101
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Patel
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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102
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Agnihotri S, Subramaniapillai S, Keightley M, Rasmussen C, Cameron D, Ryan J, Rovet J. Everyday memory difficulties in children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Dev Neurorehabil 2019; 22:462-469. [PMID: 30289318 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2018.1519608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate whether significant differences exist in everyday memory between youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum (FASD) compared with a nonexposed (NE) control group, while controlling for socioeconomic status and other comorbidities. Methods: Caregiver ratings using the Everyday Memory Questionnaire were obtained for 105 youth (9-17 years of age). Scores were compared between youth with a FASD diagnosis (N = 41; 56% male) and the NE group (N = 64; 53% male) using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Significantly poorer scores were found across all domains of everyday memory in youth with FASD (p<0.01 for all comparisons). Findings maintained significance after controlling for group differences in socioeconomic status, presence of learning, and attention disorders, as well as exposure to other teratogens. Conclusions: This study provides important insights regarding the memory issues that underlie daily functional challenges faced by youth with FASD and the need for future intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Agnihotri
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland-Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Michelle Keightley
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland-Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Carmen Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Debra Cameron
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jennifer Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Joanne Rovet
- The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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103
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Wijeakumar S, Kumar A, Delgado Reyes LM, Tiwari M, Spencer JP. Early adversity in rural India impacts the brain networks underlying visual working memory. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12822. [PMID: 30803122 PMCID: PMC6767418 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to understand the global impact of poverty on early brain and behavioural development, particularly with regard to key cognitive processes that emerge in early development. Although the impact of adversity on brain development can trap children in an intergenerational cycle of poverty, the massive potential for brain plasticity is also a source of hope: reliable, accessible, culturally agnostic methods to assess early brain development in low resource settings might be used to measure the impact of early adversity, identify infants for timely intervention and guide the development and monitor the effectiveness of early interventions. Visual working memory (VWM) is an early marker of cognitive capacity that has been assessed reliably in early infancy and is predictive of later academic achievement in Western countries. Here, we localized the functional brain networks that underlie VWM in early development in rural India using a portable neuroimaging system, and we assessed the impact of adversity on these brain networks. We recorded functional brain activity as young children aged 4-48 months performed a VWM task. Brain imaging results revealed localized activation in the frontal cortex, replicating findings from a Midwestern US sample. Critically, children from families with low maternal education and income showed weaker brain activity and poorer distractor suppression in canonical working memory areas in the left frontal cortex. Implications of this work are far-reaching: it is now cost-effective to localize functional brain networks in early development in low-resource settings, paving the way for novel intervention and assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarti Kumar
- Community Empowerment LabUttar PradeshLucknowIndia
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104
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Turesky TK, Jensen SK, Yu X, Kumar S, Wang Y, Sliva DD, Gagoski B, Sanfilippo J, Zöllei L, Boyd E, Haque R, Hafiz Kakon S, Islam N, Petri WA, Nelson CA, Gaab N. The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factors and resting-state functional connectivity in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants: A feasibility and pilot study. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12841. [PMID: 31016808 PMCID: PMC6713583 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Childhood poverty has been associated with structural and functional alterations in the developing brain. However, poverty does not alter brain development directly, but acts through associated biological or psychosocial risk factors (e.g. malnutrition, family conflict). Yet few studies have investigated risk factors in the context of infant neurodevelopment, and none have done so in low-resource settings such as Bangladesh, where children are exposed to multiple, severe biological and psychosocial hazards. In this feasibility and pilot study, usable resting-state fMRI data were acquired in infants from extremely poor (n = 16) and (relatively) more affluent (n = 16) families in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Whole-brain intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) was estimated using bilateral seeds in the amygdala, where iFC has shown susceptibility to early life stress, and in sensory areas, which have exhibited less susceptibility to early life hazards. Biological and psychosocial risk factors were examined for associations with iFC. Three resting-state networks were identified in within-group brain maps: medial temporal/striatal, visual, and auditory networks. Infants from extremely poor families compared with those from more affluent families exhibited greater (i.e. less negative) iFC in precuneus for amygdala seeds; however, no group differences in iFC were observed for sensory area seeds. Height-for-age, a proxy for malnutrition/infection, was not associated with amygdala/precuneus iFC, whereas prenatal family conflict was positively correlated. Findings suggest that it is feasible to conduct infant fMRI studies in low-resource settings. Challenges and practical steps for successful implementations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted K. Turesky
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Sarah K.G. Jensen
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Xi Yu
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Swapna Kumar
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Yingying Wang
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- College of Education and Human SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Danielle D. Sliva
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of NeuroscienceBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Borjan Gagoski
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Joseph Sanfilippo
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Emma Boyd
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Rashidul Haque
- The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Nazrul Islam
- National Institute of Neurosciences & HospitalDhakaBangladesh
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Charles A. Nelson
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Graduate School of EducationCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
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105
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Spann MN, Bansal R, Hao X, Rosen TS, Peterson BS. Prenatal socioeconomic status and social support are associated with neonatal brain morphology, toddler language and psychiatric symptoms. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:170-188. [PMID: 31385559 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1648641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the association of parental socioeconomic status (SES) with brain measures in neonates, at a time when exposure to the postnatal environment is minimal. Social support may buffer the adverse consequences of SES, and has been associated with better cognitive - emotional development in children. We studied the association of prenatal SES and social support with neonatal brain structure, and toddler cognition, and psychiatric symptoms. In a sample of 37 healthy neonates, we correlated a measure of SES and marital/partner status (an index of social support) with morphological features of the cerebral surface measured on high-resolution MRI scans between the 1st - 6th weeks of postnatal life. We then assessed how SES relates to cognitive and behavioral outcomes at age 24-months. We found that neonates born to mothers with lower SES had greater local volumes at the surface of the right occipital lobe, left temporal pole, and left inferior frontal and anterior cingulate regions. Partner status moderated the associations of SES on neonatal brain morphology. Lower SES was associated with poorer language scores and less severe ADHD and ODD symptoms. In summary, SES was associated with neonatal brain structure and language and behavioral outcomes at toddler age. Future studies with a greater sample size and longitudinal MRI scans will help to determine whether prenatal SES continues to relate to early brain development in the same or different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa N Spann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tove S Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the Children's Hospital of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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106
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Brandes-Aitken A, Braren S, Swingler M, Voegtline K, Blair C. Sustained attention in infancy: A foundation for the development of multiple aspects of self-regulation for children in poverty. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 184:192-209. [PMID: 31039447 PMCID: PMC6528818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are many avenues by which early life poverty relates to the development of school readiness. Few studies, however, have examined the extent to which sustained attention, a central component of self-regulation in infancy, mediates relations between poverty-related risk and cognitive and emotional self-regulation at school entry. To investigate longitudinal relations among poverty-related risk, sustained attention in infancy, and self-regulation prior to school entry, we analyzed data from the Family Life Project, a large prospective longitudinal sample (N = 1292) of children and their primary caregivers in predominantly low-income and nonurban communities. We used structural equation modeling to assess the extent to which a latent variable of infant sustained attention, measured in a naturalistic setting, mediated the associations between cumulative poverty-related risk and three domains of self-regulation. We constructed a latent variable of infant sustained attention composed of a measure of global sustained attention and a task-based sustained attention measure at 7 and 15 months of age. Results indicated that infant sustained attention was negatively associated with poverty-related risk and positively associated with a direct assessment of executive function abilities and teacher-reported effortful control and emotion regulation in pre-kindergarten. Mediation analysis indicated that the association between poverty-related risk and each self-regulation outcome was partially mediated by infant attention. These results provide support for a developmental model of self-regulation whereby attentional abilities in infancy act as a mechanism linking the effects of early-life socioeconomic adversity with multiple aspects of self-regulation in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Braren
