101
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Horton ER, Vallmajo‐Martin Q, Martin I, Snedeker JG, Ehrbar M, Blache U. Extracellular Matrix Production by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Hydrogels Facilitates Cell Spreading and Is Inhibited by FGF-2. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901669. [PMID: 32129003 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In native tissues, the interaction between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is reciprocal, as cells not only receive signals from the ECM but also actively remodel it through secretion of cell-derived ECM. However, very little is known about the reciprocal interaction between cells and their secreted ECM within synthetic biomaterials that mimic the ECM for use in engineering of tissues for regenerative medicine or as tissue models. Here, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with fully defined biomaterial properties are used to investigate the emerging role of cell-derived ECM on culture outcomes. It is shown that human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) secrete ECM proteins into the pericellular space early after encapsulation and that, even in the absence of material-presented cell adhesion motifs, cell-derived fibronectin enables cell spreading. Then, it is investigated how different culture conditions influence MSC ECM expression in hydrogels. Most strikingly, it is found by RNA sequencing that the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) changes ECM gene expression and, in particular, decreases the expression of structural ECM components including fibrillar collagens. In summary, this work shows that cell-derived ECM is a guiding cue in 3D hydrogels and that FGF-2 is a potentially important ECM regulator within bioengineered cell and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Horton
- Biotech Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen 2200 Denmark
| | - Queralt Vallmajo‐Martin
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselUniversity of Basel Basel 4031 Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
- Balgrist University HospitalUniversity of Zürich Zürich 8008 Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Blache
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
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102
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Zhang X, Hu D, Shang Y, Qi X. Using induced pluripotent stem cell neuronal models to study neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165431. [PMID: 30898538 PMCID: PMC6751032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current application of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technology in patient-specific models of neurodegenerative disorders recapitulate some of key phenotypes of diseases, representing disease-specific cellular modeling and providing a unique platform for therapeutics development. We review recent efforts toward advancing hiPSCs-derived neuronal cell types and highlight their potential use for the development of more complex in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases by focusing on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We present evidence from previous works on the important phenotypic changes of various neuronal types in these neurological diseases. We also summarize efforts on conducting low- and high-throughput screening experiments with hiPSCs toward developing potential therapeutics for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of hiPSCs culture system in studying neurodegenerative diseases and alternative strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yutong Shang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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103
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Heemskerk I. Full of potential: Pluripotent stem cells for the systems biology of embryonic patterning. Dev Biol 2020; 460:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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Synthetic human embryology: towards a quantitative future. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:30-35. [PMID: 32172182 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Study of early human embryo development is essential for advancing reproductive and regenerative medicine. Traditional human embryological studies rely on embryonic tissue specimens, which are difficult to acquire due to technical challenges and ethical restrictions. The availability of human stem cells with developmental potentials comparable to pre-implantation and peri-implantation human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, together with properly engineered in vitro culture environments, allow for the first time researchers to generate self-organized multicellular structures in vitro that mimic the structural and molecular features of their in vivo counterparts. The development of these stem cell-based, synthetic human embryo models offers a paradigm-shifting experimental system for quantitative measurements and perturbations of multicellular development, critical for advancing human embryology and reproductive and regenerative medicine without using intact human embryos.
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105
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Xue X, Wang RP, Fu J. Modeling of human neurulation using bioengineered pluripotent stem cell culture. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:127-133. [PMID: 32328535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging the developmental potential and self-organizing property of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells, researchers have developed tractable models of human embryonic development. Owing to their compatibility to live imaging, genome editing, mechanical perturbation and measurement, these models offer promising quantitative experimental platforms to advance human embryology and regenerative medicine. Herein, we provide a review of recent progress in using hPS cells to generate models of early human neural development or neurulation, including neural induction and regional patterning of the neural tube. These models, even in their nascent developmental stages, have already revealed intricate cell-cell signaling and mechanoregulation mechanisms likely involved in tissue patterning during early neural development. We also discuss future opportunities in modeling early neural development by incorporating bioengineering tools to control precisely neural tissue morphology and architecture, morphogen dynamics, intracellular signaling events, and cell-cell interactions to further the development of this emerging field and expand its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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106
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Gu Z, Guo J, Wang H, Wen Y, Gu Q. Bioengineered microenvironment to culture early embryos. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12754. [PMID: 31916359 PMCID: PMC7046478 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormalities of early post-implantation embryos can lead to early pregnancy loss and many other syndromes. However, it is hard to study embryos after implantation due to the limited accessibility. The success of embryo culture in vitro can avoid the challenges of embryonic development in vivo and provide a powerful research platform for research in developmental biology. The biophysical and chemical cues of the microenvironments impart significant spatiotemporal effects on embryonic development. Here, we summarize the main strategies which enable researchers to grow embryos outside of the body while overcoming the implantation barrier, highlight the roles of engineered microenvironments in regulating early embryonic development, and finally discuss the future challenges and new insights of early embryo culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Qi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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107
