping gene copies as possible. Our data suggest that for improving BCR::ABL1 assay sensitivity, increased RNA/cDNA amounts and the use of distinct RT/priming combinations are advantageous. However, for inter-laboratory harmonization, the proper conversion factor according to the CML international standard (IS) has to be reevaluated each time the grade of RT is changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Spiess
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (H.K.); (I.T.); (N.N.); (A.F.); (W.-K.H.); (S.S.); (W.S.)
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107
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Akram T, Gul I, Parveez Zia M, Hassan A, Khatun A, Shah RA, Ahmad SM, Ganai NA, Chikan NA, Kim WI, Shabir N. Ribavirin inhibits the replication of infectious bursal disease virus predominantly through depletion of cellular guanosine pool. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1192583. [PMID: 37601760 PMCID: PMC10433155 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1192583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antiviral activity of different mutagens against single-stranded RNA viruses is well documented; however, their activity on the replication of double-stranded RNA viruses remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effect of different antivirals on the replication of a chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted Infectious Bursal Disease virus, FVSKG2. This study further explores the antiviral mechanism utilized by the most effective anti-IBDV agent. Methods The cytotoxicity and anti-FVSKG2 activity of different antiviral agents (ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, and amiloride) were evaluated. The virus was serially passaged in chicken embryo fibroblasts 11 times at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil or amiloride. Further, the possible mutagenic and non-mutagenic mechanisms utilized by the most effective anti-FVSKG2 agent were explored. Results and Discussion Ribavirin was the least cytotoxic on chicken embryo fibroblasts, followed by 5-fluorouracil, amiloride and 5-azacytidine. Ribavirin inhibited the replication of FVSKG2 in chicken embryo fibroblasts significantly at concentrations as low as 0.05 mM. The extinction of FVSKG2 was achieved during serial passage of the virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts at ≥0.05 mM ribavirin; however, the emergence of a mutagen-resistant virus was not observed until the eleventh passage. Further, no mutation was observed in 1,898 nucleotides of the FVSKG2 following its five passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 0.025 mM ribavirin. Ribavarin inhibited the FVSKG2 replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts primarily through IMPDH-mediated depletion of the Guanosine Triphosphate pool of cells. However, other mechanisms like ribavirin-mediated cytokine induction or possible inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through its interaction with the enzyme's active sites enhance the anti-IBDV effect. Ribavirin inhibits ds- RNA viruses, likely through IMPDH inhibition and not mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect may, however, be augmented by other non-mutagenic mechanisms, like induction of antiviral cytokines in chicken embryo fibroblasts or interaction of ribavirin with the active sites of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towseef Akram
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Irfan Gul
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mahrukh Parveez Zia
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Amreena Hassan
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Naveed Anjum Chikan
- Division of Computational Biology, Daskdan Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar, India
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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108
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Martínez-González B, Gallego I, Gregori J, Soria ME, Somovilla P, de Ávila AI, García-Crespo C, Durán-Pastor A, Briones C, Gómez J, Quer J, Domingo E, Perales C. Fitness-Dependent, Mild Mutagenic Activity of Sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0039423. [PMID: 37367486 PMCID: PMC10353389 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00394-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of a mild mutagen was coined to describe a minor mutagenic activity exhibited by some nucleoside analogues that potentiated their efficacy as antiretroviral agents. In the present study, we report the mild mutagen activity of sofosbuvir (SOF) for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Serial passages of HCV in human hepatoma cells, in the presence of SOF at a concentration well below its cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) led to pre-extinction populations whose mutant spectra exhibited a significant increase of C→U transitions, relative to populations passaged in the absence of SOF. This was reflected in an increase in several diversity indices that were used to characterize viral quasispecies. The mild mutagenic activity of SOF was largely absent when it was tested with isogenic HCV populations that displayed high replicative fitness. Thus, SOF can act as a mild mutagen for HCV, depending on HCV fitness. Possible mechanisms by which the SOF mutagenic activity may contribute to its antiviral efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Martínez-González
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Soria
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Somovilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel de Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Durán-Pastor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Gómez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’ (CSIC), Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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109
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Asthana A, Corona A, Shin WJ, Kwak MJ, Gaughan C, Tramontano E, Jung JU, Schobert R, Jha BK, Silverman RH, Biersack B. Analogs of the Catechol Derivative Dynasore Inhibit HIV-1 Ribonuclease H, SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 Exoribonuclease, and Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:1539. [PMID: 37515225 PMCID: PMC10385162 DOI: 10.3390/v15071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication often depends on RNA maturation and degradation processes catalyzed by viral ribonucleases, which are therefore candidate targets for antiviral drugs. Here, we synthesized and studied the antiviral properties of a novel nitrocatechol compound (1c) and other analogs that are structurally related to the catechol derivative dynasore. Interestingly, compound 1c strongly inhibited two DEDD box viral ribonucleases, HIV-1 RNase H and SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN). While 1c inhibited SARS-CoV-2 ExoN activity, it did not interfere with the mRNA methyltransferase activity of nsp14. In silico molecular docking placed compound 1c in the catalytic pocket of the ExoN domain of nsp14. Finally, 1c inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication but had no toxicity to human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Given its simple chemical synthesis from easily available starting materials, these results suggest that 1c might be a lead compound for the design of new antiviral compounds that target coronavirus nsp14 ExoN and other viral ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Angela Corona
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jae U Jung
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Babal Kant Jha
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute and Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Vassilieff H, Geering ADW, Choisne N, Teycheney PY, Maumus F. Endogenous Caulimovirids: Fossils, Zombies, and Living in Plant Genomes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1069. [PMID: 37509105 PMCID: PMC10377300 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caulimoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants. The genomes of most vascular plants contain endogenous caulimovirids (ECVs), a class of repetitive DNA elements that is abundant in some plant genomes, resulting from the integration of viral DNA in the chromosomes of germline cells during episodes of infection that have sometimes occurred millions of years ago. In this review, we reflect on 25 years of research on ECVs that has shown that members of the Caulimoviridae have occupied an unprecedented range of ecological niches over time and shed light on their diversity and macroevolution. We highlight gaps in knowledge and prospects of future research fueled by increased access to plant genome sequence data and new tools for genome annotation for addressing the extent, impact, and role of ECVs on plant biology and the origin and evolutionary trajectories of the Caulimoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D W Geering
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
- UMR PVBMT, Université de la Réunion, F-97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
| | - Florian Maumus
- INRAE, URGI, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles, France
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111
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Colloty J, Teixeira M, Hunt R. Advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV: what you need to know. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2023; 84:1-9. [PMID: 37490439 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2022.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The global epidemic of HIV/AIDs has seen many advances in the development of effective treatments, including antiretroviral therapy that provides increasing sustained viral suppression, robust immune reconstitution and fewer side effects than before. Early HIV treatment regimens were notoriously complex, comprising up to 22 pills that needed to be taken at different times of the day. However, the advent of a single fixed dose combination drug formation simplified the treatment regimen so this could be taken once daily. Novel drugs are constantly being developed to provide better tolerated medications with robust, sustained viral suppression and immune reconstitution; these include long-acting injectables and implants, and preventative treatments for pre-exposure prophylaxis. This article provides an overview of emerging therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Colloty