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Margaret Swingler
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Kristin Voegtline
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
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107
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Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: A transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:799-804. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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108
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Vargas ED, Benitez VL. Latino parents' links to deportees are associated with developmental disorders in their children. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1151-1168. [PMID: 30834558 PMCID: PMC8858034 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine how Latino parent's personal connection to immigrants is linked to their children's risk of being referred/diagnosed with a developmental disorder. METHODS Using the 2015 Latino National Health and Immigration Survey (n = 548), we asked adults about their connections to immigrants. We also asked if their child has been referred/diagnosed with a developmental disorder. We estimated a series of regressions to predict increases in the probability of a child being referred/diagnosed for a developmental disorder. RESULTS Respondents who know a deportee are 2.4 times more likely (p = 0.009) to report that their child has been referred or diagnosed with a developmental disorder. Additionally, knowing more deportees, and having a closer family tie with deportees, are all statistically associated with developmental problems. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the emerging research on stress and child health, by examining the intersections of immigration policy, mental health, and child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Vargas
- Edward D. Vargas, School of Transborder Studies, Arizona State University, Interdisciplinary B, Room 165, 1120 S Cady Mall Tempe, AZ 85287-6303, USA
- Corresponding author: (480) 965-8557, fax (480) 965-7165
| | - Viridiana L. Benitez
- Viridiana L. Benitez, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PSYCH 249 Tempe, AZ 85287-6303
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109
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Resting state coupling between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex is related to household income in childhood and indexes future psychological vulnerability to stress. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1053-1066. [PMID: 31084654 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While child poverty is a significant risk factor for poor mental health, the developmental pathways involved with these associations are poorly understood. To advance knowledge about these important linkages, the present study examined the developmental sequelae of childhood exposure to poverty in a multiyear longitudinal study. Here, we focused on exposure to poverty, neurobiological circuitry connected to emotion dysregulation, later exposure to stressful life events, and symptoms of psychopathology. We grounded our work in a biopsychosocial perspective, with a specific interest in "stress sensitization" and emotion dysregulation. Motivated by past work, we first tested whether exposure to poverty was related to changes in the resting-state coupling between two brain structures centrally involved with emotion processing and regulation (the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex; vmPFC). As predicted, we found lower household income at age 10 was related to lower resting-state coupling between these areas at age 15. We then tested if variations in amygdala-vmPFC connectivity interacted with more contemporaneous stressors to predict challenges with mental health at age 16. In line with past reports showing risk for poor mental health is greatest in those exposed to early and then later, more contemporaneous stress, we predicted and found that lower vmPFC-amygdala coupling in the context of greater contemporaneous stress was related to higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. We believe these important interactions between neurobiology and life history are an additional vantage point for understanding risk and resiliency, and suggest avenues for prediction of psychopathology related to early life challenge.
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110
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Perry RE, Finegood ED, Braren SH, DeJoseph ML, Putrino DF, Wilson DA, Sullivan RM, Raver CC, Blair C. Developing a neurobehavioral animal model of poverty: Drawing cross-species connections between environments of scarcity-adversity, parenting quality, and infant outcome. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:399-418. [PMID: 29606185 PMCID: PMC6168440 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941800007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Children reared in impoverished environments are at risk for enduring psychological and physical health problems. Mechanisms by which poverty affects development, however, remain unclear. To explore one potential mechanism of poverty's impact on social-emotional and cognitive development, an experimental examination of a rodent model of scarcity-adversity was conducted and compared to results from a longitudinal study of human infants and families followed from birth (N = 1,292) who faced high levels of poverty-related scarcity-adversity. Cross-species results supported the hypothesis that altered caregiving is one pathway by which poverty adversely impacts development. Rodent mothers assigned to the scarcity-adversity condition exhibited decreased sensitive parenting and increased negative parenting relative to mothers assigned to the control condition. Furthermore, scarcity-adversity reared pups exhibited decreased developmental competence as indicated by disrupted nipple attachment, distress vocalization when in physical contact with an anesthetized mother, and reduced preference for maternal odor with corresponding changes in brain activation. Human results indicated that scarcity-adversity was inversely correlated with sensitive parenting and positively correlated with negative parenting, and that parenting fully mediated the association of poverty-related risk with infant indicators of developmental competence. Findings are discussed from the perspective of the usefulness of bidirectional-translational research to inform interventions for at-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David F. Putrino
- Department of Telemedicine and Virtual Rehabilitation, Burke Medical Research Institute & Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute & Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute & Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine
| | | | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University
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111
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Zhu Y, Chen X, Zhao H, Chen M, Tian Y, Liu C, Han ZR, Lin X, Qiu J, Xue G, Shu H, Qin S. Socioeconomic status disparities affect children's anxiety and stress-sensitive cortisol awakening response through parental anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:96-103. [PMID: 30665044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) disparities have profound impacts on child development and health, which are linked to negative emotions and alterations in the integrity of stress-sensitive hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis system. However, its underlying psychophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we investigate how family SES, in concert with parental anxiety, affects children's anxiety and their integrity of HPA-axis system in two studies involving a total of 1318 children and their parents. In Study 1 with a cohort of 1088 children and their parents, we found that low-SES children relative to high-SES ones experienced a higher level of anxiety mediated by increasing parental anxiety. In Study 2 with an independent cohort of 230 children and their parents, we found that low-SES children exhibited an increase in pre-bedtime basal cortisol but a decrease in cortisol awakening response (CAR). Structural equation modeling (SEM) further revealed that the association between low SES and children's reduced CAR was mediated by increased parental and child anxiety. Our findings suggest that low-SES children are more vulnerable to anxiety and altered HPA-axis integrity, most likely mediated through increased parental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Faculty of Psychology at Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology at Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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112
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Leonard JA, Romeo RR, Park AT, Takada ME, Robinson ST, Grotzinger H, Last BS, Finn AS, Gabrieli JDE, Mackey AP. Associations between cortical thickness and reasoning differ by socioeconomic status in development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100641. [PMID: 30951970 PMCID: PMC6969225 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lower socioeconomic status (SES) is generally negatively associated with performance on cognitive assessments, some children from lower-SES backgrounds perform as well as their peers from higher-SES backgrounds. Yet little research has examined whether the neural correlates of individual differences in cognition vary by SES. The current study explored whether relationships between cortical structure and fluid reasoning differ by SES in development. Fluid reasoning, a non-verbal component of IQ, is supported by a distributed frontoparietal network, with evidence for a specific role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC). In a sample of 115 4-7-year old children, bilateral thickness of RLPFC differentially related to reasoning by SES: thicker bilateral RLPFC positively correlated with reasoning ability in children from lower-SES backgrounds, but not in children from higher-SES backgrounds. Similar results were found in an independent sample of 59 12-16-year old adolescents. Furthermore, young children from lower-SES backgrounds with strong reasoning skills were the only group to show a positive relationship between RLPFC thickness and age. In sum, we found that relationships between cortical thickness and cognition differ by SES during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Leonard
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St Room 46-4033, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building 425 S. University Ave, Room 354, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Rachel R Romeo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St Room 46-4033, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, 260 Longwood Ave, T-MEC 435, Boston, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Anne T Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building 425 S. University Ave, Room 354, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Megumi E Takada
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St Room 46-4033, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sydney T Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building 425 S. University Ave, Room 354, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Grotzinger
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St Room 46-4033, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Briana S Last
