101
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Liu J, Teh WL, Tan RHS, Chang SSH, Lau BJ, Chandwani N, Tor PC, Subramaniam M. Evaluating a maladaptive personality-informed model of social support and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:209-216. [PMID: 38821368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social support is a robust predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although the inverse relationship between perceived social support and PTSD (social causation model) is supported, less is understood about the antecedents of the social causation model. Further, there is limited research in non-Western psychiatric populations that experience elevated rates of trauma and PTSD (e.g., mood disorders). The present study evaluated whether cumulative traumatic life events influenced current PTSD symptoms through maladaptive personality traits and perceptions of social support among Asian patients with mood disorders. METHODS A total of 200 Asian patients (77.5 % Chinese) with mood disorders were assessed for maladaptive personality traits, perceptions of social support, cumulative traumatic life events, PTSD, and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling was conducted to evaluate the extended social causation model. RESULTS The extended social causation model demonstrated acceptable fit to the data (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.90; absolute Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.08). There were significant indirect effects of cumulative traumatic life events on current PTSD symptoms (β = 0.29, p < .001; 85 % variance explained) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.28, p < .001; 69 % variance explained). LIMITATIONS Results may not be generalizable beyond the Singapore population due to the socio-cultural and environmental context. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide conceptual support for a maladaptive personality-informed model of social support and PTSD, which could better inform trauma-focused interventions in preventing and treating the debilitating effects of PTSD in psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Liu
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
| | - Wen Lin Teh
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | | | | - Boon Jia Lau
- Department of Mood & Anxiety, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Nisha Chandwani
- Department of Mood & Anxiety, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Phern Chern Tor
- Department of Mood & Anxiety, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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102
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Li Q, Song K, Feng T, Zhang J, Fang X. Machine learning identifies different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation in Chinese children and adolescents. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:24-35. [PMID: 38844165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and suicidal ideation often co-occur in children and adolescents, yet they possess distinct characteristics. This study sought to identify the different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation. METHODS A nationwide cross-sectional survey collected data from Chinese children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 (N = 160,962; 48.91 % girls). The survey included inquiries about demographics, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, perceived stress, academic burnout, internet addiction, non-suicidal self-injury, bullying, and being bullied. Fifteen machine learning algorithms were conducted to identify the different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation. Additionally, we conducted external validation on an independent sample of 1,812,889 children and adolescents. RESULTS Our findings revealed seven related factors linked to depression and six associated with suicidal ideation, with average accuracy rates of 86.86 % and 85.82 %, respectively. For depression, the most influential factors were anxiety, perceived stress, academic burnout, internet addiction, non-suicidal self-injury, experience of bullying, and age. Similarly, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury, perceived stress, internet addiction, academic burnout, and age emerged as paramount factors for suicidal ideation. Moreover, these related factors showed notable variations in their predictive capacities for depression and suicidal ideation across different subgroups. CONCLUSION Anxiety emerged as the predominant shared factor for both depression and suicidal ideation, whereas the other related factors displayed distinct predictive patterns for each condition. These findings highlight the critical need for tailored strategies from public mental health service providers and policymakers to address the pressing concerns of depression and suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyin Li
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Beijing Mind Data & Analysis Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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103
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Samra A, Dryer R. Problematic social media use and psychological distress in pregnancy: The mediating role of social comparisons and body dissatisfaction. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:702-711. [PMID: 38897304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy can be experienced as a significant transition for many women with associated body dissatisfaction, depression, pregnancy-related anxiety, and disordered eating attitudes. Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) creates abundant opportunities for women to compare themselves with others and expose themselves to sociocultural influences which may increase body dissatisfaction and psychological distress. AIMS This study examined whether the relationship between PSMU and psychological distress (defined as depression, pregnancy-related anxiety and disordered eating attitudes) was mediated by negative social comparisons and body dissatisfaction. METHOD A sample of 225 pregnant Australian women (Mage = 31.91 years, SDage = 4.39) recruited online, completed self-report measures related to the variables of interest. RESULTS PSMU was associated with higher levels of depression, pregnancy-related anxiety, and disordered eating attitudes. Negative social comparisons and body dissatisfaction partially mediated the relationship between PSMU and pregnancy-related anxiety and depression, and fully mediated the relationship between PSMU and disordered eating attitudes. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional nature of the study limited our ability to determine the direction of the relationships. Moreover, the recruitment method via social media led to high rates of non-completion. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that problematic social media usage during pregnancy may increase depression, pregnancy-related anxiety and disordered eating attitudes. This study identified potential pathways that may explain this relationship, (via social comparisons and body dissatisfaction). This study highlights the potentially negative impact of social media use amongst expectant mothers and the importance of screening for body dissatisfaction in routine antenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Samra
- School of Behavioural & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Rachel Dryer
- School of Behavioural & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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104
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Wright BA, Dai H. Musicians have an advantage on a spatial-hearing task only when they are highly trained, start training early, and continue to play. Hear Res 2024; 451:109078. [PMID: 39053298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Musicians perform better than non-musicians on a variety of non-musical sound-perception tasks. Whether that musicians' advantage extends to spatial hearing is a topic of increasing interest. Here we investigated one facet of that topic by assessing musicians' and non-musicians' sensitivity to the two primary cues to sound-source location on the horizontal plane: interaural-level-differences (ILDs) and interaural-time-differences (ITDs). Specifically, we measured discrimination thresholds for ILDs at 4 kHz (n =246) and ITDs at 0.5 kHz (n = 137) in participants whose musical-training histories covered a wide range of lengths, onsets, and offsets. For ILD discrimination, when only musical-training length was considered in the analysis, no musicians' advantage was apparent. However, when thresholds were compared between subgroups of non-musicians (<2 years of training) and extreme musicians (≥10 years of training, started ≤ age 7, still playing) a musicians' advantage emerged. Threshold comparisons between the extreme musicians and other subgroups of highly trained musicians (≥10 years of training) further indicated that the advantage required both starting young and continuing to play. In addition, the advantage was larger in males than in females, by some measures, and was not evident in an assessment of learning. For ITD discrimination, in contrast to ILD discrimination, parallel analyses revealed no apparent musicians' advantage. The results suggest that musicianship is associated with greater sensitivity to ILDs, a fundamental sound-localization cue, even though that sensitivity is not central to music, that this musicians' advantage arises, at least in part, from nurture, and that it is governed by a neural substrate where ILDs are processed separately from, and more malleably than, ITDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Wright
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience, 2240 Campus Drive, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States.
