101
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Wada Y, Kusano H, Tsuge T, Aoyama T. Phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase genes respond to phosphate deficiency for root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:426-37. [PMID: 25477067 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants drastically alter their root system architecture to adapt to different underground growth conditions. During phosphate (Pi) deficiency, most plants including Arabidopsis thaliana enhance the development of lateral roots and root hairs, resulting in bushy and hairy roots. To elucidate the signal pathway specific for the root hair elongation response to Pi deficiency, we investigated the expression of type-B phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) genes, as a quantitative factor for root hair elongation in Arabidopsis. At young seedling stages, the PIP5K3 and PIP5K4 genes responded to Pi deficiency in steady-state transcript levels via PHR1-binding sequences (P1BSs) in their upstream regions. Both pip5k3 and pip5k4 single mutants, which exhibit short-root-hair phenotypes, remained responsive to Pi deficiency for root hair elongation; however the pip5k3pip5k4 double mutant exhibited shorter root hairs than the single mutants, and lost responsiveness to Pi deficiency at young seedling stages. In the tactical complementation line in which modified PIP5K3 and PIP5K4 genes with base substitutions in their P1BSs were co-introduced into the double mutant, root hairs of young seedlings had normal lengths under Pi-sufficient conditions, but were not responsive to Pi deficiency. From these results, we conclude that a Pi-deficiency signal is transferred to the pathway for root hair elongation via the PIP5K genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Wada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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102
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Zhao Q, Wu Y, Gao L, Ma J, Li CY, Xiang CB. Sulfur nutrient availability regulates root elongation by affecting root indole-3-acetic acid levels and the stem cell niche. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:1151-63. [PMID: 24831283 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for plants with numerous biological functions. However, the influence of sulfur nutrient availability on the regulation of root development remains largely unknown. Here, we report the response of Arabidopsis thaliana L. root development and growth to different levels of sulfate, demonstrating that low sulfate levels promote the primary root elongation. By using various reporter lines, we examined in vivo IAA level and distribution, cell division, and root meristem in response to different sulfate levels. Meanwhile the dynamic changes of in vivo cysteine, glutathione, and IAA levels were measured. Root cysteine, glutathione, and IAA levels are positively correlated with external sulfate levels in the physiological range, which eventually affect root system architecture. Low sulfate levels also downregulate the genes involved in auxin biosynthesis and transport, and elevate the accumulation of PLT1 and PLT2. This study suggests that sulfate level affects the primary root elongation by regulating the endogenous auxin level and root stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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103
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Péret B, Desnos T, Jost R, Kanno S, Berkowitz O, Nussaume L. Root architecture responses: in search of phosphate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1713-23. [PMID: 25341534 PMCID: PMC4256877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil phosphate represents the only source of phosphorus for plants and, consequently, is its entry into the trophic chain. This major component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and energy currency of the cell (ATP) can limit plant growth because of its low mobility in soil. As a result, root responses to low phosphate favor the exploration of the shallower part of the soil, where phosphate tends to be more abundant, a strategy described as topsoil foraging. We will review the diverse developmental strategies that can be observed among plants by detailing the effect of phosphate deficiency on primary and lateral roots. We also discuss the formation of cluster roots: an advanced adaptive strategy to cope with low phosphate availability observed in a limited number of species. Finally, we will put this work into perspective for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Ricarda Jost
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Satomi Kanno
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (B.P., T.D., L.N.);School of Plant Biology M084 (R.J., O.B.) andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (O.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; andDevelopment of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (S.K.)
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104
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Jain A, Sinilal B, Starnes DL, Sanagala R, Krishnamurthy S, Sahi SV. Role of Fe-responsive genes in bioreduction and transport of ionic gold to roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during synthesis of gold nanoparticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:189-196. [PMID: 25289518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown potassium chloroaurate (KAuCl4)-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using extracts of different parts of diverse plant species. However, the mechanism underlying the formation of AuNPs in planta has far from being elucidated. Here, we report the molecular evidence towards the role of genes involved in iron (Fe) homeostasis during in planta synthesis of AuNPs in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Firstly, we examined the dosage-dependent effects of KAuCl4 treatment on primary root length (PRL), and meristematic activity of roots in transgenic CycB1;1::uidA. Compared to control seedling (0 ppm KAuCl4), PRL and meristematic activity of primary and lateral roots showed progressive attenuation in seedlings treated with higher concentrations of KAuCl4 (25 ppm or above). Therefore, subsequent studies on in planta synthesis of AuNPs, and molecular responses were carried out in roots of the seedlings treated with 10 ppm KAuCl4 for 7 d. TEM of KAuCl4-treated seedlings showed the presence of monodisperse AuNPs of different shapes and sizes in root biomatrix. There was a significant induction of FRO2 in KAuCl4-treated roots, and therefore its likely involvement in bioreduction of Au(3)(+) could be assumed. Elevated expression levels of Fe transporters IRT1 and IRT2 further suggested their potential role in transport of bioreduced Au(3+) across root membrane. Expression levels of other genes involved in Fe homeostasis, and also different members of zinc (Zn), phosphate (Pi), and potassium (K) transporter families remained unaffected by KAuCl4 treatment. An increased Au content in Fe-deprived roots further provided evidence towards the specific role of a subset of Fe-responsive genes during in planta synthesis of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Jain
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA; National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Bhaskaran Sinilal
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Daniel L Starnes
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Raghavendrarao Sanagala
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sneha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Shivendra V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA.
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105
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Abstract
During a plant's lifecycle, the availability of nutrients in the soil is mostly heterogeneous in space and time. Plants are able to adapt to nutrient shortage or localized nutrient availability by altering their root system architecture to efficiently explore soil zones containing the limited nutrient. It has been shown that the deficiency of different nutrients induces root architectural and morphological changes that are, at least to some extent, nutrient specific. Here, we highlight what is known about the importance of individual root system components for nutrient acquisition and how developmental and physiological responses can be coupled to increase nutrient foraging by roots. In addition, we review prominent molecular mechanisms involved in altering the root system in response to local nutrient availability or to the plant's nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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106
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Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Strigolactone involvement in root development, response to abiotic stress, and interactions with the biotic soil environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:560-9. [PMID: 25037210 PMCID: PMC4213088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones, recently discovered as plant hormones, regulate the development of different plant parts. In the root, they regulate root architecture and affect root hair length and density. Their biosynthesis and exudation increase under low phosphate levels, and they are associated with root responses to these conditions. Their signaling pathway in the plant includes protein interactions and ubiquitin-dependent repressor degradation. In the root, they lead to changes in actin architecture and dynamics as well as localization of the PIN-FORMED auxin transporter in the plasma membrane. Strigolactones are also involved with communication in the rhizosphere. They are necessary for germination of parasitic plant seeds, they enhance hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus and Gigaspora spp., and they promote rhizobial symbiosis. This review focuses on the role played by strigolactones in root development, their response to nutrient deficiency, and their involvement with plant interactions in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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107