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building 425 S. University Ave, Room 354, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amy S Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St Room 46-4033, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building 425 S. University Ave, Room 354, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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113
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Suffren S, Chauret M, Nassim M, Lepore F, Maheu FS. On a continuum to anxiety disorders: Adolescents at parental risk for anxiety show smaller rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula thickness. J Affect Disord 2019; 248:34-41. [PMID: 30711867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Having a parent with an anxiety disorder increases the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders during the lifespan. Moreover, childhood and adolescence anxiety disorders and symptoms have been linked to a range of brain structure abnormalities. However, to date, no study has investigated brain anatomy in adolescents at high risk based on parental anxiety disorders and in adolescents with an anxiety disorder but without any treatment or therapy. METHODS Anatomical images from magnetic resonance imaging of 68 adolescents with anxiety disorders without any treatment (N = 20), at risk for anxiety because of their parents' anxiety disorders (N = 21), and comparison youths (N = 27), were analyzed using Freesurfer. RESULTS Compared to comparison group, smaller cortical thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and of the insula was observed in anxious and at-risk groups; smaller amygdala volume was observed in the anxious group only. LIMITATIONS The age range studied is large (10 to 17 years old). Moreover, this study is cross-sectional. Since adolescence is one of the biggest periods of cerebral reorganization, longitudinal follow-up of these youths would be necessary. CONCLUSIONS Smaller rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula cortical thickness appear to be cerebral markers of the risk of developing an anxiety disorder in adolescence. The reduction of the amygdala volume seems to be linked to the onset of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Suffren
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada; Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Mélissa Chauret
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada
| | - Marouane Nassim
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Franco Lepore
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada; Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Françoise S Maheu
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada; Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Canada
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114
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Merz EC, Maskus EA, Melvin SA, He X, Noble KG. Socioeconomic Disparities in Language Input Are Associated With Children's Language-Related Brain Structure and Reading Skills. Child Dev 2019; 91:846-860. [PMID: 30919945 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying socioeconomic disparities in children's reading skills are not well understood. This study examined associations among socioeconomic background, home linguistic input, brain structure, and reading skills in 5-to-9-year-old children (N = 94). Naturalistic home audio recordings and high-resolution, T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired. Children who experienced more adult-child conversational turns or adult words had greater left perisylvian cortical surface area. Language input mediated the association between parental education and left perisylvian cortical surface area. Language input was indirectly associated with children's reading skills via left perisylvian surface area. Left perisylvian surface area mediated the association between parental education and children's reading skills. Language experience may thus partially explain socioeconomic disparities in language-supporting brain structure and in turn reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaofu He
- Columbia University Medical Center.,New York State Psychiatric Institute
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115
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Plate RC, Bloomberg Z, Bolt DM, Bechner AM, Roeber BJ, Pollak SD. Abused Children Experience High Anger Exposure. Front Psychol 2019; 10:440. [PMID: 30890983 PMCID: PMC6411659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a critical problem in the United States. Much attention has been paid to the negative outcomes suffered by victims of abuse. Less attention has been devoted to understanding the emotional environments of maltreated children. One assumption, which has stood without empirical test, is that abused children encounter a high degree of anger in their home environments. Anger exposure is thought to be a source of stress for children in abusive environments and a potential link between the experience of abuse and the development of health and behavioral problems. We tested this notion by assessing data on over 1,000 parents and guardians of 3- to 17-year-old children who were participants in child development studies. Abuse was measured via records from Child Protective Services regarding substantiated and unsubstantiated claims of abuse as well as parent/guardian report. We compared self-reported experiences of anger from parents/guardians of children who have experienced abuse with those who have not. We found support for the claim that caregivers of abused children experience and express high levels of anger. Better characterization of the emotional environments in which abused children develop is critical for understanding how and why abuse affects children and has important implications for informing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rista C Plate
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachary Bloomberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Daniel M Bolt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna M Bechner
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Barbara J Roeber
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seth D Pollak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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116
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Younger JW, Lee KW, Demir-Lira OE, Booth JR. Brain lateralization of phonological awareness varies by maternal education. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12807. [PMID: 30735285 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to influence language skills, with children of lower SES backgrounds performing worse on language assessments compared to their higher SES peers. While there is abundant behavioral research on the effects of SES, whether there are differences in the neural mechanisms used to support language skill is less established. In this study, we examined the relation between maternal education (ME), a component of SES, and neural mechanisms of language. We focused on Kindergarten children, at the beginning of formal reading education, and on a pre-reading skill, phonological awareness-the ability to distinguish or manipulate the sounds of language. We determined ME-related differences in neural activity by examining a skill-matched sample of typically achieving 5-year-old children as they performed a rhyme judgment task. We examined brain lateralization in two language processing regions, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). In the IFG, lateralization was related to ME but not skill: children with low ME showed bilateral activation compared to children with higher ME who showed leftward lateralization. In the STG, there was a skill by ME interaction on lateralization, such that children with high ME showed a positive relation between rightward lateralization and skill and children with low ME showed a positive relation between leftward lateralization and skill. Thus, we demonstrated ME is related to differences in neural recruitment during language processing, yet this difference in recruitment is not indicative of a deficit in linguistic processing in Kindergarten children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Younger
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ozlem E Demir-Lira
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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117
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The Effects of Exercise on Adolescent Physical Development, Brain Development and Adult Health in Underserved Populations. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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118
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Glynn L, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Childhood poverty and the organization of structural brain connectome. Neuroimage 2019; 184:409-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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119
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Longitudinally Mapping Childhood Socioeconomic Status Associations with Cortical and Subcortical Morphology. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1365-1373. [PMID: 30587541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1808-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) impacts cognitive development and mental health, but its association with human structural brain development is not yet well characterized. Here, we analyzed 1243 longitudinally acquired structural MRI scans from 623 youth (299 female/324 male) to investigate the relation between SES and cortical and subcortical morphology between ages 5 and 25 years. We found positive associations between SES and total volumes of the brain, cortical sheet, and four separate subcortical structures. These associations were stable between ages 5 and 25. Surface-based shape analysis revealed that higher SES is associated with areal expansion of lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, lateral temporal, and superior parietal cortices and ventrolateral thalamic, and medial amygdalo-hippocampal subregions. Meta-analyses of functional imaging data indicate that cortical correlates of SES are centered on brain systems subserving sensorimotor functions, language, memory, and emotional processing. We further show that anatomical variation within a subset of these cortical regions partially mediates the positive association between SES and IQ. Finally, we identify neuroanatomical correlates of SES that exist above and beyond accompanying variation in IQ. Although SES is clearly a complex construct that likely relates to development through diverse, nondeterministic processes, our findings elucidate potential neuroanatomical mediators of the association between SES and cognitive outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with developmental disparities in mental health, cognitive ability, and academic achievement, but efforts to understand underlying SES-brain relationships are ongoing. Here, we leverage a unique developmental neuroimaging dataset to longitudinally map the associations between SES and regional brain anatomy at high spatiotemporal resolution. We find widespread associations between SES and global cortical and subcortical volumes and surface area and localize these correlations to a distributed set of cortical, thalamic, and amygdalo-hippocampal subregions. Anatomical variation within a subset of these regions partially mediates the positive relationship between SES and IQ. Our findings help to localize cortical and subcortical systems that represent candidate biological substrates for the known relationships between SES and cognition.
