101
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Increases DRP1 Levels and Promotes Mitochondrial Fission. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051202. [PMID: 34068960 PMCID: PMC8156392 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the heart, mitochondrial homeostasis is critical for sustaining normal function and optimal responses to metabolic and environmental stressors. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are thought to be necessary for maintaining a robust population of mitochondria, and disruptions in mitochondrial fission and/or fusion can lead to cellular dysfunction. The dynamin-related protein (DRP1) is an important mediator of mitochondrial fission. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of the micronutrient retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the mitochondrial structure in vivo and in vitro using Western blot, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy, as well as mitochondrial network quantification using stochastic modeling. Our results showed that ATRA increases DRP1 protein levels, increases the localization of DRP1 to mitochondria in isolated mitochondrial preparations. Our results also suggested that ATRA remodels the mitochondrial ultrastructure where the mitochondrial area and perimeter were decreased and the circularity was increased. Microscopically, mitochondrial network remodeling is driven by an increased rate of fission over fusion events in ATRA, as suggested by our numerical modeling. In conclusion, ATRA results in a pharmacologically mediated increase in the DRP1 protein. It also results in the modulation of cardiac mitochondria by promoting fission events, altering the mitochondrial network, and modifying the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the heart.
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102
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Nurrahma BA, Tsao SP, Wu CH, Yeh TH, Hsieh PS, Panunggal B, Huang HY. Probiotic Supplementation Facilitates Recovery of 6-OHDA-Induced Motor Deficit via Improving Mitochondrial Function and Energy Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:668775. [PMID: 34025392 PMCID: PMC8137830 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.668775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive impairment of motor and non-motor functions in aging people. Overwhelming evidence indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in PD pathophysiology, which impairs energy metabolism. While, several other studies have shown probiotic supplementations to improve host energy metabolism, alleviate the disease progression, prevent gut microbiota dysbiosis and alter commensal bacterial metabolites. But, whether probiotic and/or prebiotic supplementation can affect energy metabolism and cause the impediment of PD progression remains poorly characterized. Therefore, we investigated 8-weeks supplementation effects of probiotic [Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 (AP-32)], residual medium (RM) obtained from the AP-32 culture medium, and combination of AP-32 and RM (A-RM) on unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rats. We found that AP-32, RM and A-RM supplementation induced neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons along with improved motor functions in PD rats. These effects were accompanied by significant increases in mitochondrial activities in the brain and muscle, antioxidative enzymes level in serum, and altered SCFAs profile in fecal samples. Importantly, the AP-32 supplement restored muscle mass along with improved motor function in PD rats, and produced the best results among the supplements. Our results demonstrate that probiotic AP-32 and A-RM supplementations can recover energy metabolism via increasing SCFAs producing and mitochondria function. This restoring of mitochondrial function in the brain and muscles with improved energy metabolism might additionally be potentiated by ROS suppression by the elevated generation of antioxidants, and which finally leads to facilitated recovery of 6-OHDA-induced motor deficit. Taken together, this work demonstrates that probiotic AP-32 supplementation could be a potential candidate for alternate treatment strategy to avert PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Arumndari Nurrahma
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Tsao
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Binar Panunggal
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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103
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Datta S, Jaiswal M. Mitochondrial calcium at the synapse. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:135-153. [PMID: 33895346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, which serve various purposes, including but not limited to the production of ATP and various metabolites, buffering ions, acting as a signaling hub, etc. In recent years, mitochondria are being seen as the central regulators of cellular growth, development, and death. Since neurons are highly specialized cells with a heavy metabolic demand, it is not surprising that neurons are one of the most mitochondria-rich cells in an animal. At synapses, mitochondrial function and dynamics is tightly regulated by synaptic calcium. Calcium influx during synaptic activity causes increased mitochondrial calcium influx leading to an increased ATP production as well as buffering of synaptic calcium. While increased ATP production is required during synaptic transmission, calcium buffering by mitochondria is crucial to prevent faulty neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. Interestingly, mitochondrial calcium also regulates the mobility of mitochondria within synapses causing mitochondria to halt at the synapse during synaptic transmission. In this review, we summarize the various roles of mitochondrial calcium at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Datta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India.
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104
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Viegas FO, Neuhauss SCF. A Metabolic Landscape for Maintaining Retina Integrity and Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:656000. [PMID: 33935647 PMCID: PMC8081888 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.656000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons have high metabolic demands that are almost exclusively met by glucose supplied from the bloodstream. Glucose is utilized in complex metabolic interactions between neurons and glia cells, described by the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis. The neural retina faces similar energy demands to the rest of the brain, with additional high anabolic needs to support continuous renewal of photoreceptor outer segments. This demand is met by a fascinating variation of the ANLS in which photoreceptors are the central part of a metabolic landscape, using glucose and supplying surrounding cells with metabolic intermediates. In this review we summarize recent evidence on how neurons, in particular photoreceptors, meet their energy and biosynthetic requirements by comprising a metabolic landscape of interdependent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe O Viegas
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Ph.D. Program in Molecular Life Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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105
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Yamaguchi M, Lee IS, Jantrapirom S, Suda K, Yoshida H. Drosophila models to study causative genes for human rare intractable neurological diseases. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112584. [PMID: 33812867 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila is emerging as a convenient model for investigating human diseases. Functional homologues of almost 75% of human disease-related genes are found in Drosophila. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease that causes defects in motoneurons. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most commonly found inherited neuropathies affecting both motor and sensory neurons. No effective therapy has been established for either of these diseases. In this review, after overviewing ALS, Drosophila models targeting several ALS-causing genes, including TDP-43, FUS and Ubiquilin2, are described with their genetic interactants. Then, after overviewing CMT, examples of Drosophila models targeting several CMT-causing genes, including mitochondria-related genes and FIG 4, are also described with their genetic interactants. In addition, we introduce Sotos syndrome caused by mutations in the epigenetic regulator gene NSD1. Lastly, several genes and pathways that commonly interact with ALS- and/or CMT-causing genes are described. In the case of ALS and CMT that have many causative genes, it may be not practical to perform gene therapy for each of the many disease-causing genes. The possible uses of the common genes and pathways as novel diagnosis markers and effective therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; Kansai Gakken Laboratory, Kankyo Eisei Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Seika-cho, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
| | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Salinee Jantrapirom
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kojiro Suda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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106
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Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Developmental regulation of microtubule-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria in health and diseases. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:284-299. [PMID: 32302463 PMCID: PMC7572491 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power plants that supply most of the ATP required in the brain to power neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Given their extremely polarized structures and extended long axons, neurons face an exceptional challenge to maintain energy homeostasis in distal axons, synapses, and growth cones. Anchored mitochondria serve as local energy sources; therefore, the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring ensures that these metabolically active areas are adequately supplied with ATP. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of major aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, anchored mitochondria in aging neurons need to be removed when they become dysfunctional. Investigations into the regulation of microtubule (MT)-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria under physiological and pathological circumstances represent an important emerging area. In this short review article, we provide an updated overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies showing (1) how mitochondria are transported and positioned in axons and synapses during neuronal developmental and maturation stages, and (2) how altered mitochondrial motility and axonal energy deficits in aging nervous systems link to neurodegeneration and regeneration in a disease or injury setting. We also highlight a major role of syntaphilin as a key MT-based regulator of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
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107