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Verstraeten I, Schotte S, Geelen D. Hypocotyl adventitious root organogenesis differs from lateral root development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:495. [PMID: 25324849 PMCID: PMC4179338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wound-induced adventitious root (AR) formation is a requirement for plant survival upon root damage inflicted by pathogen attack, but also during the regeneration of plant stem cuttings for clonal propagation of elite plant varieties. Yet, adventitious rooting also takes place without wounding. This happens for example in etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls, in which AR initiate upon de-etiolation or in tomato seedlings, in which AR initiate upon flooding or high water availability. In the hypocotyl AR originate from a cell layer reminiscent to the pericycle in the primary root (PR) and the initiated AR share histological and developmental characteristics with lateral roots (LRs). In contrast to the PR however, the hypocotyl is a determinate structure with an established final number of cells. This points to differences between the induction of hypocotyl AR and LR on the PR, as the latter grows indeterminately. The induction of AR on the hypocotyl takes place in environmental conditions that differ from those that control LR formation. Hence, AR formation depends on differentially regulated gene products. Similarly to AR induction in stem cuttings, the capacity to induce hypocotyl AR is genotype-dependent and the plant growth regulator auxin is a key regulator controlling the rooting response. The hormones cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and strigolactones in general reduce the root-inducing capacity. The involvement of this many regulators indicates that a tight control and fine-tuning of the initiation and emergence of AR exists. Recently, several genetic factors, specific to hypocotyl adventitious rooting in A. thaliana, have been uncovered. These factors reveal a dedicated signaling network that drives AR formation in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. Here we provide an overview of the environmental and genetic factors controlling hypocotyl-born AR and we summarize how AR formation and the regulating factors of this organogenesis are distinct from LR induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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108
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Talboys PJ, Healey JR, Withers PJA, Jones DL. Phosphate depletion modulates auxin transport in Triticum aestivum leading to altered root branching. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5023-32. [PMID: 25086590 PMCID: PMC4144783 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which nutritional signals impact upon root system architecture is a key facet in the drive for greater nutrient application efficiency in agricultural systems. Cereal plants reduce their rate of lateral root emergence under inorganic phosphate (Pi) shortage; this study uses molecular and pharmacological techniques to dissect this Pi response in Triticum aestivum. Plants were grown in coarse sand washed in high- or low-Pi nutrient solution before being assessed for their root branching density and expression of AUX/IAA and PIN genes. Seedlings were also grown on media containing [(14)C]indole acetic acid to measure basipetal auxin transport. Seedlings grown in low-Pi environments displayed less capacity to transport auxin basipetally from the seminal root apex, a reduction in root expression of PIN auxin transporter genes, and perturbed expression of a range of AUX/IAA auxin response genes. Given the known importance of basipetally transported auxin in stimulating lateral root initiation, it is proposed here that, in T. aestivum, Pi availability directly influences lateral root production through modulation of PIN expression. Understanding such processes is important in the drive for greater efficiency in crop use of Pi fertilizers in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Talboys
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - John R Healey
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Paul J A Withers
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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109
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Deb S, Sankaranarayanan S, Wewala G, Widdup E, Samuel MA. The S-Domain Receptor Kinase Arabidopsis Receptor Kinase2 and the U Box/Armadillo Repeat-Containing E3 Ubiquitin Ligase9 Module Mediates Lateral Root Development under Phosphate Starvation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1647-1656. [PMID: 24965176 PMCID: PMC4119045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When plants encounter nutrient-limiting conditions in the soil, the root architecture is redesigned to generate numerous lateral roots (LRs) that increase the surface area of roots, promoting efficient uptake of these deficient nutrients. Of the many essential nutrients, reduced availability of inorganic phosphate has a major impact on plant growth because of the requirement of inorganic phosphate for synthesis of organic molecules, such as nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids, that function in various crucial metabolic activities. In our screens to identify a potential role for the S-domain receptor kinase1-6 and its interacting downstream signaling partner, the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plant U box/armadillo repeat-containing E3 ligase9 (AtPUB9), we identified a role for this module in regulating LR development under phosphate-starved conditions. Our results show that Arabidopsis double mutant plants lacking AtPUB9 and Arabidopsis Receptor Kinase2 (AtARK2; ark2-1/pub9-1) display severely reduced LRs when grown under phosphate-starved conditions. Under these starvation conditions, these plants accumulated very low to no auxin in their primary root and LR tips as observed through expression of the auxin reporter DR5::uidA transgene. Exogenous auxin was sufficient to rescue the LR developmental defects in the ark2-1/pub9-1 lines, indicating a requirement of auxin accumulation for this process. Our subcellular localization studies with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension-cultured cells indicate that interaction between ARK2 and AtPUB9 results in accumulation of AtPUB9 in the autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy in wild-type plants resulted in reduction of LR development and auxin accumulation under phosphate-starved conditions, suggesting a role for autophagy in regulating LR development. Thus, our study has uncovered a previously unknown signaling module (ARK2-PUB9) that is required for auxin-mediated LR development under phosphate-starved conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | | | - Gayathri Wewala
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Ellen Widdup
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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110
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Kang J, Yu H, Tian C, Zhou W, Li C, Jiao Y, Liu D. Suppression of Photosynthetic Gene Expression in Roots Is Required for Sustained Root Growth under Phosphate Deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1156-1170. [PMID: 24868033 PMCID: PMC4081329 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants cope with inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiencies in their environment by adjusting their developmental programs and metabolic activities. For Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the developmental responses include the inhibition of primary root growth and the enhanced formation of lateral roots and root hairs. Pi deficiency also inhibits photosynthesis by suppressing the expression of photosynthetic genes. Early studies showed that photosynthetic gene expression was also suppressed in Pi-deficient roots, a nonphotosynthetic organ; however, the biological relevance of this phenomenon remains unknown. In this work, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, hypersensitive to Pi starvation7 (hps7), that is hypersensitive to Pi deficiency; the hypersensitivity includes an increased inhibition of root growth. HPS7 encodes a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase. Accumulation of HPS7 proteins in root tips is enhanced by Pi deficiency. Comparative RNA sequencing analyses indicated that the expression of many photosynthetic genes is activated in roots of hps7. Under Pi deficiency, the expression of photosynthetic genes in hps7 is further increased, which leads to enhanced accumulation of chlorophyll, starch, and sucrose. Pi-deficient hps7 roots also produce a high level of reactive oxygen species. Previous research showed that the overexpression of GOLDEN-like (GLK) transcription factors in transgenic Arabidopsis activates photosynthesis in roots. The GLK overexpressing (GLK OX) lines also exhibit increased inhibition of root growth under Pi deficiency. The increased inhibition of root growth in hps7 and GLK OX lines by Pi deficiency was completely reversed by growing the plants in the dark. Based on these results, we propose that suppression of photosynthetic gene expression is required for sustained root growth under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Haopeng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Caihuan Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Chuanyou Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Yuling Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Dong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
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111
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Han YY, Zhou S, Chen YH, Kong X, Xu Y, Wang W. The involvement of expansins in responses to phosphorus availability in wheat, and its potentials in improving phosphorus efficiency of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 78:53-62. [PMID: 24636907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a critical macronutrient required for numerous functions in plants and is one of the limiting factors for plant growth. Phosphate availability has a strong effect on root system architecture. Expansins are encoded by a superfamily of genes that are organized into four families, and growing evidence has demonstrated that expansins are involved in almost all aspects of plant development, especially root development. In the current study, we demonstrate that expansins may be involved in increasing phosphorus availability by regulating the growth and development of plant roots. Multiple expansins (five α- and nine β-expansin genes) were up- or down-regulated in response to phosphorus and showed different expression patterns in wheat. Meanwhile, the expression level of TaEXPB23 was up-regulated at excess-P condition, suggesting the involvement of TaEXPB23 in phosphorus adaptability. Overexpression of the TaEXPB23 resulted in improved phenotypes, particularly improved root system architecture, as indicated by the increased number of lateral roots in transgenic tobacco plants under excess-P and low-P conditions. Thus, these transgenic plants maintained better photosynthetic gas exchange ability than the control under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Plastic Surgery Institute of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, PR China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yan-hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangzhu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Adu MO, Chatot A, Wiesel L, Bennett MJ, Broadley MR, White PJ, Dupuy LX. A scanner system for high-resolution quantification of variation in root growth dynamics of Brassica rapa genotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2039-48. [PMID: 24604732 PMCID: PMC3991737 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential exists to breed for root system architectures that optimize resource acquisition. However, this requires the ability to screen root system development quantitatively, with high resolution, in as natural an environment as possible, with high throughput. This paper describes the construction of a low-cost, high-resolution root phenotyping platform, requiring no sophisticated equipment and adaptable to most laboratory and glasshouse environments, and its application to quantify environmental and temporal variation in root traits between genotypes of Brassica rapa L. Plants were supplied with a complete nutrient solution through the wick of a germination paper. Images of root systems were acquired without manual intervention, over extended periods, using multiple scanners controlled by customized software. Mixed-effects models were used to describe the sources of variation in root traits contributing to root system architecture estimated from digital images. It was calculated that between one and 43 replicates would be required to detect a significant difference (95% CI 50% difference between traits). Broad-sense heritability was highest for shoot biomass traits (>0.60), intermediate (0.25-0.60) for the length and diameter of primary roots and lateral root branching density on the primary root, and lower (<0.25) for other root traits. Models demonstrate that root traits show temporal variations of various types. The phenotyping platform described here can be used to quantify environmental and temporal variation in traits contributing to root system architecture in B. rapa and can be extended to screen the large populations required for breeding for efficient resource acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Adu