- Wits Vaccines and Infectious Disease Analytics (VIDA), Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Robert Hunt
- Internal Medicine Department, Potchefstroom Hospital, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Leblanc JF, Custer B, Van de Laar T, Drews SJ, Germain M, Lewin A. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Blood Donor Deferral, Occult Infection, and Risk of HIV Transmission by Transfusion: A Fine Balance Between Evidence-Based Donor Selection Criteria and Transfusion Safety. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150754. [PMID: 37741792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are key to reducing the transmission of this virus. Furthermore, low-toxicity, long-acting formulations provide additional clinical benefits, in particular easier adherence to treatment and prevention. However, breakthrough HIV infections can occur despite the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), mainly due to suboptimal adherence or multi-drug resistant HIV strains. Albeit rare, PrEP breakthrough infections have also been reported in fully adherent patients. Should such breakthrough infection occur in an eligible blood donor, PrEP might suppress viremia and delay antibody seroconversion, thereby masking the infection and increasing the risk of transfusion transmission. This possibility has raised concerns in the blood transfusion community but remains little documented. Therefore, a literature search was performed to assess the state of knowledge on the risk of PrEP breakthrough infection, with a particular focus on the risk of HIV entering the blood supply. Evidently, PrEP breakthrough infections are rare, although the risk is not zero. Moreover, a fraction of individuals - including blood donors - do not disclose PrEP use according to various surveys and measurements of HIV PrEP analytes. Additionally, viremia and seroconversion may remain undetectable or close to the limit of detection for a long time after cessation of PrEP, particularly with long-acting antiretrovirals. Therefore, current recommendations to defer donors for at least 3 months after the last dose of oral PrEP or 2 years for long-acting PrEP appear justified, as they safeguard the blood supply and public trust toward the system. These recommendations help to safeguard blood safety and public trust in the blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Custer
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thijs Van de Laar
- Sanquin Research, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J Drews
- Microbiology, Donation Policy and Studies, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Germain
- Hema-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Montréal and Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Lewin
- Hema-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Montréal and Québec, Québec, Canada; Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Mashkani B, Jalili Nik M, Rezaee SA, Boostani R. Advances in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1233-1248. [PMID: 37933802 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2272639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly 2-3% of those 10 to 20 million individuals infected with the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); are predisposed to developing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is a neuro-inflammatory disease; differentiated from multiple sclerosis based on the presence of typical neurologic symptoms, confirmation of HTLV-1 infection, and other molecular biomarkers. AREAS COVERED A brief review of the epidemiology, host immune responses, and molecular pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is followed by detailed discussions about the host-related risk factors for developing HAM/TSP and success/failure stories of the attempted management strategies. EXPERT OPINION Currently, there is no effective treatment for HAM/TSP. Anti-retroviral therapy, peculiar cytokines (IFN-α), some anti-oxidants, and allograft bone marrow transplantation have been used for treating these patients with limited success. Under current conditions, asymptomatic carriers should be examined periodically by a neurologist for early signs of spinal cord injury. Then it is crucial to determine the progress rate to adapt the best management plan for each patient. Corticosteroid therapy is most beneficial in those with acute myelitis. However, slow-progressing patients are best managed using a combination of symptomatic and physical therapy. Additionally, preventive measures should be taken to decrease further spread of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baratali Mashkani
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili Nik
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases division, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Xu S, Sun L, Liu X, Zhan P. Opportunities and challenges in new HIV therapeutic discovery: what is the next step? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1195-1199. [PMID: 37561085 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2246872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Corona A, Meleddu R, Delelis O, Subra F, Cottiglia F, Esposito F, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Tramontano E. 5-Nitro-3-(2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives inhibit HIV-1 replication by a multitarget mechanism of action. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1193280. [PMID: 37424782 PMCID: PMC10328743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the effort to identify and develop new HIV-1 inhibitors endowed with innovative mechanisms, we focused our attention on the possibility to target more than one viral encoded enzymatic function with a single molecule. In this respect, we have previously identified by virtual screening a new indolinone-based scaffold for dual allosteric inhibitors targeting both reverse transcriptase-associated functions: polymerase and RNase H. Pursuing with the structural optimization of these dual inhibitors, we synthesized a series of 35 new 3-[2-(4-aryl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)hydrazin-1-ylidene]1-indol-2-one and 3-[3-methyl-4-arylthiazol-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-ylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives, which maintain their dual inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. Interestingly, compounds 1a, 3a, 10a, and 9b are able to block HIV-1 replication with EC50 < 20 µM. Mechanism of action studies showed that such compounds could block HIV-1 integrase. In particular, compound 10a is the most promising for further multitarget compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Olivier Delelis
- Laboratory of Biology and Applied Pharmacology (LBPA), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Cachan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cachan, France
| | - Frederic Subra
- Laboratory of Biology and Applied Pharmacology (LBPA), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Cachan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cachan, France
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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116
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Moianos D, Prifti GM, Makri M, Zoidis G. Targeting Metalloenzymes: The "Achilles' Heel" of Viruses and Parasites. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:901. [PMID: 37375848 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to the regulation of a wide range of essential viral and parasitic functions, including protein degradation, nucleic acid modification, and many others. Given the impact of infectious diseases on human health, inhibiting metalloenzymes offers an attractive approach to disease therapy. Metal-chelating agents have been expansively studied as antivirals and antiparasitics, resulting in important classes of metal-dependent enzyme inhibitors. This review provides the recent advances in targeting the metalloenzymes of viruses and parasites that impose a significant burden on global public health, including influenza A and B, hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moianos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Makri
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Al Nasr IS, Corona A, Koko WS, Khan TA, Ben Said R, Daoud I, Rahali S, Tramontano E, Schobert R, Amdouni N, Biersack B. Versatile anti-infective properties of pyrido- and dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-based compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117376. [PMID: 37336083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1H-indeno[2',1':5,6]dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 1H-indeno[2',1':5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared and screened for antiparasitic and viral RNase H inhibitory activity. Several compounds showed considerable activity against Toxoplasma gondii parasites and Leishmania major amastigotes, which warrants further investigation. Based on the structural similarities of certain derivatives with common viral RNase H inhibitors, a HIV-1 RNase H assay was used to study the RNase H inhibition by selected test compounds. Docking of active derivatives into the active site of the HIV-1 RNase H enzyme was carried out. The new compound 2a, inactive in the antiparasitic tests, showed distinct HIV-1 RNase H inhibition. Thus, ring substitution determines antiparasitic or HIV-1 RNase H inhibitory activity of this promising compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia; Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Corona
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Daoud
- University Mohamed Khider, Department of Matter Sciences, BP 145 RP, Biskra, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural and Bio-active Substances, Faculty of Science, Tlemcen University, P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Noureddine Amdouni