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Montes J, Goodwin AM, McDermott MP, Uher D, Hernandez FM, Coutts K, Cocchi J, Hauschildt M, Cornett KM, Rao AK, Monani UR, Ewing Garber C, De Vivo DC. Diminished muscle oxygen uptake and fatigue in spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1086-1095. [PMID: 33788421 PMCID: PMC8108417 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate muscle oxygen uptake and quantify fatigue during exercise in ambulatory individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and healthy controls. METHODS Peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak ) and workload (Wpeak ) were measured by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in 19 ambulatory SMA patients and 16 healthy controls. Submaximal exercise (SME) at 40% Wpeak was performed for 10 minutes. Change in vastus lateralis deoxygenated hemoglobin, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, determined muscle oxygen uptake (ΔHHb) at rest and during CPET and SME. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed fat-free mass (FFM%). Fatigue was determined by percent change in workload or distance in the first compared to the last minute of SME (FatigueSME ) and six-minute walk test (Fatigue6MWT ), respectively. RESULTS ΔHHb-PEAK, ΔHHb-SME, VO2peak , Wpeak , FFM%, and 6MWT distance were lower (P < 0.001), and Fatigue6MWT and FatigueSME were higher (P < 0.001) in SMA compared to controls. ΔHHb-PEAK correlated with FFM% (r = 0.50) and VO2peak (r = 0.41) only in controls. Only in SMA, Fatigue6MWT was inversely correlated with Wpeak (r = -0.69), and FatigueSME was inversely correlated with FFM% (r = -0.55) and VO2peak (r = -0.69). INTERPRETATION This study provides further support for muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in SMA patients. During exercise, we observed diminished muscle oxygen uptake but no correlation with aerobic capacity or body composition. We also observed increased fatigue which correlated with decreased aerobic capacity, workload, and body composition. Understanding the mechanisms underlying diminished muscle oxygen uptake and increased fatigue during exercise in SMA may identify additional therapeutic targets that rescue symptomatic patients and mitigate their residual disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Montes
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley M Goodwin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael P McDermott
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Uher
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feliz Marie Hernandez
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kayla Coutts
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Cocchi
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margarethe Hauschildt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kayla M Cornett
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashwini K Rao
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology & Disease, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology & Disease, New York, New York, USA
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108
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Vos M, Klein C. The Importance of Drosophila melanogaster Research to UnCover Cellular Pathways Underlying Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:579. [PMID: 33800736 PMCID: PMC7998316 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is currently incurable. As a consequence of an incomplete understanding of the etiology of the disease, therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment. Even though the majority of PD cases remain idiopathic (~90%), several genes have been identified to be causative for PD, facilitating the generation of animal models that are a good alternative to study disease pathways and to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD. Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be an excellent model in these studies. In this review, we will discuss the different PD models in flies and key findings identified in flies in different affected pathways in PD. Several molecular changes have been identified, of which mitochondrial dysfunction and a defective endo-lysosomal pathway emerge to be the most relevant for PD pathogenesis. Studies in flies have significantly contributed to our knowledge of how disease genes affect and interact in these pathways enabling a better understanding of the disease etiology and providing possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD, some of which have already resulted in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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109
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Functions of outer mitochondrial membrane proteins: mediating the crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:827-842. [PMID: 33208889 PMCID: PMC7937681 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cellular stress responses converge on the mitochondria. Consequently, the mitochondria must rapidly respond to maintain cellular homeostasis and physiological demands by fine-tuning a plethora of mitochondria-associated processes. The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) proteins are central to mediating mitochondrial dynamics, coupled with continuous fission and fusion. These OMM proteins also have vital roles in controlling mitochondrial quality and serving as mitophagic receptors for autophagosome enclosure during mitophagy. Mitochondrial fission segregates impaired mitochondria in smaller sizes from the mother mitochondria and may favor mitophagy for eliminating damaged mitochondria. Conversely, mitochondrial fusion mixes dysfunctional mitochondria with healthy ones to repair the damage by diluting the impaired components and consequently prevents mitochondrial clearance via mitophagy. Despite extensive research efforts into deciphering the interplay between fission-fusion and mitophagy, it is still not clear whether mitochondrial fission essentially precedes mitophagy. In this review, we summarize recent breakthroughs concerning OMM research, and dissect the functions of these proteins in mitophagy from their traditional roles in fission-fusion dynamics, in response to distinct context, at the intersection of the OMM platform. These insights into the OMM proteins in mechanistic researches would lead to new aspects of mitochondrial quality control and better understanding of mitochondrial homeostasis intimately tied to pathological impacts.
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110
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Shields LY, Li H, Nguyen K, Kim H, Doric Z, Garcia JH, Gill TM, Haddad D, Vossel K, Calvert M, Nakamura K. Mitochondrial fission is a critical modulator of mutant APP-induced neural toxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100469. [PMID: 33639169 PMCID: PMC8042169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial fission may contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, we understand very little about the normal functions of fission or how fission disruption may interact with AD-associated proteins to modulate pathogenesis. Here we show that loss of the central mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in CA1 and other forebrain neurons markedly worsens the learning and memory of mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) in neurons. In cultured neurons, Drp1KO and hAPP converge to produce mitochondrial Ca2+ (mitoCa2+) overload, despite decreasing mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) and cytosolic Ca2+. This mitoCa2+ overload occurs independently of ATP levels. These findings reveal a potential mechanism by which mitochondrial fission protects against hAPP-driven pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Y Shields
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Huihui Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zak Doric
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph H Garcia
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - T Michael Gill
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominik Haddad
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keith Vossel
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Meredith Calvert
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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111
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Neonatal Rotenone Administration Induces Psychiatric Disorder-Like Behavior and Changes in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Synaptic Proteins in Adulthood. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3015-3030. [PMID: 33608825 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since psychiatric disorders are associated with changes in the development of the nervous system, an energy-dependent mechanism, we investigated whether mitochondrial inhibition during the critical neurodevelopment window in rodents would be able to induce metabolic alterations culminating in psychiatric-like behavior. We treated male Wistar rat puppies (P) with rotenone (Rot), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, from postnatal days 5 to 11 (P5-P11). We demonstrated that at P60 and P120, Rot-treated animals showed hyperlocomotion and deficits in social interaction and aversive contextual memory, features observed in animal models of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. During adulthood, Rot-treated rodents also presented modifications in CBP and CREB levels in addition to a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis and Nrf1 expression. Additionally, NFE2L2-activation was not altered in Rot-treated P60 and P120 animals; an upregulation of pNFE2L2/ NFE2L2 was only observed in P12 cortices. Curiously, ATP/ADP levels did not change in all ages evaluated. Rot administration in newborn rodents also promoted modification in Rest and Mecp2 expression, and in synaptic protein levels, named PSD-95, Synaptotagmin-1, and Synaptophysin in the adult rats. Altogether, our data indicate that behavioral abnormalities and changes in synaptic proteins in adulthood induced by neonatal Rot administration might be a result of adjustments in CREB pathways and alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis and Nrf1 expression, rather than a direct deficiency of energy supply, as previously speculated. Consequently, Rot-induced psychiatric-like behavior would be an outcome of alterations in neuronal paths due to mitochondrial deregulation.
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112
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GDF11 alleviates secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage via attenuating mitochondrial dynamic abnormality and dysfunction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3974. [PMID: 33597668 PMCID: PMC7889617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious public health problem with high rates of death and disability. The neuroprotective effect of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) in ICH has been initially proved by our previous study. Oxidative stress (OS) plays crucial roles in mediating subsequent damage of ICH. However, whether and how mitochondrial dynamic events and function participated in ICH pathophysiology, and how mitochondrial function and OS interreacted in the neuroprotective process of GDF11 in ICH remains unclarified. Based on the rat model of ICH and in vitro cell model, we demonstrated that GDF11 could alleviate ICH induced neurological deficits, brain edema, OS status, neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory reaction. In addition, mitochondrial functional and structural impairments were obviously restored by GDF11. Treatment with antioxidant protected against erythrocyte homogenate (EH) induced cell injury by restoring OS status and mitochondrial fusion fission imbalance, which was similar to the effect of GDF11 treatment. Further, inhibition of mitochondrial division with Mdivi-1 attenuated mitochondrial functional defects and neuronal damages. In conclusion, our results for the first time proposed that GDF11 protected the post-ICH secondary injury by suppressing the feedback loop between mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dynamic alteration, resulting in attenuated mitochondrial function and amelioration of neural damage.