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Antoine Chatot
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lea Wiesel
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Philip J. White
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lionel X. Dupuy
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
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113
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Karthikeyan AS, Jain A, Nagarajan VK, Sinilal B, Sahi SV, Raghothama KG. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lpsi reveals impairment in the root responses to local phosphate availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 77:60-72. [PMID: 24561248 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency triggers local Pi sensing-mediated inhibition of primary root growth and development of root hairs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Generation of activation-tagged T-DNA insertion pools of Arabidopsis expressing the luciferase gene (LUC) under high-affinity Pi transporter (Pht1;4) promoter, is an efficient approach for inducing genetic variations that are amenable for visual screening of aberrations in Pi deficiency responses. Putative mutants showing altered LUC expression during Pi deficiency were identified and screened for impairment in local Pi deficiency-mediated inhibition of primary root growth. An isolated mutant was analyzed for growth response, effects of Pi deprivation on Pi content, primary root growth, root hair development, and relative expression levels of Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes, and those implicated in starch metabolism and Fe and Zn homeostasis. Pi deprived local phosphate sensing impaired (lpsi) mutant showed impaired primary root growth and attenuated root hair development. Although relative expression levels of PSR genes were comparable, there were significant increases in relative expression levels of IRT1, BAM3 and BAM5 in Pi deprived roots of lpsi compared to those of the wild-type. Better understanding of molecular responses of plants to Pi deficiency or excess will help to develop suitable remediation strategies for soils with excess Pi, which has become an environmental concern. Hence, lpsi mutant will serve as a valuable tool in identifying molecular mechanisms governing adaptation of plants to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Vinay K Nagarajan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
| | - Bhaskaran Sinilal
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Shivendra V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Kashchandra G Raghothama
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA.
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Kellermeier F, Armengaud P, Seditas TJ, Danku J, Salt DE, Amtmann A. Analysis of the Root System Architecture of Arabidopsis Provides a Quantitative Readout of Crosstalk between Nutritional Signals. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1480-1496. [PMID: 24692421 PMCID: PMC4036566 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As plant roots forage the soil for food and water, they translate a multifactorial input of environmental stimuli into a multifactorial developmental output that manifests itself as root system architecture (RSA). Our current understanding of the underlying regulatory network is limited because root responses have traditionally been studied separately for individual nutrient deficiencies. In this study, we quantified 13 RSA parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana in 32 binary combinations of N, P, K, S, and light. Analysis of variance showed that each RSA parameter was determined by a typical pattern of environmental signals and their interactions. P caused the most important single-nutrient effects, while N-effects were strongly light dependent. Effects of K and S occurred mostly through nutrient interactions in paired or multiple combinations. Several RSA parameters were selected for further analysis through mutant phenotyping, which revealed combinations of transporters, receptors, and kinases acting as signaling modules in K-N interactions. Furthermore, nutrient response profiles of individual RSA features across NPK combinations could be assigned to transcriptionally coregulated clusters of nutrient-responsive genes in the roots and to ionome patterns in the shoots. The obtained data set provides a quantitative basis for understanding how plants integrate multiple nutritional stimuli into complex developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kellermeier
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Armengaud
- INRA, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Triona J Seditas
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Danku
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
| | - David E Salt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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115
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Secco D, Shou H, Whelan J, Berkowitz O. RNA-seq analysis identifies an intricate regulatory network controlling cluster root development in white lupin. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:230. [PMID: 24666749 PMCID: PMC4028058 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Highly adapted plant species are able to alter their root architecture to improve nutrient uptake and thrive in environments with limited nutrient supply. Cluster roots (CRs) are specialised structures of dense lateral roots formed by several plant species for the effective mining of nutrient rich soil patches through a combination of increased surface area and exudation of carboxylates. White lupin is becoming a model-species allowing for the discovery of gene networks involved in CR development. A greater understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these developmental processes is important for the generation of smarter plants for a world with diminishing resources to improve food security. Results RNA-seq analyses for three developmental stages of the CR formed under phosphorus-limited conditions and two of non-cluster roots have been performed for white lupin. In total 133,045,174 high-quality paired-end reads were used for a de novo assembly of the root transcriptome and merged with LAGI01 (Lupinus albus gene index) to generate an improved LAGI02 with 65,097 functionally annotated contigs. This was followed by comparative gene expression analysis. We show marked differences in the transcriptional response across the various cluster root stages to adjust to phosphate limitation by increasing uptake capacity and adjusting metabolic pathways. Several transcription factors such as PLT, SCR, PHB, PHV or AUX/IAA with a known role in the control of meristem activity and developmental processes show an increased expression in the tip of the CR. Genes involved in hormonal responses (PIN, LAX, YUC) and cell cycle control (CYCA/B, CDK) are also differentially expressed. In addition, we identify primary transcripts of miRNAs with established function in the root meristem. Conclusions Our gene expression analysis shows an intricate network of transcription factors and plant hormones controlling CR initiation and formation. In addition, functional differences between the different CR developmental stages in the acclimation to phosphorus starvation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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116
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Eshraghi L, Anderson JP, Aryamanesh N, McComb JA, Shearer B, Hardy GSJE. Suppression of the auxin response pathway enhances susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi while phosphite-mediated resistance stimulates the auxin signalling pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:68. [PMID: 24649892 PMCID: PMC3999932 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating pathogen worldwide and phosphite (Phi), an analogue of phosphate (Pi) is highly effective in the control of this pathogen. Phi also interferes with Pi starvation responses (PSR), of which auxin signalling is an integral component. In the current study, the involvement of Pi and the auxin signalling pathways in host and Phi-mediated resistance to P. cinnamomi was investigated by screening the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and several mutants defective in PSR and the auxin response pathway for their susceptibility to this pathogen. The response to Phi treatment was also studied by monitoring its effect on Pi- and the auxin response pathways. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that phr1-1 (phosphate starvation response 1), a mutant defective in response to Pi starvation was highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi compared to the parental background Col-0. Furthermore, the analysis of the Arabidopsis tir1-1 (transport inhibitor response 1) mutant, deficient in the auxin-stimulated SCF (Skp1 - Cullin - F-Box) ubiquitination pathway was also highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi and the susceptibility of the mutants rpn10 and pbe1 further supported a role for the 26S proteasome in resistance to P. cinnamomi. The role of auxin was also supported by a significant (P < 0.001) increase in susceptibility of blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) to P. cinnamomi following treatment with the inhibitor of auxin transport, TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid). Given the apparent involvement of auxin and PSR signalling in the resistance to P. cinnamomi, the possible involvement of these pathways in Phi mediated resistance was also investigated. Phi (especially at high concentrations) attenuates the response of some Pi starvation inducible genes such as AT4, AtACP5 and AtPT2 in Pi starved plants. However, Phi enhanced the transcript levels of PHR1 and the auxin responsive genes (AUX1, AXR1and AXR2), suppressed the primary root elongation, and increased root hair formation in plants with sufficient Pi. CONCLUSIONS The auxin response pathway, particularly auxin sensitivity and transport, plays an important role in resistance to P. cinnamomi in Arabidopsis, and phosphite-mediated resistance may in some part be through its effect on the stimulation of the PSR and auxin response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Eshraghi