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Cong Z, Sun Y, Dang C, Yang C, Zhang J, Lu J, Chen T, Wei Q, Wang W, Xue J. TLR7 Agonist GS-9620 Combined with Nicotinamide Generate Viral Reactivation in Seronegative SHIV SF162P3-Infected Rhesus Monkeys. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1707. [PMID: 37371802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is capable of inhibiting HIV replication, but it fails to completely achieve a cure due to HIV persistence. The commonly used HIV cure approach is the "shock and kill" strategy, which employs latency-reversing agents to trigger viral reactivation and boost cellular immunity. Finding the appropriate drug combination for the "shock and kill" strategy would greatly facilitate clinical trials. The toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist GS-9620 and nicotinamide (NAM) are reported as potential latency-reversing agents. Herein, we found the absence of viral reactivation when SHIVSF162P3-aviremic rhesus macaques were treated with GS-9620 monotherapy. However, our findings demonstrate that viral blips emerged in half of the macaques treated with the combination therapy of GS-9620 and NAM. Notably, an increase in the reactivation of the replication-competent latent virus was measured in monkeys treated with the combination therapy. These findings suggest that the GS-9620 and NAM combination could be used as a multipronged HIV latency stimulation approach, with potential for optimizing antiviral therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Cui Dang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chenbo Yang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiahan Lu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ting Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jing Xue
- MOH Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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119
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Skuban-Eiseler T, Orzechowski M, Steger F. Access to healthcare for people living with HIV: an analysis of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights from an ethical perspective. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1193236. [PMID: 37377554 PMCID: PMC10292927 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although HIV has been part of our reality for over 30 years, people living with HIV (PLHIV) still experience restrictions regarding their access to healthcare. This poses a significant ethical problem, especially as it endangers achieving the goal of ending the HIV epidemic worldwide. The aim of this paper is to analyze the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) regarding cases where PLHIV experienced restrictions on their access to healthcare. Methods We conducted an analysis of the ECtHR database and were able to identify N = 28 cases dealing with restricted access to healthcare for PLHIV. A descriptive and thematic analysis was conducted to identify ways in which access to healthcare for PLHIV was restricted. Results We were able to identify a total of four main categories, with denial of adequate therapeutic support as the main category with N = 22 cases (78.57%). Most of the judgments examined were filed against Russia (N = 12, 42.86%) and Ukraine (N = 9, 32.14%). A large proportion of PLHIV in the cases studied (N = 57, 85.07%) were detainees. Discussion The analysis shows a clear condemnation of limited access to healthcare for PLHIV by the ECtHR. Ethical implications of the analyzed cases are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Skuban-Eiseler
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum Region München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcin Orzechowski
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Mahajan PS, Burke TR. Synthetic Approaches to a Key Pyridone-carboxylic Acid Precursor Common to the HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Dolutegravir, Bictegravir, and Cabotegravir. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:847-853. [PMID: 37229216 PMCID: PMC10204085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dolutegravir (DTG), Bictegravir (BIC), and Cabotegravir (CAB) are the second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) that have been FDA-approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Preparation of these INSTIs utilizes the common intermediate 1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-5-methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (6). Presented herein is a literature and patent review of synthetic routes used to access the pharmaceutically important intermediate 6. The review highlights the ways in which small fine-tuned synthetic modifications have been used to achieve good yields and regioselectivity of ester hydrolysis.
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become a heavy burden of disease and an important public health problem in the world. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective at suppressing the virus in the blood, HIV still remains in two different types of reservoirs-the latently infected cells (represented by CD4+ T cells) and the tissues containing those cells, which may block access to ART, HIV-neutralizing antibodies and latency-reversing agents. The latter is the focus of our review, as blood viral load drops below detectable levels after ART, a deeper and more systematic understanding of the HIV tissue reservoirs is imperative. In this review, we take the lymphoid system (including lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, spleen and bone marrow), nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system (divided into male and female), urinary system as the order, focusing on the particularity and importance of each tissue in HIV infection, the infection target cell types of each tissue, the specific infection situation of each tissue quantified by HIV DNA or HIV RNA and the evidence of compartmentalization and pharmacokinetics. In summary, we found that the present state of HIV in different tissues has both similarities and differences. In the future, the therapeutic principle we need to follow is to respect the discrepancy on the basis of grasping the commonality. The measures taken to completely eliminate the virus in the whole body cannot be generalized. It is necessary to formulate personalized treatment strategies according to the different characteristics of the HIV in the various tissues, so as to realize the prospect of curing AIDS as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Jin Y, Wang S, Xu S, Zhao S, Xu X, Poongavanam V, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. Targeting hepatitis B virus cccDNA levels: recent progress in seeking small molecule drug candidates. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103617. [PMID: 37196762 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem that puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. The presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected cells is considered to be the main obstacle to curing chronic hepatitis B. At present, the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by standard treatments. There is an urgent need to develop drugs or therapies that can reduce HBV cccDNA levels in infected cells. We summarize the discovery and optimization of small molecules that target cccDNA synthesis and degradation. These compounds are cccDNA synthesis inhibitors, cccDNA reducers, core protein allosteric modulators, ribonuclease H inhibitors, cccDNA transcriptional modulators, HBx inhibitors and other small molecules that reduce cccDNA levels. Teaser: HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) can be stably maintained in infected cells for a prolonged period, and this is the fundamental reason why hepatitis B cannot be completely cured. Here, we review recent progress in the development of small molecules that can reduce cccDNA levels in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Elbur AI, Ghebremichael M, Konkle-Parker D, Jones DL, Collins S, Adimora AA, Schneider MF, Cohen MH, Tamraz B, Plankey M, Wilson T, Adedimeji A, Haberer JE, Jacobson DL. Dual trajectories of antiretroviral therapy adherence and polypharmacy in women with HIV in the United States. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 37179294 PMCID: PMC10182649 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy, using five or more medications, may increase the risk of nonadherence to prescribed treatment. We aimed to identify the interrelationship between trajectories of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and polypharmacy. METHODS We included women with HIV (aged ≥ 18) enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study in the United States from 2014 to 2019. We used group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to identify trajectories of adherence to ART and polypharmacy and the dual GBTM to identify the interrelationship between adherence and polypharmacy. RESULTS Overall, 1,538 were eligible (median age of 49 years). GBTM analysis revealed five latent trajectories of adherence with 42% of women grouped in the consistently moderate trajectory. GBTM identified four polypharmacy trajectories with 45% categorized in the consistently low group. CONCLUSIONS The joint model did not reveal any interrelationship between ART adherence and polypharmacy trajectories. Future research should consider examining the interrelationship between both variables using objective measures of adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Konkle-Parker
- Schools of Nursing, Medicine and Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Deborah L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Shelby Collins
- Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Michael F. Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mardge H. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Bani Tamraz
- School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Tracey Wilson
- School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Dept of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Denise L. Jacobson
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
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124
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De Clercq E. Hydrogen Bonding (Base Pairing) in Antiviral Activity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051145. [PMID: 37243232 DOI: 10.3390/v15051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding has, since its inception, been crucial in the antiviral activity of arabinosyladenine, 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e., IDU, TFT, BVDU), acyclic nucleoside analogues (i.e., acyclovir) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding also plays a key role in the mechanism of action of various acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as adefovir, tenofovir, cidofovir and O-DAPYs, thus explaining their activity against a wide array of DNA viruses (human hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency (HIV) and human herpes viruses (i.e., human cytomegalovirus)). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) also seems to be involved in the inhibitory activity of Cf1743 (and its prodrug FV-100) against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and in the activity of sofosbuvir against hepatitis C virus and that of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) may also explain the broad-spectrum antiviral effects of ribavirin and favipiravir. This may lead to lethal mutagenesis (error catastrophe), as has been demonstrated with molnutegravir in its activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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125