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120
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Buckley L, Broadley M, Cascio CN. Socio-economic status and the developing brain in adolescence: A systematic review. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:859-884. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1549209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buckley
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Melanie Broadley
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Christopher N. Cascio
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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121
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Pulli EP, Kumpulainen V, Kasurinen JH, Korja R, Merisaari H, Karlsson L, Parkkola R, Saunavaara J, Lähdesmäki T, Scheinin NM, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Prenatal exposures and infant brain: Review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and a population description analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1987-2000. [PMID: 30451332 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is most rapid during the fetal period and the first years of life. This process can be affected by many in utero factors, such as chemical exposures and maternal health characteristics. The goal of this review is twofold: to review the most recent findings on the effects of these prenatal factors on the developing brain and to qualitatively assess how those factors were generally reported in studies on infants up to 2 years of age. To capture the latest findings in the field, we searched articles from PubMed 2012 onward with search terms referring to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain development, and infancy. We identified 19 MRI studies focusing on the effects of prenatal environment and summarized them to highlight the recent advances in the field. We assessed population descriptions in a representative sample of 67 studies and conclude that prenatal factors that have been shown to affect brain metrics are not generally reported comprehensively. Based on our findings, we propose some improvements for population descriptions to account for plausible confounders and in time enable reliable meta-analyses to be performed. This could help the pediatric neuroimaging field move toward more reliable identification of biomarkers for developmental outcomes and to better decipher the nuances of normal and abnormal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo P Pulli
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Venla Kumpulainen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi H Kasurinen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harri Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora M Scheinin
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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122
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Brito NH, Noble KG. The independent and interacting effects of socioeconomic status and dual-language use on brain structure and cognition. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12688. [PMID: 29877603 PMCID: PMC6202148 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Family socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with children's cognitive development, and past studies have reported socioeconomic disparities in both neurocognitive skills and brain structure across childhood. In other studies, bilingualism has been associated with cognitive advantages and differences in brain structure across the lifespan. The aim of the current study is to concurrently examine the joint and independent associations between family SES and dual-language use with brain structure and cognitive skills during childhood. A subset of data from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) study was analyzed; propensity score matching established an equal sample (N = 562) of monolinguals and dual-language users with similar socio-demographic characteristics (Mage = 13.5, Range = 3-20 years). When collapsing across all ages, SES was linked to both brain structure and cognitive skills. When examining differences by age group, brain structure was significantly associated with both income and dual-language use during adolescence, but not earlier in childhood. Additionally, in adolescence, a significant interaction between dual-language use and SES was found, with no difference in cortical surface area (SA) between language groups of higher-SES backgrounds but significantly increased SA for dual-language users from lower-SES families compared to SES-matched monolinguals. These results suggest both independent and interacting associations between SES and dual-language use with brain development. To our knowledge, this is the first study to concurrently examine dual-language use and socioeconomic differences in brain structure during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
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123
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Beauchaine TP, Constantino JN, Hayden EP. Psychiatry and developmental psychopathology: Unifying themes and future directions. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 87:143-152. [PMID: 30415196 PMCID: PMC6296473 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 35 years, developmental psychopathology has grown into a flourishing discipline that shares a scientific agenda with contemporary psychiatry. In this editorial, which introduces the special issue, we describe the history of developmental psychopathology, including core principles that bridge allied disciplines. These include (1) emphasis on interdisciplinary research, (2) elucidation of multicausal pathways to seemingly single disorders (phenocopies), (3) description of divergent multifinal outcomes from common etiological start points (pathoplasticity), and (4) research conducted across multiple levels of analysis spanning genes to environments. Next, we discuss neurodevelopmental models of psychopathology, and provide selected examples. We emphasize differential neuromaturation of subcortical and cortical neural networks and connectivity, and how both acute and protracted environmental insults can compromise neural structure and function. To date, developmental psychopathology has placed greater emphasis than psychiatry on neuromaturational models of mental illness. However, this gap is closing rapidly as advances in technology render etiopathophysiologies of psychopathology more interrogable. We end with suggestions for future interdisciplinary research, including the need to evaluate measurement invariance across development, and to construct more valid assessment methods where indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Beauchaine
- Department of Psychology, Nisonger Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - John N Constantino
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Canada
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124
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Girault JB, Cornea E, Goldman BD, Knickmeyer RC, Styner M, Gilmore JH. White matter microstructural development and cognitive ability in the first 2 years of life. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1195-1210. [PMID: 30353962 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter (WM) integrity has been related to cognitive ability in adults and children, but it remains largely unknown how WM maturation in early life supports emergent cognition. The associations between tract-based measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial and radial diffusivity (AD, RD) shortly after birth, at age 1, and at age 2 and cognitive measures at 1 and 2 years were investigated in 447 healthy infants. We found that generally higher FA and lower AD and RD across many WM tracts in the first year of life were associated with better performance on measures of general cognitive ability, motor, language, and visual reception skills at ages 1 and 2, suggesting an important role for the overall organization, myelination, and microstructural properties of fiber pathways in emergent cognition. RD in particular was consistently related to ability, and protracted development of RD from ages 1 to 2 years in several tracts was associated with higher cognitive scores and better language performance, suggesting prolonged plasticity may confer cognitive benefits during the second year of life. However, we also found that cognition at age 2 was weakly associated with WM properties across infancy in comparison to child and demographic factors including gestational age and maternal education. Our findings suggest that early postnatal WM integrity across the brain is important for infant cognition, though its role in cognitive development should be considered alongside child and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Emil Cornea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Barbara D Goldman
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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125
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Merz EC, Wiltshire CA, Noble KG. Socioeconomic Inequality and the Developing Brain: Spotlight on Language and Executive Function. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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126