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Anderson
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nader Aryamanesh
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jen A McComb
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Bryan Shearer
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Science Division, Department of Environment and conservation, Kensington, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Giles St J E Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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117
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Nouri E, Breuillin-Sessoms F, Feller U, Reinhardt D. Phosphorus and nitrogen regulate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Petunia hybrida. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90841. [PMID: 24608923 PMCID: PMC3946601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus and nitrogen are essential nutrient elements that are needed by plants in large amounts. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and soil fungi improves phosphorus and nitrogen acquisition under limiting conditions. On the other hand, these nutrients influence root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic functioning. This represents a feedback mechanism that allows plants to control the fungal symbiont depending on nutrient requirements and supply. Elevated phosphorus supply has previously been shown to exert strong inhibition of arbuscular mycorrhizal development. Here, we address to what extent inhibition by phosphorus is influenced by other nutritional pathways in the interaction between Petunia hybrida and R. irregularis. We show that phosphorus and nitrogen are the major nutritional determinants of the interaction. Interestingly, the symbiosis-promoting effect of nitrogen starvation dominantly overruled the suppressive effect of high phosphorus nutrition onto arbuscular mycorrhiza, suggesting that plants promote the symbiosis as long as they are limited by one of the two major nutrients. Our results also show that in a given pair of symbiotic partners (Petunia hybrida and R. irregularis), the entire range from mutually symbiotic to parasitic can be observed depending on the nutritional conditions. Taken together, these results reveal complex nutritional feedback mechanisms in the control of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nouri
- Dept. of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Feller
- Institute of Plant Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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118
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Lu YT, Li MY, Cheng KT, Tan CM, Su LW, Lin WY, Shih HT, Chiou TJ, Yang JY. Transgenic plants that express the phytoplasma effector SAP11 show altered phosphate starvation and defense responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1456-69. [PMID: 24464367 PMCID: PMC3938633 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.229740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas have the smallest genome among bacteria and lack many essential genes required for biosynthetic and metabolic functions, making them unculturable, phloem-limited plant pathogens. In this study, we observed that transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing the secreted Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom protein11 shows an altered root architecture, similarly to the disease symptoms of phytoplasma-infected plants, by forming hairy roots. This morphological change is paralleled by an accumulation of cellular phosphate (Pi) and an increase in the expression levels of Pi starvation-induced genes and microRNAs. In addition to the Pi starvation responses, we found that secreted Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom protein11 suppresses salicylic acid-mediated defense responses and enhances the growth of a bacterial pathogen. These results contribute to an improved understanding of the role of phytoplasma effector SAP11 and provide new insights for understanding the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Tan Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Li-Wen Su
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Hsien-Tzung Shih
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
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Zhang Z, Liao H, Lucas WJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying phosphate sensing, signaling, and adaptation in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:192-220. [PMID: 24417933 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential plant macronutrient, the low availability of phosphorus (P) in most soils imposes serious limitation on crop production. Plants have evolved complex responsive and adaptive mechanisms for acquisition, remobilization and recycling of phosphate (Pi) to maintain P homeostasis. Spatio-temporal molecular, physiological, and biochemical Pi deficiency responses developed by plants are the consequence of local and systemic sensing and signaling pathways. Pi deficiency is sensed locally by the root system where hormones serve as important signaling components in terms of developmental reprogramming, leading to changes in root system architecture. Root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root signals, delivered through the xylem and phloem, respectively, involving Pi itself, hormones, miRNAs, mRNAs, and sucrose, serve to coordinate Pi deficiency responses at the whole-plant level. A combination of chromatin remodeling, transcriptional and posttranslational events contribute to globally regulating a wide range of Pi deficiency responses. In this review, recent advances are evaluated in terms of progress toward developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular events underlying control over P homeostasis. Application of this knowledge, in terms of developing crop plants having enhanced attributes for P use efficiency, is discussed from the perspective of agricultural sustainability in the face of diminishing global P supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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120
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Zhou J, Xie J, Liao H, Wang X. Overexpression of β-expansin gene GmEXPB2 improves phosphorus efficiency in soybean. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:194-204. [PMID: 23773128 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oil crop in agricultural production, but low phosphorus (P) availability limits soybean growth and production. Expansin is a family of plant cell wall proteins and involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cell division and enlargement, root growth and leaf development. To test the potential effects of expansins on crop production, we have developed soybean transgenic plants overexpressing a soybean β-expansin gene GmEXPB2, which was significantly induced by phosphate (Pi) starvation. The results indicated that constitutive overexpression of GmEXPB2 promoted leaf expansion, sequentially stimulated root growth and consequently resulted in improved P efficiency in the transgenic plants under P-limited conditions in hydroponics. In particular, when tested in calcareous (CS) and acid soils (AS), the two GmEXPB2 transgenic soybean lines showed above 25 and 40% increases in plant dry weight and P content, respectively to wild-type plants in low-P CS, but not in AS. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which improvement of P efficiency could be achieved through constitutive overexpression of an endogenous EXPB gene in soybean. These findings suggest that genetic modification of root and leaf traits might be a suitable strategy for improving crop production in low-P soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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121
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Mounier E, Pervent M, Ljung K, Gojon A, Nacry P. Auxin-mediated nitrate signalling by NRT1.1 participates in the adaptive response of Arabidopsis root architecture to the spatial heterogeneity of nitrate availability. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:162-74. [PMID: 23731054 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To optimize their nitrogen nutrition, plants are able to direct root growth in nitrate-rich patches. This depends in Arabidopsis on the NRT1.1 nitrate transporter/sensor. NRT1.1 was shown to display on homogenous medium, an auxin transport activity that lowers auxin accumulation in lateral roots and inhibits their growth at low nitrate. Using a split-root system, we explored the hypothesis that preferential lateral root growth in the nitrate-rich side involves the NRT1.1-dependent repression of lateral root growth in the low nitrate side. Data show that NRT1.1 acts locally to modulate both auxin levels and meristematic activity in response to the low nitrate concentration directly experienced by lateral roots leading to a repression of their growth. A stimulatory role of NRT1.1 in the high nitrate side, which does not rely on changes in auxin levels, is also observed. Altogether, our data suggest that NRT1.1 allows preferential root colonization of nitrate-rich patches by both preventing root growth in response to low nitrate, through modulation of auxin traffic, and stimulating root growth in response to high nitrate, through a yet uncharacterized mechanism. In addition, transcriptional regulation of NRT1.1 affects both mechanisms allowing plants to modulate the effect of nitrate on root branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Mounier
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM2, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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López-Arredondo DL, Leyva-González MA, González-Morales SI, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. Phosphate nutrition: improving low-phosphate tolerance in crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:95-123. [PMID: 24579991 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient that is required for all major developmental processes and reproduction in plants. It is also a major constituent of the fertilizers required to sustain high-yield agriculture. Levels of phosphate--the only form of phosphorus that can be assimilated by plants--are suboptimal in most natural and agricultural ecosystems, and when phosphate is applied as fertilizer in soils, it is rapidly immobilized owing to fixation and microbial activity. Thus, cultivated plants use only approximately 20-30% of the applied phosphate, and the rest is lost, eventually causing water eutrophication. Recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which wild and cultivated species adapt to low-phosphate stress and the implementation of alternative bacterial pathways for phosphorus metabolism have started to allow the design of more effective breeding and genetic engineering strategies to produce highly phosphate-efficient crops, optimize fertilizer use, and reach agricultural sustainability with a lower environmental cost. In this review, we outline the current advances in research on the complex network of plant responses to low-phosphorus stress and discuss some strategies used to manipulate genes involved in phosphate uptake, remobilization, and metabolism to develop low-phosphate-tolerant crops, which could help in designing more efficient crops.