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113
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Xue T, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wu X, Shen H, Li X, Wu J, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Phosphorylation at S548 as a Functional Switch of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif-Containing 1 in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:453-469. [PMID: 32968873 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a pro-degenerative molecule in Wallerian degeneration, which is mainly expressed in brain/neurons and colocalized with mitochondria and microtubules. The aim of this study was to determine the role of SARM1 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) was established, and in vitro, cultured primary neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to imitate I/R injury. Overexpression lentiviruses encoding wild-type SARM1 and SARM1 with serine 548 alanine mutation (S548A) were constructed and administered to rats by intra-penumbral injection. First, the potential role of SARM1 in cerebral I/R injury was confirmed by the increased protein levels of SARM1 within penumbra tissue, especially in neurons. Second, there was an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of p-SARM1(S548)/SARM1 at 2 h after MCAO/R. Third, on the basis of site-specific mutagenesis, we identified S548 as a key site for SARM1 phosphorylation in I/R conditions. Fourth, SARM1 (S548A) overexpression reduced infarct size, neuronal death, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, while wild-type SARM1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Finally, we found that SARM1 phosphorylation at the S548 site switched SARM1 function from promoting mitochondrial transport to inhibiting mitochondrial transport along axons after I/R injury. Restriction of SARM1 phosphorylation at S548 may be a promising intervention target for I/R injury; thus, exogenous administration of SARM1 (S548A) may be a novel strategy for improving neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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114
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Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission. Nature 2021; 590:57-66. [PMID: 33536648 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria form dynamic networks in the cell that are balanced by the flux of iterative fusion and fission events of the organelles. It is now appreciated that mitochondrial fission also represents an end-point event in a signalling axis that allows cells to sense and respond to external cues. The fission process is orchestrated by membrane-associated adaptors, influenced by organellar and cytoskeletal interactions and ultimately executed by the dynamin-like GTPase DRP1. Here we invoke the framework of the 'mitochondrial divisome', which is conceptually and operationally similar to the bacterial cell-division machinery. We review the functional and regulatory aspects of the mitochondrial divisome and, within this framework, parse the core from the accessory machinery. In so doing, we transition from a phenomenological to a mechanistic understanding of the fission process.
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115
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Katti P, Rai M, Srivastava S, D'Silva P, Nongthomba U. Marf-mediated mitochondrial fusion is imperative for the development and functioning of indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in drosophila. Exp Cell Res 2021; 399:112486. [PMID: 33450208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in mitochondrial shape and size are vital for mitochondrial health and for tissue development and function. Adult Drosophila indirect flight muscles contain densely packed mitochondria. We show here that mitochondrial fusion is critical during early muscle development (in pupa) and that silencing of the outer mitochondrial membrane fusion gene, Marf, in muscles results in smaller mitochondria that are functionally defective. This leads to abnormal muscle development resulting in muscle dysfunction in adult flies. However, post-developmental silencing of Marf has no obvious effects on mitochondrial and muscle phenotype in adult flies, indicating the importance of mitochondrial fusion during early muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Katti
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India.
| | - Mamta Rai
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Shubhi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Patrick D'Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India.
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116
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Hartwig C, Méndez GM, Bhattacharjee S, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Zlatic SA, Freeman AAH, Gokhale A, Concilli M, Werner E, Sapp Savas C, Rudin-Rush S, Palmer L, Shearing N, Margewich L, McArthy J, Taylor S, Roberts B, Lupashin V, Polishchuk RS, Cox DN, Jorquera RA, Faundez V. Golgi-Dependent Copper Homeostasis Sustains Synaptic Development and Mitochondrial Content. J Neurosci 2021; 41:215-233. [PMID: 33208468 PMCID: PMC7810662 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1284-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic diseases preponderantly affect the nervous system causing neurodegeneration to neurodevelopmental disorders. This is the case for both Menkes and Wilson disease, arising from mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively. The ATP7A and ATP7B proteins localize to the Golgi and regulate copper homeostasis. We demonstrate genetic and biochemical interactions between ATP7 paralogs with the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a Golgi apparatus vesicular tether. Disruption of Drosophila copper homeostasis by ATP7 tissue-specific transgenic expression caused alterations in epidermis, aminergic, sensory, and motor neurons. Prominent among neuronal phenotypes was a decreased mitochondrial content at synapses, a phenotype that paralleled with alterations of synaptic morphology, transmission, and plasticity. These neuronal and synaptic phenotypes caused by transgenic expression of ATP7 were rescued by downregulation of COG complex subunits. We conclude that the integrity of Golgi-dependent copper homeostasis mechanisms, requiring ATP7 and COG, are necessary to maintain mitochondria functional integrity and localization to synapses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Menkes and Wilson disease affect copper homeostasis and characteristically afflict the nervous system. However, their molecular neuropathology mechanisms remain mostly unexplored. We demonstrate that copper homeostasis in neurons is maintained by two factors that localize to the Golgi apparatus, ATP7 and the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. Disruption of these mechanisms affect mitochondrial function and localization to synapses as well as neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest communication between the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria through homeostatically controlled cellular copper levels and copper-dependent enzymatic activities in both organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortnie Hartwig
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Shatabdi Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | | | | | - Amanda A H Freeman
- The Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Mafalda Concilli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Erica Werner
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | - Laura Palmer
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nicole Shearing
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lindsey Margewich
- School of Biological Sciences, IL State University, Normal, Illinois 617901
| | - Jacob McArthy
- School of Biological Sciences, IL State University, Normal, Illinois 617901
| | - Savanah Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, IL State University, Normal, Illinois 617901
| | - Blaine Roberts
- Departments of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Vladimir Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Ramon A Jorquera
- Neuroscience Department, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico 00956
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Victor Faundez
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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117
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Transmembrane Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase is a Novel Regulator of Calcium Signaling in Astrocytes. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0253-20.2020. [PMID: 33298456 PMCID: PMC7814479 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0253-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) have vital roles in regulating collagen synthesis and hypoxia response. A transmembrane P4H (P4H-TM) is a recently identified member of the family. Biallelic loss of function P4H-TM mutations cause a severe autosomal recessive intellectual disability syndrome in humans, but functions of P4H-TM are essentially unknown at cellular level. Our microarray data on P4h-tm -/- mouse cortexes where P4H-TM is abundantly expressed indicated expression changes in genes involved in calcium signaling and expression of several calcium sequestering ATPases was upregulated in P4h-tm -/- primary mouse astrocytes. Cytosolic and intraorganellar calcium imaging of P4h-tm -/- cells revealed that receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and calcium re-uptake by mitochondria were compromised. HIF1, but not HIF2, was found to be a key mediator of the P4H-TM effect on calcium signaling. Furthermore, total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging showed that calcium agonist-induced gliotransmission was attenuated in P4h-tm -/- astrocytes. This phenotype was accompanied by redistribution of mitochondria from distal processes to central parts of the cell body and decreased intracellular ATP content. Our data show that P4H-TM is a novel regulator of calcium dynamics and gliotransmission.
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118
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Giménez-Palomo A, Dodd S, Anmella G, Carvalho AF, Scaini G, Quevedo J, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Berk M. The Role of Mitochondria in Mood Disorders: From Physiology to Pathophysiology and to Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:546801. [PMID: 34295268 PMCID: PMC8291901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.546801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in several biological processes, especially in energy production. Several studies have found a relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Impairments in energy production are found in these disorders together with higher levels of oxidative stress. Recently, many agents capable of enhancing antioxidant defenses or mitochondrial functioning have been studied for the treatment of mood disorders as adjuvant therapy to current pharmacological treatments. A better knowledge of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development and study of novel effective therapies to treat these specific mitochondrial impairments. This could be especially beneficial for treatment-resistant patients. In this article, we provide a focused narrative review of the currently available evidence supporting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in mood disorders, the effects of current therapies on mitochondrial functions, and novel targeted therapies acting on mitochondrial pathways that might be useful for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giménez-Palomo
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard Anmella
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.,Center of Excellence in Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabella Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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119
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Yatchenko Y, Ben-Shachar D. Update of Mitochondrial Network Analysis by Imaging: Proof of Technique in Schizophrenia. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:187-201. [PMID: 34080153 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, similar to living cells and organelles, have a negative membrane potential, which ranges between (-108) and (150) mV as compared to (-70) and (-90) mV of the plasma membrane. Therefore, permeable lipophilic cations tend to accumulate in the mitochondria. Those cations which exhibit fluorescence activity after accumulation into energized systems are widely used to decipher changes in membrane potential by imaging techniques. Here we describe the use of two different dyes for labeling mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in live cells. One is the lipophilic cation 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1), which alters reversibly its color from green (J-monomer, at its low concentration in the cytosol) to red (J-aggregates, at its high concentration in active mitochondria) with increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The other is MitoTracker® Orange, a mitochondrion-selective probe which passively diffuses across the plasma membrane and accumulates in active mitochondria depending on their Δψm. We show that in addition to changes in Δψm, these specific dyes can be used to follow alterations in mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial network connectivity. We suggest that JC-1 is a preferable probe to compare between different cell types and cell state, as a red to green ratio of fluorescence intensities is used for analysis. This ratio depends only on the mitochondrial membrane potential and not on other cellular and/or mitochondrial-dependent or independent factors that may alter, for example, due to treatment or disease state. However, in cells labeled either with green or red fluorescence protein, JC-1 cannot be used. Therefore, other dyes are preferable. We demonstrate various applications of JC-1 and MitoTracker Orange staining to study mitochondrial abnormalities in different cell types derived from schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Yatchenko
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel.