| | - Huanping Dai
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, 1131 E. 2nd Street, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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106
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Zhu D, He Y, Wang F, Li Y, Wen X, Tong Y, Xie F, Wang G, Su P. Inconsistency in psychological resilience and social support with mental health in early adolescents: A multilevel response surface analysis approach. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:627-636. [PMID: 38925311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of adolescent mental health problems, promoting understanding and implementation of protective factors is crucial for prevention and intervention efforts addressing adolescent mental health problems. This study aims to investigate whether consistency and inconsistency in protective factors are associated with adolescent mental health problems and to inform adolescent mental health interventions that target the unique needs of adolescents and promote adolescent mental health. METHODS We used multistage cluster sampling to conduct psychological resilience, social support, and mental health questionnaires from April to June 2023 among 10,653 Chinese adolescents (52.3 % were boys). Data were analyzed using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. RESULTS The higher levels of psychological resilience and social support in adolescents were associated with fewer mental health problems (anxiety: a1 = -1.83, P < 0.001; depression: a1 = -2.44, P < 0.001; and perceived stress: a1 = -1.20, P < 0.001). When the level of psychological resilience was greater than social support, the greater the discrepancy the higher the perceived stress among adolescents (a3 = 1.19, P < 0.001). Moreover, the consistency of psychological resilience and social support had a greater impact on girls' mental health (anxiety: a1 = -1.97, P < 0.001; depression: a1 = -2.71, P < 0.001; perceived stress: a1 = -1.23, P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design limited the inference of causal relationships between variables. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize that adolescents need a balanced development of protective factors and targeted intervention programs for different mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Zhu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuheng He
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yonghan Li
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Wen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Faliang Xie
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Puyu Su
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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107
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Yang HY, Wu SH, Zhang S, Zou HX, Wang LB, Lin LZ, Gui ZH, Zeng XW, Yang BY, Liu RQ, Dong GH, Hu LW. Association between outdoor light at night exposure and executive function in Chinese children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119286. [PMID: 38824987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidences highlight the potential impact of outdoor Light at Night (LAN) on executive function. However, few studies have investigated the association between outdoor LAN exposure and executive function. METHODS We employed data from 48,502 Chinese children aged 5-12 years in a cross-sectional study conducted in Guangdong province during 2020-2021, to examine the association between outdoor LAN and executive function assessed using the validated parent-completed Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. We assessed children's outdoor LAN exposure using the night-time satellite images based on the residential addresses. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the association between outdoor LAN exposure and executive function scores and executive dysfunction. RESULTS After adjusting for potential covariates, higher quintiles of outdoor LAN exposure were associated with poorer executive function. Compared to the lowest quintile (Q1), all higher quintiles of exposure showed a significant increased global executive composite (GEC) score with β (95% confidence intervals, CI) of 0.58 (0.28, 0.88) in Q2, 0.59 (0.28, 0.9) in Q3, 0.85 (0.54, 1.16) in Q4, and 0.76 (0.43, 1.09) in Q5. Higher quintiles of exposure were also associated with higher risks for GEC dysfunction with odd ratios (ORs) (95% CI) of 1.34 (1.18, 1.52) in Q2, 1.40 (1.24, 1.59) in Q3, 1.40 (1.23, 1.59) in Q4, and 1.39 (1.22, 1.58) in Q5. And stronger associations were observed in children aged 10-12 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that high outdoor LAN exposure was associated with poor executive function in children. These findings suggested that future studies should determine whether interventions to reduce outdoor LAN exposure can have a positive effect on executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Le-Bing Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhao-Huan Gui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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108
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Li G, Zhong D, Zhang N, Dong J, Yan Y, Xu Q, Xu S, Yang L, Hao D, Li CSR. The inter-related effects of alcohol use severity and sleep deficiency on semantic processing in young adults. Neuroscience 2024; 555:116-124. [PMID: 39059740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both alcohol misuse and sleep deficiency are associated with deficits in semantic processing. However, alcohol misuse and sleep deficiency are frequently comorbid and their inter-related effects on semantic processing as well as the underlying neural mechanisms remain to be investigated. METHODS We curated the Human Connectome Project data of 973 young adults (508 women) to examine the neural correlates of semantic processing in link with the severity of alcohol use and sleep deficiency. The latter were each evaluated using the first principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis of all drinking metrics and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We employed path modeling to elucidate the interplay among clinical, behavioral, and neural variables. RESULTS Among women, we observed a significant negative correlation between the left precentral gyrus (PCG) and PSQI scores. Mediation analysis revealed that the left PCG activity fully mediated the relationship between PSQI scores and word comprehension in language tasks. In women alone also, the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) exhibited a significant negative correlation with PC1. The best path model illustrated the associations among PC1, PSQI scores, PCG activity, and MFG activation during semantic processing in women. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol misuse may lead to reduced MFG activation while sleep deficiency hinder semantic processing by suppressing PCG activity in women. The pathway model underscores the influence of sleep quality and alcohol consumption severity on semantic processing in women, suggesting that sex differences in these effects need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Dong
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qixiao Xu
- Physical Education Department, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuchun Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, the University Hospital of Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Beijing, China.
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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109
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Dima DC, Janarthanan S, Culham JC, Mohsenzadeh Y. Shared representations of human actions across vision and language. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108962. [PMID: 39047974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Humans can recognize and communicate about many actions performed by others. How are actions organized in the mind, and is this organization shared across vision and language? We collected similarity judgments of human actions depicted through naturalistic videos and sentences, and tested four models of action categorization, defining actions at different levels of abstraction ranging from specific (action verb) to broad (action target: whether an action is directed towards an object, another person, or the self). The similarity judgments reflected a shared organization of action representations across videos and sentences, determined mainly by the target of actions, even after accounting for other semantic features. Furthermore, language model embeddings predicted the behavioral similarity of action videos and sentences, and captured information about the target of actions alongside unique semantic information. Together, our results show that action concepts are similarly organized in the mind across vision and language, and that this organization reflects socially relevant goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Dima
- Dept of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Jody C Culham
- Dept of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yalda Mohsenzadeh
- Dept of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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110
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Querella P, Attout L, Fias W, Majerus S. From long-term to short-term: Distinct neural networks underlying semantic knowledge and its recruitment in working memory. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108949. [PMID: 38971371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Although numerous studies suggest that working memory (WM) and semantic long-term knowledge interact, the nature and underlying neural mechanisms of this intervention remain poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the extent to which neural markers of semantic knowledge in long-term memory (LTM) are activated during the WM maintenance stage in 32 young adults. First, the multivariate neural patterns associated with four semantic categories were determined via an implicit semantic activation task. Next, the participants maintained words - the names of the four semantic categories implicitly activated in the first task - in a verbal WM task. Multi-voxel pattern analyses showed reliable neural decoding of the four semantic categories in the implicit semantic activation and the verbal WM tasks. Critically, however, no between-task classification of semantic categories was observed. Searchlight analyses showed that for the WM task, semantic category information could be decoded in anterior temporal areas associated with abstract semantic category knowledge. In the implicit semantic activation task, semantic category information was decoded in superior temporal, occipital and frontal cortices associated with domain-specific semantic feature representations. These results indicate that item-level semantic activation during verbal WM involves shallow rather than deep semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Querella
- Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Lucie Attout
- Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium, Department of Psychology, Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs 1 (B33), 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wim Fias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium, Department of Psychology, Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs 1 (B33), 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Rijmen J, Wiersema JR. Stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have beneficial effects on ADHD-related performance? The moderate brain arousal model challenged. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108961. [PMID: 39034029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Random noise, such as white or pink noise, has been shown to have beneficial effects on the performance of individuals with (elevated traits of) ADHD. Both the state regulation deficit (SRD) account and the moderate brain arousal (MBA) model argue that this effect is due to enhanced cognitive arousal. The MBA model specifically attributes this to random noise affecting dopaminergic (DA) transmission via stochastic resonance (SR). However, he requirement of SR and the role of DA have not yet been properly examined. To test this, proper control conditions are needed. METHOD To examine the requirement of SR, 60 neurotypical adults with varying levels of ADHD traits performed a slow two-choice reaction time (S1-S2) task in three auditory conditions: pink (random) noise, a pure 100 Hz tone (non-random noise), and silence. All participants also completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) in two conditions (pink noise and silence) to inspect the effect on executive network efficiency which may serve as a proxy measure of DA. ADHD traits were assessed via self-report. RESULTS Auditory stimulation improved performance on the S1-S2 task in participants with elevated ADHD traits, however this was the case for both pink noise and the pure tone. Pink noise did not affect executive network efficiency, irrespective of ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have a beneficial effect on ADHD-related performance. Pink noise did not affect our DA proxy measure, however this negative finding should be interpreted with caution. Our results cast doubt on the tenets of the MBA model, warranting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Rijmen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
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112
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Lee MM, Stoodley CJ. Neural bases of reading fluency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108947. [PMID: 38964441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Reading fluency, the ability to read quickly and accurately, is a critical marker of successful reading and is notoriously difficult to improve in reading disabled populations. Despite its importance to functional literacy, fluency is a relatively under-studied aspect of reading, and the neural correlates of reading fluency are not well understood. Here, we review the literature of the neural correlates of reading fluency as well as rapid automatized naming (RAN), a task that is robustly related to reading fluency. In a qualitative review of the neuroimaging literature, we evaluated structural and functional MRI studies of reading fluency in readers from a range of skill levels. This was followed by a quantitative activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis of fMRI studies of reading speed and RAN measures. We anticipated that reading speed, relative to untimed reading and reading-related tasks, would harness ventral reading pathways that are thought to enable the fast, visual recognition of words. The qualitative review showed that speeded reading taps the entire canonical reading network. The meta-analysis indicated a stronger role of the ventral reading pathway in rapid reading and rapid naming. Both reviews identified regions outside the canonical reading network that contribute to reading fluency, such as the bilateral insula and superior parietal lobule. We suggest that fluent reading engages both domain-specific reading pathways as well as domain-general regions that support overall task performance and discuss future avenues of research to expand our understanding of the neural bases of fluent reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, USA; Developing Brain Institute, Children's National Hospital, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA.
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113
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Ye Z, Liang X, Wang Q, Chen Q. N1 and LNC reveal the differential electrophysiological signatures of functional and hedonic images processing. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108957. [PMID: 39004397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the process of creative sentence or phrase utilization, novel and appropriate evaluations cause the different brain responses observed in event-related potentials: the N400 reflects the novelty evaluation, whereas a late negative component marks appropriate processing. Do we have similar brain reactions in image perception when we rapidly browse pictures of objects with different novelty, functional/appropriate, and hedonic value? To explore this question, participants were presented with four novel object images with high or low functional and hedonic properties, as well as the ordinary product images, with the instruction to attentively observe and understand each image. We found a clear dissociation between processing of novelty and functional value: novelty objects produced negative deflections in the N2-N400 time window relative to the ordinary object images, whereas images with high functional value elicited a larger N2 and late negative waves (LNC) resembling the late component found for the appropriate phrases. Object images with high hedonic value, however, were associated with earlier aesthetic preference reflected in smaller N1 amplitudes, but failed to elicit a LNC effect. We therefore conclude that the processing of novelty, functional, and hedonic value are dissociation, and the perception of hedonic value is earlier (N1) than the novelty processing (N400) and the verification of functional value (LNC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Department of Psychology, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Xiuling Liang
- School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Qingfei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Shenzhen University, China.
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114
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Gagnon J, Kim WS, Jolicoeur P. The influence of social knowledge structures on hostile attribution bias in aggressive and nonaggressive individuals: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108958. [PMID: 39029653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
According to several social-cognitive models, social knowledge structures described as hostile scripts or schemas may explain why aggressive individuals are prone to attribute hostile intention to others' ambiguous behaviors, a cognitive bias called hostile attribution bias (HAB). The aggression-related concepts in aggressive individuals' semantic memory would be highly accessible, notably through the activation of hostile concepts in nonhostile social contexts, and such an activation would result in HAB. The aim of the study was to test this hypothesis using the N400 component with EEG measurements to assess objectively, in real time, the violation of hostile expectations following a nonhostile situation. To this end, scenarios with a clear nonhostile context (mismatch condition) vs. without nonhostile context (match condition) followed by a character's ambiguous provocative behavior were presented to readers, and ERPs to critical words that specified the hostile intent behind the behavior were analysed. Twelve aggressive and twelve nonaggressive individuals participated in the study. The presentation of a critical word (hostile intent) that violated nonhostile expectation caused an N400 response among nonaggressive whereas such an N400 effect was absent in aggressive individuals. The results suggest that, in nonaggressive individuals, a nonhostile social context activates nonhostile concepts, whereas in the same context, aggressive individuals activate nonhostile as well as hostile concepts. Numerous research applications of the Hostile Expectancy Violation paradigm in the field of HAB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Canada; Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Wan Seo Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
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115
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Ji L, Chen Z, Zeng X, Sun B, Fu S. Automatic processing of unattended mean emotion: Evidence from visual mismatch responses. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108963. [PMID: 39069120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The mean emotion from multiple facial expressions can be extracted rapidly and precisely. However, it remains debated whether mean emotion processing is automatic which can occur under no attention. To address this question, we used a passive oddball paradigm and recorded event-related brain potentials when participants discriminated the changes in the central fixation while a set of four faces was presented in the periphery. The face set consisted of one happy and three angry expressions (mean negative) or one angry and three happy expressions (mean positive), and the mean negative and mean positive face sets were shown with a probability of 20% (deviant) and 80% (standard) respectively in the sequence, or the vice versa. The cluster-based permutation analyses showed that the visual mismatch negativity started early at around 92 ms and was also observed in later time windows when the mean emotion was negative, while a mismatch positivity was observed at around 168-266 ms when the mean emotion was positive. The results suggest that there might be different mechanisms underlying the processing of mean negative and mean positive emotions. More importantly, the brain can detect the changes in the mean emotion automatically, and ensemble coding for multiple facial expressions can occur in an automatic fashion without attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Ji