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Wang S, Zhang S, Sun C, Xu Y, Chen Y, Yu C, Qian Q, Jiang DA, Qi Y. Auxin response factor (OsARF12), a novel regulator for phosphate homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:91-103. [PMID: 24111723 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is crucial nutrient element for crop growth and development. However, the network pathway regulating homeostasis of phosphate (Pi) in crops has many molecular breeding unknowns. Here, we report that an auxin response factor, OsARF12, functions in Pi homeostasis. Measurement of element content, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and acid phosphatases (APases) activity assay showed that the osarf12 mutant and osarf12/25 double mutant with P-intoxicated phenotypes had higher P concentrations, up-regulation of the Pi transporter encoding genes and increased APase activity under Pi-sufficient/-deficient (+Pi/-Pi, 0.32/0 mM NaH2 PO4) conditions. Transcript analysis revealed that Pi-responsive genes--Phosphate starvation (OsIPS)1 and OsIPS2, SYG1/Pho81/XPR1(OsSPX1), Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol 2 (OsSQD2), R2R3 MYB transcription factor (OsMYB2P-1) and Transport Inhibitor Response1 (OsTIR1)--were more abundant in the osarf12 and osarf12/25 mutants under +Pi/-Pi conditions. Knockout of OsARF12 also influenced the transcript abundances of the OsPHR2 gene and its downstream components, such as OsMiR399j, OsPHO2, OsMiR827, OsSPX-MFS1 and OsSPX-MFS2. Results from -Pi/1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatments, and auxin reporter DR5::GUS staining suggest that root system alteration and Pi-induced auxin response were at least partially controlled by OsARF12. These findings enrich our understanding of the biological functions of OsARF12, which also acts in regulating Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuiKang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - SaiNa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenDong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanXia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenLiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - De-An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Fusconi A. Regulation of root morphogenesis in arbuscular mycorrhizae: what role do fungal exudates, phosphate, sugars and hormones play in lateral root formation? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:19-33. [PMID: 24227446 PMCID: PMC3864729 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) form a widespread root-fungus symbiosis that improves plant phosphate (Pi) acquisition and modifies the physiology and development of host plants. Increased branching is recognized as a general feature of AM roots, and has been interpreted as a means of increasing suitable sites for colonization. Fungal exudates, which are involved in the dialogue between AM fungi and their host during the pre-colonization phase, play a well-documented role in lateral root (LR) formation. In addition, the increased Pi content of AM plants, in relation to Pi-starved controls, as well as changes in the delivery of carbohydrates to the roots and modulation of phytohormone concentration, transport and sensitivity, are probably involved in increasing root system branching. SCOPE This review discusses the possible causes of increased branching in AM plants. The differential root responses to Pi, sugars and hormones of potential AM host species are also highlighted and discussed in comparison with those of the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS Fungal exudates are probably the main compounds regulating AM root morphogenesis during the first colonization steps, while a complex network of interactions governs root development in established AMs. Colonization and high Pi act synergistically to increase root branching, and sugar transport towards the arbusculated cells may contribute to LR formation. In addition, AM colonization and high Pi generally increase auxin and cytokinin and decrease ethylene and strigolactone levels. With the exception of cytokinins, which seem to regulate mainly the root:shoot biomass ratio, these hormones play a leading role in governing root morphogenesis, with strigolactones and ethylene blocking LR formation in the non-colonized, Pi-starved plants, and auxin inducing them in colonized plants, or in plants grown under high Pi conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fusconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Iqbal N, Trivellini A, Masood A, Ferrante A, Khan NA. Current understanding on ethylene signaling in plants: the influence of nutrient availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:128-38. [PMID: 24095919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is involved in many physiological processes, including plant growth, development and senescence. Ethylene also plays a pivotal role in plant response or adaptation under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In plants, ethylene production often enhances the tolerance to sub-optimal environmental conditions. This role is particularly important from both ecological and agricultural point of views. Among the abiotic stresses, the role of ethylene in plants under nutrient stress conditions has not been completely investigated. In literature few reports are available on the interaction among ethylene and macro- or micro-nutrients. However, the published works clearly demonstrated that several mineral nutrients largely affect ethylene biosynthesis and perception with a strong influence on plant physiology. The aim of this review is to revisit the old findings and recent advances of knowledge regarding the sub-optimal nutrient conditions on the effect of ethylene biosynthesis and perception in plants. The effect of deficiency or excess of the single macronutrient or micronutrient on the ethylene pathway and plant responses are reviewed and discussed. The synergistic and antagonist effect of the different mineral nutrients on ethylene plant responses is critically analyzed. Moreover, this review highlights the status of information between nutritional stresses and plant response, emphasizing the topics that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Kazan K. Auxin and the integration of environmental signals into plant root development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1655-65. [PMID: 24136877 PMCID: PMC3838554 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin is a versatile plant hormone with important roles in many essential physiological processes. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards understanding the roles of this hormone in plant growth and development. Recent evidence also points to a less well-known but equally important role for auxin as a mediator of environmental adaptation in plants. SCOPE This review briefly discusses recent findings on how plants utilize auxin signalling and transport to modify their root system architecture when responding to diverse biotic and abiotic rhizosphere signals, including macro- and micro-nutrient starvation, cold and water stress, soil acidity, pathogenic and beneficial microbes, nematodes and neighbouring plants. Stress-responsive transcription factors and microRNAs that modulate auxin- and environment-mediated root development are also briefly highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The auxin pathway constitutes an essential component of the plant's biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. Further understanding of the specific roles that auxin plays in environmental adaptation can ultimately lead to the development of crops better adapted to stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct (QBP), Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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127
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Meng ZB, You XD, Suo D, Chen YL, Tang C, Yang JL, Zheng SJ. Root-derived auxin contributes to the phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin (Lupinus albus). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:481-9. [PMID: 23067249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of cluster roots is a typical morphological response to phosphorus (P) deficiency in white lupin (Lupinus albus), but its physiological and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. We investigated the role of auxin in the initiation of cluster roots by distinguishing the sources of auxin, measuring the longitudinal distribution patterns of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) along the root and the related gene expressions responsible for polar auxin transport (PAT) in different developmental stages of cluster roots. We found that removal of shoot apex or primary root apex and application of auxin-influx or -efflux transport inhibitors, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, to the stem did not affect the number of cluster roots and the free-IAA concentration in the roots of P-deficient plants, but when these inhibitors were applied directly to the growth media, the cluster-root formation was greatly suppressed, suggesting the fundamental role of root-derived IAA in cluster-root formation. The concentration of free IAA in the roots was higher in P-deficient plants than in P-adequate ones, and the highest in the lateral-root apex and the lowest in the mature cluster roots. Meanwhile the expression patterns of LaAUX1, LaPIN1 and LaPIN3 transcripts related to PAT was consistent with concentrations of free IAA along the lateral root, indicating the contribution of IAA redistribution in the cluster-root development. We proposed that root-derived IAA plays a direct and important role in the P-deficiency-induced formation of cluster roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Bin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Niu YF, Chai RS, Jin GL, Wang H, Tang CX, Zhang YS. Responses of root architecture development to low phosphorus availability: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:391-408. [PMID: 23267006 PMCID: PMC3698383 