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Shanaki M, Khosravi M, Khoshdooni-Farahani A, Dadashi A, Heydari MF, Delfan M, Jafary H, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S. High-Intensity Interval Training Reversed High-Fat Diet-Induced M1-Macrophage Polarization in Rat Adipose Tissue via Inhibition of NOTCH Signaling. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:165-174. [PMID: 32231438 PMCID: PMC7085339 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s237049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is accumulating evidence on the beneficial effect of exercise intervention in the management of metabolic disorders; however, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, the current study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous endurance training (CET) on serum and adipose-tissue markers of M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Methods A total of 45 healthy male Wistar rats were divided into groups of normal chow (n=10) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n=35). Then, rats receiving the HFD were randomly divided into four groups. Training programs were performed for 5 days/week over 10 weeks. The CET protocol included 30 minutes running at 50%–60% of VO2max. The HIIT protocol consisted of five repeated intervals of 2-minute sprints on the treadmill at 80%–90% VO2max workload with 1 minute's 30%–35% VO2max interval for each rat. Then, biochemical parameters were assessed. Macrophage-polarization markers were assessed at mRNA and protein levels by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results Both exercise-training programs, especially HIIT, reversed increased serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, and hsCRP), M1-polarization markers (circulating IL6, TNFα, and adipose-tissue mRNA expression of IL6, TNFα and iNOS), M2 markers (CD206, CD163, and IL10 expression), as well as pIκKB, pNFκB, and NICD expression in HFD-induced diabetes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that despite devoting less time, the HIIT workout is a more effective intervention for diabetes management. Moreover, HIIT reverses HFD-induced macrophage polarization by targeting the NFκB and NOTCH signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Dadashi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Foad Heydari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Jafary
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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102
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Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:22. [PMID: 32158768 PMCID: PMC7052117 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that reside in various specific anatomical locations throughout the body. The cellular composition, secretome, and location of these adipose depots define their function in health and metabolic disease. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, promoting a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic and insulin resistant environment that contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Concurrently, similar features that result from adipose tissue dysfunction also promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms that can be augmented by T2DM. The mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipose tissue simultaneously promote T2DM and CVD, focusing on adipose tissue depot-specific adipokines, inflammatory profiles, and metabolism, will be the focus of this review. The impact that various T2DM and CVD treatment strategies have on adipose tissue function and body weight also will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura J den Hartigh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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103
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Saxton SN, Withers SB, Heagerty AM. Emerging Roles of Sympathetic Nerves and Inflammation in Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 33:245-259. [PMID: 30747398 PMCID: PMC6509065 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is no longer recognised as simply a structural support for the vasculature, and we now know that PVAT releases vasoactive factors which modulate vascular function. Since the discovery of this function in 1991, PVAT research is rapidly growing and the importance of PVAT function in disease is becoming increasingly clear. Obesity is associated with a plethora of vascular conditions; therefore, the study of adipocytes and their effects on the vasculature is vital. PVAT contains an adrenergic system including nerves, adrenoceptors and transporters. In obesity, the autonomic nervous system is dysfunctional; therefore, sympathetic innervation of PVAT may be the key mechanistic link between increased adiposity and vascular disease. In addition, not all obese people develop vascular disease, but a common feature amongst those that do appears to be the inflammatory cell population in PVAT. This review will discuss what is known about sympathetic innervation of PVAT, and the links between nerve activation and inflammation in obesity. In addition, we will examine the therapeutic potential of exercise in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
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104
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Yuksel Ozgor B, Demiral I, Zeybek U, Celik F, Buyru F, Yeh J, Bastu E. Effects of Irisin Compared with Exercise on Specific Metabolic and Obesity Parameters in Female Mice with Obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:141-145. [PMID: 32250208 DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to analyze the changes in metabolic parameters after administration of irisin to obese female mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomized into three groups as irisin, exercise, and control. The control and irisin group remained sedentary, whereas the exercise group started free wheel exercising 6 weeks after the start of the study. The irisin group received irisin after 20 weeks. All mice were sacrificed at the 22nd week of the study, and obesity-related metabolic parameters were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference between the irisin and exercise groups in weight gain (P > 0.05). By contrast, weight gain in the control group was significantly higher compared with the irisin and exercise groups (P < 0.05). Serum bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), ghrelin, insulin, kisspeptin, leptin, and visfatin levels were statistically lower in the irisin and exercise groups compared with the control group, but no significance was detected between the irisin and exercise groups (P < 0.05 for all parameters). Conclusion: Similar to the effect of exercise, irisin injections resulted in the amelioration of certain obesity-related parameters such as the concentration of adipokines, BMP4, insulin, and ghrelin. Its role as a potential alternative to exercise needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Yuksel Ozgor
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Demiral
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Zeybek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Celik
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Buyru
- Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - John Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ercan Bastu
- Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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105
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Goutianos G, Margaritelis NV, Sparopoulou T, Veskoukis AS, Vrabas IS, Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A. Chronic administration of plasma from exercised rats to sedentary rats does not induce redox and metabolic adaptations. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:3. [PMID: 32039695 PMCID: PMC6995785 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether endurance exercise-induced changes in blood plasma composition may lead to adaptations in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle and liver. Forty sedentary rats were randomly distributed into two groups: a group that was injected with pooled plasma from rats that swam until exhaustion and a group that was injected with the pooled plasma from resting rats (intravenous administration at a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight for 21 days). Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls were higher in the plasma collected from the exercised rats compared to the plasma from the resting rats. Νo significant difference was found in blood and tissue redox biomarkers and in tissue metabolic markers between rats that received the "exercised" or the "non-exercised" plasma (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that plasma injections from exercised rats to sedentary rats do not induce redox or metabolic adaptations in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Goutianos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Sparopoulou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Department of Animal Structure and Function, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
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Brezinova M, Cajka T, Oseeva M, Stepan M, Dadova K, Rossmeislova L, Matous M, Siklova M, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O. Exercise training induces insulin-sensitizing PAHSAs in adipose tissue of elderly women. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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107
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Nono Nankam PA, Mendham AE, De Smidt MF, Keswell D, Olsson T, Blüher M, Goedecke JH. Changes in systemic and subcutaneous adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in response to exercise training in obese black African women. J Physiol 2020; 598:503-515. [PMID: 31873952 DOI: 10.1113/jp278669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated during obesity and contribute to the development of insulin resistance; and exercise training represents a key component in the management of these conditions. Black African women, despite high gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and less visceral fat, are less insulin sensitive than their white counterparts. Exercise training improved systemic oxidative stress in obese black women, which was related to gynoid fat reduction and not insulin sensitivity. Inflammatory markers changed depot-specifically in response to exercise training, increasing in gluteal SAT without changing in abdominal SAT. The increase of inflammatory state in gluteal SAT after exercise training is suggested to result from tissue remodelling consecutive to the reduction of gynoid fat but does not contribute to the improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity in obese black South African women. ABSTRACT Inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated during obesity and contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Exercise training represents a key component in the management of obesity. We evaluated the effects of 12 weeks' combined resistance and aerobic exercise training on systemic and abdominal vs. gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) inflammatory and oxidative status in obese black South African women. Before and after the intervention, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), cardio-respiratory fitness ( VO 2 peak ), serum and SAT inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured from 15 (control group) and 20 (exercise group) women and insulin sensitivity (SI ; frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) was estimated. Following the intervention, VO 2 peak (9.8%), body fat composition (1-3%) and SI (9%) improved, serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased (6.5%), and catalase activity increased (23%) in the exercise compared to the control group (P < 0.05), without changes in circulating inflammatory markers. The mRNA content of interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor α, nuclear factor κB and macrophage migration inhibitory factor increased in the gluteal SAT exercise compared to the control group P < 0.05), with no changes in abdominal SAT. These changes of inflammatory profile in gluteal SAT, in addition to the reduction of circulating TBARS, correlated with the reduction of gynoid fat, but not with the improvement of SI . The changes in systemic oxidative stress markers and gluteal SAT inflammatory genes correlated with the reduction in gynoid fat but were not directly associated with the exercise-induced improvements in SI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Nono Nankam