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Faustino Martins JM, Fischer C, Urzi A, Vidal R, Kunz S, Ruffault PL, Kabuss L, Hube I, Gazzerro E, Birchmeier C, Spuler S, Sauer S, Gouti M. Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:172-186.e6. [PMID: 31956040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular networks assemble during early human embryonic development and are essential for the control of body movement. Previous neuromuscular junction modeling efforts using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) generated either spinal cord neurons or skeletal muscles in monolayer culture. Here, we use hPSC-derived axial stem cells, the building blocks of the posterior body, to simultaneously generate spinal cord neurons and skeletal muscle cells that self-organize to generate human neuromuscular organoids (NMOs) that can be maintained in 3D for several months. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of individual organoids revealed reproducibility across experiments and enabled the tracking of the neural and mesodermal differentiation trajectories as organoids developed and matured. NMOs contain functional neuromuscular junctions supported by terminal Schwann cells. They contract and develop central pattern generator-like neuronal circuits. Finally, we successfully use NMOs to recapitulate key aspects of myasthenia gravis pathology, thus highlighting the significant potential of NMOs for modeling neuromuscular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Miguel Faustino Martins
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessia Urzi
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Ruffault
- Developmental Biology and Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Loreen Kabuss
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Hube
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeta Gazzerro
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology and Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mina Gouti
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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108
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Funfak A, Bouzhir L, Gontran E, Minier N, Dupuis-Williams P, Gobaa S. Biophysical Control of Bile Duct Epithelial Morphogenesis in Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:417. [PMID: 31921820 PMCID: PMC6923240 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) in artificial liver culture systems is important in order to generate more physiologically relevant liver models. Understanding the role of the cellular microenvironment on differentiation, physiology, and organogenesis of cholangiocytes into functional biliary tubes is essential for the development of new liver therapies, notably in the field of cholangiophaties. In this study, we investigated the role of natural or synthetic scaffolds on cholangiocytes cyst growth, lumen formation and polarization. We demonstrated that cholangiocyte cyst formation efficiency can be similar between natural and synthetic matrices provided that the mechanical properties of the hydrogels are matched. When using synthetic matrices, we also tried to understand the impact of elasticity, matrix metalloprotease-mediated degradation and integrin ligand density on cyst morphogenesis. We demonstrated that hydrogel stiffness regulates cyst formation. We found that controlling integrin ligand density was key in the establishment of large polarized cysts of cholangiocytes. The mechanism of lumen formation was found to rely on cell self-organization and proliferation. The formed cholangiocyte organoids showed a good MDR1 (multi drug resistance protein) transport activity. Our study highlights the advantages of fully synthetic scaffold as a tool to develop bile duct models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Funfak
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Latifa Bouzhir
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Emilie Gontran
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Minier
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France.,Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France
| | - Pascale Dupuis-Williams
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France.,ESPCI, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
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109
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Liu H, Wang Y, Cui K, Guo Y, Zhang X, Qin J. Advances in Hydrogels in Organoids and Organs-on-a-Chip. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902042. [PMID: 31282047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in materials, microscale technology, and stem cell biology have enabled the construction of 3D tissues and organs, which will ultimately lead to more effective diagnostics and therapy. Organoids and organs-on-a-chip (OOC), evolved from developmental biology and bioengineering principles, have emerged as major technological breakthrough and distinct model systems to revolutionize biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the key structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. There is growing interest in the development of functional biomaterials, especially hydrogels, for utilization in these promising systems to build more physiologically relevant 3D tissues with defined properties. The remarkable properties of defined hydrogels as proper extracellular matrix that can instruct cellular behaviors are presented. The recent trend where functional hydrogels are integrated into organoids and OOC systems for the construction of 3D tissue models is highlighted. Future opportunities and perspectives in the development of advanced hydrogels toward accelerating organoids and OOC research in biomedical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kangli Cui
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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110
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Zheng Y, Xue X, Resto-Irizarry AM, Li Z, Shao Y, Zheng Y, Zhao G, Fu J. Dorsal-ventral patterned neural cyst from human pluripotent stem cells in a neurogenic niche. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5933. [PMID: 31844664 PMCID: PMC6905871 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance in central nervous system development, development of the human neural tube (NT) remains poorly understood, given the challenges of studying human embryos, and the developmental divergence between humans and animal models. We report a human NT development model, in which NT-like tissues, neuroepithelial (NE) cysts, are generated in a bioengineered neurogenic environment through self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). NE cysts correspond to the neural plate in the dorsal ectoderm and have a default dorsal identity. Dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of NE cysts is achieved using retinoic acid and/or sonic hedgehog and features sequential emergence of the ventral floor plate, P3, and pMN domains in discrete, adjacent regions and a dorsal territory progressively restricted to the opposite dorsal pole. This hPSC-based, DV patterned NE cyst system will be useful for understanding the self-organizing principles that guide NT patterning and for investigations of neural development and neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - X. Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A. M. Resto-Irizarry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y. Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y. Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G. Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Corresponding author. (J.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - J. Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.F.); (G.Z.)