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Ranga A, Gupta A, Yadav L, Kumar S, Jain P. Advancing beyond reverse transcriptase inhibitors: The new era of hepatitis B polymerase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115455. [PMID: 37216809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a genetically diverse blood-borne virus responsible for chronic hepatitis B. The HBV polymerase plays a key role in viral genome replication within the human body and has been identified as a potential drug target for chronic hepatitis B therapeutics. However, available nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors only target the reverse transcriptase domain of the HBV polymerase; they also pose resistance issues and require lifelong treatment that can burden patients financially. In this study, various chemical classes are reviewed that have been developed to target different domains of the HBV polymerase: Terminal protein, which plays a vital role in the formation of the viral DNA; Reverse transcriptase, which is responsible for the synthesis of the viral DNA from RNA, and; Ribonuclease H, which is responsible for degrading the RNA strand in the RNA-DNA duplex formed during the reverse transcription process. Host factors that interact with the HBV polymerase to achieve HBV replication are also reviewed; these host factors can be targeted by inhibitors to indirectly inhibit polymerase functionality. A detailed analysis of the scope and limitations of these inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry perspective is provided. The structure-activity relationship of these inhibitors and the factors that may affect their potency and selectivity are also examined. This analysis will be useful in supporting the further development of these inhibitors and in designing new inhibitors that can inhibit HBV replication more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ranga
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Aarti Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Laxmi Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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126
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Benaicha K, Khenhrani RR, Veer M, Devi S, Shahbaz U, Salah QM, Hammad M, Palleti SK. Efficacy of Molnupiravir for the Treatment of Mild or Moderate COVID-19 in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e38586. [PMID: 37284377 PMCID: PMC10239651 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of molnupiravir among mild or moderate COVID-19 patients. This meta-analysis was reported according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two authors independently performed a comprehensive search for relevant studies in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The keywords used to search for relevant records were "Molnupiravir," "COVID-19," and "efficacy." This meta-analysis included studies that compared the effectiveness of molnupiravir with a placebo for COVID-19 treatment. The primary outcome assessed in this meta-analysis was the composite of hospitalization and all-cause mortality (30 days). In addition, we assessed all-cause mortality and hospitalization separately and the number of patients who tested negative for viral RNA on day five. A total of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Among the 10 studies, five were randomized controlled trials and five were observational studies. Based on the results presented in the meta-analysis, it can be concluded that molnupiravir has a significant impact on reducing all-cause mortality and improving the proportion of patients who test negative for viral RNA on day five. The risk of hospitalization and composite outcome was also lower in molnupiravir-treated patients, although the difference was statistically insignificant. The subgroup analysis showed consistent results across all subgroups, indicating that the effect of molnupiravir is consistent regardless of patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Benaicha
- Internal Medicine, University Hospital Isaad Hassani, Algiers, DZA
| | - Raja Ram Khenhrani
- Internal Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Maha Veer
- Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Sapna Devi
- Medical School, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Qais M Salah
- Internal Medicine, Al Quds University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, PSE
| | | | - Sujith K Palleti
- Nephrology, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, USA
- Nephrology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, USA
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127
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Tian WJ, Wang XJ. Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Derived from Natural Products. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051100. [PMID: 37243186 DOI: 10.3390/v15051100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific advances have led to the development and production of numerous vaccines and antiviral drugs, but viruses, including re-emerging and emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, remain a major threat to human health. Many antiviral agents are rarely used in clinical treatment, however, because of their inefficacy and resistance. The toxicity of natural products may be lower, and some natural products have multiple targets, which means less resistance. Therefore, natural products may be an effective means to solve virus infection in the future. New techniques and ideas are currently being developed for the design and screening of antiviral drugs thanks to recent revelations about virus replication mechanisms and the advancement of molecular docking technology. This review will summarize recently discovered antiviral drugs, mechanisms of action, and screening and design strategies for novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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128
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Wang C, Li Q, Sun L, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang W, Li J, Liu Y, Lu L, Jiang S. An Artificial Peptide-Based Bifunctional HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor That Interferes with Viral Glycoprotein-41 Six-Helix Bundle Formation and Antagonizes CCR5 on the Host Cell Membrane. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051038. [PMID: 37243126 DOI: 10.3390/v15051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by high variability and drug resistance. This has necessitated the development of antivirals with a new chemotype and therapy. We previously identified an artificial peptide with non-native protein sequence, AP3, with the potential to inhibit HIV-1 fusion through targeting hydrophobic grooves on the N-terminal heptad repeat trimer of viral glycoprotein gp41. Here, a small-molecule HIV-1 inhibitor targeting chemokine coreceptor CCR5 on the host cell was integrated into the AP3 peptide, producing a novel dual-target inhibitor with improved activity against multiple HIV-1 strains including those resistant to the currently used anti-HIV-1 drug enfuvirtide. Its superior antiviral potency in comparison with the respective pharmacophoric moieties is in consonance with the dual binding of viral gp41 and host factor CCR5. Therefore, our work provides a potent artificial peptide-based bifunctional HIV-1 entry inhibitor and highlights the multitarget-directed ligands approach in the development of novel therapeutic anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lujia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of the Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of the Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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129
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Abdelnabi R, Jochmans D, Donckers K, Trüeb B, Ebert N, Weynand B, Thiel V, Neyts J. Nirmatrelvir-resistant SARS-CoV-2 is efficiently transmitted in female Syrian hamsters and retains partial susceptibility to treatment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2124. [PMID: 37059708 PMCID: PMC10101821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro) is one of the promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir is the first 3CLpro inhibitor authorized for treatment of COVID-19 patients at high risk of hospitalization. We recently reported on the in vitro selection of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro resistant virus (L50F-E166A-L167F; 3CLprores) that is cross-resistant with nirmatrelvir and other 3CLpro inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that the 3CLprores virus replicates efficiently in the lungs of intranasally infected female Syrian hamsters and causes lung pathology comparable to that caused by the WT virus. Moreover, hamsters infected with 3CLprores virus transmit the virus efficiently to co-housed non-infected contact hamsters. Importantly, at a dose of 200 mg/kg (BID) of nirmatrelvir, the compound was still able to reduce the lung infectious virus titers of 3CLprores-infected hamsters by 1.4 log10 with a modest improvement in the lung histopathology as compared to the vehicle control. Fortunately, resistance to Nirmatrelvir does not readily develop in clinical setting. Yet, as we demonstrate, in case drug-resistant viruses emerge, they may spread easily which may thus impact therapeutic options. Therefore, the use of 3CLpro inhibitors in combination with other drugs may be considered, especially in immunodeficient patients, to avoid the development of drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Donckers
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bettina Trüeb
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Weynand
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Global Virus Network, GVN, Baltimore, US.