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melony F De Smidt
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dheshnie Keswell
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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108
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Guo S, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Huang H, Hong S, Liu T. Impacts of exercise interventions on different diseases and organ functions in mice. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:53-73. [PMID: 31921481 PMCID: PMC6943779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background In recent years, much evidence has emerged to indicate that exercise can benefit people when performed properly. This review summarizes the exercise interventions used in studies involving mice as they are related to special diseases or physiological status. To further understand the effects of exercise interventions in treating or preventing diseases, it is important to establish a template for exercise interventions that can be used in future exercise-related studies. Methods PubMed was used as the data resource for articles. To identify studies related to the effectiveness of exercise interventions for treating various diseases and organ functions in mice, we used the following search language: (exercise [Title] OR training [Title] OR physical activity [Title]) AND (mice [title/abstract] OR mouse [title/abstract] OR mus [title/abstract]). To limit the range of search results, we included 2 filters: one that limited publication dates to "in 10 years" and one that sorted the results as "best match". Then we grouped the commonly used exercise methods according to their similarities and differences. We then evaluated the effectiveness of the exercise interventions for their impact on diseases and organ functions in 8 different systems. Results A total of 331 articles were included in the analysis procedure. The articles were then segmented into 8 systems for which the exercise interventions were used in targeting and treating disorders: motor system (60 studies), metabolic system (45 studies), cardio-cerebral vascular system (58 studies), nervous system (74 studies), immune system (32 studies), respiratory system (7 studies), digestive system (1 study), and the system related to the development of cancer (54 studies). The methods of exercise interventions mainly involved the use of treadmills, voluntary wheel-running, forced wheel-running, swimming, and resistance training. It was found that regardless of the specific exercise method used, most of them demonstrated positive effects on various systemic diseases and organ functions. Most diseases were remitted with exercise regardless of the exercise method used, although some diseases showed the best remission effects when a specific method was used. Conclusion Our review strongly suggests that exercise intervention is a cornerstone in disease prevention and treatment in mice. Because exercise interventions in humans typically focus on chronic diseases, national fitness, and body weight loss, and typically have low intervention compliance rates, it is important to use mice models to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the health benefits from exercise interventions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - He Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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109
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Vidal P, Stanford KI. Exercise-Induced Adaptations to Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:270. [PMID: 32411099 PMCID: PMC7201000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training results in beneficial adaptations to numerous tissues and offers protection against metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Multiple studies have indicated that both white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue may play an important role to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Studies from both rodents and humans have identified exercise-induced changes in WAT including increased mitochondrial activity and glucose uptake, an altered endocrine profile, and in rodents, a beiging of the WAT. Studies investigating the effects of exercise on BAT have resulted in conflicting data in terms of mitochondrial activity, glucose uptake, and thermogenic activity in rodents and humans, and remain an important area of investigation. This review discusses the exercise-induced adaptations to white and brown adipose tissue, distinguishing important differences between rodents and humans and highlighting the latest studies in the field and their implications.
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110
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Than WH, Chan GCK, Ng JKC, Szeto CC. The role of obesity on chronic kidney disease development, progression, and cardiovascular complications. ADVANCES IN BIOMARKER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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111
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Townsend LK, Weber AJ, Barbeau PA, Holloway GP, Wright DC. Reactive oxygen species-dependent regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 in white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C137-C149. [PMID: 31721616 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00313.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules mediating the exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle. Acute exercise also drives the expression of genes involved in reesterification and glyceroneogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT), but whether ROS play any role in this effect has not been explored. We speculated that exercise-induced ROS would regulate acute exercise-induced responses in WAT. To address this question, we utilized various models to alter redox signaling in WAT. We examined basal and exercise-induced gene expression in a genetically modified mouse model of reduced mitochondrial ROS emission [mitochondrial catalase overexpression (MCAT)]. Additionally, H2O2, various antioxidants, and the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316243 were used to assess gene expression in white adipose tissue culture. MCAT mice have reduced ROS emission from WAT, enlarged WAT depots and adipocytes, and greater pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (Pdk4) gene expression. In WAT culture, H2O2 reduced glyceroneogenic gene expression. In wild-type mice, acute exercise induced dramatic but transient increases in Pdk4 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1) mRNA in both subcutaneous inguinal WAT and epididymal WAT depots, which was almost completely absent in MCAT mice. Furthermore, the induction of Pdk4 and Pck1 in WAT culture by CL316243 was markedly reduced in the presence of antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine or vitamin E. Genetic and nutritional approaches that attenuate redox signaling prevent exercise- and β-agonist-induced gene expression within WAT. Combined, these data suggest that ROS represent important mediators of gene expression within WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa J Weber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Stanford KI. The Regulation of Lipokines by Environmental Factors. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2422. [PMID: 31614481 PMCID: PMC6835582 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly metabolically-active tissue that senses and secretes hormonal and lipid mediators that facilitate adaptations to metabolic tissues. In recent years, the role of lipokines, which are lipid species predominantly secreted from adipose tissue that act as hormonal regulators in many metabolic tissues, has been an important area of research for obesity and diabetes. Previous studies have identified that these secreted lipids, including palmitoleate, 12,13-diHOME, and fatty acid-hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFA) species, are important regulators of metabolism. Moreover, environmental factors that directly affect the secretion of lipokines such as diet, exercise, and exposure to cold temperatures constitute attractive therapeutic strategies, but the mechanisms that regulate lipokine stimulation have not been thoroughly reviewed. In this study, we will discuss the chemical characteristics of lipokines that position them as attractive targets for chronic disease treatment and prevention and the emerging roles of lipokines as regulators of inter-tissue communication. We will define the target tissues of lipokines, and explore the ability of lipokines to prevent or delay the onset and development of chronic diseases. Comprehensive understanding of the lipokine synthesis and lipokine-driven regulation of metabolic outcomes is instrumental for developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies that harness adipose tissue-derived lipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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113
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Bolus WR, Hasty AH. Contributions of innate type 2 inflammation to adipose function. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1698-1709. [PMID: 29891508 PMCID: PMC6795076 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r085993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical contributor to the health consequences of the obesity epidemic is dysregulated adipose tissue (AT) homeostasis. While white, brown, and beige AT function is altered in obesity-related disease, white AT is marked by progressive inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction and has been the focus of extensive "immunometabolism" research in the past decade. The exact triggering events initiating and sustaining AT inflammation are still under study, but it has been shown that reducing inflammation improves insulin action in AT. Scientific efforts seeking interventions to mitigate obesity-associated AT inflammation continue, and many groups are now determining how lean healthy AT homeostasis is maintained in order to leverage these mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Such studies have revealed that an elaborate network of immune cells, cytokines, and other cellular mediators coordinate AT function. Recent studies elucidated the involvement of the innate immune system in AT homeostasis (e.g., beiging and insulin sensitivity), including M2-like macrophages, eosinophils, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, and several others. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on innate type 2 inflammation in AT; additionally, we draw attention to areas of debate where seemingly conflicting data promises to yield more surprising and elegant biology as studies continue to dissect AT physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reid Bolus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville TN 37212