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120
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Onyango IG, Bennett JP, Stokin GB. Regulation of neuronal bioenergetics as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1467-1482. [PMID: 33433460 PMCID: PMC8323696 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are a heterogeneous group of debilitating disorders with multifactorial etiologies and pathogeneses that manifest distinct molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestations with abnormal protein dynamics and impaired bioenergetics. Mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as an important feature in the etiopathogenesis of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The prevalence and incidence of these diseases is on the rise with the increasing global population and average lifespan. Although many therapeutic approaches have been tested, there are currently no effective treatment routes for the prevention or cure of these diseases. We present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases and highlight recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies targeting neuronal bioenergetics as potential approach for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Onyango
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James P Bennett
- Neurodegeneration Therapeutics, 3050A Berkmar Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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121
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Roberts RC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: With a focus on postmortem studies. Mitochondrion 2021; 56:91-101. [PMID: 33221354 PMCID: PMC7810242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the many brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are those related to mitochondrial functions such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and synaptic efficacy. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of mitochondrial structure and function and then to present abnormalities in mitochondria in postmortem brain in schizophrenia with a focus on anatomy. Deficits in expression of various mitochondrial genes have been found in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Decreased activity of complexes I and IV are prominent as well as abnormal levels of individual subunits that comprise the complexes of the electron transport chain. Ultrastructural studies have shown layer, input and cell specific decreases in mitochondria. In cortex, there are fewer mitochondria in axon terminals, neuronal somata of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in both grey and white matter. In the caudate and putamen mitochondrial number is linked with symptoms and symptom severity. While there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria in astrocytes, mitochondria are smaller in oligodendrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra, mitochondria are similar in density, size and structural integrity in schizophrenia compared to controls. Mitochondrial production of ATP and calcium buffering are essential in maintaining synaptic strength and abnormalities in these processes could lead to decreased metabolism and defective synaptic activity. Abnormalities in mitochondria in oligodendrocytes might contribute to myelin pathology and underlie dysconnectivity in the brain. In schizophrenia, mitochondria are affected differentially depending on the brain region, cell type in which they reside, subcellular location, treatment status, treatment response and predominant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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122
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Retrograde Mitochondrial Transport Is Essential for Organelle Distribution and Health in Zebrafish Neurons. J Neurosci 2020; 41:1371-1392. [PMID: 33376159 PMCID: PMC7896009 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1316-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, mitochondria are transported by molecular motors throughout the cell to form and maintain functional neural connections. These organelles have many critical functions in neurons and are of high interest as their dysfunction is associated with disease. While the mechanics and impact of anterograde mitochondrial movement toward axon terminals are beginning to be understood, the frequency and function of retrograde (cell body directed) mitochondrial transport in neurons are still largely unexplored. While existing evidence indicates that some mitochondria are retrogradely transported for degradation in the cell body, the precise impact of disrupting retrograde transport on the organelles and the axon was unknown. Using long-term, in vivo imaging, we examined mitochondrial motility in zebrafish sensory and motor axons. We show that retrograde transport of mitochondria from axon terminals allows replacement of the axon terminal population within a day. By tracking these organelles, we show that not all mitochondria that leave the axon terminal are degraded; rather, they persist over several days. Disrupting retrograde mitochondrial flux in neurons leads to accumulation of aged organelles in axon terminals and loss of cell body mitochondria. Assays of neural circuit activity demonstrated that disrupting mitochondrial transport and function has no effect on sensory axon terminal activity but does negatively impact motor neuron axons. Taken together, our work supports a previously unappreciated role for retrograde mitochondrial transport in the maintenance of a homeostatic distribution of mitochondria in neurons and illustrates the downstream effects of disrupting this process on sensory and motor circuits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Disrupted mitochondrial transport has been linked to neurodegenerative disease. Retrograde transport of this organelle has been implicated in turnover of aged organelles through lysosomal degradation in the cell body. Consistent with this, we provide evidence that retrograde mitochondrial transport is important for removing aged organelles from axons; however, we show that these organelles are not solely degraded, rather they persist in neurons for days. Disrupting retrograde mitochondrial transport impacts the homeostatic distribution of mitochondria throughout the neuron and the function of motor, but not sensory, axon synapses. Together, our work shows the conserved reliance on retrograde mitochondrial transport for maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool in neurons and illustrates the disparate effects of disrupting this process on sensory versus motor circuits.
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123
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Arriagada-Diaz J, Prado-Vega L, Cárdenas Díaz AM, Ardiles AO, Gonzalez-Jamett AM. Dynamin Superfamily at Pre- and Postsynapses: Master Regulators of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:41-58. [PMID: 33300419 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420974313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin superfamily proteins (DSPs) comprise a large group of GTP-ases that orchestrate membrane fusion and fission, and cytoskeleton remodeling in different cell-types. At the central nervous system, they regulate synaptic vesicle recycling and signaling-receptor turnover, allowing the maintenance of synaptic transmission. In the presynapses, these GTP-ases control the recycling of synaptic vesicles influencing the size of the ready-releasable pool and the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, whereas in the postsynapses, they are involved in AMPA-receptor trafficking to and from postsynaptic densities, supporting excitatory synaptic plasticity, and consequently learning and memory formation. In agreement with these relevant roles, an important number of neurological disorders are associated with mutations and/or dysfunction of these GTP-ases. Along the present review we discuss the importance of DSPs at synapses and their implication in different neuropathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arriagada-Diaz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Magister en Ciencias, mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Prado-Vega
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Magister en Ciencias, mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ana M Cárdenas Díaz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Arlek M Gonzalez-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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124
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Espino De la Fuente-Muñoz C, Arias C. The therapeutic potential of mitochondrial transplantation for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Rev Neurosci 2020; 32:203-217. [PMID: 33550783 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial activity is essential to support neural functions, and changes in the integrity and activity of the mitochondria can contribute to synaptic damage and neuronal death, especially in degenerative diseases associated with age, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Currently, different approaches are used to treat these conditions, and one strategy under research is mitochondrial transplantation. For years, mitochondria have been shown to be transferred between cells of different tissues. This process has allowed several attempts to develop transplantation schemes by isolating functional mitochondria and introducing them into damaged tissue in particular to counteract the harmful effects of myocardial ischemia. Recently, mitochondrial transfer between brain cells has also been reported, and thus, mitochondrial transplantation for disorders of the nervous system has begun to be investigated. In this review, we focus on the relevance of mitochondria in the nervous system, as well as some mitochondrial alterations that occur in neurodegenerative diseases associated with age. In addition, we describe studies that have performed mitochondrial transplantation in various tissues, and we emphasize the advances in mitochondrial transplantation aimed at treating diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Espino De la Fuente-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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125
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Yang CH, Lee KH, Ho WK, Lee SH. Inter-spike mitochondrial Ca 2+ release enhances high frequency synaptic transmission. J Physiol 2020; 599:1567-1594. [PMID: 33140422 DOI: 10.1113/jp280351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Presynaptic mitochondria not only absorb but also release Ca2+ during high frequency stimulation (HFS) when presynaptic [Ca2+ ] is kept low (<500 nm) by high cytosolic Ca2+ buffer or strong plasma membrane calcium clearance mechanisms under physiological external [Ca2+ ]. Mitochondrial Ca2+ release (MCR) does not alter the global presynaptic Ca2+ transients. MCR during HFS enhances short-term facilitation and steady state excitatory postsynaptic currents by increasing vesicular release probability. The intra-train MCR may provide residual calcium at interspike intervals, and thus support high frequency neurotransmission at central glutamatergic synapses. ABSTRACT Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering contributes to local regulation of synaptic transmission. It is unknown, however, whether mitochondrial Ca2+ release (MCR) occurs during high frequency synaptic transmission. Confirming the previous notion that 2 μm tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+ ) is a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (mNCX), we studied the role of MCR via mNCX in short-term plasticity during high frequency stimulation (HFS) at the calyx of Held synapse of the rat. TPP+ reduced short-term facilitation (STF) and steady state excitatory postsynaptic currents during HFS at mature calyx synapses under physiological extracellular [Ca2+ ] ([Ca2+ ]o = 1.2 mm), but not at immature calyx or at 2 mm [Ca2+ ]o . The inhibitory effects of TPP+ were stronger at synapses with morphologically complex calyces harbouring many swellings and at 32°C than at simple calyx synapses and at room temperature. These effects of TPP+ on STF were well correlated with those on the presynaptic mitochondrial [Ca2+ ] build-up during HFS. Mitochondrial [Ca2+ ] during HFS was increased by TPP+ at mature calyces under 1.2 mm [Ca2+ ]o , and further enhanced at 32°C, but not under 2 mm [Ca2+ ]o or at immature calyces. The close correlation of the effects of TPP+ on mitochondrial [Ca2+ ] with those on STF suggests that mNCX contributes to STF at the calyx of Held synapses. The intra-train MCR enhanced vesicular release probability without altering global presynaptic [Ca2+ ]. Our results suggest that MCR during HFS elevates local [Ca2+ ] near synaptic sites at interspike intervals to enhance STF and to support stable synaptic transmission under physiological [Ca2+ ]o .