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Leijser LM, Siddiqi A, Miller SP. Imaging Evidence of the Effect of Socio-Economic Status on Brain Structure and Development. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2018; 27:26-34. [PMID: 30293587 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown an association between children's socio-economic status (SES) and disparities in neurocognitive development, achievements, and function later in life. Research focus has recently shifted to imaging of the brain's response to the child's environment. This review summarizes the emerging studies on the influences of early-life SES on brain structure and development, and addresses the relation between brain development and enriched environments. The studies provide evidence of significant associations between SES and brain structure, growth and maturation, not only in healthy infants and children but also in infants with medical conditions. This suggests that the relation between SES and later-life function and achievements operates through alterations in brain maturation. Although the brain changes seem to persist without intervention, animal models of environmental enrichment show the potential of SES-related brain changes to be reversible and dynamic. This review underscores the critical need for reducing the impact of socio-economic disparities and early targeted and prolonged interventions, and highlights the potential of these interventions leading to optimal opportunities for our youngest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maria Leijser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjumand Siddiqi
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Paul Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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127
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Ozernov-Palchik O, Norton ES, Wang Y, Beach SD, Zuk J, Wolf M, Gabrieli JDE, Gaab N. The relationship between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in pre-reading children: A longitudinal investigation. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:741-754. [PMID: 30276914 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading is a learned skill crucial for educational attainment. Children from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have poorer reading performance and this gap widens across years of schooling. Reading relies on the orchestration of multiple neural systems integrated via specific white-matter pathways, but there is limited understanding about whether these pathways relate differentially to reading performance depending on SES background. Kindergarten white-matter FA and second-grade reading outcomes were investigated in an SES-diverse sample of 125 children. The three left-hemisphere white-matter tracts most associated with reading, and their right-hemisphere homologs, were examined: arcuate fasciculus (AF), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). There was a significant and positive association between SES and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral ILF in kindergarten. SES moderated the association between kindergarten ILF and second grade reading performance, such that it was positive in lower-SES children, but not significant in higher-SES children. These results have implications for understanding the role of the environment in the development of the neural pathways that support reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ozernov-Palchik
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Medical Social Sciences, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sara D Beach
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Zuk
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Maryanne Wolf
- Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCLA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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128
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Crossley NA, Alliende LM, Ossandon T, Castañeda CP, González-Valderrama A, Undurraga J, Castro M, Guinjoan S, Díaz-Zuluaga AM, Pineda-Zapata JA, López-Jaramillo C, Reyes-Madrigal F, León-Ortíz P, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Czepielewski LS, Gama CS, Zugman A, Gadelha A, Jackowski A, Bressan R. Imaging Social and Environmental Factors as Modulators of Brain Dysfunction: Time to Focus on Developing Non-Western Societies. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:8-15. [PMID: 30396768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Social and environmental factors are known risk factors and modulators of mental health disorders. We here conducted a nonsystematic review of the neuroimaging literature studying the effects of poverty, urbanicity, and community violence, highlighting the opportunities of studying non-Western developing societies such as those in Latin America. Social and environmental factors in these communities are widespread and have a large magnitude, as well as an unequal distribution, providing a good opportunity for their characterization. Studying the effect of poverty in these settings could help to explore the brain effect of economic improvements, disentangle the effect of absolute and relative poverty, and characterize the modulating impact of poverty on the underlying biology of mental health disorders. Exploring urbanicity effects in highly unequal cities could help identify the specific factors that modulate this effect as well as examine a possible dose-response effect by studying megacities. Studying brain changes in those living among violence, which is particularly high in places such as Latin America, could help to characterize the interplay between brain predisposition and exposure to violence. Furthermore, exploring the brain in an adverse environment should shed light on the mechanisms underlying resilience. We finally provide examples of two methodological approaches that could contribute to this field, namely a big cohort study in the developing world and a consortium-based meta-analytic approach, and argue about the potential translational value of this research on the development of effective social policies and successful personalized medicine in disadvantaged societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Imaging Center and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Luz Maria Alliende
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Ossandon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alfonso González-Valderrama
- Early Intervention Program, José Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago, Chile; School of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Undurraga
- Early Intervention Program, José Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Castro
- FLENI Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Salvador Guinjoan
- FLENI Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Díaz-Zuluaga
- Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo León-Ortíz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Sanguinetti Czepielewski
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clarissa S Gama
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andre Zugman
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Jackowski
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bressan
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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129
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Language Exposure Relates to Structural Neural Connectivity in Childhood. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7870-7877. [PMID: 30104336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0484-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research has elucidated broad relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and young children's brain structure, but there is little mechanistic knowledge about specific environmental factors that are associated with specific variation in brain structure. One environmental factor, early language exposure, predicts children's linguistic and cognitive skills and later academic achievement, but how language exposure relates to neuroanatomy is unknown. By measuring the real-world language exposure of young children (ages 4-6 years, 27 male/13 female), we confirmed the preregistered hypothesis that greater adult-child conversational experience, independent of SES and the sheer amount of adult speech, is related to stronger, more coherent white matter connectivity in the left arcuate and superior longitudinal fasciculi on average, and specifically near their anterior termination at Broca's area in left inferior frontal cortex. Fractional anisotropy of significant tract subregions mediated the relationship between conversational turns and children's language skills and indicated a neuroanatomical mechanism underlying the SES "language gap." Post hoc whole-brain analyses revealed that language exposure was not related to any other white matter tracts, indicating the specificity of this relationship. Results suggest that the development of dorsal language tracts is environmentally influenced, specifically by early, dialogic interaction. Furthermore, these findings raise the possibility that early intervention programs aiming to ameliorate disadvantages in development due to family SES may focus on increasing children's conversational exposure to capitalize on the early neural plasticity underlying cognitive development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Over the last decade, cognitive neuroscience has highlighted the detrimental impact of disadvantaged backgrounds on young children's brain structure. However, to intervene effectively, we must know which proximal aspects of the environmental aspects are most strongly related to neural development. The present study finds that young children's real-world language exposure, and specifically the amount of adult-child conversation, correlates with the strength of connectivity in the left hemisphere white matter pathway connecting two canonical language regions, independent of socioeconomic status and the sheer volume of adult speech. These findings suggest that early intervention programs aiming to close the achievement gap may focus on increasing children's conversational exposure to capitalize on the early neural plasticity underlying cognitive development.