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Winn NC, Acin-Perez R, Woodford ML, Hansen SA, Haney MM, Ayedun LA, Rector RS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Shirihai OS, Sacks HS, Kanaley JA, Padilla J. A Thermogenic-Like Brown Adipose Tissue Phenotype Is Dispensable for Enhanced Glucose Tolerance in Female Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:1717-1729. [PMID: 30862679 PMCID: PMC6702635 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. Determination of whether modulation of the BAT morphology/function drives changes in glucoregulation at thermoneutrality requires further investigation. We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2, change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. In contrast to this hypothesis, we found that 1) compared to mice living at thermoneutrality, enhanced activation of BAT and its thermogenic phenotype via chronic mild cold stress does not improve glucose tolerance in obese mice, 2) silencing of the Pnpla2 in interscapular BAT causes a brown-to-white phenotypic shift accompanied with inflammation but does not disrupt glucose tolerance in lean mice, and 3) exercise and low-fat diet improve glucose tolerance in obese mice but these effects do not track with a thermogenic BAT phenotype. Collectively, these findings indicate that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is not linked to heightened glucose tolerance in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Megan M Haney
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lolade A Ayedun
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Harold S Sacks
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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115
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Abstract
Physical activity exerts multiple beneficial effects and the myokine concept provides a framework for understanding the molecular pathways that integrate contracting muscle in the complex network of organ communication. This network includes multiple distinct and distal organs; however, the autocrine and paracrine effects of myokines within skeletal muscle (in which they are produced) also need specific attention. In humans, the functional allocation of myokines remains limited and recent findings on fibre type-specific myokine signatures point to an additional level of complexity. Myokines are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity and, therefore, critically counteract insulin resistance and the metabolic perturbations of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Future work needs to address the role of myokines in concert with other crosstalk molecules, and to define their specific impact for metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eckel
- KomIT - Center of Competence for Innovative Diabetes Therapy, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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116
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Effect of resveratrol on adipokines and myokines involved in fat browning: Perspectives in healthy weight against obesity. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104411. [PMID: 31449976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a globally widespread metabolic disorder, characterized by immoderate fat accumulation in the body. There are different types of body fats such as white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores surplus energy in the body, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) which utilize energy to produce heat during metabolism. BAT acts many beneficial functions in metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recent studies have investigated methods for promoting the fat browning process of WAT in obesity because of various reasons such as the improvement of insulin resistance, and weight loss. Among natural polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol has been highlighted due to its anti-oxidant and anti-obesity as well as anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties. Recent studies have paid a lot of attention to that resveratrol may act as a fat browning activator, involved in the secretion of many myokines and adipokines. Here, we reviewed the role of resveratrol in fat browning and also the association between resveratrol and adipokines/myokines in the fat browning process. Our review may provide novel insight into the role of resveratrol in fat browning, leading to the maintenance of a healthy weight against obesity.
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117
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Ziegler AK, Damgaard A, Mackey AL, Schjerling P, Magnusson P, Olesen AT, Kjaer M, Scheele C. An anti-inflammatory phenotype in visceral adipose tissue of old lean mice, augmented by exercise. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12069. [PMID: 31427677 PMCID: PMC6700172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue is an immunogenic tissue, which turns detrimental during obesity by activation of proinflammatory macrophages. During aging, chronic inflammation increases proportional to visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and associates with escalating morbidity and mortality. Here, we utilize a mouse model to investigate the inflammatory status of visceral adipose tissue in lean aging mice and assess the effects of exercise training interventions. We randomized adult (11 months; n = 21) and old (23 months; n = 27) mice to resistance training (RT) or endurance training (ET), or to a sedentary control group (S). Strikingly, we observed an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the old mice, consisting of higher accumulation of M2 macrophages and IL-10 expression, compared to the adult mice. In concordance, old mice also had less VAT mass and smaller adipocytes compared to adult mice. In both age groups, exercise training enhanced the anti-inflammatory phenotype and increased PGC1-α mRNA expression. Intriguingly, the brown adipose tissue marker UCP1 was modestly higher in old mice, while remained unchanged by the intervention. In conclusion, in the absence of obesity, visceral adipose tissue possesses a pronounced anti-inflammatory phenotype during aging which is further enhanced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ziegler
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A Damgaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A T Olesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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118
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Liang X, Pan J, Cao C, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Li K, Tao C, Wang Y. Transcriptional Response of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue to Acute Cold Exposure in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163968. [PMID: 31443159 PMCID: PMC6720191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipose tissue has been considered to have potential applications in combating obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms of acute cold-stimulated beige formation still remain largely unknown. Here, transcriptional analysis of acute cold-stimulated (4 °C for 4 h) subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was conducted to determine the molecular signatures that might be involved in beige formation. Histological analysis confirmed the appearance of beige adipocytes in acute cold-treated sWAT. The RNA-sequencing data revealed that 714 genes were differentially expressed (p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2), in which 221 genes were upregulated and 493 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that the upregulated genes were enriched in the GO terms related to lipid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process, lipid oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, etc. In contrast, downregulated genes were assigned the GO terms of regulation of immune response, regulation of response to stimulus, defense response, etc. The expressions of some browning candidate genes were validated in cold-treated sWAT and 3T3-L1 cell browning differentiation. In summary, our results illustrated the transcriptional response of sWAT to acute cold exposure and identified the genes, including Acad11, Cyp2e1, Plin5, and Pdk2, involved in beige adipocyte formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
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119
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Bryniarski AR, Meyer GA. Brown Fat Promotes Muscle Growth During Regeneration. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1817-1826. [PMID: 31042310 PMCID: PMC6824921 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of adipose tissue around and within muscles is highly correlated with reduced strength, functional limitations, and poor rehabilitative outcomes. Given the intimate physical contact between these tissues, paracrine cross-talk is a likely mediator of this association. The recent discovery that muscle-associated adipose tissue exhibits features of beige fat has suggested that this cross-talk may be modifiable, as beige fat can be stimulated to assume features of brown fat. In this work, we describe a novel intermuscular fat transplant model in the mouse rotator cuff to investigate cross-talk between muscle and adipose tissue. Specifically, we examine the role of transplanted fat phenotype on muscle regeneration by transplanting pieces of classical brown (interscapular), beige (inguinal), or white (epididymal) adipose tissue in conjunction with cardiotoxin injection to the adjacent supraspinatus muscle. Transplantation of brown fat, but not beige or white, significantly increased muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area and contractile force production compared with sham injury. This effect was not seen when cardiotoxin was delivered to a distant muscle, or when adjacent muscles were injected with saline indicating that the effect is localized and specifically targeting the regenerative process. Thus, we conclude that local signaling between fat and muscle varies by phenotype and that brown fat supports regeneration. Clinical significance: Our findings suggest that the phenotype of muscle-associated fat could be a novel therapeutic target to modulate fat-muscle signaling. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1817-1826, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Bryniarski
- Departments of Investigation performed at the Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Gretchen A. Meyer
- Departments of Investigation performed at the Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, MO 63108,Departments of Neurology, Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, MO 63108,Corresponding Author: Dr. Gretchen A.Meyer, 4444 Forest Park Ave, Suite 1101, St. Louis, MO 63108, Tel: 314-286-1456, Fax: 314-747-0674,
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120
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Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030057. [PMID: 31370146 PMCID: PMC6783838 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and 'beiging', as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.