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Ho Yang
- Department of Physiology, Cell Physiology Lab., Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Cell Physiology Lab., Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Department of Physiology, Cell Physiology Lab., Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Cell Physiology Lab., Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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126
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Protection of Cochlear Ribbon Synapses and Prevention of Hidden Hearing Loss. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8815990. [PMID: 33204247 PMCID: PMC7652619 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8815990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the auditory system, ribbon synapses are vesicle-associated structures located between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons that are implicated in the modulation of trafficking and fusion of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic terminals. Synapse loss may result in hearing loss and difficulties with understanding speech in a noisy environment. This phenomenon happens without permanent hearing loss; that is, the cochlear synaptopathy is "hidden." Recent studies have reported that synapse loss might be critical in the pathogenesis of hidden hearing loss. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the formation, structure, regeneration, and protection of ribbon synapses will assist in the design of potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe and summarize the following aspects of ribbon synapses: (1) functional and structural features, (2) potential mechanisms of damage, (3) therapeutic research on protecting the synapses, and (4) the role of synaptic regeneration in auditory neuropathy and the current options for synapse rehabilitation.
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127
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Lu JQ, Tarnopolsky MA. Mitochondrial neuropathy and neurogenic features in mitochondrial myopathy. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:52-61. [PMID: 33220502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MIDs) involve multiple organs including peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial neuropathy (MN) and mitochondrial myopathy (MM) are commonly associated and linked at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Herein we review MN in connection with neurogenic features of MM, and pathological evidence for the involvement of the peripheral nerve and NMJ in MID patients traditionally assumed to have predominantly MM. MN is not uncommon, but still likely under-reported, and muscle biopsies of MM commonly exhibit neurogenic features. Pathological examination remains the gold standard to assess the nerve and muscle changes in patients with MIDs. Ultrastructural studies by electron microscopy are often necessary to fully characterize the pathology of mitochondrial cytopathy in MN and MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine/Neuropathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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128
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Maddison DC, Alfonso-Núñez M, Swaih AM, Breda C, Campesan S, Allcock N, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Kyriacou CP, Giorgini F. A novel role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mitochondrial dynamics. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009129. [PMID: 33170836 PMCID: PMC7654755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) operates at a critical branch-point in the kynurenine pathway (KP), the major route of tryptophan metabolism. As the KP has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, KMO and other enzymes that control metabolic flux through the pathway are potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. While KMO is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic organisms, no mitochondrial role for KMO has been described. In this study, KMO deficient Drosophila melanogaster were investigated for mitochondrial phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. We find that a loss of function allele or RNAi knockdown of the Drosophila KMO ortholog (cinnabar) causes a range of morphological and functional alterations to mitochondria, which are independent of changes to levels of KP metabolites. Notably, cinnabar genetically interacts with the Parkinson's disease associated genes Pink1 and parkin, as well as the mitochondrial fission gene Drp1, implicating KMO in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, mechanisms which govern the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial network. Overexpression of human KMO in mammalian cells finds that KMO plays a role in the post-translational regulation of DRP1. These findings reveal a novel mitochondrial role for KMO, independent from its enzymatic role in the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Maddison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Mónica Alfonso-Núñez
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha M. Swaih
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Breda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Campesan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Allcock
- Core Biotechnology Services, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Straatman-Iwanowska
- Core Biotechnology Services, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos P. Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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129
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Shirokova OM, Pchelin PV, Mukhina IV. MERCs. The Novel Assistant to Neurotransmission? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:589319. [PMID: 33240039 PMCID: PMC7680918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.589319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroscience, much attention is paid to intercellular interactions, in particular, to synapses. However, many researchers do not pay due attention to the contribution of intracellular contacts to the work of intercellular interactions. Nevertheless, along with synapses, intracellular contacts also have complex organization and a tremendous number of regulatory elements. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) are a specific site of interaction between the two organelles; they provide a basis for a large number of cellular functions, such as calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism, autophagy, and apoptosis. Despite the presence of these contacts in various parts of neurons and glial cells, it is yet not known whether they fulfill the same functions. There are still many unsolved questions about the work of these intracellular contacts, and one of the most important among them is if MERCs, with their broad implication into synaptic events, can be considered the assistant to neurotransmission?
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya M Shirokova
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel V Pchelin
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Irina V Mukhina
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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130
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Zorgniotti A, Ditamo Y, Arce CA, Bisig CG. Irreversible incorporation of L-dopa into the C-terminus of α-tubulin inhibits binding of molecular motor KIF5B to microtubules and alters mitochondrial traffic along the axon. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105164. [PMID: 33171229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
L-dopa is the most effective drug used to date for management of Parkinson's disease symptoms. Unfortunately, long-term administration of L-dopa often results in development of motor disorders, including dyskinesias. Despite extensive research on L-dopa-induced dyskinesia, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. We demonstrated previously that L-dopa can be post-translationally incorporated into the C-terminus of α-tubulin in living cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the presence of L-dopa-tubulin-enriched microtubules on mitochondrial traffic mediated by molecular motor KIF5B. Using biochemical approaches in combination with experiments on neuronal cell lines and mouse hippocampal primary cultures, we demonstrated that L-dopa incorporation into tubulin is irreversible. Transport of mitochondria along the axon was altered after L-dopa treatment of cells. In L-dopa-treated cells, mitochondria had reduced ability to reach the distal segment of the axon, spent more time in pause, and showed reduced velocity of anterograde movement. KIF5B motor, a member of the kinesin family involved in mitochondrial transport in neurons, showed reduced affinity for Dopa-tubulin-containing microtubules. Our findings, taken together, suggest that tyrosination state of tubulin (and microtubules) is altered by L-dopa incorporation into tubulin; the gradual increase in amount of altered microtubules affects microtubule functioning, impairs mitochondrial traffic and distribution, and this could be relevant in Parkinson's disease patients chronically treated with L-dopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Zorgniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina Ditamo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Arce
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C Gaston Bisig
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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131
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Chen Y, Guo S, Tang Y, Mou C, Hu X, Shao F, Yan W, Wu Q. Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Neuronal Death Induced by Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion and Its Clinical Application: A Mini-Review. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928651. [PMID: 33156817 PMCID: PMC7654336 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles which are joined by mitochondrial fusion and divided by mitochondrial fission. The balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission plays a critical role in maintaining the normal function of neurons, of which the processes are both mediated by several proteins activated by external stimulation. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can disrupt the balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission through regulating the expression and post-translation modification of fusion- and fission-related proteins, thereby destroying homeostasis of the intracellular environment and causing neuronal death. Furthermore, human intervention in fusion- and fission-related proteins can influence the function of neurons and change the outcomes of cerebral I/R injury. In recent years, researchers have found that mitochondrial dysfunction was one of the main factors involved in I/R, and mitochondria is an attractive target in I/R neuroprotection. Therefore, mitochondrial-targeted therapy of the nervous system for I/R gradually started from basic study to clinical application. In the present review, we highlight recent progress in mitochondria fusion and fission in neuronal death induced by cerebral I/R to help understanding the regulatory factors and signaling networks of aberrant mitochondrial fusion and fission contributing to neuronal death during I/R, as well as the potential neuroprotective therapeutics targeting mitochondrial dynamics, which may help clinical treatment and development of relevant dugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Songxue Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yajuan Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chaohui Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xinben Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fangjie Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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132