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130
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Nogi Y, Saito-Tarashima N, Karanjit S, Minakawa N. Synthesis and Behavior of DNA Oligomers Containing the Ambiguous Z-Nucleobase 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073265. [PMID: 37050028 PMCID: PMC10096470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide 5'-monophosphate (ZMP) is a central intermediate in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Its nucleobase moiety, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (Z-base), is considered an ambiguous base that can pair with any canonical base owing to the rotatable nature of its 5-carboxamide group. This idea of ambiguous base pairing due to free rotation of the carboxamide has been applied to designing mutagenic antiviral nucleosides, such as ribavirin and T-705. However, the ambiguous base-pairing ability of Z-base has not been elucidated, because the synthesis of Z-base-containing oligomers is problematic. Herein, we propose a practical method for the synthesis of Z-base-containing DNA oligomers based on the ring-opening reaction of an N1-dinitrophenylhypoxanthine (HxaDNP) base. Thermal denaturation studies of the resulting oligomers revealed that the Z-base behaves physiologically as an A-like nucleobase, preferentially forming pairs with T. We tested the behavior of Z-base-containing DNA oligomers in enzyme-catalyzed reactions: in single nucleotide insertion, Klenow fragment DNA polymerase recognized Z-base as an A-like analog and incorporated dTTP as a complementary nucleotide to Z-base in the DNA template; in PCR amplification, Taq DNA polymerase similarly incorporated dTTP as a complementary nucleotide to Z-base. Our findings will contribute to the development of new mutagenic antiviral nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Nogi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Saito-Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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131
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Niu D, Xiao T, Chen Y, Tang H, Chen F, Cai C, Qin Q, Zhao D, Jin Y, Wang S, Hou Y, Lu Z, Yang L, Liu H, Xie D, Zou H, Lyu F. Excess mortality and associated factors among people living with HIV initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in Luzhou, China 2006-2020. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:186. [PMID: 36991355 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To estimate crude mortality, excess mortality, and standardized mortality rates (SMR) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Luzhou, China 2006-2020, and assess associated factors. METHODS PLHIV initiating HAART in the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS) in Luzhou, China 2006-2020 were included in the retrospective cohort study. The crude mortality, excess mortality, and SMR were estimated. Multivariable Poisson regression model was used for analyzing risk factors associated with excess mortality rates. RESULTS The median age among 11,468 PLHIV initiating HAART was 54.5 years (IQR:43.1-65.2). The excess mortality rate decreased from 1.8 deaths/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.4-2.4) in 2006-2011 to 0.8 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:0.7-0.9) in 2016-2020. SMR decreased from 5.4 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:4.3-6.8) to 1.7 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:1.5-1.8). Males had greater excess mortality with the eHR of 1.6 (95%CI:1.2-2.1) than females. PLHIV with CD4 counts ≥ 500 cells/μL had the eHR of 0.3 (95%CI:0.2-0.5) in comparison to those with CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL. PLHIV with WHO clinical stages III/IV had greater excess mortality with the eHR of 1.4 (95%CI:1.1-1.8). PLHIV with time from diagnosis to HAART initiation ≤ 3 months had the eHR of 0.7 (95%CI:0.5-0.9) compared to those with time ≥ 12 months. PLHIV with initial HAART regimens unchanged and viral suppression had the eHR of 1.9 (95%CI:1.4-2.6) and 0.1 (95%CI:0.0-0.1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The excess mortality and SMR among PLHIV initiating HAART in Luzhou, China decreased substantially from 2006 to 2020, but the mortality rate among PLHIV was still higher than general population. PLHIV who were male, with baseline CD4 counts less than 200 cells/μL, WHO clinical stages III/IV, time from diagnosis to HAART initiation ≥ 12 months, initial HAART regimens unchanged, and virological failure had a greater risk of excess deaths. Early and efficient HAART would be significant in reducing excess mortality among PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Niu
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ticheng Xiao
- Luzhou Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Houlin Tang
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Qin
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Zhao
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Jin
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Hou
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luoyao Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Luzhou Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongqin Xie
- Luzhou Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fan Lyu
- Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Moranguinho I, Taveira N, Bártolo I. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065905. [PMID: 36982978 PMCID: PMC10053740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 1-2 million people worldwide are infected with HIV-2, accounting for 3-5% of the global burden of HIV. The course of HIV-2 infection is longer compared to HIV-1 infection, but without effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), a substantial proportion of infected patients will progress to AIDS and die. Antiretroviral drugs in clinical use were designed for HIV-1 and, unfortunately, some do not work as well, or do not work at all, for HIV-2. This is the case for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), most protease inhibitors (PIs), the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir and most broadly neutralizing antibodies. Integrase inhibitors work well against HIV-2 and are included in first-line therapeutic regimens for HIV-2-infected patients. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance and cross-resistance within each drug class dramatically reduces second-line treatment options. New drugs are needed to treat infection with drug-resistant isolates. Here, we review the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat HIV-2-infected patients, as well as promising drugs in development. We also review HIV-2 drug resistance mutations and resistance pathways that develop in HIV-2-infected patients under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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Xie J, Long ZQ, Chen AQ, Ding YG, Liu ST, Zhou X, Liu LW, Yang S. Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing a Piperidine Moiety as New Bactericide Leads for Managing Plant Bacterial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065861. [PMID: 36982936 PMCID: PMC10054644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant bacterial diseases are an intractable problem due to the fact that phytopathogens have acquired strong resistances for traditional pesticides, resulting in restricting the quality and yield of agricultural products around the world. To develop new agrochemical alternatives, we prepared a novel series of sulfanilamide derivatives containing piperidine fragments and assessed their antibacterial potency. The bioassay results revealed that most molecules displayed excellent in vitro antibacterial potency towards Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). In particular, molecule C4 exhibited outstanding inhibitory activity toward Xoo with EC50 value of 2.02 µg mL-1, which was significantly better than those of the commercial agents bismerthiazol (EC50 = 42.38 µg mL-1) and thiodiazole copper (EC50 = 64.50 µg mL-1). A series of biochemical assays confirmed that compound C4 interacted with dihydropteroate synthase, and irreversibly damaged the cell membrane. In vivo assays showed that the molecule C4 presented acceptable curative and protection activities of 34.78% and 39.83%, respectively, at 200 µg mL-1, which were greater than those of thiodiazole and bismerthiazol. This study highlights the valuable insights for the excavation and development of new bactericides that can concurrently target dihydropteroate synthase and bacterial cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhou-Qing Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ai-Qun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ying-Guo Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Tao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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134
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Chen X, Lai Y. Knowledge domain and emerging trends in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: A visualization analysis via CiteSpace. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1099132. [PMID: 37007528 PMCID: PMC10060873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1099132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs an effective strategy that reduces transmission among people at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has revolutionized HIV prevention. Our study aims to provide a reference for the development of relevant research and the formulation of prevention and control policies for HIV.MethodsThrough CiteSpace software, this study aims to present a comprehensive overview of the HIV PrEP knowledge structure, hotspots, and frontiers. We searched the Web of Science Core Collection for studies published between 2012 and 2022 related to HIV PrEP, and 3,243 papers remained after selection.ResultsThe number of HIV PrEP publications has increased over the past few years. A close integration and exchange of HIV PrEP research findings has taken place between countries and authors. Major ongoing research trends include long-term injection PrEP, the impact of chlamydia on HIV PrEP, and individual awareness of and attitudes toward HIV PrEP. Thus, more attention should be paid to innovations and breakthroughs in drugs, the factors that affect HIV transmission and susceptibility, and the future promotion of public acceptance of HIV PrEP.ConclusionThis study offers a systematic, objective, and comprehensive analysis of the related articles. It will assist scholars in understanding the dynamic evolution of HIV PrEP research and identifying future research areas to better advance the development of the field.