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121
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Brandao CFC, de Carvalho FG, Souza ADO, Junqueira-Franco MVM, Batitucci G, Couto-Lima CA, Fett CA, Papoti M, Freitas ECD, Alberici LC, Marchini JS. Physical training, UCP1 expression, mitochondrial density, and coupling in adipose tissue from women with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1699-1706. [PMID: 31282585 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training may improve energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and oxidative capacities. Therefore, we hypothesized that physical training enhances white adipose tissue mitochondrial oxidative capacity from obese women. OBJECTIVE To evaluate mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial content, and UCP1 gene expression in white adipose tissue from women with obesity before and after the physical training program. METHODS Women (n = 14, BMI 33 ± 3 kg/m2 , 35 ± 6 years, mean ± SD) were submitted to strength and aerobic exercises (75%-90% maximum heart rate and multiple repetitions), 3 times/week during 8 weeks. All evaluated subjects were paired, before and after training for resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate oxidation (lipid and carbohydrate) by indirect calorimeter, deuterium oxide body composition, and aerobic maximum velocity (Vmax ) test. At the beginning and at the ending of the protocol, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected to measure the mitochondrial respiration by high-resolution respirometry, mitochondrial content by citrate synthase (CS) activity, and UCP1 gene expression by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Combined physical training increased RMR, lipid oxidation, and Vmax but did not change body weight/composition. In WAT, exercise increased CS activity, decreased mitochondrial uncoupled respiration and mRNA of UCP1. RMR was positively correlated with fat-free mass. CONCLUSION Physical training promotes an increase in mitochondrial content without changing tissue respiratory capacity, a reduction in mitochondrial uncoupling degree and UCP1 mRNA expression in WAT. Finally, it improved the resting metabolic rate, lipid oxidation and physical performance, independent of the body changing free, or fat mass in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Giolo de Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Batitucci
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antonio Couto-Lima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Julio Sergio Marchini
- Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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122
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Klepac K, Georgiadi A, Tschöp M, Herzig S. The role of brown and beige adipose tissue in glycaemic control. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:90-100. [PMID: 31283940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past decade, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been extensively studied as a potential therapy for obesity and metabolic diseases due to its thermogenic and glucose-consuming properties. It is now clear that the function of BAT goes beyond heat production, as it also plays an important endocrine role by secreting the so-called batokines to communicate with other metabolic tissues and regulate systemic energy homeostasis. However, despite numerous studies showing the benefits of BAT in rodents, it is still not clear whether recruitment of BAT can be utilized to treat human patients. Here, we review the advances on understanding the role of BAT in metabolism and its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in both humans and rodents. Moreover, we discuss the latest methodological approaches to assess the contribution of BAT to human metabolism as well as the possibility to target BAT, pharmacologically or by lifestyle adaptations, to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Klepac
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Georgiadi
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Germany.
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123
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White JD, Dewal RS, Stanford KI. The beneficial effects of brown adipose tissue transplantation. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:74-81. [PMID: 31228478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a disease that results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential therapeutic target to improve the comorbidities associated with obesity due to its inherent thermogenic capacity and its ability to improve glucose metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that activation of BAT using either pharmacological treatments or cold exposure had an acute effect to increase metabolic function and reduce adiposity. Recent preclinical investigations have explored whether increasing BAT mass or activation through transplantation models could improve glucose metabolism and metabolic health. Successful BAT transplantation models have shown improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, as well as reductions in body mass and decreased adiposity in recipients. BAT transplantation may confer its beneficial effects through several different mechanisms, including endocrine effects via the release of 'batokines'. More recent studies have demonstrated that beige and brown adipocytes isolated from human progenitor cells and transplanted into mouse models result in metabolic improvements similar to transplantation of whole BAT; this could represent a clinically translatable model. In this review we will discuss the impetus for both early and recent investigations utilizing BAT transplantation models, the outcomes of these studies, and review the mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of BAT transplant to confer improvements in metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D White
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Revati S Dewal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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124
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Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI. Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31214598 PMCID: PMC6557987 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that affects whole body metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical exercise results in numerous health benefits and is an important tool to combat obesity and its co-morbidities, including cardiovascular disease. Exercise prevents both the onset and development of cardiovascular disease and is an important therapeutic tool to improve outcomes for patients with cardiovascular disease. Some benefits of exercise include enhanced mitochondrial function, restoration and improvement of vasculature, and the release of myokines from skeletal muscle that preserve or augment cardiovascular function. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms through which exercise promotes cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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125
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Rahmati M, Shariatzadeh M, Kazemi A, Taherabadi SJ. High-intensity interval training increasing ADP-ribosylation factor 6 and Cytochrome C in visceral adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. OBESITY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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126
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Yang W, Liu L, Wei Y, Fang C, Zhou F, Chen J, Han Q, Huang M, Tan X, Liu Q, Pan Q, Zhang L, Lei X, Li L. Exercise ameliorates the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment in diet-induced obese mice. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:596-604. [PMID: 30978696 PMCID: PMC6510890 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protective effects of exercise against glucose dysmetabolism have been generally reported. However, the mechanism by which exercise improves glucose homeostasis remains poorly understood. The FGF21-adiponectin axis participates in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Elevated levels of FGF21 and decreased levels of adiponectin in obesity indicate FGF21-adiponectin axis dysfunction. Hence, we investigated whether exercise could improve the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment and ameliorate disturbed glucose metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to three groups: low-fat diet control group, high-fat diet group and high-fat diet plus exercise group. Glucose metabolic parameters, the ability of FGF21 to induce adiponectin, FGF21 receptors and co-receptor levels and adipose tissue inflammation were evaluated after 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Exercise training led to reduced levels of fasting blood glucose and insulin, improved glucose tolerance and better insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Although serum FGF21 levels were not significantly changed, both total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations were markedly enhanced by exercise. Importantly, exercise protected against high-fat diet-induced impaired ability of FGF21 to stimulate adiponectin secretion. FGF21 co-receptor, β-klotho, as well as receptors, FGFR1 and FGFR2, were upregulated by exercise. We also found that exercise inhibited adipose tissue inflammation, which may contribute to the improvement in the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate exercise protects against high-fat diet-induced FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment, and may thereby exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlu Fang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangming Li
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Li:
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127
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Min SY, Learnard H, Kant S, Gealikman O, Rojas-Rodriguez R, DeSouza T, Desai A, Keaney JF, Corvera S, Craige SM. Exercise Rescues Gene Pathways Involved in Vascular Expansion and Promotes Functional Angiogenesis in Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082046. [PMID: 31027261 PMCID: PMC6515240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise mitigates chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity; however, the molecular mechanisms governing protection from these diseases are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that exercise rescues metabolically compromised high fat diet (HFD) fed mice, and reprograms subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT). Using transcriptomic profiling, scWAT was analyzed for HFD gene expression changes that were rescued by exercise. Gene networks involved in vascularization were identified as prominent targets of exercise, which led us to investigate the vasculature architecture and endothelial phenotype. Vascular density in scWAT was found to be compromised in HFD, and exercise rescued this defect. Similarly, angiogenic capacity as measured by ex vivo capillary sprouting was significantly promoted with exercise. Together, these data demonstrate that exercise enhances scWAT vascularization and functional capacity for angiogenesis, and can prevent the detrimental effects of HFD. The improvement in these indices correlates with improvement of whole-body metabolism, suggesting that scWAT vascularization may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yun Min