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zilong Chen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Zeng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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116
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Wallace AL, Courtney KE, Wade NE, Doran N, Delfel EL, Baca R, Hatz LE, Thompson C, Andrade G, Jacobus J. A preliminary investigation of physical and mental health features of cannabis & nicotine co-use among adolescents and young adults by sex. Addict Behav 2024; 156:108064. [PMID: 38821010 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis and nicotine/tobacco products (NTP) are commonly co-used in adolescence and young adulthood; however, limited research has been done on predictive health behaviors to co-use. The current study is a preliminary investigation into the relationships of modifiable health behaviors on cannabis and NTP co-use in adolescents and young adults. METHOD 221 participants (ages 16-22) were characterized into cannabis use only (N = 55), NTP use only (N = 20), cannabis and NTP co-use (used cannabis and NTP; N = 96) and control (no use; N = 50) groups based on past 30-day use. Self-report measures for physical activity, sleep quality, mental health, and reward responsivity were utilized. Participants were given a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Logistic regressions of self-report measures and fluid intelligence composite scores on substance use group status were run stratified by sex. RESULTS Higher approach reward sensitivity traits were associated with increased likelihood of cannabis use only (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.15, p = .036) in female participants. Increased aerobic activity was associated with decreased likelihood of cannabis use only (OR = 0.91, p = .047) and cannabis and NTP co-use (OR = 0.88, p = .007) in female participants. Higher anxiety was associated with increased likelihood of cannabis NTP co-use (OR = 1.51, p = 0.025) in male participants. DISCUSSION Several health behaviors were linked with cannabis use and cannabis and NTP co-use in both females and male adolescents and young adults. Health markers differed by sex suggesting differing mechanisms of substance co-use. This study informs targetable health behaviors for prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Wallace
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Natasha E Wade
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Everett L Delfel
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; SDSU / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA
| | - Rachel Baca
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura E Hatz
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Thompson
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gianna Andrade
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- University of California San Diego, Psychiatry Department, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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117
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Fenerci C, Setton R, Baracchini G, Snytte J, Spreng RN, Sheldon S. Lifespan differences in hippocampal subregion connectivity patterns during movie watching. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:182-193. [PMID: 38968875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Age-related episodic memory decline is attributed to functional alternations in the hippocampus. Less clear is how aging affects the functional connections of the hippocampus to the rest of the brain during episodic memory processing. We examined fMRI data from the CamCAN dataset, in which a large cohort of participants watched a movie (N = 643; 18-88 years), a proxy for naturalistic episodic memory encoding. We examined connectivity profiles across the lifespan both within the hippocampus (anterior, posterior), and between the hippocampal subregions and cortical networks. Aging was associated with reductions in contralateral (left, right) but not ipsilateral (anterior, posterior) hippocampal subregion connectivity. Aging was primarily associated with increased coupling between the anterior hippocampus and regions affiliated with Control, Dorsal Attention and Default Mode networks, yet decreased coupling between the posterior hippocampus and a selection of these regions. Differences in age-related hippocampal-cortical, but not within-hippocampus circuitry selectively predicted worse memory performance. Our findings comprehensively characterize hippocampal functional topography in relation to cognition in older age, suggesting that shifts in cortico-hippocampal connectivity may be sensitive markers of age-related episodic memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Fenerci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Baracchini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamie Snytte
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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118
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Levine S, Kleiman-Weiner M, Chater N, Cushman F, Tenenbaum JB. When rules are over-ruled: Virtual bargaining as a contractualist method of moral judgment. Cognition 2024; 250:105790. [PMID: 38908304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Rules help guide our behavior-particularly in complex social contexts. But rules sometimes give us the "wrong" answer. How do we know when it is okay to break the rules? In this paper, we argue that we sometimes use contractualist (agreement-based) mechanisms to determine when a rule can be broken. Our model draws on a theory of social interactions - "virtual bargaining" - that assumes that actors engage in a simulated bargaining process when navigating the social world. We present experimental data which suggests that rule-breaking decisions are sometimes driven by virtual bargaining and show that these data cannot be explained by more traditional rule-based or outcome-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Levine
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - Max Kleiman-Weiner
- Foster School of Business, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Nick Chater
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Fiery Cushman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America
| | - Joshua B Tenenbaum
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America
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119
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Ball EM, Costello RA, Ballen CJ, Graze RM, Burkholder EW. Challenging Misconceptions about Race in Undergraduate Genetics. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 23:ar32. [PMID: 38981004 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.23-12-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Racial biases, which harm marginalized and excluded communities, may be combatted by clarifying misconceptions about race during biology lessons. We developed a human genetics laboratory activity that challenges the misconception that race is biological (biological essentialism). We assessed the relationship between this activity and student outcomes using a survey of students' attitudes about biological essentialism and color-evasive ideology and a concept inventory about phylogeny and human diversity. Students in the human genetics laboratory activity showed a significant decrease in their acceptance of biological essentialism compared with a control group, but did not show changes in color-evasive ideology. Students in both groups exhibited increased knowledge in both areas of the concept inventory, but the gains were larger in the human genetics laboratory. In the second iteration of this activity, we found that only white students' decreases in biological essentialist beliefs were significant and the activity failed to decrease color-evasive ideologies for all students. Concept inventory gains were similar and significant for both white and non-white students in this iteration. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of addressing misconceptions about the biological origins of race and encourage more research on ways to effectively change damaging student attitudes about race in undergraduate genetics education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Ball
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Robin A Costello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Cissy J Ballen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Rita M Graze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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McAlister KL, Zink J, Huh J, Yang CH, Dunton GF, Dieli-Conwright CM, Page KA, Belcher BR. Perceived stress and associations between physical activity, sedentary time, and interstitial glucose in healthy adolescents. Physiol Behav 2024; 283:114617. [PMID: 38889810 PMCID: PMC11246823 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Less moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), more sedentary time (ST), and higher perceived stress are related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurrence, but observational evidence addressing the interaction of these factors is lacking in youth. This pilot study investigated momentary stress as a moderator in the acute associations of MVPA and ST with subsequent glucose in healthy adolescents. METHODS Participants (N=15, Mage=13.1±1.0 years, 10 girls, 5 with overweight/obesity) simultaneously wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), thigh-mounted accelerometer, and reported momentary stress via random ecological momentary assessments (EMA; Time T) for 7-14 days. MVPA and ST (min) were calculated for 60- and 120-minute time windows before each EMA prompt (Time T-1). Mean CGM-measured interstitial glucose (mg/dL) was calculated after each prompt (Mmin=120.0±25.4; Time T+1). Multilevel models assessed whether within-subject MVPA and ST (Time T-1) predicted mean glucose (Time T+1), with momentary stress as a moderator (Time T). RESULTS There were 513 time-matched EMA reports of stress, accelerometer, and CGM data. Momentary stress moderated the effects of MVPA 60 (β=-0.22, p=.001) and 120 min (β=-0.08, p=.02) before the prompt on subsequent glucose levels. When youth spent more time in MVPA than their average and when momentary stress was higher than their average, subsequent glucose was lower. Stress did not moderate associations of ST with glucose (p>.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher momentary stress may interact with higher MVPA to lower subsequent glucose in youth. Accelerometers, EMA, and CGMs can be integrated in future studies to further understand these associations in free-living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L McAlister