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Lee SH, Lutz D, Drexler D, Frotscher M, Shen J. Differential modulation of short-term plasticity at hippocampal mossy fiber and Schaffer collateral synapses by mitochondrial Ca2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240610. [PMID: 33049001 PMCID: PMC7553293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic mitochondrial Ca2+ plays a critical role in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. The presynaptic bouton of the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) is much larger in size than that of the Schaffer collateral (SC) synapse. Here we compare the structural and physiological characteristics of MF and SC presynaptic boutons to reveal functional and mechanistic differences between these two synapses. Our quantitative ultrastructural analysis using electron microscopy show many more mitochondria in MF presynaptic bouton cross-section profiles compared to SC boutons. Consistent with these results, post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), a form of presynaptic short-term plasticity dependent on mitochondrial Ca2+, is reduced by inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ release at MF synapses but not at SC synapses. However, blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ release results in reduction of PTP at SC synapses by disynaptic MF stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ release selectively decreases frequency facilitation evoked by short trains of presynaptic stimulation at MF synapses, while having no effect at SC synapses. Moreover, depletion of ER Ca2+ stores leads to reduction of PTP at MF synapses, but PTP is unaffected by ER Ca2+ depletion at SC synapses. These findings show that MF and SC synapses differ in presynaptic mitochondrial content as well as mitochondrial Ca2+ dependent synaptic plasticity, highlighting differential regulatory mechanisms of presynaptic plasticity at MF and SC synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Drexler
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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133
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Li S, Xiong GJ, Huang N, Sheng ZH. The cross-talk of energy sensing and mitochondrial anchoring sustains synaptic efficacy by maintaining presynaptic metabolism. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1077-1095. [PMID: 33020662 PMCID: PMC7572785 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria supply ATP essential for synaptic transmission. Neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining energy homoeostasis at synapses. Regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring is critical for neurons to meet increased energy consumption during sustained synaptic activity. However, mechanisms recruiting and retaining presynaptic mitochondria in sensing synaptic ATP levels remain elusive. Here we reveal an energy signalling axis that controls presynaptic mitochondrial maintenance. Activity-induced presynaptic energy deficits can be rescued by recruiting mitochondria through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p21-activated kinase (PAK) energy signalling pathway. Synaptic activity induces AMPK activation within axonal compartments and AMPK-PAK signalling triggers phosphorylation of myosin VI, which drives mitochondrial recruitment and syntaphilin-mediated anchoring on presynaptic filamentous actin. This pathway maintains presynaptic energy supply and calcium clearance during intensive synaptic activity. Disrupting this signalling cross-talk triggers local energy deficits and intracellular calcium build-up, leading to impaired synaptic efficacy during trains of stimulation and reduced recovery from synaptic depression after prolonged synaptic activity. Our study reveals a mechanistic cross-talk between energy sensing and mitochondria anchoring to maintain presynaptic metabolism, thus fine-tuning short-term synaptic plasticity and prolonged synaptic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gui-Jing Xiong
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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134
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Chowdhary S, Madan S, Tomer D, Mavrakis M, Rikhy R. Mitochondrial morphology and activity regulate furrow ingression and contractile ring dynamics in Drosophila cellularization. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2331-2347. [PMID: 32755438 PMCID: PMC7851960 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are maternally inherited in many organisms. Mitochondrial morphology and activity regulation is essential for cell survival, differentiation, and migration. An analysis of mitochondrial dynamics and function in morphogenetic events in early metazoan embryogenesis has not been carried out. In our study we find a crucial role of mitochondrial morphology regulation in cell formation in Drosophila embryogenesis. We find that mitochondria are small and fragmented and translocate apically on microtubules and distribute progressively along the cell length during cellularization. Embryos mutant for the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1 (dynamin-related protein 1), die in embryogenesis and show an accumulation of clustered mitochondria on the basal side in cellularization. Additionally, Drp1 mutant embryos contain lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS depletion was previously shown to decrease myosin II activity. Drp1 loss also leads to myosin II depletion at the membrane furrow, thereby resulting in decreased cell height and larger contractile ring area in cellularization similar to that in myosin II mutants. The mitochondrial morphology and cellularization defects in Drp1 mutants are suppressed by reducing mitochondrial fusion and increasing cytoplasmic ROS in superoxide dismutase mutants. Our data show a key role for mitochondrial morphology and activity in supporting the morphogenetic events that drive cellularization in Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Chowdhary
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Somya Madan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Darshika Tomer
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Manos Mavrakis
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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135
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Yakoubi R, Rollenhagen A, von Lehe M, Shao Y, Sätzler K, Lübke JHR. Quantitative Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Excitatory Synaptic Boutons in Layer 5 of the Adult Human Temporal Lobe Neocortex: A Fine-Scale Electron Microscopic Analysis. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2797-2814. [PMID: 29931200 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of synapses are available for different brain regions of several animal species including non-human primates, but comparatively little is known about their quantitative morphology in humans. Here, synaptic boutons in Layer 5 (L5) of the human temporal lobe (TL) neocortex were investigated in biopsy tissue, using fine-scale electron microscopy, and quantitative three-dimensional reconstructions. The size and organization of the presynaptic active zones (PreAZs), postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and that of the 3 distinct pools of synaptic vesicles (SVs) were particularly analyzed. L5 synaptic boutons were medium-sized (~6 μm2) with a single but relatively large PreAZ (~0.3 μm2). They contained a total of ~1500 SVs/bouton, ~20 constituting the putative readily releasable pool (RRP), ~180 the recycling pool (RP), and the remainder, the resting pool. The PreAZs, PSDs, and vesicle pools are ~3-fold larger than those of CNS synapses in other species. Astrocytic processes reached the synaptic cleft and may regulate the glutamate concentration. Profound differences exist between synapses in human TL neocortex and those described in various species, particularly in the size and geometry of PreAZs and PSDs, the large RRP/RP, and the astrocytic ensheathment suggesting high synaptic efficacy, strength, and modulation of synaptic transmission at human synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Yakoubi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-10, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt Str., Jülich, Germany
| | - Astrid Rollenhagen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-10, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt Str., Jülich, Germany
| | - Marec von Lehe
- University Hospital/Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ruppiner Kliniken, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Yachao Shao
- Simulation Lab Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt Str., Jülich, Germany.,College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Kurt Sätzler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Rd., BT52 1SA, Londonderry, UK
| | - Joachim H R Lübke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-10, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt Str., Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty/RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Germany
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136
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Fowler PC, Byrne DJ, Blackstone C, O’Sullivan NC. Loss of the Mitochondrial Fission GTPase Drp1 Contributes to Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila Model of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090646. [PMID: 32957716 PMCID: PMC7564485 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology, distribution and function are maintained by the opposing forces of mitochondrial fission and fusion, the perturbation of which gives rise to several neurodegenerative disorders. The large guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a critical regulator of mitochondrial fission by mediating membrane scission, often at points of mitochondrial constriction at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial contacts. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) subtype SPG61 is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the ER-shaping protein Arl6IP1. We have previously reported defects in both the ER and mitochondrial networks in a Drosophila model of SPG61. In this study, we report that knockdown of Arl6IP1 lowers Drp1 protein levels, resulting in reduced ER–mitochondrial contacts and impaired mitochondrial load at the distal ends of long motor neurons. Increasing mitochondrial fission, by overexpression of wild-type Drp1 but not a dominant negative Drp1, increases ER–mitochondrial contacts, restores mitochondrial load within axons and partially rescues locomotor deficits. Arl6IP1 knockdown Drosophila also demonstrate impaired autophagic flux and an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, which occur independent of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission defects. Together, these findings provide evidence that impaired mitochondrial fission contributes to neurodegeneration in this in vivo model of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa C. Fowler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.C.F.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Dwayne J. Byrne
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.C.F.); (D.J.B.)