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development but it is often a limiting nutrient in soils. Hence, P acquisition from soil by plant roots is a subject of considerable interest in agriculture, ecology and plant root biology. Root architecture, with its shape and structured development, can be considered as an evolutionary response to scarcity of resources. SCOPE This review discusses the significance of root architecture development in response to low P availability and its beneficial effects on alleviation of P stress. It also focuses on recent progress in unravelling cellular, physiological and molecular mechanisms in root developmental adaptation to P starvation. The progress in a more detailed understanding of these mechanisms might be used for developing strategies that build upon the observed explorative behaviour of plant roots. CONCLUSIONS The role of root architecture in alleviation of P stress is well documented. However, this paper describes how plants adjust their root architecture to low-P conditions through inhibition of primary root growth, promotion of lateral root growth, enhancement of root hair development and cluster root formation, which all promote P acquisition by plants. The mechanisms for activating alterations in root architecture in response to P deprivation depend on changes in the localized P concentration, and transport of or sensitivity to growth regulators such as sugars, auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abscisic acid (ABA). In the process, many genes are activated, which in turn trigger changes in molecular, physiological and cellular processes. As a result, root architecture is modified, allowing plants to adapt effectively to the low-P environment. This review provides a framework for understanding how P deficiency alters root architecture, with a focus on integrated physiological and molecular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fang Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ru Shan Chai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gu Lei Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai Xian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience/Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia
| | - Yong Song Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shi L, Shi T, Broadley MR, White PJ, Long Y, Meng J, Xu F, Hammond JP. High-throughput root phenotyping screens identify genetic loci associated with root architectural traits in Brassica napus under contrasting phosphate availabilities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:381-9. [PMID: 23172414 PMCID: PMC3698377 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phosphate (Pi) deficiency in soils is a major limiting factor for crop growth worldwide. Plant growth under low Pi conditions correlates with root architectural traits and it may therefore be possible to select these traits for crop improvement. The aim of this study was to characterize root architectural traits, and to test quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these traits, under low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) availability in Brassica napus. METHODS Root architectural traits were characterized in seedlings of a double haploid (DH) mapping population (n = 190) of B. napus ['Tapidor' × 'Ningyou 7' (TNDH)] using high-throughput phenotyping methods. Primary root length (PRL), lateral root length (LRL), lateral root number (LRN), lateral root density (LRD) and biomass traits were measured 12 d post-germination in agar at LP and HP. KEY RESULTS In general, root and biomass traits were highly correlated under LP and HP conditions. 'Ningyou 7' had greater LRL, LRN and LRD than 'Tapidor', at both LP and HP availability, but smaller PRL. A cluster of highly significant QTL for LRN, LRD and biomass traits at LP availability were identified on chromosome A03; QTL for PRL were identified on chromosomes A07 and C06. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput phenotyping of Brassica can be used to identify root architectural traits which correlate with shoot biomass. It is feasible that these traits could be used in crop improvement strategies. The identification of QTL linked to root traits under LP and HP conditions provides further insights on the genetic basis of plant tolerance to P deficiency, and these QTL warrant further dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Yan Long
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinling Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - John P. Hammond
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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130
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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Simontacchi M, García-Mata C, Bartoli CG, Santa-María GE, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide as a key component in hormone-regulated processes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:853-66. [PMID: 23584547 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule, with a free radical nature that allows it to participate in a wide spectrum of biologically important reactions. NO is an endogenous product in plants, where different biosynthetic pathways have been proposed. First known in animals as a signaling molecule in cardiovascular and nervous systems, it has turned up to be an essential component for a wide variety of hormone-regulated processes in plants. Adaptation of plants to a changing environment involves a panoply of processes, which include the control of CO2 fixation and water loss through stomatal closure, rearrangements of root architecture as well as growth restriction. The regulation of these processes requires the concerted action of several phytohormones, as well as the participation of the ubiquitous molecule NO. This review analyzes the role of NO in relation to the signaling pathways involved in stomatal movement, plant growth and senescence, in the frame of its interaction with abscisic acid, auxins, gibberellins, and ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Simontacchi
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE) CC327, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y calle 61 N°495, CP 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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González-Mendoza V, Zurita-Silva A, Sánchez-Calderón L, Sánchez-Sandoval ME, Oropeza-Aburto A, Gutiérrez-Alanís D, Alatorre-Cobos F, Herrera-Estrella L. APSR1, a novel gene required for meristem maintenance, is negatively regulated by low phosphate availability. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 205-206:2-12. [PMID: 23498857 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper root growth is crucial for anchorage, exploration, and exploitation of the soil substrate. Root growth is highly sensitive to a variety of environmental cues, among them water and nutrient availability have a great impact on root development. Phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most limiting nutrients that affect plant growth and development under natural and agricultural environments. Root growth in the direction of the long axis proceeds from the root tip and requires the coordinated activities of cell proliferation, cell elongation and cell differentiation. Here we report a novel gene, APSR1 (Altered Phosphate Starvation Response1), involved in root meristem maintenance. The loss of function mutant apsr1-1 showed a reduction in primary root length and root apical meristem size, short differentiated epidermal cells and long root hairs. Expression of APSR1 gene decreases in response to phosphate starvation and apsr1-1 did not show the typical progressive decrease of undifferentiated cells at root tip when grown under P limiting conditions. Interestingly, APSR1 expression pattern overlaps with root zones of auxin accumulation. Furthermore, apsr1-1 showed a clear decrease in the level of the auxin transporter PIN7. These data suggest that APSR1 is required for the coordination of cell processes necessary for correct root growth in response to phosphate starvation conceivably by direct or indirect modulation of PIN7. We also propose, based on its nuclear localization and structure, that APSR1 may potentially be a member of a novel group of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Mendoza
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Campus Guanajuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Interactive effects of phosphorus deficiency and exogenous auxin on root morphological and physiological traits in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:313-23. [PMID: 23504274 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus) exhibits strong root morphological and physiological responses to phosphorus (P) deficiency and auxin treatments, but the interactive effects of P and auxin in regulating root morphological and physiological traits are not fully understood. This study aimed to assess white lupin root traits as influenced by P (0 or 250 μmol L(-1)) and auxin (10(-8) mol L(-1) NAA) in nutrient solution. Both P deficiency and auxin treatments significantly altered root morphological traits, as evidenced by reduced taproot length, increased number and density of first-order lateral roots, and enhanced cluster-root formation. Changes in root physiological traits were also observed, i.e., increased proton, citrate, and acid phosphatase exudation. Exogenous auxin enhanced root responses and sensitivity to P deficiency. A significant interplay exists between P and auxin in the regulation of root morphological and physiological traits. Principal component analysis showed that P availability explained 64.8% and auxin addition 21.3% of the total variation in root trait parameters, indicating that P availability is much more important than auxin in modifying root responses of white lupin. This suggests that white lupin can coordinate root morphological and physiological responses to enhance acquisition of P resources, with an optimal trade-off between root morphological and physiological traits regulated by external stimuli such as P availability and auxin.