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Zink
- Health Behaviors Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Exercise Science/TecHealth, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Dieli-Conwright
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sousa H, Ribeiro O, Bártolo A, Costa E, Ribeiro F, Rodrigues M, Paúl C, Figueiredo D. The Connected We St@nd programme: A feasibility pilot study of an online self-management intervention for adults on in-centre haemodialysis and family caregivers. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:589-608. [PMID: 38361177 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 'Connected We St@nd' is an online self-management intervention programme for people receiving in-centre haemodialysis and family caregivers that combines an educational and psychosocial support component. This study aimed to evaluate its feasibility and acceptability before proceeding to a large-scale trial. DESIGN This was a pre-post single-arm feasibility pilot study conducted with adults undergoing in-centre haemodialysis and family caregivers. METHODS Feasibility was based on eligibility, consent, retention, completion and intervention adherence rates, while acceptability was assessed in post-intervention focus group interviews. RESULTS Twenty-six people (16 adults on haemodialysis and 10 family caregivers) recruited through social networks completed the intervention. Consent, retention and completion rates were excellent (>90%) and eligibility (77.5%) and intervention adherence were satisfactory (69% for the psychosocial support sessions). Qualitative findings revealed that participants shared positive feelings regarding their participation in the programme. The valuable interactions with group peers and health psychologists during the support sessions, the perception of the adequacy and coherence of the programme's contents and materials and the participants' confidence in using the platform developed to deliver the intervention were some of the aspects highlighted as facilitators of intervention acceptability. Additionally, people on haemodialysis and caregivers reported that participation in the programme brought several educational and emotional benefits (e.g., additional disease-related knowledge, improved communication and coping skills, greater confidence in managing dialysis complications or caregiving demands) that helped increase their self-management skills and psychosocial adjustment to the demands of kidney failure and renal therapies. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the 'Connected We St@nd' programme is likely to be feasible and acceptable for adults on haemodialysis and family caregivers, thus representing a promising resource for the future of interdisciplinary renal rehabilitation. Suggestions were made to fine-tune the intervention design to proceed with a large-scale trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sousa
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Oscar Ribeiro
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Bártolo
- CINTESIS@RISE, CINTESIS.UPT, Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elísio Costa
- REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing (Porto4Ageing), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- iBiMED, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário Rodrigues
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Constança Paúl
- CINTESIS@RISE, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Figueiredo
- CINTESIS@RISE, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Benoit C, Koenig B, Mellor A, Jansson M, Magnuson D, Vetrone L. Navigating Stigma in Romantic Relationships Where One or Both Partners Sell Sexual Services. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:1037-1049. [PMID: 38270936 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2302974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Romantic relationships are an important part of our social identities and well-being. In this paper, we report on qualitative findings with thirty Canadian couples, interviewed together, where it was known that one or both partners sell sexual services for a living. We asked a series of open-ended questions related to the background of the couple's relationship, their day-to-day interactions and work-related stressors. Participants talked about the ongoing negotiations they engage in as a couple, the benefits of being open to each other about working in the sex industry, and how they manage its emotional toll on their partnership. We conclude that there are various ways that sex workers are able to maintain intimacy in their romantic relationships after sex work has been disclosed. Widespread social stigma attached to sex work, complicated by criminalization in countries such as Canada, nevertheless threatens relationship quality in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Benoit
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research & Department of Sociology, University of Victoria
| | - Brett Koenig
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research & Department of Sociology, University of Victoria
| | - Andrea Mellor
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research & Department of Sociology, University of Victoria
| | - Mikael Jansson
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research & Department of Sociology, University of Victoria
| | - Doug Magnuson
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria
| | - Laura Vetrone
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research & Department of Sociology, University of Victoria
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García-Galant M, Blasco M, Moral-Salicrú P, Soldevilla J, Ballester-Plané J, Laporta-Hoyos O, Caldú X, Miralbell J, Alonso X, Toro-Tamargo E, Meléndez-Plumed M, Gimeno F, Leiva D, Boyd RN, Pueyo R. Understanding social cognition in children with cerebral palsy: exploring the relationship with executive functions and the intervention outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:3997-4008. [PMID: 38951253 PMCID: PMC11322257 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) experience Social Cognition (SC) difficulties, which could be related to executive functioning. While motor interventions are common, there is limited knowledge about the impact of cognitive interventions on SC in this population. This study examined the relationship between SC and Executive Function (EF) skills and the effectiveness of an EF intervention that included some SC tasks for improving SC in children with CP. SC and EF domains were assessed in 60 participants with CP (30 females; 8-12 years). The relationship between SC and EF baseline scores was analyzed by bivariate correlations and contingency tables. Participants were matched by age, sex, motor ability, and intelligence quotient and randomized into intervention or control groups. The intervention group underwent a 12-week home-based computerized EF intervention. Analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in SC components between groups at post-intervention and 9 months after. Significant positive correlations were found between the SC and EF scores. The frequencies of impaired and average scores in SC were distributed similarly to the impaired and average scores in EFs. The intervention group showed significant improvements in Affect Recognition performance post-intervention, which were maintained at the follow-up assessment, with a moderate effect size. Long-term improvements in Theory of Mind were observed 9 months after. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the association between SC and EFs. A home-based computerized cognitive intervention program improves SC in children with CP. Including SC tasks in EF interventions may lead to positive short- and long-term effects for children with CP. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04025749 retrospectively registered on 19 July 2019. WHAT IS KNOWN • Executive functions and social cognition are associated with social and community participation in people with cerebral palsy. • A home-based computerized cognitive intervention can improve the executive functioning of children with cerebral palsy. WHAT IS NEW • Social cognition performance is related to core and higher-order executive functions. • A home-based computerized executive function intervention, including social cognition tasks, has positive short- and long-term effects on social cognition skills in children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Galant
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Montse Blasco
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Paula Moral-Salicrú
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Soldevilla
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Ballester-Plané
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Facultat de Ciències de la salut i de la vida, Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, CEU Universities, Bellesguard 30, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Laporta-Hoyos
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of California, 1550 Fourth Street, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Caldú
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Júlia Miralbell
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Xènia Alonso
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Toro-Tamargo
- Servei de Traumatologia i Rehabilitació, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Meléndez-Plumed