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Niamh C. O’Sullivan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.C.F.); (D.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-7166762
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137
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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138
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Takai A, Yamaguchi M, Yoshida H, Chiyonobu T. Investigating Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Using Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176442. [PMID: 32899411 PMCID: PMC7503973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are the spectrum of severe epilepsies characterized by early-onset, refractory seizures occurring in the context of developmental regression or plateauing. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is one of the earliest forms of DEE, manifesting as frequent epileptic spasms and characteristic electroencephalogram findings in early infancy. In recent years, next-generation sequencing approaches have identified a number of monogenic determinants underlying DEE. In the case of EIEE, 85 genes have been registered in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man as causative genes. Model organisms are indispensable tools for understanding the in vivo roles of the newly identified causative genes. In this review, we first present an overview of epilepsy and its genetic etiology, especially focusing on EIEE and then briefly summarize epilepsy research using animal and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models. The Drosophila model, which is characterized by easy gene manipulation, a short generation time, low cost and fewer ethical restrictions when designing experiments, is optimal for understanding the genetics of DEE. We therefore highlight studies with Drosophila models for EIEE and discuss the future development of their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Takai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8585, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.Y.)
- Kansai Gakken Laboratory, Kankyo Eisei Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8585, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tomohiro Chiyonobu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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139
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Synaptic Organization of the Human Temporal Lobe Neocortex as Revealed by High-Resolution Transmission, Focused Ion Beam Scanning, and Electron Microscopic Tomography. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155558. [PMID: 32756507 PMCID: PMC7432700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern electron microscopy (EM) such as fine-scale transmission EM, focused ion beam scanning EM, and EM tomography have enormously improved our knowledge about the synaptic organization of the normal, developmental, and pathologically altered brain. In contrast to various animal species, comparably little is known about these structures in the human brain. Non-epileptic neocortical access tissue from epilepsy surgery was used to generate quantitative 3D models of synapses. Beside the overall geometry, the number, size, and shape of active zones and of the three functionally defined pools of synaptic vesicles representing morphological correlates for synaptic transmission and plasticity were quantified. EM tomography further allowed new insights in the morphological organization and size of the functionally defined readily releasable pool. Beside similarities, human synaptic boutons, although comparably small (approximately 5 µm), differed substantially in several structural parameters, such as the shape and size of active zones, which were on average 2 to 3-fold larger than in experimental animals. The total pool of synaptic vesicles exceeded that in experimental animals by approximately 2 to 3-fold, in particular the readily releasable and recycling pool by approximately 2 to 5-fold, although these pools seemed to be layer-specifically organized. Taken together, synaptic boutons in the human temporal lobe neocortex represent unique entities perfectly adapted to the “job” they have to fulfill in the circuitry in which they are embedded. Furthermore, the quantitative 3D models of synaptic boutons are useful to explain and even predict the functional properties of synaptic connections in the human neocortex.
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140
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Amartuvshin O, Lin C, Hsu S, Kao S, Chen A, Tang W, Chou H, Chang D, Hsu Y, Hsiao B, Rastegari E, Lin K, Wang Y, Yao C, Chen G, Chen B, Hsu H. Aging shifts mitochondrial dynamics toward fission to promote germline stem cell loss. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13191. [PMID: 32666649 PMCID: PMC7431834 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are known to occur during stem cell differentiation; however, the role of this phenomenon in tissue aging remains unclear. Here, we report that mitochondrial dynamics are shifted toward fission during aging of Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs), and this shift contributes to aging-related GSC loss. We found that as GSCs age, mitochondrial fragmentation and expression of the mitochondrial fission regulator, Dynamin-related protein (Drp1), are both increased, while mitochondrial membrane potential is reduced. Moreover, preventing mitochondrial fusion in GSCs results in highly fragmented depolarized mitochondria, decreased BMP stemness signaling, impaired fatty acid metabolism, and GSC loss. Conversely, forcing mitochondrial elongation promotes GSC attachment to the niche. Importantly, maintenance of aging GSCs can be enhanced by suppressing Drp1 expression to prevent mitochondrial fission or treating with rapamycin, which is known to promote autophagy via TOR inhibition. Overall, our results show that mitochondrial dynamics are altered during physiological aging, affecting stem cell homeostasis via coordinated changes in stemness signaling, niche contact, and cellular metabolism. Such effects may also be highly relevant to other stem cell types and aging-induced tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyundari Amartuvshin
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Hung Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shao‐Chun Hsu
- Imaging Core Facility at the Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
- Present address:
Institute of ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Alvin Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Chun Tang
- Research Center for Applied ScienceAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Han‐Lin Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Dong‐Lin Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
- The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Yang Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
- The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Bai‐Shiou Hsiao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
- The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Kun‐Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Wang
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Kuang Yao
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Guang‐Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Bi‐Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied ScienceAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hwei‐Jan Hsu
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyTaipeiTaiwan
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141
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Calió ML, Henriques E, Siena A, Bertoncini CRA, Gil-Mohapel J, Rosenstock TR. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neurogenesis, and Epigenetics: Putative Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurodegeneration and Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:679. [PMID: 32760239 PMCID: PMC7373761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and devastating multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Although the pathogenesis of ALS is still not completely understood, numerous studies suggest that mitochondrial deregulation may be implicated in its onset and progression. Interestingly, mitochondrial deregulation has also been associated with changes in neural stem cells (NSC) proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In this review, we highlight the importance of mitochondrial function for neurogenesis, and how both processes are correlated and may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS; we have focused primarily on preclinical data from animal models of ALS, since to date no studies have evaluated this link using human samples. As there is currently no cure and no effective therapy to counteract ALS, we have also discussed how improving neurogenic function by epigenetic modulation could benefit ALS. In support of this hypothesis, changes in histone deacetylation can alter mitochondrial function, which in turn might ameliorate cellular proliferation as well as neuronal differentiation and migration. We propose that modulation of epigenetics, mitochondrial function, and neurogenesis might provide new hope for ALS patients, and studies exploring these new territories are warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisandra Henriques
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Siena
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Rejane Antonio Bertoncini
- CEDEME, Center of Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Victoria and Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
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142
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Mnatsakanyan N, Jonas EA. The new role of F 1F o ATP synthase in mitochondria-mediated neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113400. [PMID: 32653453 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase is one of the most abundant proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which catalyzes the final step of oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi. ATP synthase uses the electrochemical gradient of protons (ΔμH+) across the mitochondrial inner membrane to synthesize ATP. Under certain pathophysiological conditions, ATP synthase can run in reverse to hydrolyze ATP and build the necessary ΔμH+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Tight coupling between these two processes, proton translocation and ATP synthesis, is achieved by the unique rotational mechanism of ATP synthase and is necessary for efficient cellular metabolism and cell survival. The uncoupling of these processes, dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, elevated levels of ROS, low matrix content of ATP in combination with other cellular malfunction trigger the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mitochondrial inner membrane. In this review we will discuss the new role of ATP synthase beyond oxidative phosphorylation. We will highlight its function as a unique regulator of cell life and death and as a key target in mitochondria-mediated neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Ann Jonas
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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143
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Mnatsakanyan N, Jonas EA. ATP synthase c-subunit ring as the channel of mitochondrial permeability transition: Regulator of metabolism in development and degeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 144:109-118. [PMID: 32461058 PMCID: PMC7877492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) or mitochondrial megachannel is arguably one of the most mysterious phenomena in biology today. mPTP has been at the center of ongoing extensive scientific research for the last several decades. In this review we will discuss recent advances in the field that enhance our understanding of the molecular composition of mPTP, its regulatory mechanisms and its pathophysiological role. We will describe our recent findings on the role of ATP synthase c-subunit ring as a central player in mitochondrial permeability transition and as an important metabolic regulator during development and in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Ann Jonas
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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144
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Luo TT, Dai CQ, Wang JQ, Wang ZM, Yang Y, Zhang KL, Wu FF, Yang YL, Wang YY. Drp1 is widely, yet heterogeneously, distributed in the mouse central nervous system. Mol Brain 2020; 13:90. [PMID: 32522292 PMCID: PMC7288424 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Drp1 is widely expressed in the mouse central nervous system and plays a role in inducing the mitochondrial fission process. Many diseases are associated with Drp1 and mitochondria. However, since the exact distribution of Drp1 has not been specifically observed, it is difficult to determine the impact of anti-Drp1 molecules on the human body. Clarifying the specific Drp1 distribution could be a good approach to targeted treatment or prognosis. Methods We visualized the distribution of Drp1 in different brain regions and explicated the relationship between Drp1 and mitochondria. GAD67-GFP knock-in mice were utilized to detect the expression patterns of Drp1 in GABAergic neurons. We also further analyzed Drp1 expression in human malignant glioma tissue. Results Drp1 was widely but heterogeneously distributed in the central nervous system. Further observation indicated that Drp1 was highly and heterogeneously expressed in inhibitory neurons. Under transmission electron microscopy, the distribution of Drp1 was higher in dendrites than other areas in neurons, and only a small amount of Drp1 was localized in mitochondria. In human malignant glioma, the fluorescence intensity of Drp1 increased from grade I-III, while grade IV showed a declining trend. Conclusion In this study, we observed a wide heterogeneous distribution of Drp1 in the central nervous system, which might be related to the occurrence and development of neurologic disease. We hope that the relationship between Drp1 and mitochondria may will to therapeutic guidance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Luo
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chun-Qiu Dai
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.,Third Medical District, Lintong Rehabilitation and Convalescent Centre, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zheng-Mei Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.,Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.,Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Kun-Long Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Xi-Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan-Ling Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Ya-Yun Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preclinical Medicine Education, Air Force Medical University (The Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.