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111
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Kratochvil MJ, Seymour AJ, Li TL, Paşca SP, Kuo CJ, Heilshorn SC. Engineered materials for organoid systems. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:606-622. [PMID: 33552558 PMCID: PMC7864216 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are 3D cell culture systems that mimic some of the structural and functional characteristics of an organ. Organoid cultures provide the opportunity to study organ-level biology in models that mimic human physiology more closely than 2D cell culture systems or non-primate animal models. Many organoid cultures rely on decellularized extracellular matrices as scaffolds, which are often poorly chemically defined and allow only limited tunability and reproducibility. By contrast, the biochemical and biophysical properties of engineered matrices can be tuned and optimized to support the development and maturation of organoid cultures. In this Review, we highlight how key cell-matrix interactions guiding stem-cell decisions can inform the design of biomaterials for the reproducible generation and control of organoid cultures. We survey natural, synthetic and protein-engineered hydrogels for their applicability to different organoid systems and discuss biochemical and mechanical material properties relevant for organoid formation. Finally, dynamic and cell-responsive material systems are investigated for their future use in organoid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Kratochvil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexis J. Seymour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Paşca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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112
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Fontanil T, Mohamedi Y, Cobo T, Cal S, Obaya ÁJ. Novel Associations Within the Tumor Microenvironment: Fibulins Meet ADAMTSs. Front Oncol 2019; 9:796. [PMID: 31508361 PMCID: PMC6714394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis in any organism is a very complex and delicate process in which numerous factors intervene. Cellular homeostasis not only depends on intrinsic factors but also relies on external factors that compose the microenvironment or cellular niche. Thus, extracellular matrix (ECM) components play a very important role in maintaining cell survival and behavior, and alterations in the ECM composition can lead to different pathologies. Fibulins and ADAMTS metalloproteases play crucial roles in the upkeep and function of the ECM in different tissues. In fact, members of both of these families of secreted multidomain proteins can interact with numerous other ECM components and thus shape or regulate the molecular environment. Individual members of both families have been implicated in tumor-related processes by exhibiting either pro- or antitumor properties. Recent studies have shown both an important relation among members of both families and their participation in several pathologies, including cardiogenesis or cancer. In this review, we summarize the associations among fibulins and ADAMTSs and the effects elicited by those interactions on cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fontanil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Órdoñez, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yamina Mohamedi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Álvaro J Obaya
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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113
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Zimmermann JA, Schaffer DV. Engineering biomaterials to control the neural differentiation of stem cells. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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114
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Li N, Xie T, Sun Y. Towards organogenesis and morphogenesis in vitro: harnessing engineered microenvironment and autonomous behaviors of pluripotent stem cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:574-586. [PMID: 30225509 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have been attempting to control pluripotent stem cell fate or generate self-organized tissues from stem cells. Advances in bioengineering enable generation of organotypic structures, which capture the cellular components, spatial cell organization and even some functions of tissues or organs in development. However, only a few engineering tools have been utilized to regulate the formation and organization of spatially complex tissues derived from stem cells. Here, we provide a review of recent progress in the culture of organotypic structures in vitro, focusing on how microengineering approaches including geometric confinement, extracellular matrix (ECM) property modulation, spatially controlled biochemical factors, and external forces, can be utilized to generate organotypic structures. Moreover, we will discuss potential technologies that can be applied to further control both soluble and insoluble factors spatiotemporally in vitro. In summary, advanced engineered approaches have a great promise in generating miniaturized tissues and organs in a reproducible fashion, facilitating the cellular and molecular understanding of embryogenesis and morphogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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115
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Wieduwild R, Xu Y, Ostrovidov S, Khademhosseini A, Zhang Y, Orive G. Engineering Hydrogels beyond a Hydrated Network. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900038. [PMID: 30990968 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many mechanical, physical, chemical, and biochemical features of biomatrices have emerged as important properties to dictate the fates of cells. To construct chemically defined biomaterials to recapitulate various biological niches for both cell biology research and therapeutic utilities, it has become increasingly clear that a simple hydrated polymer network would not be able to provide the complex cues and signaling required for many types of cells. The researchers are facing a growing list of mechanophysical and biochemical properties, while each of them could be an important cellular trigger. To include all these design parameters in screening and synthesis is practically difficult, if not impossible. Developing novel high throughput screening technology by combining assay miniaturization, computer simulations, and modeling can help researchers to tackle the challenge to identify the most relevant parameters to tailor materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieduwild
- Rudolf‐Schönheimer‐Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineLeipzig University Johannisallee 30 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Yong Xu
- B CUBE Center for Molecular BioengineeringTechnische Universität Dresden Tatzberg 41 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT) Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Radiological SciencesUniversity of California ‐ Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT) Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California ‐ Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Radiological SciencesUniversity of California ‐ Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California ‐ Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI)University of California ‐ Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE Center for Molecular BioengineeringTechnische Universität Dresden Tatzberg 41 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7 01006 Vitoria‐Gasteiz Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Vitoria‐Gasteiz 01006 Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology ‐ UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua) Vitoria 01007 Spain
- Singapore Eye Research InstituteThe Academia 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Singapore
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116
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Johnstone M, Hillary RF, St Clair D. Stem Cells to Inform the Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 40:13-43. [PMID: 30030769 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inception of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) technology has provided an exciting platform upon which the modelling and treatment of human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders may be expedited. Although the genetic architecture of these disorders is far more complex than previously imagined, many key loci have at last been identified. This has allowed in vivo and in vitro technologies to be refined to model specific high-penetrant genetic loci involved in both disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, show limitations in recapitulating the full complexity and heterogeneity of human neurodevelopmental disease states. Indeed, patient-derived hiPSCs offer distinct advantages over classical animal models in the study of human neuropathologies. Here we have discussed the current, relative translational merit of hiPSCs in investigating human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders with a specific emphasis on the utility of such systems to aid in the identification of biomarkers. We have highlighted the promises and pitfalls of reprogramming cell fate for the study of these disorders and provide recommendations for future directions in this field in order to overcome current limitations. Ultimately, this will aid in the development of effective clinical strategies for diverse patient populations affected by these disorders with the aim of also leading to biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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117