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135
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Kang JX, Zhao GK, Yang XM, Huang MX, Hui WQ, Zeng R, Ouyang Q. Recent advances on dual inhibitors targeting HIV reverse transcriptase associated polymerase and ribonuclease H. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115196. [PMID: 36787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an indispensable role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through its associated polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities during the viral RNA genome transformation into proviral DNA. Due to the fact that HIV is a highly mutagenic virus and easily resistant to single-target RT inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting HIV RT associated polymerase and RNase H have been developed. These dual inhibitors have the advantages of increasing efficacy, reducing drug resistance, drug-drug interactions, and cytotoxicity, as well as improving patient compliance. In this review, we summarize recent advances in polymerase/RNase H dual inhibitors focusing on drug design strategies, and structure-activity relationships and share new insights into developing anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Police Forces Hospital of Sichuan, 614000, Leshan, China
| | - Guang-Kuan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Mou-Xin Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xian, 710082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
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136
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Ye L, Lam SZ, Yang L, Suzuki K, Zou Y, Lin Q, Zhang Y, Clark P, Peng L, Chen S. Therapeutic immune cell engineering with an mRNA : AAV- Sleeping Beauty composite system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532651. [PMID: 36993594 PMCID: PMC10055155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy has shown clinical success in patients with hematological malignancies. Immune cell engineering is critical for production, research, and development of cell therapy; however, current approaches for generation of therapeutic immune cells face various limitations. Here, we establish a composite gene delivery system for the highly efficient engineering of therapeutic immune cells. This system, termed MAJESTIC ( m RNA A AV-Sleeping-Beauty J oint E ngineering of S table T herapeutic I mmune C ells), combines the merits of mRNA, AAV vector, and transposon into one composite system. In MAJESTIC, the transient mRNA component encodes a transposase that mediates permanent genomic integration of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon, which carries the gene-of-interest and is embedded within the AAV vector. This system can transduce diverse immune cell types with low cellular toxicity and achieve highly efficient and stable therapeutic cargo delivery. Compared with conventional gene delivery systems, such as lentiviral vector, DNA transposon plasmid, or minicircle electroporation, MAJESTIC shows higher cell viability, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene expression, therapeutic cell yield, as well as prolonged transgene expression. CAR-T cells generated by MAJESTIC are functional and have strong anti-tumor activity in vivo . This system also demonstrates versatility for engineering different cell therapy constructs such as canonical CAR, bi-specific CAR, kill switch CAR, and synthetic TCR; and for CAR delivery into various immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, myeloid cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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137
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Wang Z, Geraghty RJ. Viral Nucleases. Viruses 2023; 15:740. [PMID: 36992449 PMCID: PMC10052875 DOI: 10.3390/v15030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleases are ubiquitous hydrolytic enzymes that cleave phosphodiester bond of DNA (DNases), RNA (RNases), or protein-RNA/DNA (phosphodiesterases), within the strand (endonucleases) or from the end (exonucleases) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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138
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The Substitutions L50F, E166A, and L167F in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Are Selected by a Protease Inhibitor In Vitro and Confer Resistance To Nirmatrelvir. mBio 2023; 14:e0281522. [PMID: 36625640 PMCID: PMC9973015 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02815-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro) has an indispensable role in the viral life cycle and is a therapeutic target for the treatment of COVID-19. The potential of 3CLpro-inhibitors to select for drug-resistant variants needs to be established. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 was passaged in vitro in the presence of increasing concentrations of ALG-097161, a probe compound designed in the context of a 3CLpro drug discovery program. We identified a combination of amino acid substitutions in 3CLpro (L50F E166A L167F) that is associated with a >20× increase in 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for ALG-097161, nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332), PF-00835231, and ensitrelvir. While two of the single substitutions (E166A and L167F) provide low-level resistance to the inhibitors in a biochemical assay, the triple mutant results in the highest levels of resistance (6× to 72×). All substitutions are associated with a significant loss of enzymatic 3CLpro activity, suggesting a reduction in viral fitness. Structural biology analysis indicates that the different substitutions reduce the number of inhibitor/enzyme interactions while the binding of the substrate is maintained. These observations will be important for the interpretation of resistance development to 3CLpro inhibitors in the clinical setting. IMPORTANCE Paxlovid is the first oral antiviral approved for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiviral treatments are often associated with the development of drug-resistant viruses. In order to guide the use of novel antivirals, it is essential to understand the risk of resistance development and to characterize the associated changes in the viral genes and proteins. In this work, we describe for the first time a pathway that allows SARS-CoV-2 to develop resistance against Paxlovid in vitro. The characteristics of in vitro antiviral resistance development may be predictive for the clinical situation. Therefore, our work will be important for the management of COVID-19 with Paxlovid and next-generation SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors.
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139
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Jochmans D, Liu C, Donckers K, Stoycheva A, Boland S, Stevens SK, De Vita C, Vanmechelen B, Maes P, Trüeb B, Ebert N, Thiel V, De Jonghe S, Vangeel L, Bardiot D, Jekle A, Blatt LM, Beigelman L, Symons JA, Raboisson P, Chaltin P, Marchand A, Neyts J, Deval J, Vandyck K. The Substitutions L50F, E166A, and L167F in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Are Selected by a Protease Inhibitor In Vitro and Confer Resistance To Nirmatrelvir. mBio 2023. [PMID: 36625640 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.07.495116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro) has an indispensable role in the viral life cycle and is a therapeutic target for the treatment of COVID-19. The potential of 3CLpro-inhibitors to select for drug-resistant variants needs to be established. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 was passaged in vitro in the presence of increasing concentrations of ALG-097161, a probe compound designed in the context of a 3CLpro drug discovery program. We identified a combination of amino acid substitutions in 3CLpro (L50F E166A L167F) that is associated with a >20× increase in 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for ALG-097161, nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332), PF-00835231, and ensitrelvir. While two of the single substitutions (E166A and L167F) provide low-level resistance to the inhibitors in a biochemical assay, the triple mutant results in the highest levels of resistance (6× to 72×). All substitutions are associated with a significant loss of enzymatic 3CLpro activity, suggesting a reduction in viral fitness. Structural biology analysis indicates that the different substitutions reduce the number of inhibitor/enzyme interactions while the binding of the substrate is maintained. These observations will be important for the interpretation of resistance development to 3CLpro inhibitors in the clinical setting. IMPORTANCE Paxlovid is the first oral antiviral approved for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiviral treatments are often associated with the development of drug-resistant viruses. In order to guide the use of novel antivirals, it is essential to understand the risk of resistance development and to characterize the associated changes in the viral genes and proteins. In this work, we describe for the first time a pathway that allows SARS-CoV-2 to develop resistance against Paxlovid in vitro. The characteristics of in vitro antiviral resistance development may be predictive for the clinical situation. Therefore, our work will be important for the management of COVID-19 with Paxlovid and next-generation SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology & Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cheng Liu
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kim Donckers
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology & Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sarah K Stevens
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloe De Vita
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bettina Trüeb
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology & Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Vangeel
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology & Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Andreas Jekle
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Julian A Symons
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Patrick Chaltin
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery (CD3), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology & Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome Deval
- Aligos Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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140