- Servei de Traumatologia i Rehabilitació, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Gimeno
- Associació de Paràlisi Cerebral (ASPACE), Servei de Salut i Rehabilitació, Camí Tres Pins 31-35, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Leiva
- Departament de Psicologia Social i Psicologia Quantitativa, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham St, Brisbane, 4101, QLD, Australia
| | - Roser Pueyo
- Grup de Neuropsicologia, Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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Giroud M, Planton M, Darcourt J, Raposo N, Brandicourt P, Mirabel H, Hervé D, Viguier A, Albucher JF, Pariente J, Olivot JM, Bonneville F, Péran P, Calviere L. MRI hypoperfusion as a determinant of cognitive impairment in adults with Moyamoya angiopathy. Eur Stroke J 2024; 9:732-742. [PMID: 38501882 DOI: 10.1177/23969873241240829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA), mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment remain debated. We aimed to assess the association of cognitive impairment with the degree and the topography of cerebral hypoperfusion in MMA. METHODS A retrospective analysis of neuropsychological and perfusion MRI data from adults with MMA was performed. Ischemic and haemorrhagic lesion masks were created to account for cerebral lesions in the analysis of cerebral perfusion. Whole brain volume of hypoperfused parenchyma was outlined on perfusion maps using different Tmax thresholds from 4 to 12 s. Regional analysis produced mean Tmax values at different regions of interest. Analyses compared perfusion ratios in patients with and without cognitive impairment, with multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify predictive factors. RESULTS Cognitive impairment was found in 20/48 (41.7%) patients. Attention/processing speed and memory were equally impaired (24%) followed by executive domain (23%). After adjustment, especially for lesion volume, hypoperfused parenchyma volume outlined by Tmax > 4 s or Tmax > 5 s thresholds was an independent factor of cognitive impairment (OR for Tmax > 4 s = 1.06 [CI 95% 1.008-1.123]) as well as attention/processing speed (OR for Tmax > 4 s = 1.07 [CI 95% 1.003-1.133]) and executive domains (OR for Tmax > 5 s = 1.08 [CI 95% 1.004-1.158]). Regarding cognitive functions, patients with processing speed and flexibility impairment had higher frontal Tmax compared to other ROIs and to patients with normal test scores. DISCUSSION Cerebral hypoperfusion emerged as an independent factor of cognitive impairment in MMA particularly in attention/processing speed and executive domains, with a strong contribution of frontal areas. CONCLUSION Considering this association, revascularization surgery could improve cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Giroud
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Planton
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Darcourt
- Neuroradiology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Raposo
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hélène Mirabel
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Hervé
- Neurology Department, Hospital Paris Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Alain Viguier
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Albucher
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Marc Olivot
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Bonneville
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
- Neuroradiology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Calviere
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
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Guo Z, Sun S, Xiao S, Chen G, Chen P, Yang Z, Tang X, Huang L, Wang Y. COVID-19 is associated with changes in brain function and structure: A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105792. [PMID: 38969310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The actual role of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in brain damage has been increasingly reported, necessitating a meta-analysis to collate and summarize the inconsistent findings from functional imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies. A comprehensive voxel-wise meta-analysis of the whole brain was conducted to identify alterations in functional activity and gray matter volume (GMV) between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (HCs) by using Seed-based d Mapping software. We included 15 functional imaging studies (484 patients with COVID-19, 534 HCs) and 9 VBM studies (449 patients with COVID-19, 388 HCs) in the analysis. Overall, patients with COVID-19 exhibited decreased functional activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) (extending to the right middle and inferior temporal gyrus, insula, and temporal pole [TP]), left insula, right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (extending to the right olfactory cortex), and left cerebellum compared to HCs. For VBM, patients with COVID-19, relative to HCs, showed decreased GMV in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (extending to the bilateral OFC), and left cerebellum, and increased GMV in the bilateral amygdala (extending to the bilateral hippocampus, STG, TP, MTG, and right striatum). Moreover, overlapping analysis revealed that patients with COVID-19 exhibited both decreased functional activity and increased GMV in the right TP (extending to the right STG). The multimodal meta-analysis suggests that brain changes of function and structure in the temporal lobe, OFC and cerebellum, and functional or structural alterations in the insula and the limbic system in COVID-19. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of brain alterations in COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This first large-scale multimodal meta-analysis collates existing neuroimaging studies and provides voxel-wise functional and structural whole-brain abnormalities in COVID-19. Findings of this meta-analysis provide valuable insights into the dynamic brain changes (from infection to recovery) and offer further explanations for the pathophysiological basis of brain alterations in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Guo
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilin Sun
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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126
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Elward R, Limond J, Chareyron LJ, Ethapemi J, Vargha-Khadem F. Using recognition testing to support semantic learning in developmental amnesia. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024; 34:1141-1160. [PMID: 37948582 PMCID: PMC11332405 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2023.2275825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTPatients with developmental amnesia (DA) have suffered hippocampal damage in infancy and subsequently shown poor episodic memory, but good semantic memory. It is not clear how patients with DA learn semantic information in the presence of episodic amnesia. However, patients with DA show good recognition memory and it is possible that semantic learning may be supported by recognition. Building on previous work, we compared two methods for supporting semantic learning in DA; recognition-learning and recall-learning. In each condition, a patient with DA (aged 8 years) was presented with semantic information in animated videos. After each presentation of a video, learning was supported by an immediate memory test. Two videos were paired with a cued recall test. Another two videos were paired with a multiple-choice test to enable recognition-based learning. The outcome measure was semantic recall performance after a short delay of 30 min and a long delay of one week. Results showed a benefit of recognition-learning compared to recall-learning on cued recall in the patient with DA (76% vs. 35%). This finding indicates that young people with severe hippocampal damage can utilize recognition to support semantic learning. This has implications for the support of school-aged children with episodic memory difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Elward
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Limond
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Loïc J. Chareyron
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Janice Ethapemi
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Faraneh Vargha-Khadem
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust
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127
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Webber S, Coller RJ, Schultz R, Rogers EE, Olson ME, Moreno MA, Babal JC. Eight Domains of Pediatrician Wellness: A Stakeholder Informed Model. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:1161-1169. [PMID: 38215902 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician wellness is important to health care systems and quality patient care. There has been limited research clarifying the physician wellness construct. We aimed to develop a stakeholder-informed model of pediatrician wellness. METHODS We performed a group concept mapping (GCM) study to create a model of pediatrician wellness. We followed the four main steps of GCM and recruited pediatricians at multiple sites and on social media. During brainstorming, pediatricians individually responded to a prompt to generate ideas describing the concept of pediatrician wellness. Second, pediatricians sorted the list of brainstormed ideas into conceptually similar groups and rated them on importance. Sorted data were analyzed to create maps showing each idea as a point, with lines around groups of points to create clusters of wellness. Mean importance scores for each cluster were calculated and compared using pattern match. RESULTS Pediatricians in this study identified eight clusters of wellness: 1) Experiencing belonging and support at work, 2) Alignment in my purpose, my work, and my legacy, 3) Feelings of confidence and fulfillment at work, 4) Skills and mindset for emotional well-being, 5) Harmony in personal, professional, and community life, 6) Time and resources to support holistic sense of self, 7) Work boundaries and flexibility, and 8) Organizational culture of inclusion and trust. There were no significant differences in mean cluster rating score; the highest rated cluster was Harmony in personal, professional and community life (3.62). CONCLUSION Pediatricians identified eight domains of wellness, spanning professional and personal life, work, and individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Webber