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Shahbazi MN, Siggia ED, Zernicka-Goetz M. Self-organization of stem cells into embryos: A window on early mammalian development. Science 2019; 364:948-951. [PMID: 31171690 PMCID: PMC8300856 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development is orchestrated by robust and complex regulatory mechanisms acting at different scales of organization. In vivo studies are particularly challenging for mammals after implantation, owing to the small size and inaccessibility of the embryo. The generation of stem cell models of the embryo represents a powerful system with which to dissect this complexity. Control of geometry, modulation of the physical environment, and priming with chemical signals reveal the intrinsic capacity of embryonic stem cells to make patterns. Adding the stem cells for the extraembryonic lineages generates three-dimensional models that are more autonomous from the environment and recapitulate many features of the pre- and postimplantation mouse embryo, including gastrulation. Here, we review the principles of self-organization and how they set cells in motion to create an embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Shahbazi
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Eric D Siggia
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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118
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Ebisuya M. Synthetic developmental biology: build and control multicellular systems. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:9-15. [PMID: 31102790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology offers a bottom-up engineering approach that intends to understand complex systems via design-build-test cycles. Embryonic development comprises complex processes that originate at the level of gene regulatory networks in a cell and emerge into collective cellular behaviors with multicellular forms and functions. Here, we review synthetic biology approaches to development that involve building de novo developmental trajectories or engineering control in stem cell-derived multicellular systems. The field of synthetic developmental biology is rapidly growing with the help of recent advances in artificial gene circuits, self-organizing organoids, and controllable tissue microenvironments. The outcome will be a blueprint to decode principles of morphogenesis and to create programmable organoids with novel designs or improved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State Tempe, AZ, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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119
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Holloway EM, Capeling MM, Spence JR. Biologically inspired approaches to enhance human organoid complexity. Development 2019; 146:dev166173. [PMID: 30992275 PMCID: PMC6503984 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are complex three-dimensional in vitro organ-like model systems. Human organoids, which are derived from human pluripotent stem cells or primary human donor tissue, have been used to address fundamental questions about human development, stem cell biology and organ regeneration. Focus has now shifted towards implementation of organoids for biological discovery and advancing existing systems to more faithfully recapitulate the native organ. This work has highlighted significant unknowns in human biology and has invigorated new exploration into the cellular makeup of human organs during development and in the adult - work that is crucial for providing appropriate benchmarks for organoid systems. In this Review, we discuss efforts to characterize human organ cellular complexity and attempts to make organoid models more realistic through co-culture, transplantation and bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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120
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Mobini S, Song YH, McCrary MW, Schmidt CE. Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 198:146-166. [PMID: 29880219 PMCID: PMC6957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Mobini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michaela W McCrary
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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121
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George J, Hsu CC, Nguyen LTB, Ye H, Cui Z. Neural tissue engineering with structured hydrogels in CNS models and therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 42:107370. [PMID: 30902729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of techniques to create and use multiphase microstructured hydrogels (granular hydrogels or microgels) has enabled the generation of cultures with more biologically relevant architecture and use of structured hydrogels is especially pertinent to the development of new types of central nervous system (CNS) culture models and therapies. We review material choice and the customisation of hydrogel structure, as well as the use of hydrogels in developmental models. Combining the use of structured hydrogel techniques with developmentally relevant tissue culture approaches will enable the generation of more relevant models and treatments to repair damaged CNS tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian George
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linh Thuy Ba Nguyen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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122
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Grebenyuk S, Ranga A. Engineering Organoid Vascularization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:39. [PMID: 30941347 PMCID: PMC6433749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of increasingly biomimetic human tissue analogs has been a long-standing goal in two important biomedical applications: drug discovery and regenerative medicine. In seeking to understand the safety and effectiveness of newly developed pharmacological therapies and replacement tissues for severely injured non-regenerating tissues and organs, there remains a tremendous unmet need in generating tissues with both functional complexity and scale. Over the last decade, the advent of organoids has demonstrated that cells have the ability to reorganize into complex tissue-specific structures given minimal inductive factors. However, a major limitation in achieving truly in vivo-like functionality has been the lack of structured organization and reasonable tissue size. In vivo, developing tissues are interpenetrated by and interact with a complex network of vasculature which allows not only oxygen, nutrient and waste exchange, but also provide for inductive biochemical exchange and a structural template for growth. Conversely, in vitro, this aspect of organoid development has remained largely missing, suggesting that these may be the critical cues required for large-scale and more reproducible tissue organization. Here, we review recent technical progress in generating in vitro vasculature, and seek to provide a framework for understanding how such technologies, together with theoretical and developmentally inspired insights, can be harnessed to enhance next generation organoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Grebenyuk
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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123
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Kessel S, Thakar N, Jia Z, Wolvetang EJ, Monteiro MJ. GRGD‐decorated three‐dimensional nanoworm hydrogels for culturing human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kessel
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Nilay Thakar
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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124
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Long KR, Huttner WB. How the extracellular matrix shapes neural development. Open Biol 2019; 9:180216. [PMID: 30958121 PMCID: PMC6367132 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, both cells and tissues must acquire the correct shape to allow their proper function. This is especially relevant in the nervous system, where the shape of individual cell processes, such as the axons and dendrites, and the shape of entire tissues, such as the folding of the neocortex, are highly specialized. While many aspects of neural development have been uncovered, there are still several open questions concerning the mechanisms governing cell and tissue shape. In this review, we discuss the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes. In particular, we consider how the ECM regulates cell shape, proliferation, differentiation and migration, and more recent work highlighting a key role of ECM in the morphogenesis of neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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125
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St Clair D, Johnstone M. Using mouse transgenic and human stem cell technologies to model genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0037. [PMID: 29352035 PMCID: PMC5790834 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid progress has occurred over the last decade in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders, and of schizophrenia and autism in particular. Although the genetic architecture of both disorders is far more complex than previously imagined, many key loci have at last been identified. This has allowed in vivo and in vitro technologies to be refined to model specific high-penetrant genetic loci involved in both disorders. Using the DISC1/NDE1 and CYFIP1/EIF4E loci as exemplars, we explore the opportunities and challenges of using animal models and human-induced pluripotent stem cell technologies to further understand/treat and potentially reverse the worst consequences of these debilitating disorders. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
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Affiliation(s)
- David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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126