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130
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Sharma A, Gilbert JA. Microbial exposure and human health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 44:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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131
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Holz NE, Zohsel K, Laucht M, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Brandeis D. Gene x environment interactions in conduct disorder: Implications for future treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:239-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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132
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Knickmeyer RC, Xia K, Lu Z, Ahn M, Jha SC, Zou F, Zhu H, Styner M, Gilmore JH. Impact of Demographic and Obstetric Factors on Infant Brain Volumes: A Population Neuroscience Study. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5616-5625. [PMID: 27797836 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in neuroanatomy are associated with intellectual ability and psychiatric risk. Factors responsible for this variability remain poorly understood. We tested whether 17 major demographic and obstetric variables were associated with individual differences in brain volumes in 756 neonates assessed with MRI. Gestational age at MRI, sex, gestational age at birth, and birthweight were the most significant predictors, explaining 31% to 59% of variance. Unexpectedly, earlier born babies had larger brains than later born babies after adjusting for other predictors. Our results suggest earlier born children experience accelerated brain growth, either as a consequence of the richer sensory environment they experience outside the womb or in response to other factors associated with delivery. In the full sample, maternal and paternal education, maternal ethnicity, maternal smoking, and maternal psychiatric history showed marginal associations with brain volumes, whereas maternal age, paternal age, paternal ethnicity, paternal psychiatric history, and income did not. Effects of parental education and maternal ethnicity are partially mediated by differences in birthweight. Remaining effects may reflect differences in genetic variation or cultural capital. In particular late initiation of prenatal care could negatively impact brain development. Findings could inform public health policy aimed at optimizing child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Zhaohua Lu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Quantitative Developmental Systems Methodology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0084, USA
| | - Shaili C Jha
- Curriculum in Neurobiology,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7320, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7420, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7420, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
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133
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Mattan BD, Kubota JT, Cloutier J. How Social Status Shapes Person Perception and Evaluation: A Social Neuroscience Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 12:468-507. [PMID: 28544863 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616677828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inferring the relative rank (i.e., status) of others is essential to navigating social hierarchies. A survey of the expanding social psychological and neuroscience literatures on status reveals a diversity of focuses (e.g., perceiver vs. agent), operationalizations (e.g., status as dominance vs. wealth), and methodologies (e.g., behavioral, neuroscientific). Accommodating this burgeoning literature on status in person perception, the present review offers a novel social neuroscientific framework that integrates existing work with theoretical clarity. This framework distinguishes between five key concepts: (1) strategic pathways to status acquisition for agents, (2) status antecedents (i.e., perceptual and knowledge-based cues that confer status rank), (3) status dimensions (i.e., domains in which an individual may be ranked, such as wealth), (4) status level (i.e., one's rank along a given dimension), and (5) the relative importance of a given status dimension, dependent on perceiver and context characteristics. Against the backdrop of this framework, we review multiple dimensions of status in the nonhuman and human primate literatures. We then review the behavioral and neuroscientific literatures on the consequences of perceived status for attention and evaluation. Finally, after proposing a social neuroscience framework, we highlight innovative directions for future social status research in social psychology and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer T Kubota
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Chicago.,2 Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture, University of Chicago
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134
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Hodel AS. Rapid Infant Prefrontal Cortex Development and Sensitivity to Early Environmental Experience. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018; 48:113-144. [PMID: 30270962 PMCID: PMC6157748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, the emerging field of developmental cognitive neuroscience has described the relatively late development of prefrontal cortex in children and the relation between gradual structural changes and children's protracted development of prefrontal-dependent skills. Widespread recognition by the broader scientific community of the extended development of prefrontal cortex has led to the overwhelming perception of prefrontal cortex as a "late developing" region of the brain. However, despite its supposedly protracted development, multiple lines of research have converged to suggest that prefrontal cortex development may be particularly susceptible to individual differences in children's early environments. Recent studies demonstrate that the impacts of early adverse environments on prefrontal cortex are present very early in development: within the first year of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of new neuroimaging evidence demonstrating that prefrontal cortex should be characterized as a "rapidly developing" region of the brain, discusses the converging impacts of early adversity on prefrontal circuits, and presents potential mechanisms via which adverse environments shape both concurrent and long-term measures of prefrontal cortex development. Given that environmentally-induced disparities are present in prefrontal cortex development within the first year of life, translational work in intervention and/or prevention science should focus on intervening early in development to take advantages of this early period of rapid prefrontal development and heightened plasticity.
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135
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Janus M, Brownell M, Reid-Westoby C, Bennett T, Birken C, Coplan R, Duku E, Ferro MA, Forer B, Georgiades S, Gorter JW, Guhn M, Maguire JL, Manson H, Pei J, Santos R. Establishing a protocol for building a pan-Canadian population-based monitoring system for early childhood development for children with health disorders: Canadian Children's Health in Context Study (CCHICS). BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023688. [PMID: 29844103 PMCID: PMC5988180 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health disorders early in life have tremendous impact on children's developmental trajectories. Almost 80% of children with health disorders lack the developmental skills to take full advantage of school-based education relative to 27% of children without a health disorder. In Canada, there is currently a dearth of nationally representative data on the social determinants of early childhood development for children with health disorders. Evidence from Canada and other countries indicate that poorer developmental outcomes in typically developing children are associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES). However, to date, it is not known whether this relationship is stronger among children with health disorders. The study's objectives are to estimate the prevalence and to investigate social determinants of developmental outcomes for young children with health disorders, using the Early Development Instrument (EDI). METHODS AND ANALYSIS Study objectives will be achieved through three steps. First, using existing EDI data for 10 provinces and 2 territories collected from 2004 to 2015, we will investigate differences in developmental health outcomes among children with identified health disorders. Second, population-level EDI data will be linked with neighbourhood sociodemographic census data to explore associations between socioeconomic characteristics and rates of specific diagnoses among children aged 5-6 years, including trends over time. Third, for 3 of these 12 regions, additional health and/or education databases will be linked at an individual level. These data will be used to establish differences in EDI outcomes in relation to the age-of-onset of diagnosis, and presence of intervention or treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Study methodologies have been approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. The results of the analyses of developmental health outcomes for children with health disorders combined with SES will have implications for both health service delivery and school-based intervention strategies. Results will contribute to a framework for public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Janus
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marni Brownell
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Caroline Reid-Westoby
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Bennett
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Birken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Coplan
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Duku
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry Forer
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stelios Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Willem Gorter
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Pei
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rob Santos
- Manitoba Education and Training, Healthy Child Manitoba, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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136
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Katz A, Chateau D, Enns JE, Valdivia J, Taylor C, Walld R, McCulloch S. Association of the Social Determinants of Health With Quality of Primary Care. Ann Fam Med 2018; 16:217-224. [PMID: 29760025 PMCID: PMC5951250 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In primary care, there is increasing recognition of the difficulty of treating patients' immediate health concerns when their overall well-being is shaped by underlying social determinants of health. We assessed the association of social complexity factors with the quality of care patients received in primary care settings. METHODS Eleven social complexity factors were defined using administrative data on poverty, mental health, newcomer status, and justice system involvement from the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository. We measured the distribution of these factors among primary care patients who made at least 3 visits during 2010-2013 to clinicians in Manitoba, Canada. Using generalized linear mixed modeling, we measured 26 primary care indicators to compare the quality of care received by patients with 0 to 5 or more social complexity factors. RESULTS Among 626,264 primary care patients, 54% were living with at least 1 social complexity factor, and 4% were living with 5 or more. Social complexity factors were strongly associated with poorer outcomes with respect to primary care indicators for prevention (eg, breast cancer screening; odds ratio [OR] = 0.77; 99% CI, 0.73-0.81), chronic disease management (eg, diabetes management; OR = 0.86; 99% CI, 0.79-0.92), geriatric care (eg, benzodiazepine prescriptions; OR = 1.63; 99% CI, 1.48-1.80), and use of health services (eg, ambulatory visits; OR = 1.09; 99% CI, 1.08-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Linking health and social data demonstrates how social determinants are associated with primary care service provision. Our findings provide insight into the social needs of primary care populations, and may support the development of focused interventions to address social complexity in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Katz
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada .,Departments of Family Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dan Chateau
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Enns
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeff Valdivia
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carole Taylor
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Randy Walld
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott McCulloch
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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137
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Brooker RJ. Maternal Behavior and Socioeconomic Status Predict Longitudinal Changes in Error-Related Negativity in Preschoolers. Child Dev 2018; 89:725-733. [PMID: 29611867 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development self-regulation has been called a primary task of childhood. One system of self-regulation, self-monitoring, is indexed at the level of neural activity as early as preschool as the error-related negativity (ERN). However, how context elicits developmental changes in neural processes of self-monitoring like the ERN is not well understood. Here, socioeconomic status (SES) and parenting were tested as environmental influences on ERN development between ages 3 and 4 (N = 119). Results showed the expected increases in ERN between ages 3 and 4 only when both maternal sensitivity and SES were high. This work demonstrates the importance of considering the early environment in order to understand the development of a neural process supporting self-regulation in young children.