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134
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Shen C, Wang S, Zhang S, Xu Y, Qian Q, Qi Y, Jiang DA. OsARF16, a transcription factor, is required for auxin and phosphate starvation response in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:607-20. [PMID: 22913536 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to auxin and phosphate (Pi) starvation are closely linked. However, the underlying mechanisms connecting auxin to phosphate starvation (-Pi) responses are largely unclear. Here, we show that OsARF16, an auxin response factor, functions in both auxin and -Pi responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The knockout of OsARF16 led to primary roots (PR), lateral roots (LR) and root hair losing sensitivity to auxin and -Pi response. OsARF16 expression and OsARF16::GUS staining in PR and LR of rice Nipponbare (NIP) were induced by indole acetic acid and -Pi treatments. In -Pi conditions, the shoot biomass of osarf16 was slightly reduced, and neither root growth nor iron content was induced, indicating that the knockout of OsARF16 led to loss of response to Pi deficiency in rice. Six phosphate starvation-induced genes (PSIs) were less induced by -Pi in osarf16 and these trends were similar to a knockdown mutant of OsPHR2 or AtPHR1, which was a key regulator under -Pi. These data first reveal the biological function of OsARF16, provide novel evidence of a linkage between auxin and -Pi responses and facilitate the development of new strategies for the efficient utilization of Pi in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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135
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Roldan M, Dinh P, Leung S, McManus MT. Ethylene and the responses of plants to phosphate deficiency. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt013. [PMCID: PMC4104654 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review considers the evidence that ethylene biosynthesis is up-regulated by locally-generated signals in response to a change in external P supply, where the hormone then mediates, with auxin, changes in root system architecture. Subsequent changes in endogenous P evoke systemic responses whereby ethylene again is important in inducing some of the key signature changes observed in P-deprived tissues (eg. phosphate transporter and acid phosphatase up-regulation). The consideration as to how plants uptake and transport phosphorus (P) is of significant agronomic and economic importance, in part driven by finite reserves of rock phosphate. Our understanding of these mechanisms has been greatly advanced, particularly with respect to the responses of plants to P deficiency and the genetic dissection of the signalling involved. Further, the realization that there are two tiers of transcriptional responses, the local, in which inorganic P (Pi) acts as an external signal independent of the endogenous P level, and the systemic involving root–shoot signalling, has now added a dimension of both clarity and complexity. Notwithstanding, it is now clear that the hormone ethylene plays a key role in mediating both levels of responses. This review, therefore, covers the role of ethylene in terms of mediating responses to P deficiency. The evidence that Pi supply regulates ethylene biosynthesis and sensitivity, and that this, in turn, regulates changes in root system architecture and in Pi-deprivation responses is examined here. While ethylene is the focus, the key interactions with auxin are also assessed, but interactions with the other hormone groups, which have recently been reviewed, are not covered. The emerging view that ethylene is a multi-faceted hormone in terms of mediating responses to P deficiency invites the dissection of the transcriptional cues that mediate changes in ethylene biosynthesis and/or sensitivity. Knowledge of the nature of such cues will subsequently reveal more of the underpinning interactions that govern P responses and provide avenues for the production of germplasm with an improved phosphate use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Roldan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Phuong Dinh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Susanna Leung
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael T. McManus
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
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136
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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137
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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138
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Brewer PB, Koltai H, Beveridge CA. Diverse roles of strigolactones in plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:18-28. [PMID: 23155045 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With the discovery of strigolactones as root exudate signals that trigger parasitic weed seed germination, and then as a branching inhibitor and plant hormone, the next phase of strigolactone research has quickly revealed this hormone class as a major player in optimizing plant growth and development. From the early stages of plant evolution, it seems that strigolactones were involved in enabling plants to modify growth in order to gain advantage in competition with neighboring organisms for limited resources. For example, a moss plant can alter its growth in response to strigolactones emanating from a neighbor. Within a higher plant, strigolactones appear to be involved in controlling the balance of resource distribution via strategic modification of growth and development. Most notably, higher plants that encounter phosphate deficiency increase strigolactone production, which changes root growth and promotes fungal symbiosis to enhance phosphate intake. The shoot also changes by channeling resources away from unessential leaves and branches and into the main stem and root system. This hormonal response is a key adaption that radically alters whole-plant architecture in order to optimize growth and development under diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Brewer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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139
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Bai H, Murali B, Barber K, Wolverton C. Low phosphate alters lateral root setpoint angle and gravitropism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:175-82. [PMID: 23125433 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Lateral roots, responsible for water and nutrient uptake, maintain nonvertical angles throughout development. Soil phosphate is one limiting nutrient for plant growth that is known to induce changes to root system architecture, such as increased lateral root formation. This study seeks to determine whether phosphate concentration affects lateral root orientation in addition to its previously described influences on root architecture. METHODS Images of intact Arabidopsis root systems were recorded for 24 h, and lateral root tip angles were measured for wild-type and mutant pgm-1 and pin3-1 roots on a full or low phosphate medium. Setpoint angles of unstimulated root systems were determined, as were gravitropic responses of lateral roots over time. KEY RESULTS The root system setpoint angles of wild-type and mutant pin3-1 roots showed a shift toward a more vertical orientation on low orthophosphate (Pi) medium. The gravitropic responses of both pgm-1 and pin3-1 roots on low Pi medium was elevated relative to control Pi medium. Mutations in two phosphate transporters with high levels of expression in the root showed a gravitropic response similar to wild-type roots grown on low Pi, supporting a role for Pi status in regulating lateral root gravitropism. CONCLUSIONS Lateral root orientation and gravitropism are affected by Pi status and may provide an important additional parameter for describing root responses to low Pi. The data also support the conclusion that gravitropic setpoint angle reacts to nutrient status and is under dynamic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Bai
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA
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140
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Xu L, Jin L, Long L, Liu L, He X, Gao W, Zhu L, Zhang X. Overexpression of GbWRKY1 positively regulates the Pi starvation response by alteration of auxin sensitivity in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:2177-88. [PMID: 22890372 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of a cotton defense-related gene GbWRKY1 in Arabidopsis resulted in modification of the root system by enhanced auxin sensitivity to positively regulate the Pi starvation response. GbWRKY1 was a cloned WRKY transcription factor from Gossypium barbadense, which was firstly identified as a defense-related gene and showed moderate similarity with AtWRKY75 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of GbWRKY1 in Arabidopsis resulted in attenuated Pi starvation stress symptoms, including reduced accumulation of anthocyanin and impaired density of lateral roots (LR) in low Pi stress. The study also indicated that overexpression of GbWRKY1 caused plants constitutively exhibited Pi starvation response including increased development of LR, relatively high level of total P and Pi, high expression level of some high-affinity Pi transporters and phosphatases as well as enhanced accumulation of acid phosphatases activity during Pi-sufficient. It was speculated that GbWRKY1 may act as a positive regulator in the Pi starvation response as well as AtWRKY75. GbWRKY1 probably involves in the modulation of Pi homeostasis and participates in the Pi allocation and remobilization but do not accumulate more Pi in Pi-deficient condition, which was different from the fact that AtWRKY75 influenced the Pi status of the plant during Pi deprivation by increasing root surface area and accumulation of more Pi. Otherwise, further study suggested that the overexpression plants were more sensitive to auxin than wild-type and GbWRKY1 may partly influence the LPR1-dependent (low phosphate response 1) Pi starvation signaling pathway and was putatively independent of SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 and PHR1 (phosphate starvation response 1) in response to Pi starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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141
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Qin L, Guo Y, Chen L, Liang R, Gu M, Xu G, Zhao J, Walk T, Liao H. Functional characterization of 14 Pht1 family genes in yeast and their expressions in response to nutrient starvation in soybean. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47726. [PMID: 23133521 PMCID: PMC3485015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth and development. Phosphate (Pi) transporter genes in the Pht1 family play important roles in Pi uptake and translocation in plants. Although Pht1 family genes have been well studied in model plants, little is known about their functions in soybean, an important legume crop worldwide. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified and isolated a complete set of 14 Pi transporter genes (GmPT1-14) in the soybean genome and categorized them into two subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Then, an experiment to elucidate Pi transport activity of the GmPTs was carried out using a yeast mutant defective in high-affinity Pi transport. Results showed that 12 of the 14 GmPTs were able to complement Pi uptake of the yeast mutant with Km values ranging from 25.7 to 116.3 µM, demonstrating that most of the GmPTs are high-affinity Pi transporters. Further results from qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of the 14 GmPTs differed not only in response to P availability in different tissues, but also to other nutrient stresses, including N, K and Fe deficiency, suggesting that besides functioning in Pi uptake and translocation, GmPTs might be involved in synergistic regulation of mineral nutrient homeostasis in soybean. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive analysis of Pi transporter function in yeast and expression responses to nutrition starvation of Pht1 family genes in soybean revealed their involvement in other nutrient homeostasis besides P, which could help to better understand the regulation network among ion homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruikang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Walk
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Hong Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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142
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Jain A, Nagarajan VK, Raghothama KG. Transcriptional regulation of phosphate acquisition by higher plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3207-24. [PMID: 22899310 PMCID: PMC11114959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development, is often limiting in natural and agro-climatic environments. To cope with heterogeneous or low phosphate (Pi) availability, plants have evolved an array of adaptive responses facilitating optimal acquisition and distribution of Pi. The root system plays a pivotal role in Pi-deficiency-mediated adaptive responses that are regulated by a complex interplay of systemic and local Pi sensing. Cross-talk with sugar, phytohormones, and other nutrient signaling pathways further highlight the intricacies involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis. Transcriptional regulation of Pi-starvation responses is particularly intriguing and involves a host of transcription factors (TFs). Although PHR1 of Arabidopsis is an extensively studied MYB TF regulating subset of Pi-starvation responses, it is not induced during Pi deprivation. Genome-wide analyses of Arabidopsis have shown that low Pi stress triggers spatiotemporal expression of several genes encoding different TFs. Functional characterization of some of these TFs reveals their diverse roles in regulating root system architecture, and acquisition and utilization of Pi. Some of the TFs are also involved in phytohormone-mediated root responses to Pi starvation. The biological roles of these TFs in transcriptional regulation of Pi homeostasis in model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, India.