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Heather Learnard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Olga Gealikman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Raziel Rojas-Rodriguez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Tiffany DeSouza
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Anand Desai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Craige
- Human Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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128
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Luong Q, Huang J, Lee KY. Deciphering White Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020023. [PMID: 30978929 PMCID: PMC6628053 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue not only stores energy, but also controls metabolism through secretion of hormones, cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs that affect the function of cells and tissues throughout the body. Adipose tissue is organized into discrete depots throughout the body, and these depots are differentially associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of metabolic disease. In addition to energy-dissipating brown and beige adipocytes, recent lineage tracing studies have demonstrated that individual adipose depots are composed of white adipocytes that are derived from distinct precursor populations, giving rise to distinct subpopulations of energy-storing white adipocytes. In this review, we discuss this developmental and functional heterogeneity of white adipocytes both between and within adipose depots. In particular, we will highlight findings from our recent manuscript in which we find and characterize three major subtypes of white adipocytes. We will discuss these data relating to the differences between subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue and in relationship to previous work deciphering adipocyte heterogeneity within adipose tissue depots. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications of adipocyte heterogeneity may have for the understanding of lipodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Luong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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129
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Townsend LK, Wright DC. Looking on the "brite" side exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:455-465. [PMID: 29982948 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective and convenient ways of combatting obesity has created great interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, because adult humans have relatively little amounts of BAT, the possibility of browning white adipose tissue (WAT), i.e., switching the metabolism of WAT from an energy storing to energy burning organ, has gained considerable attention. Exercise has countless health benefits, and has consistently been shown to cause browning in rodent white adipose tissue. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies examining the effects of exercise and other interventions on the browning of white adipose tissue. The role of various endocrine factors, including catecholamines, interleukin-6, irisin, and meteorin-like in addition to local re-esterification-mediated mechanisms in inducing the browning of WAT will be discussed. The physiological importance of browning will be discussed, as will discrepancies in the literature between human and rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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130
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Peres Valgas da Silva C, Hernández-Saavedra D, White JD, Stanford KI. Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010009. [PMID: 30759802 PMCID: PMC6466122 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joseph D White
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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131
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Takahashi H, Alves CRR, Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Pasquale Nigro, Ryan RE, Xue R, Sakaguchi M, Lynes MD, So K, Mul JD, Lee MY, Balan E, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Hirshman MF, Azhar M, Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK, Kahn CR, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nat Metab 2019; 1:291-303. [PMID: 31032475 PMCID: PMC6481955 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise improves health and well-being across diverse organ systems, and elucidating mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise can lead to new therapies. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is secreted from adipose tissue in response to exercise and improves glucose tolerance in mice. We identify TGF-β2 as an exercise-induced adipokine in a gene expression analysis of human subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies after exercise training. In mice, exercise training increases TGF-β2 in scWAT, serum, and its secretion from fat explants. Transplanting scWAT from exercise-trained wild type mice, but not from adipose tissue-specific Tgfb2−/− mice, into sedentary mice improves glucose tolerance. TGF-β2 treatment reverses the detrimental metabolic effects of high fat feeding in mice. Lactate, a metabolite released from muscle during exercise, stimulates TGF-β2 expression in human adipocytes. Administration of the lactate-lowering agent dichloroacetate during exercise training in mice decreases circulating TGF-β2 levels and reduces exercise-stimulated improvements in glucose tolerance. Thus, exercise training improves systemic metabolism through inter-organ communication with fat via a lactate-TGF-β2-signaling cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ryan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estelle Balan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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132
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Dollet L, Zierath JR. Interplay between diet, exercise and the molecular circadian clock in orchestrating metabolic adaptations of adipose tissue. J Physiol 2019; 597:1439-1450. [PMID: 30615204 DOI: 10.1113/jp276488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of circadian rhythmicity induced by prolonged light exposure, altered sleep patterns and shift work is associated with the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. White and brown adipose tissue activity shows circadian rhythmicity, with daily variations in the regulation of metabolic processes such as lipolysis, glucose and lipid uptake, and adipokine secretion. The role of the circadian clock in the regulation of energy homeostasis has raised interest in clock-related strategies to mitigate metabolic disturbances associated with type 2 diabetes, including 'resynchronizing' metabolism through diet or targeting a particular time of a day to potentiate the effect of a pharmacological or physiological treatment. Exercise is an effective intervention to prevent insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Beyond its effect on skeletal muscle, exercise training also has a profound effect on adipose tissue. Adipose tissue partly mediates the beneficial effect of exercise on glucose and energy homeostasis, via its metabolic and endocrine function. The interaction between zeitgeber time and diet or exercise is likely to influence the metabolic response of adipose tissue and therefore impact the whole-body phenotype. Understanding the impact of circadian clock systems on human physiology and how this is regulated by exercise in a tissue-specific manner will yield new insights for the management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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133
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Mika A, Macaluso F, Barone R, Di Felice V, Sledzinski T. Effect of Exercise on Fatty Acid Metabolism and Adipokine Secretion in Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30745881 PMCID: PMC6360148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased physical activity is an optimal way to maintain a good health. During exercise, triacylglycerols, an energy reservoir in adipose tissue, are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FAs) which are then released to the circulation, providing a fuel for working muscles. Thus, regular physical activity leads to a reduction of adipose tissue mass and improves metabolism. However, the reduction of lipid reservoir is also associated with many other interesting changes in adipose tissue FA metabolism. For example, a prolonged exercise contributes to a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity and resultant reduction of FA uptake. This results in the improvement of mitochondrial function and upregulation of enzymes involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The exercise-induced changes in adipocyte metabolism are associated with modifications of FA composition. The modifications are adipose tissue depot-specific and follow different patterns in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Moreover, exercise affects adipokine release from adipose tissue, and thus, may mitigate inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity. Another consequence of exercise is the recently described phenomenon of adipose tissue “beiging,” i.e., a switch from energy-storing white adipocyte phenotype to thermogenic FA oxidizing beige adipocytes. This process is regulated by myokines released during the exercise. In this review, we summarize published evidence for the exercise-related changes in FA metabolism and adipokine release in adipose tissue, and their potential contribution to beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.,SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies (SMARTEST) Research Center, eCampus University, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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134