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138
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McEwen BS. Redefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:8-30. [PMID: 29132949 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress that perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor, and it does so somewhat differently in males and females. The expression of steroid hormone receptors throughout the brain has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology' to include the reciprocal communication between the entire brain and body via hormonal and neural pathways. Mediated in part via systemic hormonal influences, the adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. This article is both an account of an emerging field elucidating brain-body interactions at multiple levels, from molecules to social organization, as well as a personal account of my laboratory's role and, most importantly, the roles of trainees and colleagues, along with my involvement in interdisciplinary groups working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA. http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/mcewen/mcewen-lab.php
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139
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Ellwood-Lowe ME, Humphreys KL, Ordaz SJ, Camacho MC, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. Time-varying effects of income on hippocampal volume trajectories in adolescent girls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:41-50. [PMID: 29275097 PMCID: PMC5963716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from lower-SES families exhibit smaller hippocampal volume than do their higher-SES peers. Few studies, however, have compared hippocampal developmental trajectories as a function of SES. Thus, it is unclear whether initial rank-order stability is preserved, or whether volumes diverge/converge over the course of adolescence. In a sample of 101 girls ages 10-24 years, we examined the longitudinal association between family income and parental education, proxies for SES, and changes in hippocampal volume. Hippocampal volume was obtained using MRI; using mixed modeling, we examined the effects of income and education on hippocampal volume across age. As expected, changes in volume were non-linear across development. Further, trajectories diverged in mid-adolescence, with lower-income girls exhibiting reductions in hippocampal volume. Maximal income-related differences were observed at 18 years, and trajectories converged thereafter. This interaction remained significant when accounting for maternal hippocampal volume, suggesting a unique contribution of environment over potential heritable differences. In contrast, the association between parental education and offspring hippocampal volume appeared to be stable across adolescence, with higher levels of parental education predicting consistently larger hippocampal volume. These findings constitute preliminary evidence that girls from lower-income homes exhibit unique trajectories of hippocampal growth, with differences most evident in late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah J Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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140
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Howell BR, Styner MA, Gao W, Yap PT, Wang L, Baluyot K, Yacoub E, Chen G, Potts T, Salzwedel A, Li G, Gilmore JH, Piven J, Smith JK, Shen D, Ugurbil K, Zhu H, Lin W, Elison JT. The UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP): An overview of the study design and protocol development. Neuroimage 2018; 185:891-905. [PMID: 29578031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain undergoes extensive and dynamic growth during the first years of life. The UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP), one of the Lifespan Connectome Projects funded by NIH, is an ongoing study jointly conducted by investigators at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Minnesota. The primary objective of the BCP is to characterize brain and behavioral development in typically developing infants across the first 5 years of life. The ultimate goals are to chart emerging patterns of structural and functional connectivity during this period, map brain-behavior associations, and establish a foundation from which to further explore trajectories of health and disease. To accomplish these goals, we are combining state of the art MRI acquisition and analysis techniques, including high-resolution structural MRI (T1-and T2-weighted images), diffusion imaging (dMRI), and resting state functional connectivity MRI (rfMRI). While the overall design of the BCP largely is built on the protocol developed by the Lifespan Human Connectome Project (HCP), given the unique age range of the BCP cohort, additional optimization of imaging parameters and consideration of an age appropriate battery of behavioral assessments were needed. Here we provide the overall study protocol, including approaches for subject recruitment, strategies for imaging typically developing children 0-5 years of age without sedation, imaging protocol and optimization, a description of the battery of behavioral assessments, and QA/QC procedures. Combining HCP inspired neuroimaging data with well-established behavioral assessments during this time period will yield an invaluable resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pew-Thian Yap
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristine Baluyot
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Geng Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Taylor Potts
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, USA.
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141
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Madan CR, Kensinger EA. Predicting age from cortical structure across the lifespan. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:399-416. [PMID: 29359873 PMCID: PMC5835209 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite interindividual differences in cortical structure, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated a large degree of population-level consistency in age-related differences in brain morphology. This study assessed how accurately an individual's age could be predicted by estimates of cortical morphology, comparing a variety of structural measures, including thickness, gyrification and fractal dimensionality. Structural measures were calculated across up to seven different parcellation approaches, ranging from one region to 1000 regions. The age prediction framework was trained using morphological measures obtained from T1-weighted MRI volumes collected from multiple sites, yielding a training dataset of 1056 healthy adults, aged 18-97. Age predictions were calculated using a machine-learning approach that incorporated nonlinear differences over the lifespan. In two independent, held-out test samples, age predictions had a median error of 6-7 years. Age predictions were best when using a combination of cortical metrics, both thickness and fractal dimensionality. Overall, the results reveal that age-related differences in brain structure are systematic enough to enable reliable age prediction based on metrics of cortical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Madan
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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142
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Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC, Gao W. Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:123-137. [PMID: 29449712 PMCID: PMC5987539 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the period from term birth to ∼2 years of age is characterized by rapid and dynamic brain development and plays an important role in cognitive development and risk of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Recent imaging studies have begun to delineate the growth trajectories of brain structure and function in the first years after birth and their relationship to cognition and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. This Review discusses the development of grey and white matter and structural and functional networks, as well as genetic and environmental influences on early-childhood brain development. We also discuss initial evidence regarding the usefulness of early imaging biomarkers for predicting cognitive outcomes and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, CB# 7160, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, CB# 7160, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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143
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Gullick MM, Demir-Lira ÖE, Booth JR. Reading skill-fractional anisotropy relationships in visuospatial tracts diverge depending on socioeconomic status. Dev Sci 2018; 19:673-85. [PMID: 27412229 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been repeatedly linked with decreased academic achievement, including lower reading outcomes. Some lower SES children do show skills and scores commensurate with those of their higher SES peers, but whether their abilities stem from the same systems as high SES children or are based on divergent strategies is unknown. We here investigated a potential interactive relationship between SES and real-word reading skill in the white matter in 42 typically developing children. SES was determined based on parental education; reading skill and age were not significantly related to SES. There was a significant neural interaction: Clusters in the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left corticospinal tract demonstrated interactive skill-SES relationships in fractional anisotropy. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that higher SES children showed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy, reflecting tract coherence, and reading skill in left hemisphere tract clusters, whereas lower SES children showed a positive relationship in the right hemisphere homologues. Broadly, the ILF has been demonstrated to support orthographic skill on the left and more general visuospatial processing on the right, so high reading achievement in lower SES children may rely on supplementary visuospatial processing more than for higher SES readers. This pattern is consistent with previous work reporting low SES children's environments to include less rich verbal experience, which may lead them to disproportionately draw on visuospatial skills for success. Further, these results indicate that group SES differences may be best described by an adaptive, not a deficit, model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Gullick
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Özlem Ece Demir-Lira
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - James R Booth
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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144
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Sheridan MA, Peverill M, Finn AS, McLaughlin KA. Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1777-1794. [PMID: 29162183 PMCID: PMC5733141 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental pathways underlying this risk remain poorly understood. A recent conceptual model posits that childhood adversity can be deconstructed into at least two underlying dimensions, deprivation and threat, that are associated with distinct neurocognitive consequences. This model argues that deprivation (i.e., a lack of cognitive stimulation and learning opportunities) is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not. We examine this hypothesis in two studies measuring EF at multiple levels: performance on EF tasks, neural recruitment during EF, and problems with EF in daily life. In Study 1, deprivation (low parental education and child neglect) was associated with greater parent-reported problems with EF in adolescents (N = 169; 13-17 years) after adjustment for levels of threat (community violence and abuse), which were unrelated to EF. In Study 2, low parental education was associated with poor working memory (WM) performance and inefficient neural recruitment in the parietal and prefrontal cortex during high WM load among adolescents (N = 51, 13-20 years) after adjusting for abuse, which was unrelated to WM task performance and neural recruitment during WM. These findings constitute strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity.