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Bejoy J, Wang Z, Bijonowski B, Yang M, Ma T, Sang QX, Li Y. Differential Effects of Heparin and Hyaluronic Acid on Neural Patterning of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:4354-4366. [PMID: 31572767 PMCID: PMC6768405 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A lack of well-established animal models that can efficiently represent human brain pathology has led to the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived brain tissues. Brain organoids have enhanced our ability to understand the developing human brain and brain disorders (e.g., Schizophrenia, microcephaly), but the organoids still do not accurately recapitulate the anatomical organization of the human brain. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and optimize induction and signaling factors in order to engineer the next generation of brain organoids. In this study, the impact of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major brain extracellular matrix (ECM) component that interacts with cells through ligand-binding receptors, on the patterning of brain organoids from hiPSCs was evaluated. To mediate HA- binding capacity of signaling molecules, heparin was added in addition to HA or conjugated to HA to form hydrogels (with two different moduli). The neural cortical spheroids derived from hiPSCs were treated with either HA or heparin plus HA (Hep- HA) and were analyzed for ECM impacts on neural patterning. The results indicate that Hep-HA has a caudalizing effect on hiPSC-derived neural spheroids, in particular for stiff Hep-HA hydrogels. Wnt and Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling was modulated (using Wnt inhibitor IWP4 or actin disruption agent Cytochalasin D respectively) to understand the underlying mechanism. IWP4 and cytochalasin D promote forebrain identity. The results from this study should enhance the understanding of influence of biomimetic ECM factors for brain organoid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Brent Bijonowski
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Qing-Xiang Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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127
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Oksdath M, Perrin SL, Bardy C, Hilder EF, DeForest CA, Arrua RD, Gomez GA. Review: Synthetic scaffolds to control the biochemical, mechanical, and geometrical environment of stem cell-derived brain organoids. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:041501. [PMID: 31069322 PMCID: PMC6481728 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived brain organoids provide a powerful platform for systematic studies of tissue functional architecture and the development of personalized therapies. Here, we review key advances at the interface of soft matter and stem cell biology on synthetic alternatives to extracellular matrices. We emphasize recent biomaterial-based strategies that have been proven advantageous towards optimizing organoid growth and controlling the geometrical, biomechanical, and biochemical properties of the organoid's three-dimensional environment. We highlight systems that have the potential to increase the translational value of region-specific brain organoid models suitable for different types of manipulations and high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oksdath
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Sally L. Perrin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | | | - Emily F. Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA
| | - R. Dario Arrua
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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128
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Vascularization and Engraftment of Transplanted Human Cerebral Organoids in Mouse Cortex. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0219-18. [PMID: 30460331 PMCID: PMC6243198 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0219-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) hold great promise for neural repair in cases of CNS injury and neurodegeneration; however, conventional cell-based transplant methods face the challenges of poor survival and inadequate neuronal differentiation. Here, we report an alternative, tissue-based transplantation strategy whereby cerebral organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) were grafted into lesioned mouse cortex. Cerebral organoid transplants exhibited enhanced survival and robust vascularization from host brain as compared to transplants of dissociated neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Engrafted cerebral organoids harbored a large NSC pool and displayed multilineage neurodifferentiation at two and four weeks after grafting. Cerebral organoids therefore represent a promising alternative source to NSCs or fetal tissues for transplantation, as they contain a large set of neuroprogenitors and differentiated neurons in a structured organization. Engrafted cerebral organoids may also offer a unique experimental paradigm for modeling human neurodevelopment and CNS diseases in the context of vascularized cortical tissue.
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129
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Jabaudon D, Lancaster M. Exploring landscapes of brain morphogenesis with organoids. Development 2018; 145:145/22/dev172049. [PMID: 30455367 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of developmental neuroscience is benefitting from recent technological advances that allow access to organogenesis in vitro via organoid preparations. These methods have been applied to better understanding neural identity, and have opened up a window into the early events that occur during development of the human brain. However, current approaches are not without their limitations, and although brain organoids and other in vitro paradigms recapitulate many processes with remarkable fidelity, there are clear differences between brain organoid development in vitro and brain development in vivo These topics were discussed extensively at a recent workshop organized by The Company of Biologists entitled 'Thinking beyond the dish: taking in vitro neural differentiation to the next level'. Here, we summarize the common themes that emerged from the workshop and highlight some of the limitations and the potential of this emerging technology. In particular, we discuss how organoids can help us understand not only healthy and diseased brain, but also explore new arrays of cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland .,Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madeline Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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130
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Liu CA, Su HL, Chiou TW, Harn HJ, Lin SZ. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Powerful Neurodegenerative Disease Modeling Tool for Mechanism Study and Drug Discovery. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1588-1602. [PMID: 29890847 PMCID: PMC6299199 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718775406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are progressive, complex diseases without clear mechanisms or effective treatments. To study the mechanisms underlying these diseases and to develop treatment strategies, a reliable in vitro modeling system is critical. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to self-renew and possess the differentiation potential to become any kind of adult cell; thus, they may serve as a powerful material for disease modeling. Indeed, patient cell-derived iPSCs can differentiate into specific cell lineages that display the appropriate disease phenotypes and vulnerabilities. In this review, we highlight neuronal differentiation methods and the current development of iPSC-based neurodegenerative disease modeling tools for mechanism study and drug screening, with a discussion of the challenges and future inspiration for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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131
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132
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133
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Sivakumar A, Kurpios NA. Transcriptional regulation of cell shape during organ morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2987-3005. [PMID: 30061107 PMCID: PMC6122985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of transcriptional regulation of cell shape changes aims to address the critical question of how gene expression programs produce a change in cell shape. Together with cell growth, division, and death, changes in cell shape are essential for organ morphogenesis. Whereas most studies of cell shape focus on posttranslational events involved in protein organization and distribution, cell shape changes can be genetically programmed. This review highlights the essential role of transcriptional regulation of cell shape during morphogenesis of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. We emphasize the evolutionary conservation of these processes across different model organisms and discuss perspectives on open questions and research avenues that may provide mechanistic insights toward understanding birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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134