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Townsend LK, Medak KD, Knuth CM, Peppler WT, Charron MJ, Wright DC. Loss of glucagon signaling alters white adipose tissue browning. FASEB J 2019; 33:4824-4835. [PMID: 30615494 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802048rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various endocrine factors contribute to cold-induced white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, but glucagon has largely been ignored. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine if glucagon was required for the effects of cold on WAT browning. Utilizing whole-body glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls, we examined the response of inguinal WAT (iWAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) to an acute (48 h) cold stress or challenge with the β3-adrenergic agonist CL316,243. The effects of glucagon alone on the induction of thermogenic genes in adipose tissue from C57BL6/J mice were also examined. Gcgr-/- mice displayed modest increases in indices of browning at room temperature while displaying a blunted induction of Ucp1, Cidea, and Ffg21 mRNA expression in iWAT following cold exposure. Similarly, cold induced increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number, and the protein content of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, UCP1, and PGC1α were attenuated in iWAT from Gcgr-/- mice. In BAT, the induction of thermogenic markers following cold exposure was reduced, but the effect was less pronounced than in iWAT. Glucagon treatment increased the expression of thermogenic genes in both iWAT and BAT of C57BL6/J mice. In response to CL316,243, circulating fatty acids, glycerol, and the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase were attenuated in iWAT of Gcgr-/- mice. We provide evidence that glucagon is sufficient for the induction of thermogenic genes in iWAT, and the absence of intact glucagon signaling blunts the cold-induced browning of WAT, possibly due, in part, to impaired adrenergic signaling.-Townsend, L. K., Medak, K. D., Knuth, C. M., Peppler, W. T., Charron, M. J., Wright, D. C. Loss of glucagon signaling alters white adipose tissue browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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135
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Lehnig AC, Dewal RS, Baer LA, Kitching KM, Munoz VR, Arts PJ, Sindeldecker DA, May FJ, Lauritzen HPMM, Goodyear LJ, Stanford KI. Exercise Training Induces Depot-Specific Adaptations to White and Brown Adipose Tissue. iScience 2019; 11:425-439. [PMID: 30661000 PMCID: PMC6348298 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects whole-body metabolism through adaptations to various tissues, including adipose tissue (AT). Recent studies investigated exercise-induced adaptations to AT, focusing on inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT), perigonadal WAT, and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). Although these AT depots play important roles in metabolism, they account for only ∼50% of the AT mass in a mouse. Here, we investigated the effects of 3 weeks of exercise training on all 14 AT depots. Exercise induced depot-specific effects in genes involved in mitochondrial activity, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid uptake and oxidation in each adipose tissue (AT) depot. These data demonstrate that exercise training results in unique responses in each AT depot; identifying the depot-specific adaptations to AT in response to exercise is essential to determine how AT contributes to the overall beneficial effect of exercise. This study investigates the effects of exercise on all adipose tissue (AT) depots Exercise training induces unique metabolic changes to BAT, scWAT, and vWAT Exercise training differentially affects each AT depot within BAT, scWAT, and vWAT
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Lehnig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Revati S Dewal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kitching
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vitor Rosetto Munoz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter J Arts
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Devin A Sindeldecker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Francis J May
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hans P M M Lauritzen
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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136
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Riis S, Christensen B, Nellemann B, Møller AB, Husted AS, Pedersen SB, Schwartz TW, Jørgensen JOL, Jessen N. Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:569-577. [PMID: 30571288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00989.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18-24 yr; BMI 19.0-25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21-35 yr; BMI 20.5-28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Riis
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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137
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Otero-Díaz B, Rodríguez-Flores M, Sánchez-Muñoz V, Monraz-Preciado F, Ordoñez-Ortega S, Becerril-Elias V, Baay-Guzmán G, Obando-Monge R, García-García E, Palacios-González B, Villarreal-Molina MT, Sierra-Salazar M, Antuna-Puente B. Exercise Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning Across the Weight Spectrum in Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1781. [PMID: 30618796 PMCID: PMC6297830 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While the effect of exercise on white adipose tissue browning and metabolic improvement in rodents is clear, there are few studies in humans with inconclusive results. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess whether an exercise intervention promotes subcutaneous adipose tissue browning in humans, and whether this response is associated with metabolic improvement in three groups of individuals defined by body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Sedentary adult subjects with different BMI were enrolled in a 12-week bicycle-training program (3 times per week, intensity 70-80% HRmax). Brown and beige gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (scWAT) biopsies, and serum glucose, insulin, lipid, adipokine, and myokine levels were compared before and after the exercise intervention. Thirty-three non-diabetic subjects (mean age 30.4 ± 4.6 years; 57.57% female; 13 normal weight, 10 overweight and 10 with obesity) completed the exercise intervention. Without any significant change in body composition, exercise improved several metabolic parameters, most notably insulin resistance and particularly in the overweight group. Circulating adiponectin, apelin, and irisin exercise-induced changes predicted 60% of the insulin sensitivity improvement. After exercise UCP1, TBX1, CPT1B scWAT expression significantly increased, along with P2RX5 significant positive staining. These changes are compatible with scWAT browning, however, they were not associated with glucose metabolism improvement. In conclusion, 12-weeks of exercise training produced brown/beige gene expression changes in abdominal scWAT of non-diabetic individuals with different BMI, which did not contribute to the metabolic improvement. However, this result should not be interpreted as a lack of effect of browning on metabolic parameters. These findings suggest that a bigger effect is needed and should not preclude the development of more effective strategies of browning. Furthermore, exercise-induced changes in adiponectin, apelin, and irisin predicted insulin sensitivity improvement, supporting the important role of adipokines and myokines in metabolism homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Otero-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Rodríguez-Flores
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Sánchez-Muñoz
- Centro de Nutrición y Obesidad, The American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Monraz-Preciado
- Departamento de Cirugía, Servicio de Cirugía Endocrina y Laparoscopia Avanzada, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Ordoñez-Ortega
- Departamento de Cirugía, Servicio de Cirugía Endocrina y Laparoscopia Avanzada, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vicente Becerril-Elias
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Baay-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Obando-Monge
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo García-García
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mauricio Sierra-Salazar
- Departamento de Cirugía, Servicio de Cirugía Endocrina y Laparoscopia Avanzada, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Barbara Antuna-Puente
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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138
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Lee KY, Luong Q, Sharma R, Dreyfuss JM, Ussar S, Kahn CR. Developmental and functional heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single fat depot. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899291. [PMID: 30530479 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that, even within a single adipose depot, there may be distinct subpopulations of adipocytes. To investigate this cellular heterogeneity, we have developed multiple conditionally immortalized clonal preadipocyte lines from white adipose tissue of mice. Analysis of these clones reveals at least three white adipocyte subpopulations. These subpopulations have differences in metabolism and differentially respond to inflammatory cytokines, insulin, and growth hormones. These also have distinct gene expression profiles and can be tracked by differential expression of three marker genes: Wilms' tumor 1, transgelin, and myxovirus 1. Lineage tracing analysis with dual-fluorescent reporter mice indicates that these adipocyte subpopulations have differences in gene expression and metabolism that mirror those observed in the clonal cell lines. Furthermore, preadipocytes and adipocytes from these subpopulations differ in their abundance in different fat depots. Thus, white adipose tissue, even in a single depot, is comprised of distinct subpopulations of white adipocytes with different physiological phenotypes. These differences in adipocyte composition may contribute to the differences in metabolic behavior and physiology of different fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Quyen Luong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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139
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Stanford KI, Rasmussen M, Baer LA, Lehnig AC, Rowland LA, White JD, So K, De Sousa-Coelho AL, Hirshman MF, Patti ME, Rando OJ, Goodyear LJ. Paternal Exercise Improves Glucose Metabolism in Adult Offspring. Diabetes 2018; 67:2530-2540. [PMID: 30344184 PMCID: PMC6245224 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poor paternal diet has emerged as a risk factor for metabolic disease in offspring, and alterations in sperm may be a major mechanism mediating these detrimental effects of diet. Although exercise in the general population is known to improve health, the effects of paternal exercise on sperm and offspring metabolic health are largely unknown. Here, we studied 7-week-old C57BL/6 male mice fed a chow or high-fat diet and housed either in static cages (sedentary) or cages with attached running wheels (exercise trained). After 3 weeks, one cohort of males was sacrificed and cauda sperm obtained, while the other cohort was bred with chow-fed sedentary C57BL/6 females. Offspring were chow fed, sedentary, and studied during the first year of life. We found that high-fat feeding of sires impairs glucose tolerance and increases the percentage of fat mass in both male and female offspring at 52 weeks of age. Strikingly, paternal exercise suppresses the effects of paternal high-fat diet on offspring, reversing the observed impairment in glucose tolerance, percentage of fat mass, and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles of the offspring. These changes in offspring phenotype are accompanied by changes in sperm physiology, as, for example, high-fat feeding results in decreased sperm motility, an effect normalized in males subject to exercise training. Deep sequencing of sperm reveals pronounced effects of exercise training on multiple classes of small RNAs, as multiple changes to the sperm RNA payload observed in animals consuming a high-fat diet are suppressed by exercise training. Thus, voluntary exercise training of male mice results in pronounced improvements in the metabolic health of adult male and female offspring. We provide the first in-depth analysis of small RNAs in sperm from exercise-trained males, revealing a marked change in the levels of multiple small RNAs with the potential to alter phenotypes in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Adam C Lehnig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph D White