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145
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Pacheco D, Owen M, Caughy M. Growth in inhibitory control among low-income, ethnic-minority preschoolers: A group-based modeling approach. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2017; 42:247-255. [PMID: 29795711 PMCID: PMC5961734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of self-regulation skills such as inhibitory control in children is an important developmental process associated with adjustment across multiple domains. Individual differences in inhibitory control are associated with family socioeconomic status but have not been studied in relation to variations in risk found within a low-income (i.e., high risk) sample (N = 407). Using a group-based modeling approach, change in inhibitory control was examined from 30 to 42 months of age in a sample of low-income Hispanic and African-American children. Patterns of change in inhibitory control were examined in relation to cumulative risk and child externalizing behavior using the Child Behavior Checklist measured at 42 months. A three-group solution was identified as optimally fitting the data, representing patterns of change in inhibitory control: a normative group, exhibiting increasing inhibitory control (48%); a low-stable group (40%); and a high-stable group (12%). Group membership did not differ by child ethnicity or gender. Higher cumulative risk was found among the children in the low-stable group than in the other groups. Mothers reported more externalizing problems at 42 months for children in the low-stable group than in the other groups, even controlling for the effect of cumulative risk. Intervention and policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pacheco
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Psychological Sciences Program, 800 W. Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States
| | - Margaret Owen
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Psychological Sciences Program, 800 W. Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States
| | - Margaret Caughy
- The University of Georgia, Department of Human Development and Family Science, 202 Family Science Center II (House D), 405 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
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146
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Demers LA, McKenzie KJ, Hunt RH, Cicchetti D, Cowell RA, Rogosch FA, Toth SL, Thomas KM. Separable Effects of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Adaptive Functioning on Amygdala Connectivity During Emotion Processing. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017. [PMID: 29529406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of maltreatment show altered amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli, atypical frontal regulatory control, and differences in frontolimbic connectivity compared with nonmaltreated controls. However, despite early trauma, many individuals who experience maltreatment show resilience or adaptive functioning in adulthood including positive social, educational, and occupational outcomes. METHODS The present study used a psychophysiological interaction model to examine the effect of adult adaptive functioning on group differences between maltreated and nonmaltreated adults in task-based amygdala functional connectivity. The task used was a facial emotion-matching paradigm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected from 41 adults with a history of substantiated childhood maltreatment and 39 nonmaltreated adults who were well matched on demographic variables, all of whom had been studied since childhood. Adaptive functioning was measured with a composite score of success on stage-salient developmental tasks. RESULTS Consistent with previous research, we found differences in task-related amygdala functional connectivity between the maltreated and nonmaltreated groups. Effects were seen in the left hippocampus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and right thalamus. However, when adult functioning was included in the model, maltreatment-related differences in amygdala connectivity were observed only in the hippocampus. Adult adaptive functioning independently predicted task-related amygdala connectivity in frontal and parietal regions across the entire sample. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that frontolimbic functional connectivity is predicted by positive developmental adaptation in this high-risk population, regardless of maltreatment history, whereas intralimbic connectivity (amygdala and hippocampus) is more specifically associated with maltreatment history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Demers
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Kelly Jedd McKenzie
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ruskin H Hunt
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Mount Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raquel A Cowell
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin
| | - Fred A Rogosch
- Mount Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sheree L Toth
- Mount Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kathleen M Thomas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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147
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Beauchaine TP, Zisner A. Motivation, emotion regulation, and the latent structure of psychopathology: An integrative and convergent historical perspective. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 119:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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148
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Farah MJ. The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences. Neuron 2017; 96:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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149
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Conant LL, Liebenthal E, Desai A, Binder JR. The relationship between maternal education and the neural substrates of phoneme perception in children: Interactions between socioeconomic status and proficiency level. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:14-22. [PMID: 28437659 PMCID: PMC5602599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between maternal education (ME) and both behavioral performances and brain activation during the discrimination of phonemic and nonphonemic sounds were examined using fMRI in children with different levels of phoneme categorization proficiency (CP). Significant relationships were found between ME and intellectual functioning and vocabulary, with a trend for phonological awareness. A significant interaction between CP and ME was seen for nonverbal reasoning abilities. In addition, fMRI analyses revealed a significant interaction between CP and ME for phonemic discrimination in left prefrontal cortex. Thus, ME was associated with differential patterns of both neuropsychological performance and brain activation contingent on the level of CP. These results highlight the importance of examining SES effects at different proficiency levels. The pattern of results may suggest the presence of neurobiological differences in the children with low CP that affect the nature of relationships with ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Einat Liebenthal
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali Desai
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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150
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Miller GE, Borders AE, Crockett AH, Ross KM, Qadir S, Keenan-Devlin L, Leigh AK, Ham P, Ma J, Arevalo JM, Ernst LM, Cole SW. Maternal socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with transcriptional indications of greater immune activation and slower tissue maturation in placental biopsies and newborn cord blood. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:276-284. [PMID: 28434870 PMCID: PMC5493326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from economically disadvantaged families experience worse cognitive, psychiatric, and medical outcomes compared to more affluent youth. Preclinical models suggest some of the adverse influence of disadvantage could be transmitted during gestation via maternal immune activation, but this hypothesis has not been tested in humans. It also remains unclear whether prenatal interventions can mitigate such effects. To fill these gaps, we conducted two studies. Study 1 characterized the socioeconomic conditions of 79 women during pregnancy. At delivery, placenta biopsies and umbilical blood were collected for transcriptional profiling. Maternal disadvantage was associated with a transcriptional profile indicative of higher immune activation and slower fetal maturation, particularly in pathways related to brain, heart, and immune development. Cord blood cells of disadvantaged newborns also showed indications of immaturity, as reflected in down-regulation of pathways that coordinate myeloid cell development. These associations were independent of fetal sex, and characteristics of mothers (age, race, adiposity, diabetes, pre-eclampsia) and babies (delivery method, gestational age). Study 2 performed the same transcriptional analyses in specimens from 20 women participating in CenteringPregnancy, a group-based psychosocial intervention, and 20 women in traditional prenatal care. In both placenta biopsies and cord blood, women in CenteringPregnancy showed up-regulation of transcripts found in Study 1 to be most down-regulated in conjunction with disadvantage. Collectively, these results suggest socioeconomic disparities in placental biology are evident at birth, and provide clues about the mechanistic origins of health disparities. They also suggest the possibility that psychosocial interventions could have mitigating influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Ann E. Borders
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Amy H. Crockett
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville SC
| | - Kharah M. Ross
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Sameen Qadir
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Lauren Keenan-Devlin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Adam K. Leigh
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Paula Ham
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Jeffrey Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
| | - Jesusa M.G. Arevalo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
| | - Linda M. Ernst
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
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