- Department of Pediatrics (S Webber, RJ Coller, R Schultz, MA Moreno, and JC Babal), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| | - Ryan J Coller
- Department of Pediatrics (S Webber, RJ Coller, R Schultz, MA Moreno, and JC Babal), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Roger Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics (S Webber, RJ Coller, R Schultz, MA Moreno, and JC Babal), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics (EE Rogers), University of California San Francisco
| | - Maren E Olson
- Department of Pediatrics (ME Olson), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Megan A Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics (S Webber, RJ Coller, R Schultz, MA Moreno, and JC Babal), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Jessica C Babal
- Department of Pediatrics (S Webber, RJ Coller, R Schultz, MA Moreno, and JC Babal), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
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128
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Di Maio S, Villinger K, Knoll N, Scholz U, Stadler G, Gawrilow C, Berli C. Compendium of dyadic intervention techniques (DITs) to change health behaviours: a systematic review. Health Psychol Rev 2024; 18:538-573. [PMID: 38437798 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2024.2307534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyadic interventions for health behaviour change involving the romantic partner are promising. However, it often remains unclear how exactly the partner is involved in dyadic interventions. We propose a novel compendium of dyadic intervention techniques (DITs) that facilitates systematic description of dyadic interventions in terms of who performs what for whom during intervention delivery and subsequent implementation. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically characterise dyadic interventions along their degree of partner involvement and to provide a comprehensive list of DITs used in dyadic interventions with romantic partners. METHODS We systematically reviewed dyadic health behaviour change interventions with controlled designs. We included 165 studies describing 122 distinct dyadic interventions with romantic partners. Interventions were classified along their degree of partner involvement, 160 DITs were extracted, and their frequencies of use counted. RESULTS The majority of interventions (n = 90, 74%) explicitly instructed partners to interact. Half of the DITs were performed jointly by the couple and also targeted the couple. Mostly, couples were instructed to jointly practice communication skills and to jointly perform problem solving for the couple. DISCUSSION The present review contributes to the development of a shared and systematic way of describing dyadic interventions to facilitate cumulation of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Di Maio
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nina Knoll
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urte Scholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Stadler
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Gawrilow
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corina Berli
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bauer PJ, Dugan JA, Cronin-Golomb LM, Lee KA, Del Solar B, Hanft M, Miller AG. Development of self-derivation through memory integration and relations with world knowledge. Memory 2024; 32:981-995. [PMID: 38968421 PMCID: PMC11347116 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2373898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating world knowledge is a major task of development and education. The productive process of self-derivation through memory integration seemingly is a valid model of the process. To test the model, we examined relations between generation and retention of new factual knowledge via self-derivation through integration and world knowledge as measured by standardised assessments. We also tested whether the productive process of self-derivation predicted world knowledge even when a measure of learning through direct instruction also was considered. Participants were 162 children ages 8-12 years (53% female; 15% Black, 6% Asian, 1% Arab, 66% White, 5% mixed race, 7% unreported; 1% Latinx). Age accounted for a maximum of 4% of variance in self-derivation and retention. In contrast, substantial individual variability related to general knowledge and content knowledge in several domains, explaining 20-40% variance. In each domain for which self-derivation performance was a unique predictor, it explained a nominally greater share of the variance than the measure of learning through direct instruction. The findings imply that individual variability in self-derivation has functional consequences for accumulation of semantic knowledge across the elementary-school years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A Dugan
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Katherine A Lee
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hanft
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alissa G Miller
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ip KI, Wen W, Sim L, Chen S, Kim SY. Associations of Household and Neighborhood Contexts and Hair Cortisol Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents From Low-Income Immigrant Families. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22519. [PMID: 38922899 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Although neighborhood contexts serve as upstream determinants of health, it remains unclear how these contexts "get under the skin" of Mexican-origin youth, who are disproportionately concentrated in highly disadvantaged yet co-ethnic neighborhoods. The current study examines the associations between household and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), neighborhood racial-ethnic and immigrant composition, and hair cortisol concentration (HCC)-a physiological index of chronic stress response-among Mexican-origin adolescents from low-income immigrant families in the United States. A total of 297 (54.20% female; mage = 17.61, SD = 0.93) Mexican-origin adolescents had their hair cortisol collected, and their residential addresses were geocoded and merged with the American Community Survey. Neighborhoods with higher Hispanic-origin and foreign-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood disadvantage, whereas neighborhoods with higher non-Hispanic White and domestic-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood affluence. Mexican-origin adolescents living in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of Hispanic-origin residents showed lower levels of HCC, consistent with the role of the ethnic enclave. In contrast, adolescents living in more affluent neighborhoods showed higher levels of HCC, possibly reflecting a physiological toll. No association was found between household SES and HCC. Our findings underscore the importance of taking sociocultural contexts and person-environment fit into consideration when understanding how neighborhoods influence adolescents' stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka I Ip
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Lester Sim
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Florida City, Florida, USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Adams H, MacDonald JE, Castillo AN, Pavilanis A, Truchon M, Achille M, Côté P, Sullivan MJL. Qualitative Examination of the Experience of Perceived Injustice Following Disabling Occupational Injury. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024; 34:657-668. [PMID: 37996720 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to explore individuals' perspectives on the factors, situations or events that contributed to their perceptions of injustice following occupational injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 30 participants (18 women, 12 men) who had submitted a time-loss claim for a work-related musculoskeletal injury. Participants with elevated scores on a measure of perceived injustice were interviewed about the factors that contributed to their sense of injustice. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify the broad classes of situations or events that participants experienced as unjust in the weeks following occupational injury. RESULTS Three dominant themes emerged from the interviews: (1) Invalidation, (2) Undeserved suffering and (3) Blame. Inductively derived subthemes reflected specific dimensions of post-injury experiences that contributed to participants' sense of injustice. CONCLUSIONS Given that suffering and invalidating communication are potentially modifiable factors, there are grounds for optimism that intervention approaches can be developed to prevent or reduce perceptions of injustice in the aftermath of debilitating injury. The development of intervention approaches that are effective in preventing or reducing perceptions of injustice holds promise of contributing to more positive recovery outcomes in individuals who have sustained debilitating work injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Adams
- School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Judy E MacDonald
- School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J L Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