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oliver J Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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140
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Stinkens R, Brouwers B, Jocken JW, Blaak EE, Teunissen-Beekman KF, Hesselink MK, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, Goossens GH. Exercise training-induced effects on the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype in humans with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1585-1593. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent studies have indicated that physical exercise may improve adipose tissue function. We investigated the effects of a 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program on adipocyte morphology and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue function in metabolically well-phenotyped subjects with obesity. Men with obesity ( n = 21) participated in a 12-wk supervised, progressive, combined exercise training program consisting of aerobic exercise (30 min at 70% of maximal power output 2 times/wk) and resistance exercise (3 × 10 repetitions at 60% of 1 repeated maximum 1 time/wk), with adjustment of exercise intensity every 4 wk. At baseline and after intervention, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected to determine 1) adipocyte morphology, 2) gene expression of markers for lipolysis, inflammation, browning, adipokines, and mitochondrial biogenesis/function, 3) protein expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and 4) ex vivo basal and β2-adrenergic stimulated lipolysis. The exercise training program, which increased maximal aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001) and muscle strength ( P < 0.001), slightly reduced adipose tissue mass (~0.7 kg, P = 0.021) but did not affect abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size ( P = 0.744), adipose tissue gene expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, browning, lipolysis, inflammation and adipokines, total OXPHOS protein content ( P = 0.789), or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis ( P = 0.555). A 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue gene/protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis in male subjects with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies that investigated the effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function in well-phenotyped humans are scarce. We demonstrate that 12 wk of supervised exercise training improved physical fitness and peripheral insulin sensitivity but did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology, adipose tissue gene and protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function, or β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis in men with obesity. A prolonged and/or more intense training program may be required to improve human adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karianna F. Teunissen-Beekman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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141
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Wang CY, Neil DL, Home P. 2020 vision - An overview of prospects for diabetes management and prevention in the next decade. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:101-112. [PMID: 29944968 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
After a century of medical progress, people nowadays live longer with diabetes than ever before. However, current preventative approaches, compounded in part by increased life-expectancy, are failing to reduce the prevalence of diabetes. Cardiovascular sequelae account for many of the four million deaths annually attributable to diabetes. Evidence indicates that certain glucose-lowering medications can improve vascular outcomes in some people with type 2 diabetes, which, together with better understanding of using multiple therapies concurrently, offers opportunities for beneficial personalization of medication regimens. However, further well-designed long-term studies are needed to evaluate cardiovascular benefits and safety of new and older medications, particularly in users typical of everyday diabetes care. Although there are numerous other promising advances in pharmacotherapies and biotechnology, these will probably be unaffordable for most people with diabetes globally. Therefore, effective national public health approaches will be essential to reducing the incidence of diabetes and its associated burdens; these may entail politically controversial measures to change unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. Stakeholders could learn from past failures and emulate successes in other health-care initiatives. Without early action at all levels, we face a future in which approaching one-quarter of humans will have diabetes, with more than half afflicted during their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - David L Neil
- Scientific Development Department, Content Ed Net, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip Home
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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142
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Knuth CM, Peppler WT, Townsend LK, Miotto PM, Gudiksen A, Wright DC. Prior exercise training improves cold tolerance independent of indices associated with non-shivering thermogenesis. J Physiol 2018; 596:4375-4391. [PMID: 30109697 DOI: 10.1113/jp276228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mammals defend against cold-induced reductions in body temperature through both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. The activation of non-shivering thermogenesis is primarily driven by uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue and to a lesser degree by the browning of white adipose tissue. Endurance exercise has also been shown to increase markers of white adipose tissue browning. This study aimed to determine whether prior exercise training would alter the response to a cold challenge and if this would be associated with differences in indices of non-shivering thermogenesis. It is shown that exercise training protects against cold-induced weight loss by increasing food intake. Exercise-trained mice were better able to maintain their core temperature, independent of differences in markers of non-shivering thermogenesis. ABSTRACT Shivering is one of the first defences against cold, and as skeletal muscle fatigues there is an increased reliance on non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown and beige adipose tissues are the primary thermogenic tissues regulating this process. Exercise has also been shown to increase the thermogenic capacity of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Whether exercise has an effect on the adaptations to cold stress within adipose tissue and skeletal muscle remains to be shown. Male C57BL/6 mice were either subjected to voluntary wheel running or remained sedentary for 12 days. Exercise led to decreased body weight and increased glucose tolerance. Mice were then divided into groups kept at 25°C room temperature or a cold challenge of 4°C for 48 h. Exercised mice were protected against cold-induced reductions in weight and in parallel with increased food intake. Providing exercised mice with the same amount of food as sedentary mice eliminated the protection against cold-induced weight loss. Cold exposure led to greater reductions in rectal temperature in sedentary compared to exercised mice. This protective effect was not explained by differences in the browning of white adipose tissue or brown adipose tissue mass. Similarly, the ability of the β3 -adrenergic agonist CL 316,243 to increase energy expenditure was attenuated in previously exercised mice, suggesting that the activation of uncoupling protein-1 in brown and/or beige adipocytes is not the source of protective effects. We speculate that the protection against cold-induced reductions in rectal temperature could potentially be linked to exercise-induced alterations in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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143
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Abstract
Exercise training results in adaptations to both skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) and protects against metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Exercise-induced adaptations include an altered profile of secreted proteins, both myokines (from skeletal muscle) and adipokines (from adipose tissue). These secreted proteins may act in an endocrine manner to facilitate tissue-to-tissue communication and "cross talk," likely working together to improve overall metabolic health. Some studies suggest that contracting skeletal muscles release myokines that may function to alter the phenotype of WAT, including WAT "beiging," in which there is increased expression of beige marker genes and increased presence of multilocular cells within the WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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144
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Soler-Vázquez MC, Mera P, Zagmutt S, Serra D, Herrero L. New approaches targeting brown adipose tissue transplantation as a therapy in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:346-355. [PMID: 30030977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is raising high expectations as a potential target in the fight against metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. BAT utilizes fuels such as fatty acids to maintain body temperature by uncoupling mitochondrial electron transport to produce heat instead of ATP. This process is called thermogenesis. BAT was considered to be exclusive to rodents and human neonates. However, in the last decade several studies have demonstrated that BAT is not only present but also active in adult humans and that its activity is reduced in several pathological conditions, such as aging, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, tremendous efforts are being made by the scientific community to enhance either BAT mass or activity. Several activators of thermogenesis have been described, such as natriuretic peptides, bone morphogenic proteins, or fibroblast growth factor 21. Furthermore, recent studies have tested a therapeutic approach to directly increase BAT mass by the implantation of either adipocytes or fat tissue. This approach might have an important future in regenerative medicine and in the fight against metabolic disorders. Here, we review the emerging field of BAT transplantation including the various sources of mesenchymal stem cell isolation in rodents and humans and the described metabolic outcomes of adipocyte cell transplantation and BAT transplantation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Soler-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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145