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Ogura T, Sakaguchi H, Miyamoto S, Takahashi J. Three-dimensional induction of dorsal, intermediate and ventral spinal cord tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2018; 145:145/16/dev162214. [PMID: 30061169 PMCID: PMC6124545 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord contains more than 20 distinct subclasses of neurons that form well-organized neural circuits capable of sensing the environment and generating motor behavior. Although recent studies have described the efficient in vitro generation of spinal motor neurons, the induction of the spinal cord as a whole tissue has not been achieved. In the present study, we demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) induction of dorsal spinal cord-like tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Our 3D spinal cord induction (3-DiSC) condition recapitulates patterning of the developing dorsal spinal cord and enables the generation of four types of dorsal interneuron marker-positive cell populations. By activating Shh signaling, intermediate and ventral spinal cord-like tissues are successfully induced. After dissociation of these tissues, somatosensory neurons and spinal motor neurons are detected and express neurotransmitters in an in vivo manner. Our approach provides a useful experimental tool for the analysis of human spinal cord development and will contribute to research on the formation and organization of the spinal cord, and its application to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Ogura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Sakaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan .,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
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135
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Chan CJ, Heisenberg CP, Hiiragi T. Coordination of Morphogenesis and Cell-Fate Specification in Development. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R1024-R1035. [PMID: 28950087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal development, cell-fate-specific changes in gene expression can modify the material properties of a tissue and drive tissue morphogenesis. While mechanistic insights into the genetic control of tissue-shaping events are beginning to emerge, how tissue morphogenesis and mechanics can reciprocally impact cell-fate specification remains relatively unexplored. Here we review recent findings reporting how multicellular morphogenetic events and their underlying mechanical forces can feed back into gene regulatory pathways to specify cell fate. We further discuss emerging techniques that allow for the direct measurement and manipulation of mechanical signals in vivo, offering unprecedented access to study mechanotransduction during development. Examination of the mechanical control of cell fate during tissue morphogenesis will pave the way to an integrated understanding of the design principles that underlie robust tissue patterning in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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136
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Blache U, Vallmajo-Martin Q, Horton ER, Guerrero J, Djonov V, Scherberich A, Erler JT, Martin I, Snedeker JG, Milleret V, Ehrbar M. Notch-inducing hydrogels reveal a perivascular switch of mesenchymal stem cell fate. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201845964. [PMID: 29967223 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the perivascular niche, as well as factors controlling their fate, is poorly understood. Here, we study MSCs in the perivascular microenvironment of endothelial capillaries by modifying a synthetic 3D biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-hydrogel system in vitro We show that MSCs together with endothelial cells form micro-capillary networks specifically in soft PEG hydrogels. Transcriptome analysis of human MSCs isolated from engineered capillaries shows a prominent switch in extracellular matrix (ECM) production. We demonstrate that the ECM phenotypic switch of MSCs can be recapitulated in the absence of endothelial cells by functionalizing PEG hydrogels with the Notch-activator Jagged1. Moreover, transient culture of MSCs in Notch-inducing microenvironments reveals the reversibility of this ECM switch. These findings provide insight into the perivascular commitment of MSCs by use of engineered niche-mimicking synthetic hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blache
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Queralt Vallmajo-Martin
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward R Horton
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien Guerrero
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Biomechanics Laboratory, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Milleret
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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137
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Metzger JJ, Simunovic M, Brivanlou AH. Synthetic embryology: controlling geometry to model early mammalian development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 52:86-91. [PMID: 29957587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro is an important tool in dissecting and understanding the mechanisms that govern early embryologic development. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in creating organoids that model gastrulation, neurulation or organogenesis. However, one of the key challenges is reproducibility. Geometrically confining stem cell colonies considerably improves reproducibility and provides quantitative control over differentiation and tissue shape. Here, we review recent advances in controlling the two-dimensional or three-dimensional organization of cells and the effect on differentiation phenotypes. Improved methods of geometrical control will allow for an even more detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying embryologic development and will eventually pave the way for the highly reproducible generation of specific tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Metzger
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, USA; Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA
| | - Mijo Simunovic
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, USA; Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, USA.
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138
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Ekerdt BL, Fuentes CM, Lei Y, Adil MM, Ramasubramanian A, Segalman RA, Schaffer DV. Thermoreversible Hyaluronic Acid-PNIPAAm Hydrogel Systems for 3D Stem Cell Culture. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800225. [PMID: 29717823 PMCID: PMC6289514 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer considerable potential for biomedical applications including drug screening and cell replacement therapies. Clinical translation of hPSCs requires large quantities of high quality cells, so scalable methods for cell culture are needed. However, current methods are limited by scalability, the use of animal-derived components, and/or low expansion rates. A thermoresponsive 3D hydrogel for scalable hPSC expansion and differentiation into several defined lineages is recently reported. This system would benefit from increased control over material properties to further tune hPSC behavior, and here a scalable 3D biomaterial with the capacity to tune both the chemical and the mechanical properties is demonstrated to promote hPSC expansion under defined conditions. This 3D biomaterial, comprised of hyaluronic acid and poly(N-isopropolyacrylamide), has thermoresponsive properties that readily enable mixing with cells at low temperatures, physical encapsulation within the hydrogel upon elevation at 37 °C, and cell recovery upon cooling and reliquefaction. After optimization, the resulting biomaterial supports hPSC expansion over long cell culture periods while maintaining cell pluripotency. The capacity to modulate the mechanical and chemical properties of the hydrogel provides a new avenue to expand hPSCs for future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Ekerdt
- Department of Chemical and Biolomolecular Engineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
| | - Christina M. Fuentes
- Department of Bioengineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Maroof M. Adil
- Department of Chemical and Biolomolecular Engineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
| | - Anusuya Ramasubramanian
- Department of Bioengineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 3333 Engineering IIUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biolomolecular Engineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
- Department of Bioengineering, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 274 Stanley Hall University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
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139
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Bhat R, Pally D. Complexity: the organizing principle at the interface of biological (dis)order. J Genet 2018; 96:431-444. [PMID: 28761007 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term complexity means several things to biologists.When qualifying morphological phenotype, on the one hand, it is used to signify the sheer complicatedness of living systems, especially as a result of the multicomponent aspect of biological form. On the other hand, it has been used to represent the intricate nature of the connections between constituents that make up form: a more process-based explanation. In the context of evolutionary arguments, complexity has been defined, in a quantifiable fashion, as the amount of information, an informatic template such as a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids stores about its environment. In this perspective, we begin with a brief review of the history of complexity theory. We then introduce a developmental and an evolutionary understanding of what it means for biological systems to be complex.We propose that the complexity of living systems can be understood through two interdependent structural properties: multiscalarity of interconstituent mechanisms and excitability of the biological materials. The answer to whether a system becomes more or less complex over time depends on the potential for its constituents to interact in novel ways and combinations to give rise to new structures and functions, as well as on the evolution of excitable properties that would facilitate the exploration of interconstituent organization in the context of their microenvironments and macroenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India.