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145
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Mechanisms and roles of mitochondrial localisation and dynamics in neuronal function. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20200008. [PMID: 32714603 PMCID: PMC7373250 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarised, complex and incredibly energy intensive cells, and their demand for ATP during neuronal transmission is primarily met by oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria. Thus, maintaining the health and efficient function of mitochondria is vital for neuronal integrity, viability and synaptic activity. Mitochondria do not exist in isolation, but constantly undergo cycles of fusion and fission, and are actively transported around the neuron to sites of high energy demand. Intriguingly, axonal and dendritic mitochondria exhibit different morphologies. In axons mitochondria are small and sparse whereas in dendrites they are larger and more densely packed. The transport mechanisms and mitochondrial dynamics that underlie these differences, and their functional implications, have been the focus of concerted investigation. Moreover, it is now clear that deficiencies in mitochondrial dynamics can be a primary factor in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role that mitochondrial dynamics play in neuronal function, how these processes support synaptic transmission and how mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disease.
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146
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Chung HL, Mao X, Wang H, Park YJ, Marcogliese PC, Rosenfeld JA, Burrage LC, Liu P, Murdock DR, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Chao HT, Long H, Feng L, Bacino CA, Bellen HJ, Xiao B. De Novo Variants in CDK19 Are Associated with a Syndrome Involving Intellectual Disability and Epileptic Encephalopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:717-725. [PMID: 32330417 PMCID: PMC7212481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified three unrelated individuals with de novo missense variants in CDK19, encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase protein family member that predominantly regulates gene transcription. These individuals presented with hypotonia, global developmental delay, epileptic encephalopathy, and dysmorphic features. CDK19 is conserved between vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms, but currently abnormalities in CDK19 are not known to be associated with a human disorder. Loss of Cdk8, the fly homolog of CDK19, causes larval lethality, which is suppressed by expression of human CDK19 reference cDNA. In contrast, the CDK19 p.Tyr32His and p.Thr196Ala variants identified in the affected individuals fail to rescue the loss of Cdk8 and behave as null alleles. Additionally, neuronal RNAi-mediated knockdown of Cdk8 in flies results in semi-lethality. The few eclosing flies exhibit severe seizures and a reduced lifespan. Both phenotypes are fully suppressed by moderate expression of the CDK19 reference cDNA but not by expression of the two variants. Finally, loss of Cdk8 causes an obvious loss of boutons and synapses at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Together, our findings demonstrate that human CDK19 fully replaces the function of Cdk8 in the fly, the human disease-associated CDK19 variants behave as strong loss-of-function variants, and deleterious CDK19 variants underlie a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao Mao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention, and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention, and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ye-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 22021, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute, The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongyu Long
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Li Feng
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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147
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Zhao J, Li G, Zhao X, Lin X, Gao Y, Raimundo N, Li GL, Shang W, Wu H, Song L. Down-regulation of AMPK signaling pathway rescues hearing loss in TFB1 transgenic mice and delays age-related hearing loss. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5590-5611. [PMID: 32240104 PMCID: PMC7185105 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) integrates the regulation of cell growth and metabolism. AMPK activation occurs in response to cellular energy decline and mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In aged Tg-mtTFB1 mice, a mitochondrial deafness mouse model, hearing loss is accompanied with cochlear pathology including reduced endocochlear potential (EP) and loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), inner hair cell (IHC) synapses and outer hair cells (OHC). Accumulated ROS and increased apoptosis signaling were also detected in cochlear tissues, accompanied by activation of AMPK. To further explore the role of AMPK signaling in the auditory phenotype, we used genetically knocked out AMPKα1 as a rescue to Tg-mtTFB1 mice and observed: improved ABR wave I, EP and IHC function, normal SGNs, IHC synapses morphology and OHC survivals, with decreased ROS, reduced pro-apoptotic signaling (Bax) and increased anti-apoptotic signaling (Bcl-2) in the cochlear tissues, indicating that reduced AMPK attenuated apoptosis via ROS-AMPK-Bcl2 pathway in the cochlea. To conclude, AMPK hyperactivation causes accelerated presbycusis in Tg-mtTFB1 mice by redox imbalance and dysregulation of the apoptosis pathway. The effects of AMPK downregulation on pro-survival function and reduction of oxidative stress indicate AMPK serves as a target to rescue or relieve mitochondrial hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Navy Clinical Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunge Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geng-Lin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Navy Clinical Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- In Vitro Fertility (IVF) Center Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
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148
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Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Regulation and roles of mitophagy at synapses. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 187:111216. [PMID: 32084458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis is a challenging task, due to the intricate spatial organization and intense activity of synapses. Typically, synapses are located far away from the neuronal cell body, where they orchestrate neuronal signalling and communication, through neurotransmitter release. Stationary mitochondria provide energy required for synaptic vesicle cycling, and preserve ionic balance by buffering intercellular calcium at synapses. Thus, synaptic homeostasis is critically dependent on proper mitochondrial function. Indeed, defective mitochondrial metabolism is a common feature of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), bipolar disorders and schizophrenia among others, which are also accompanied by excessive synaptic abnormalities. Specialized and compartmentalized quality control mechanisms have evolved to restore and maintain synaptic energy metabolism. Here, we survey recent advances towards the elucidation of the pivotal role of mitochondria in neurotransmission and implicating mitophagy in the maintenance of synaptic homeostasis during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece.
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149
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D-Galactose-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the cochlear basilar membrane: an in vitro aging model. Biogerontology 2020; 21:311-323. [PMID: 32026209 PMCID: PMC7196095 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cochlear basilar membrane (CBM) contains inner hair cells and outer hair cells that convert sound waves into electrical signals and transmit them to the central auditory system. Cochlear aging, the primary reason of age-related hearing loss, can reduce the signal transmission capacity. There is no ideal in vitro aging model of the CBM. In this study, we cultured the CBM, which was dissected from the cochlea of the C57BL/6 mice 5 days after birth, in a medium containing 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, or 60 mg/mL D-galactose (D-gal). Compared with the control group, the levels of senescence-associated β-galactosidase were increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the CBM of the D-gal groups. In addition, levels of the mitochondrial superoxide and patterns of an age-related mitochondrial DNA3860-bp deletion were significantly increased. The ATP levels and the membrane potential of the mitochondrial were significantly decreased in the CBM of the D-gal groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, in comparison with the control group, damaged hair cell stereocilia and a loss of inner hair cell ribbon synapses were observed in the CBM of the D-gal groups. A loss of hair cells and activation of caspase-3-mediated outer hair cell apoptosis were also observed in the CBM of the high-dose D-gal group. These insults induced by D-gal in the CBM in vitro were similar to the ones that occur in cochlear natural aging in vivo. Thus, we believe that this is a successful in vitro aging model using cultured CBM. These results demonstrate the effects of mitochondrial oxidative damage on presbycusis and provide a reliable aging model to study the mechanisms of presbycusis in vitro.
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150
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Genetic Dissection of Alzheimer's Disease Using Drosophila Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030884. [PMID: 32019113 PMCID: PMC7037931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a main cause of dementia, is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is related to abnormal accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein. Despite decades of intensive research, the mechanisms underlying AD remain elusive, and the only available treatment remains symptomatic. Molecular understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of AD is necessary to develop disease-modifying treatment. Drosophila, as the most advanced genetic model, has been used to explore the molecular mechanisms of AD in the last few decades. Here, we introduce Drosophila AD models based on human Aβ and summarize the results of their genetic dissection. We also discuss the utility of functional genomics using the Drosophila system in the search for AD-associated molecular mechanisms in the post-genomic era.
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