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Teli D, Balar P, Patel K, Sharma A, Chavda V, Vora L. Molnupiravir: A Versatile Prodrug against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Metabolites 2023; 13:309. [PMID: 36837928 PMCID: PMC9962121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analog β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine is the active metabolite of the prodrug molnupiravir and is accepted as an efficient drug against COVID-19. Molnupiravir targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme, which is responsible for replicating the viral genome during the replication process of certain types of viruses. It works by disrupting the normal function of the RdRp enzyme, causing it to make mistakes during the replication of the viral genome. These mistakes can prevent the viral RNA from being transcribed, converted into a complementary DNA template, translated, or converted into a functional protein. By disrupting these crucial steps in the viral replication process, molnupiravir can effectively inhibit the replication of the virus and reduce its ability to cause disease. This review article sheds light on the impact of molnupiravir and its metabolite on SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as delta, omicron, and hybrid/recombinant variants. The detailed mechanism and molecular interactions using molecular docking and dynamics have also been covered. The safety and tolerability of molnupiravir in patients with comorbidities have also been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Pankti Balar
- Pharmacy Department, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Kishan Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Anu Sharma
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, India
| | - Lalit Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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141
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Biteau NG, Amichai SA, Azadi N, De R, Downs-Bowen J, Lecher JC, MacBrayer T, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Synthesis of 4'-Substituted Carbocyclic Uracil Derivatives and Their Monophosphate Prodrugs as Potential Antiviral Agents. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020544. [PMID: 36851758 PMCID: PMC9962574 DOI: 10.3390/v15020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, both 4'-modified nucleoside and carbocyclic nucleoside analogs have been under the spotlight as several compounds from either family showed anti-HIV, HCV, RSV or SARS-CoV-2 activity. Herein, we designed compounds combining these two features and report the synthesis of a series of novel 4'-substituted carbocyclic uracil derivatives along with their corresponding monophosphate prodrugs. These compounds were successfully prepared in 19 to 22 steps from the commercially available (-)-Vince lactam and were evaluated against a panel of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B viruses and norovirus.
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142
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Olenginski LT, Kasprzak WK, Attionu SK, Shapiro BA, Dayie TK. Virtual Screening of Hepatitis B Virus Pre-Genomic RNA as a Novel Therapeutic Target. Molecules 2023; 28:1803. [PMID: 36838792 PMCID: PMC9963113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden imposed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection necessitates the discovery and design of novel antiviral drugs to complement existing treatments. One attractive and underexploited therapeutic target is ε, an ~85-nucleotide (nt) cis-acting regulatory stem-loop RNA located at the 3'- and 5'-ends of the pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA). Binding of the 5'-end ε to the viral polymerase protein (P) triggers two early events in HBV replication: pgRNA and P packaging and reverse transcription. Our recent solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure of ε permits structure-informed drug discovery efforts that are currently lacking for P. Here, we employ a virtual screen against ε using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound library, followed by in vitro binding assays. This approach revealed that the anti-hepatitis C virus drug Daclatasvir is a selective ε-targeting ligand. Additional molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that Daclatasvir targets ε at its flexible 6-nt priming loop (PL) bulge and modulates its dynamics. Given the functional importance of the PL, our work supports the notion that targeting ε dynamics may be an effective anti-HBV therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz T. Olenginski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Wojciech K. Kasprzak
- Bioinformatics and Computational Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Solomon K. Attionu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Theodore K. Dayie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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143
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Antiviral Mechanism of Virucidal Sialic Acid Modified Cyclodextrin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020582. [PMID: 36839904 PMCID: PMC9965221 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that CD-6'SLN [6-sialyllactosamine (6'SLN)-modified β-cyclodextrin (CD)] can be a potential anti-influenza drug because it irreversibly deactivates virions. Indeed, in vivo, CD-6'SLN improved mice survival in an H1N1 infection model even when administered 24 h post-infection. Although CD-6'SLN was designed to target the viral envelope protein hemagglutinin (HA), a natural receptor of 6'SLN, it remains unclear whether other targets exist. In this study, we confirm that CD-6'SLN inhibits the influenza virus through an extracellular mechanism by interacting with HA, but not with neuraminidase (NA), despite the latter also having a binding pocket for the sialyl group. We find that CD-6'SLN interacts with the viral envelope as it elicits the release of a fluorophore embedded in the membrane. Two similar compounds were designed to test separately the effect of 6'SLN and of the undecyl moiety that links the CD to 6'SLN. Neither showed any interaction with the membrane nor the irreversible viral inhibition (virucidal), confirming that both components are essential to membrane interaction and virucidal action. Unlike similar antiviral cyclodextrins developed against other viruses, CD-6'SLN was not able to decapsulate viral RNA. Our findings support that combining viral protein-specific epitopes with hydrophobic linkers provides a strategy for developing antiviral drugs with a virucidal mechanism.
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144
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Najjar-Debbiny R, Gronich N, Weber G, Khoury J, Amar M, Stein N, Goldstein LH, Saliba W. Effectiveness of Molnupiravir in High-Risk Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:453-460. [PMID: 36130189 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molnupiravir was granted emergency use authorization for the treatment of mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we used population-based real-world data to evaluate the effectiveness of molnupiravir. METHODS The database of the largest healthcare provider in Israel was used to identify all adults with first-ever positive test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) performed in the community during January-February 2022, who were at high risk for severe COVID-19, and had no contraindications for molnupiravir use. Patients were included regardless of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status. A total of 2661 patients who received molnupiravir were propensity score matched with 2661 patients who have not received molnupiravir (control group). Patients were followed through 10 March 2022 for up to 28 days for the first occurrence of the composite severe COVID-19 or COVID-19-specific mortality. RESULTS The composite outcome occurred in 50 patients in the molnupiravir group and 60 patients in the control group. Molnupiravir was associated with a nonsignificant reduced risk of the composite outcome: hazard ratio, 0.83 (95% confidence interval, .57-1.21). However, subgroup analyses showed that molnupiravir was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of the composite outcome in older patients 0.54 (0.34-0.86), in females 0.41 (0.22-0.77), and in patients with inadequate COVID-19 vaccination 0.45 (0.25-0.82). The results were similar when each component of the composite outcome was examined separately. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that in the era of Omicron and in real-life setting, molnupiravir might be effective in reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 and COVID-19-related mortality, particularly in specific subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronza Najjar-Debbiny
- Infection Control and Prevention Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naomi Gronich
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gabriel Weber
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johad Khoury
- Pulmonology Division, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maisam Amar
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Internal Medicine C, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nili Stein
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Statistical Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lee Hilary Goldstein
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Internal Medicine C, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.,Pharmacology Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Walid Saliba
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Translational Epidemiology Unit and Research Authority, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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145
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Lim SP. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and host cell receptor interactions. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105514. [PMID: 36581047 PMCID: PMC9792186 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines and therapeutics, continual genetic alterations render the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) a persistent threat, particularly for the immunocompromised and elderly. Through interactions of its spike (S) protein with different receptors and coreceptors on host cell surfaces, the virus enters the cell either via fusion with the plasma membrane or through endocytosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a key receptor utilized by SARS-CoV-2 and related human coronaviruses to mediate cell entry in the lung airways. Auxiliary SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors such as ASGPR1, Kremen protein 1, integrins have also been reported. In this review, therapeutic approaches to block SARS-CoV-2 and host cell receptor interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), A*STAR, 10, Biopolis Road, #05-01, Chromos, 138670, Singapore.