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140
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Abstract
Understanding cell fate patterning and morphogenesis in the mammalian embryo remains a formidable challenge. Recently, in vivo models based on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have emerged as complementary methods to quantitatively dissect the physical and molecular processes that shape the embryo. Here we review recent developments in using ESCs to create both two- and three-dimensional culture models that shed light on mammalian gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Siggia
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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141
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Qin XH, Wang X, Rottmar M, Nelson BJ, Maniura-Weber K. Near-Infrared Light-Sensitive Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Photoresist for Spatiotemporal Control of Cell-Instructive 3D Microenvironments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705564. [PMID: 29333748 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced hydrogel systems that allow precise control of cells and their 3D microenvironments are needed in tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug screening. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) allows true 3D microfabrication of complex objects, but its biological application requires a cell-compatible hydrogel resist that is sufficiently photosensitive, cell-degradable, and permissive to support 3D cell growth. Here, an extremely photosensitive cell-responsive hydrogel composed of peptide-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is designed to expand the biological applications of MPL. PVA hydrogels are formed rapidly by ultraviolet light within 1 min in the presence of cells, providing fully synthetic matrices that are instructive for cell-matrix remodeling, multicellular morphogenesis, and protease-mediated cell invasion. By focusing a multiphoton laser into a cell-laden PVA hydrogel, cell-instructive extracellular cues are site-specifically attached to the PVA matrix. Cell invasion is thus precisely guided in 3D with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. This robust hydrogel enables, for the first time, ultrafast MPL of cell-responsive synthetic matrices at writing speeds up to 50 mm s-1 . This approach should enable facile photochemical construction and manipulation of 3D cellular microenvironments with unprecedented flexibility and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Qin
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Xiaopu Wang
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rottmar
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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142
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Abstract
The recapitulation of tissue development and patterning in three-dimensional (3D) culture is an important dimension of stem cell research. Here, we describe a 3D culture protocol in which single mouse ES cells embedded in Matrigel under neural induction conditions clonally form a lumen containing, oval-shaped epithelial structure within 3 days. By Day 7 an apicobasally polarized neuroepithelium with uniformly dorsal cell identity forms. Treatment with retinoic acid at Day 2 results in posteriorization and self-organization of dorsal-ventral neural tube patterning. Neural tube organoid growth is also supported by pure laminin gels as well as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based artificial extracellular matrix hydrogels, which can be fine-tuned for key microenvironment characteristics. The rapid generation of a simple, patterned tissue in well-defined culture conditions makes the neural tube organoid a tractable model for studying neural stem cell self-organization.
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143
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Buzanska L, Zychowicz M, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A. Bioengineering of the Human Neural Stem Cell Niche: A Regulatory Environment for Cell Fate and Potential Target for Neurotoxicity. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:207-230. [PMID: 30209661 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing and adult organisms are surrounded by the microenvironment, so-called neurogenic niche. The developmental processes of stem cells, such as survival, proliferation, differentiation, and fate decisions, are controlled by the mutual interactions between cells and the niche components. Such interactions are tissue specific and determined by the biochemical and biophysical properties of the niche constituencies and the presence of other cell types. This dynamic approach of the stem cell niche, when translated into in vitro settings, requires building up "biomimetic" microenvironments resembling natural conditions, where the stem/progenitor cell is provided with diverse extracellular signals exerted by soluble and structural cues, mimicking those found in vivo. The neural stem cell niche is characterized by a unique composition of soluble components including neurotransmitters and trophic factors as well as insoluble extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans. Biotechnological innovations provide tools such as a new generation of tunable biomaterials capable of releasing specific signals in a spatially and temporally controlled manner, thus creating in vitro nature-like conditions and, when combined with stem cell-derived tissue specific progenitors, producing differentiated neuronal tissue structures. In addition, substantial progress has been made on the protocols to obtain stem cell-derived cell aggregates such as neurospheres and self-assembled organoids.In this chapter, we have assessed the application of bioengineered human neural stem cell microenvironments to produce in vitro models of different levels of biological complexity for the efficient control of stem cell fate. Examples of biomaterial-supported two-dimensional and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) complex culture systems that provide artificial neural stem cell niches are discussed in the context of their application for basic research and neurotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Zychowicz
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kinsner-Ovaskainen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health Consumers and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
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144
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Laurent J, Blin G, Chatelain F, Vanneaux V, Fuchs A, Larghero J, Théry M. Convergence of microengineering and cellular self-organization towards functional tissue manufacturing. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:939-956. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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145
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Zhuang P, Sun AX, An J, Chua CK, Chew SY. 3D neural tissue models: From spheroids to bioprinting. Biomaterials 2017; 154:113-133. [PMID: 29120815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro neural tissue models provide a better recapitulation of in vivo cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Therefore, the former is believed to have great potential for both mechanistic and translational studies. In this paper, we review the recent developments in 3D in vitro neural tissue models, with a particular focus on the emerging bioprinted tissue structures. We draw on specific examples to describe the merits and limitations of each model, in terms of different applications. Bioprinting offers a revolutionary approach for constructing repeatable and controllable 3D in vitro neural tissues with diverse cell types, complex microscale features and tissue level responses. Further advances in bioprinting research would likely consolidate existing models and generate complex neural tissue structures bearing higher fidelity, which is ultimately useful for probing disease-specific mechanisms, facilitating development of novel therapeutics and promoting neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Jia An
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Chee Kai Chua
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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146
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Three-Dimensional Organoid System Transplantation Technologies in Future Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5682354. [PMID: 28904534 PMCID: PMC5585580 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5682354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have made great achievements in understanding the development of human brain and elucidating critical elements of stepwise spatiotemporal control strategies in neural stem cell specification lineage, which facilitates successful induction of neural organoid in vitro including the cerebral cortex, cerebellar, neural tube, hippocampus cortex, pituitary, and optic cup. Besides, emerging researches on neural organogenesis promote the application of 3D organoid system transplantation in treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Present review will categorize current researches on organogenesis into three approaches: (a) stepwise, direct organization of region-specific or population-enriched neural organoid; (b) assemble and direct distinct organ-specific progenitor cells or stem cells to form specific morphogenesis organoid; and (c) assemble embryoid bodies for induction of multilayer organoid. However, the majority of these researches focus on elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms involving in brain organogenesis or disease development and only a few of them conducted for treating diseases. In this work, we will compare three approaches and also analyze their possible indications for diseases in future treatment on the basis of their distinct characteristics.