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143
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Castro PH, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO, a heavyweight player in plant abiotic stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3269-83. [PMID: 22903295 PMCID: PMC11114757 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications diversify the proteome and install new regulatory levels that are crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Over the last decade, the ubiquitin-like modifying peptide small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has been shown to regulate various nuclear processes, including transcriptional control. In plants, the sumoylation pathway has been significantly implicated in the response to environmental stimuli, including heat, cold, drought, and salt stresses, modulation of abscisic acid and other hormones, and nutrient homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging importance of SUMO in the abiotic stress response, summarizing the molecular implications of sumoylation and emphasizing how high-throughput approaches aimed at identifying the full set of SUMO targets will greatly enhance our understanding of the SUMO-abiotic stress association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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144
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Castro PH, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO, a heavyweight player in plant abiotic stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012. [PMID: 22903295 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-00012-01094–1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications diversify the proteome and install new regulatory levels that are crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Over the last decade, the ubiquitin-like modifying peptide small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has been shown to regulate various nuclear processes, including transcriptional control. In plants, the sumoylation pathway has been significantly implicated in the response to environmental stimuli, including heat, cold, drought, and salt stresses, modulation of abscisic acid and other hormones, and nutrient homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging importance of SUMO in the abiotic stress response, summarizing the molecular implications of sumoylation and emphasizing how high-throughput approaches aimed at identifying the full set of SUMO targets will greatly enhance our understanding of the SUMO-abiotic stress association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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145
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Puig J, Pauluzzi G, Guiderdoni E, Gantet P. Regulation of shoot and root development through mutual signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:974-83. [PMID: 22628542 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their development in relation to the availability of nutrient sources. This necessitates signaling between root and shoot. Aside from the well-known systemic signaling processes mediated by auxin, cytokinin, and sugars, new pathways involving carotenoid-derived hormones have recently been identified. The auxin-responsive MAX pathway controls shoot branching through the biosynthesis of strigolactone in the roots. The BYPASS1 gene affects the production of an as-yet unknown carotenoid-derived substance in roots that promotes shoot development. Novel local and systemic mechanisms that control adaptive root development in response to nitrogen and phosphorus starvation were recently discovered. Notably, the ability of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 to transport auxin drew for the first time a functional link between auxin, root development, and nitrate availability in soil. The study of plant response to phosphorus starvation allowed the identification of a systemic mobile miRNA. Deciphering and integrating these signaling pathways at the whole-plant level provide a new perspective for understanding how plants regulate their development in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Puig
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR DAP, Bat 15, CC 002, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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146
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Yu H, Luo N, Sun L, Liu D. HPS4/SABRE regulates plant responses to phosphate starvation through antagonistic interaction with ethylene signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4527-38. [PMID: 22615140 PMCID: PMC3421987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene plays important roles in regulating plant responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation. To date, however, no molecular components have been identified that interact with ethylene signalling in regulating such responses. In this work, an Arabidopsis mutant, hps4, was characterized that exhibits enhanced responses to Pi starvation, including increased inhibition of primary root growth, enhanced expression of Pi starvation-induced genes, and overproduction of root-associated acid phosphatases. Molecular cloning indicated that hps4 is a new allele of SABRE, which was previously identified as an important regulator of cell expansion in Arabidopsis. HPS4/SABRE antagonistically interacts with ethylene signalling to regulate plant responses to Pi starvation. Furthermore, it is shown that Pi-starved hps4 mutants accumulate more auxin in their root tips than the wild type, which may explain the increased inhibition of their primary root growth when grown under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong Liu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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147
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Li Z, Xu C, Li K, Yan S, Qu X, Zhang J. Phosphate starvation of maize inhibits lateral root formation and alters gene expression in the lateral root primordium zone. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:89. [PMID: 22704465 PMCID: PMC3463438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Maize (Zea mays) is an important human food, animal feed and energy crop throughout the world, and enormous quantities of phosphate fertilizer are required for maize cultivation. Thus, it is important to improve the efficiency of the use of phosphate fertilizer for maize. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed the maize root response to phosphate starvation and performed a transcriptomic analysis of the 1.0-1.5 cm lateral root primordium zone. In the growth of plants, the root-to-shoot ratio (R/L) was reduced in both low-phosphate (LP) and sufficient-phosphate (SP) solutions, but the ratio (R/L) exhibited by the plants in the LP solution was higher than that of the SP plants. The growth of primary roots was slightly promoted after 6 days of phosphate starvation, whereas the numbers of lateral roots and lateral root primordia were significantly reduced, and these differences were increased when associated with the stress caused by phosphate starvation. Among the results of a transcriptomic analysis of the maize lateral root primordium zone, there were two highlights: 1) auxin signaling participated in the response and the modification of root morphology under low-phosphate conditions, which may occur via local concentration changes due to the biosynthesis and transport of auxin, and LOB domain proteins may be an intermediary between auxin signaling and root morphology; and 2) the observed retardation of lateral root development was the result of co-regulation of DNA replication, transcription, protein synthesis and degradation and cell growth. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that maize roots show a different growth pattern than Arabidopsis under low-phosphate conditions, as the latter species has been observed to halt primary root growth when the root tip comes into contact with low-phosphate media. Moreover, our findings enrich our understanding of plant responses to phosphate deficits and of root morphogenesis in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
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148
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Jones B, Ljung K. Subterranean space exploration: the development of root system architecture. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:97-102. [PMID: 22037466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The colonisation of terrestrial environments offered plants a host of advantages. It also presented them with major challenges. The foremost amongst these, the dichotomous nature of terrestrial environments, was clearly successfully met by the development of an integrated but divergent root-shoot structure. Whereas they share many similarities, roots and shoots evolved specialist functions in line with their principle roles and their growth environment. In this review, we discuss a number of areas where recent discoveries, principally in Arabidopsis, are shedding light on the mechanisms that enable the successful colonisation of the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jones
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Role of Ascorbate in the Regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Growth by Phosphate Availability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/580342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis root system responds to phosphorus (P) deficiency by decreasing primary root elongation and developing abundant lateral roots. Feeding plants with ascorbic acid (ASC) stimulated primary root elongation in seedlings grown under limiting P concentration. However, at high P, ASC inhibited root growth. Seedlings of ascorbate-deficient mutant (vtc1) formed short roots irrespective of P availability. P-starved plants accumulated less ascorbate in primary root tips than those grown under high P. ASC-treatment stimulated cell divisions in root tips of seedlings grown at low P. At high P concentrations ASC decreased the number of mitotic cells in the root tips. The lateral root density in seedlings grown under P deficiency was decreased by ASC treatments. At high P, this parameter was not affected by ASC-supplementation. vtc1 mutant exhibited increased lateral root formation on either, P-deficient or P-sufficient medium. Irrespective of P availability, high ASC concentrations reduced density and growth of root hairs. These results suggest that ascorbate may participate in the regulation of primary root elongation at different phosphate availability via its effect on mitotic activity in the root tips.
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Root branching: mechanisms, robustness, and plasticity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:329-43. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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