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146
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D'Addiego J, Elaldi N, Wand N, Osman K, Bagci BK, Kennedy E, Pektas AN, Hart E, Slack G, Hewson R. Investigating the effect of ribavirin treatment on genetic mutations in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) through next-generation sequencing. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28548. [PMID: 36734067 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever affecting humans, and yet a licensed drug against the virus (CCHFV) is still not available. While several studies have suggested the efficacy of ribavirin against CCHFV, current literature remains inconclusive. In this study, we have utilised next-generation sequencing to investigate the mutagenic effect of ribavirin on the CCHFV genome during clinical disease. Samples collected from CCHF patients receiving ribavirin treatment or supportive care only at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital, Turkey, were analysed. By comparing the frequency of mutations in each group, we found little evidence of an overall mutagenic effect. This suggests that ribavirin, administered at the acute stages of CCHFV infection (at the World Health Organization-recommended dose) is unable to induce lethal mutagenesis that would cause an extinction event in the CCHFV population and reduce viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D'Addiego
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | | | - Binnur Koksal Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Ayse Nur Pektas
- Cumhuriyet University Advanced Technology Application and Research Center (CUTAM), Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | | | - Roger Hewson
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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147
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Suicidal Phenotype of Proofreading-Deficient Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Polymerase Mutants. J Virol 2023; 97:e0135922. [PMID: 36598203 PMCID: PMC9888220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01359-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encodes a family B DNA polymerase (Pol) capable of exonucleolytic proofreading whose functions have been extensively studied in the past. Early studies on the in vitro activity of purified Pol protein found that the enzymatic functions of the holoenzyme are largely separate. Consequently, exonuclease activity can be reduced or abolished by certain point mutations within catalytically important regions, with no or only minor effects on polymerase activity. Despite unimpaired polymerase activity, the recovery of HSV-1 mutants with a catalytically inactive exonuclease has been so far unsuccessful. Hence, mutations such as D368A, which abolish exonuclease activity, are believed to be lethal. Here, we show that HSV-1 can be recovered in the absence of Pol intrinsic exonuclease activity and demonstrate that a lack of proofreading causes the rapid accumulation of likely detrimental mutations. Although mutations that abolish exonuclease activity do not appear to be lethal, the lack of proofreading yields viruses with a suicidal phenotype that cease to replicate within few passages following reconstitution. Hence, we conclude that high replication fidelity conferred by proofreading is essential to maintain HSV-1 genome integrity and that a lack of exonuclease activity produces an initially viable but rapidly suicidal phenotype. However, stably replicating viruses with reduced exonuclease activity and therefore elevated mutation rates can be generated by mutating a catalytically less important site located within a conserved exonuclease domain. IMPORTANCE Recovery of fully exonuclease-deficient herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA polymerase mutants has been so far unsuccessful. However, exonuclease activity is not known to be directly essential for virus replication, and the lethal phenotype of certain HSV-1 polymerase mutants is thus attributed to factors other than exonuclease activity. Here, we showed that the recovery of a variety of exonuclease-deficient HSV-1 polymerase mutants is possible and that these mutants are initially replication competent. We, however, observed a progressive loss of mutant viability upon cell culture passaging, which coincided with the rapid accumulation of mutations in exonuclease-deficient viruses. We thus concluded that a lack of DNA proofreading in exonuclease-deficient viruses causes an initially viable but rapidly suicidal hypermutator phenotype and, consequently, the extinction of mutant viruses within few generations following recovery. This would make the absence of exonuclease activity the primary reason for the long-reported difficulties in culturing exonuclease-deficient HSV-1 mutants.
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148
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Dimitrova YN, Gutierrez JA, Huard K. It's ok to be outnumbered - sub-stoichiometric modulation of homomeric protein complexes. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:22-46. [PMID: 36760737 PMCID: PMC9890894 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An arsenal of molecular tools with increasingly diversified mechanisms of action is being developed by the scientific community to enable biological interrogation and pharmaceutical modulation of targets and pathways of ever increasing complexity. While most small molecules interact with the target of interest in a 1 : 1 relationship, a noteworthy number of recent examples were reported to bind in a sub-stoichiometric manner to a homomeric protein complex. This approach requires molecular understanding of the physiologically relevant protein assemblies and in-depth characterization of the compound's mechanism of action. The recent literature examples summarized here were selected to illustrate methods used to identify and characterize molecules with such mechanisms. The concept of one small molecule targeting a homomeric protein assembly is not new but the subject deserves renewed inspection in light of emerging technologies and increasingly diverse target biology, to ensure relevant in vitro systems are used and valuable compounds with potentially novel sub-stoichiometric mechanisms of action aren't overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Huard
- Genentech 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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149
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Atypical Mutational Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Replicating in the Presence of Ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0131522. [PMID: 36602354 PMCID: PMC9872624 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01315-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that ribavirin exerts an inhibitory and mutagenic activity on SARS-CoV-2-infecting Vero cells, with a therapeutic index higher than 10. Deep sequencing analysis of the mutant spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 replicating in the absence or presence of ribavirin indicated an increase in the number of mutations, but not in deletions, and modification of diversity indices, expected from a mutagenic activity. Notably, the major mutation types enhanced by replication in the presence of ribavirin were A→G and U→C transitions, a pattern which is opposite to the dominance of G→A and C→U transitions previously described for most RNA viruses. Implications of the inhibitory activity of ribavirin, and the atypical mutational bias produced on SARS-CoV-2, for the search for synergistic anti-COVID-19 lethal mutagen combinations are discussed.
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150
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Elbur AI, Ghebremichael M, Konkle-Parker D, Jones DL, Collins S, Adimora AA, Schneider MF, Cohen MH, Tamraz B, Plankey M, Wilson T, Adedimeji A, Haberer JE, Jacobson DL. Dual Trajectories of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Polypharmacy in Women with HIV in the United States. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2443973. [PMID: 36747684 PMCID: PMC9901001 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2443973/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Polypharmacy, using five or more medications, may increase the risk of nonadherence to prescribed treatment. We aimed to identify the interrelationship between trajectories of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and polypharmacy. Methods We included women with HIV (aged ≥ 18) enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study in the United States from 2014 to 2019. We used group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to identify trajectories of adherence to ART and polypharmacy and the dual GBTM to identify the interrelationship between adherence and polypharmacy. Results Overall, 1,538 were eligible (median age of 49 years). GBTM analysis revealed five latent trajectories of adherence with 42% of women grouped in the consistently moderate trajectory. GBTM identified four polypharmacy trajectories with 45% categorized in the consistently low group. Conclusions The joint model did not reveal any interrelationship between ART adherence and polypharmacy trajectories. Future research should consider examining the interrelationship between both variables using objective measures of adherence.
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