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147
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Leggett SE, Khoo AS, Wong IY. Multicellular tumor invasion and plasticity in biomimetic materials. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1460-1479. [PMID: 28530743 PMCID: PMC5531215 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion through the extracellular matrix is associated with metastatic spread and therapeutic resistance. In carcinomas, the detachment and dissemination of individual cells has been associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, but tumors can also invade using collective, multicellular phenotypes. This malignant tumor progression is also associated with alignment and stiffening of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Historically, tumor invasion has been investigated using 2D monolayer culture, small animal models or patient histology. These assays have been complemented by the use of natural biomaterials such as reconstituted basement membrane and collagen I. More recently, engineered materials with well-defined physical, chemical and biomolecular properties have enabled more controlled microenvironments. In this review, we highlight recent developments in multicellular tumor invasion based on microfabricated structures or hydrogels. We emphasize the role of interfacial geometries, biomaterial stiffness, matrix remodeling, and co-culture models. Finally, we discuss future directions for the field, particularly integration with precision measurements of biomaterial properties and single cell heterogeneity, standardization and scale-up of these platforms, as well as integration with patient-derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Leggett
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. and Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Amanda S Khoo
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. and Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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148
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Abstract
The physiological relevance of Matrigel as a cell-culture substrate and in angiogenesis assays is often called into question. Here, we describe an array-based method for the identification of synthetic hydrogels that promote the formation of robust in vitro vascular networks for the detection of putative vascular disruptors, and that support human embryonic stem cell expansion and pluripotency. We identified hydrogel substrates that promoted endothelial-network formation by primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells and by endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and used the hydrogels with endothelial networks to identify angiogenesis inhibitors. The synthetic hydrogels show superior sensitivity and reproducibility over Matrigel when evaluating known inhibitors, as well as in a blinded screen of a subset of 38 chemicals, selected according to predicted vascular disruption potential, from the Toxicity ForeCaster library of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The identified synthetic hydrogels should be suitable alternatives to Matrigel for common cell-culture applications.
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149
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Knudsen TB, Klieforth B, Slikker W. Programming microphysiological systems for children's health protection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1586-1592. [PMID: 28658972 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217717697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) and computer simulation models that recapitulate the underlying biology and toxicology of critical developmental transitions are emerging tools for developmental effects assessment of drugs/chemicals. Opportunities and challenges exist for their application to alternative, more public health relevant and efficient chemical toxicity testing methods. This is especially pertinent to children's health research and the evaluation of complex embryological and reproductive impacts of drug/chemical exposure. Scaling these technologies to higher throughput is a key challenge and drives the need for in silico models for quantitative prediction of developmental toxicity to inform safety assessments. One example is cellular agent-based models, constructed from extant embryology, that produce data useful to simulate critical developmental transitions and thereby predict phenotypic consequences of disruption in silico. Biologically inspired MPS models built from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-derived cells and synthetic matrices that recapitulate organ-specific physiologies and native tissue architectures are providing exciting new research opportunities to advance the assessment of developmental toxicity and offer the possibility of deriving a full 'human on a chip' system, or a 'Homunculus.' Impact statement This 'commentary' summarizes research needs and opportunities for engineered MPS models for developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. Emerging concepts can be taken forward to a virtual tissue modeling framework for assessing chemical (and non-chemical) stressors on human development. These models will advance children's health research, both basic and translational and new ways to evaluate complex embryological and reproductive impacts of drug and chemical exposures to inform safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Knudsen
- 1 National Center for Computational Toxicology/EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - B Klieforth
- 2 National Center for Environmental Research/EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - W Slikker
- 3 National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Lemke KA, Aghayee A, Ashton RS. Deriving, regenerating, and engineering CNS tissues using human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 47:36-42. [PMID: 28605638 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress in deriving a spectrum of central nervous system cell phenotypes from human pluripotent stem cells has spurred significant advances in in vitro modeling and development of regenerative therapies for neurological disorders. While the clinical impact of these advances is still being evaluated, their integration with advanced tissue engineering methodologies and therapeutic approaches that induce neural circuit plasticity, respectively, remain underexplored frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Lemke
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Alireza Aghayee
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Randolph S Ashton
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
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