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Stojanović O, Kieser S, Trajkovski M. Common traits between the beige fat-inducing stimuli. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:67-73. [PMID: 30007128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissues play an essential role in regulating the metabolic homeostasis and can be found in almost all parts of the body. Excessive adiposity leads to obesity and can contribute to metabolic and other disorders. Adipocytes show remarkable plasticity in their function, which can be pushed toward energy storage, or energy expenditure-a `browning' of fat. Browning is controlled by the cellular milieu of the adipose tissue, with sympathetic innervation and by immune responses as key integrators of the signals that promote browning. Here, we describe the latest contributions to our understanding of how different metabolic stimuli can shape the adipocyte function. We especially focus on the role of the gut microbiota and the negative energy balance in regulating the browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Stojanović
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silas Kieser
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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146
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Ruiz JR, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Role of Human Brown Fat in Obesity, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease: Strategies to Turn Up the Heat. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:232-245. [PMID: 29981351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) was re-discovered in 2009 by several independent groups, who showed that it is present and active in adults, as judged from the profound uptake of the glucose analogue radiotracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in positron-emission tomography and computed tomography scan analysis after cold exposure. A potential clinical implication of activating BAT relates to its high metabolic activity and its potential role in stimulating energy expenditure (i.e. resting energy expenditure, meal-induced thermogenesis, and cold-induced thermogenesis), which makes it an attractive target to reduce adiposity. Moreover, due to its ability to oxidise glucose and lipids, BAT activation may also potentially exert beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular effects through reducing glucose and lipid levels, respectively. This review describes the potential role of human BAT in the prevention and treatment of obesity, metabolism, and cardiovascular disease focusing on its impact on energy expenditure and management of body fat accumulation as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism. This article also summarises the strategies that are currently being studied to activate human BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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147
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Clayton ZS, McCurdy CE. Short-term thermoneutral housing alters glucose metabolism and markers of adipose tissue browning in response to a high-fat diet in lean mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R627-R637. [PMID: 29791203 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00364.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic insulin resistance and glucose intolerance occur with as little as 3 days of a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice and humans; the mechanisms that initiate acute insulin resistance are unknown. Most laboratories house mice at 22°C, which is below their thermoneutral temperature (~30°C). Cold stress has been shown to increase white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, alter lipid trafficking, and impair immune function, whereas energy intake and expenditure decrease with increasing ambient temperature; importantly, dysregulation of these parameters has been strongly linked to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Therefore, we compared acute changes in glucose metabolism and the metabolic phenotype in lean mice in response to a control diet or HFD housed at standard vivarium (22°C) and thermoneutral (30°C) temperatures. Glucose intolerance occurred following 1 or 5 days of HFD and was independent of housing temperature or adiposity; however, the reduction in tissue-specific glucose clearance with HFD diverged by temperature with reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) glucose uptake at 22°C but reduced soleus glucose uptake at 30°C. Fasting glucose, food intake, and energy expenditure were significantly lower at 30°C, independent of diet. Additionally, markers of browning in both BAT and inguinal subcutaneous WAT, but not perigonadal epididymal WAT, decreased at 30°C. Together, we find housing temperature has a significant impact on the cellular pathways that regulate glucose tolerance in response to an acute HFD exposure. Thus, even short-term changes in housing temperature should be highly considered in interpretation of metabolic studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
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148
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Steensels S, Ersoy BA. Fatty acid activation in thermogenic adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:79-90. [PMID: 29793055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Channeling carbohydrates and fatty acids to thermogenic tissues, including brown and beige adipocytes, have garnered interest as an approach for the management of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is crucial for the maintenance of thermogenesis. Upon cellular fatty acid uptake or following lipolysis from triglycerides (TG), fatty acids are esterified to coenzyme A (CoA) to form active acyl-CoA molecules. This enzymatic reaction is essential for their utilization in β-oxidation and thermogenesis. The activation and deactivation of fatty acids are regulated by two sets of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS) and acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT), respectively. The expression levels of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenic tissues will determine the substrate availability for β-oxidation, and consequently the thermogenic capacity. Although the role of the majority of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenesis remains unclear, recent proceedings link the enzymatic activities of ACS and ACOT family members to metabolic disorders and thermogenesis. Elucidating the contributions of specific ACS and ACOT family members to trafficking of fatty acids towards thermogenesis may reveal novel targets for modulating thermogenic capacity and treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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149
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Stanford KI, Lynes MD, Takahashi H, Baer LA, Arts PJ, May FJ, Lehnig AC, Middelbeek RJW, Richard JJ, So K, Chen EY, Gao F, Narain NR, Distefano G, Shettigar VK, Hirshman MF, Ziolo MT, Kiebish MA, Tseng YH, Coen PM, Goodyear LJ. 12,13-diHOME: An Exercise-Induced Lipokine that Increases Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Uptake. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1111-1120.e3. [PMID: 29719226 PMCID: PMC5935136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating factors released from tissues during exercise have been hypothesized to mediate some of the health benefits of regular physical activity. Lipokines are circulating lipid species that have recently been reported to affect metabolism in response to cold. Here, lipidomics analysis revealed that a bout of moderate-intensity exercise causes a pronounced increase in the circulating lipid 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) in male, female, young, old, sedentary, and active human subjects. In mice, both a single bout of exercise and exercise training increased circulating 12,13-diHOME and surgical removal of brown adipose tissue (BAT) negated the increase in 12,13-diHOME, suggesting that BAT is the tissue source for exercise-stimulated 12,13-diHOME. Acute 12,13-diHOME treatment of mice in vivo increased skeletal muscle fatty acid uptake and oxidation, but not glucose uptake. These data reveal that lipokines are novel exercise-stimulated circulating factors that may contribute to the metabolic changes that occur with physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J Arts
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Francis J May
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam C Lehnig
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Richard
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Fei Gao
- BERG, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | | | - Giovanna Distefano
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vikram K Shettigar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark T Ziolo
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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150
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Dewal RS, Stanford KI. Effects of exercise on brown and beige adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:71-78. [PMID: 29684558 PMCID: PMC6292667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise leads to beneficial effects in numerous tissues and organ systems and offers protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have investigated the role of exercise on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and have indicated marked adaptations to each tissue with exercise. Studies investigating the effects of exercise on BAT have produced conflicting results, with some showing an increase in the thermogenic activity of BAT and some demonstrating a decrease in the thermogenic activity of BAT. Human studies have observed a down-regulation of BAT activity (measured by a reduction in glucose uptake) in response to exercise. In WAT, exercise decreases adipocyte size, alters gene expression, and increases mitochondrial activity. Transplantation of exercise-trained subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) improves whole-body metabolic health. In rodents, exercise also results in a beiging of scWAT. Thus, exercise-induced changes to adipose tissue may be part of the mechanism by which exercise improves metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati S Dewal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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