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Laure T, Boffo M, Engels RC, Remmerswaal D. Effectiveness and uptake of a transdiagnostic emotion regulation mobile intervention among university students: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv 2024; 37:100750. [PMID: 38827123 PMCID: PMC11141155 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2024.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Going to university is a major life event, which can be stressful and negatively affect mental health. However, it also presents an opportunity to establish a foundation for positive life trajectories. To support university students, a mobile transdiagnostic emotion regulation (ER) intervention has been developed, offering both broad-based (universal) and targeted (indicated) preventative support. ER, a transdiagnostic factor underlying various mental health problems, is a critical intervention target in students, a demographic particularly susceptible to mental health issues. Cultivating ER can help manage immediate stressors and foster long-term wellbeing. This paper describes the study protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness and uptake of such mobile transdiagnostic ER intervention. Method The superiority parallel-group RCT involves 250 participants randomized to either the intervention condition (i.e., full access to the mobile intervention, (n = 125) or to a waitlist control condition (n = 125). Primary outcomes include ER skills and stress symptoms. Secondary outcomes include mental health parameters (anxiety, depression, resilience) and intervention uptake (i.e., objective engagement, subjective engagement, ER skills application in real life). Outcomes are assessed at baseline, week 3, 8 and 12, with continuous log-data collection for user engagement. Discussion This study evaluates the effectiveness and uptake of a transdiagnostic ER mobile intervention for the student population addressing their ER developmental needs. If successful, the results will validate our approach to intervention development and whether focusing on learning transfer (i.e., application of the learnt skills in real-life) and personalization using a recommendation system, can boost the real-world application of skills and intervention impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajda Laure
- Department of Psychology, Child Studies, and Education, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, Child Studies, and Education, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger C.M.E. Engels
- Department of Psychology, Child Studies, and Education, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Remmerswaal
- Department of Psychology, Child Studies, and Education, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Khorrami-Nejad M, Akbari MR, Abdulhussein R, Azizi E. Comparison of Cambridge vision stimulator (CAM) therapy with passive occlusion therapy in the management of unilateral amblyopia; a randomized clinical trial. Strabismus 2024; 32:123-138. [PMID: 39076147 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2024.2353153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are limited studies on the effectiveness of Cambridge vision stimulator (CAM) therapy as a management strategy in amblyopic patients. In addition, all these studies have a low sample size. The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of CAM therapy with passive occlusion therapy in the management of unilateral amblyopia. METHODS In this randomized clinical trial study, 110 cooperative amblyopic children, who had not been managed previously, were randomly divided into two groups of CAM therapy (n = 55) and passive occlusion therapy (n = 55). In the CAM procedure, five discs with different spatial frequencies (SF) (2, 6, 15, 20, 30 cycles/degree) were presented to the patient (30 minutes a day, twice a week). Plates with SF equal to the two lines better than the measured corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were chosen. During the training, the non-amblyopic eye was occluded. The standard occlusion therapy protocols were performed in the occlusion therapy group. The CDVA for all patients was measured at baseline and then at one, two, and three months after the treatment. RESULTS The mean age of patients in CAM and occlusion therapy groups was 7.0 ± 2.1 and 6.9 ± 1.9 years, respectively (p = .721). There was no significant difference in the mean CDVA between CAM and occlusion therapy groups after one (0.30 ± 0.16 vs. 0.25 ± 0.14, p = .079), two (0.15 ± 0.10 vs. 0.15 ± 0.11, p = .732) and three months (0.05 ± 0.08 and 0.05 ± 0.06, p = .919) from baseline. However, the mean amount of CDVA increased significantly in each follow-up in both groups (all p < .001). Regarding the amblyopia type and severity, the mean improvement of CDVA from baseline in the anisometropic patients and in moderate amblyopia was significantly higher in the CAM group than the occlusion group after two and three months (p < .05). DISCUSSION CAM and conventional occlusion therapies significantly improved CDVA in children with amblyopia, and the difference was not significant; therefore, they could be used as alternatives. CAM therapy requires cost and time for the amblyopic patient and parents. Thus, it can be considered as a second treatment option in amblyopic patients, especially anisometropic type and moderate amblyopia, with poor compliance to patching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khorrami-Nejad
- School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Optical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Reza Akbari
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruaa Abdulhussein
- School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Azizi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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134
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Jalalian P, Svensson S, Golubickis M, Sharma Y, Macrae CN. Stimulus valence moderates self-learning. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:884-897. [PMID: 38576360 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2331817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Self-relevance has been demonstrated to impair instrumental learning. Compared to unfamiliar symbols associated with a friend, analogous stimuli linked with the self are learned more slowly. What is not yet understood, however, is whether this effect extends beyond arbitrary stimuli to material with intrinsically meaningful properties. Take, for example, stimulus valence an established moderator of self-bias. Does the desirability of to-be-learned material influence self-learning? Here, in conjunction with computational modelling (i.e. Reinforcement Learning Drift Diffusion Model analysis), a probabilistic selection task was used to establish if and how stimulus valence (i.e. desirable/undesirable posters) impacts the acquisition of knowledge relating to object-ownership (i.e. owned-by-self vs. owned-by-friend). Several interesting results were observed. First, undesirable posters were learned more rapidly for self compared to friend, an effect that was reversed for desirable posters. Second, learning rates were accompanied by associated differences in reward sensitivity toward desirable and undesirable choice selections as a function of ownership. Third, decisional caution was greater for self-relevant (vs. friend relevant) responses. Collectively, these findings inform understanding of self-function and how valence and stimulus relevance mutually influence probabilistic learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Jalalian
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Saga Svensson
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Marius Golubickis
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Yadvi Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - C Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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135
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Singh L, Rajendra SJ. Greater attention to socioeconomic status in developmental research can improve the external validity, generalizability, and replicability of developmental science. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13521. [PMID: 38661538 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Psychological researchers have been criticized for making broad presumptions about human behavior based on limited sampling. In part, presumptive generalizability is reflected in the limited representation of sociodemographic variation in research reports. In this analysis, we examine time-trends in reporting of a key sociodemographic construct relevant to many aspects of child development-socioeconomic status (SES)-across six mainstream developmental journals (Infancy, Child Development, Developmental Science, Developmental Psychology, Infant and Child Development, and Infant Behavior & Development) between 2016 and 2022. Findings point to limited reporting of SES across developmental journals and across time. Reporting rates varied significantly by region and by topic of development. In terms of specific indicators of SES, there was consistent use of income and caregiver education as SES indicators. The epistemic costs of the lack of integration of socio-economic factors in developmental research are addressed. Pathways to greater integration of SES are proposed. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We analyzed reporting and representation of socioeconomic status in published studies on early child development. A large proportion of published studies did not report any socio-economic information. Suggestions for greater attention to socioeconomic status are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah J Rajendra
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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136
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Choi Y, Nam M, Yamane N, Mazuka R. Lack of early sensitivity and gradual emergence of native phoneme categories: A pattern from underrepresented language learners. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13422. [PMID: 37322859 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual narrowing of speech perception supposes that young infants can discriminate most speech sounds early in life. During the second half of the first year, infants' phonetic sensitivity is attuned to their native phonology. However, supporting evidence for this pattern comes primarily from learners from a limited number of regions and languages. Very little evidence has accumulated on infants learning languages spoken in Asia, which accounts for most of the world's population. The present study examined the developmental trajectory of Korean-learning infants' sensitivity to a native stop contrast during the first year of life. The Korean language utilizes unusual voiceless three-way stop categories, requiring target categories to be derived from tight phonetic space. Further, two of these categories-lenis and aspirated-have undergone a diachronic change in recent decades as the primary acoustic cue for distinction has shifted among modern speakers. Consequently, the input distributions of these categories are mixed across speakers and speech styles, requiring learners to build flexible representations of target categories along these variations. The results showed that among the three age groups-4-6 months, 7-9 months, and 10-12 months-we tested, only 10-12-month-olds showed weak sensitivity to the two categories, suggesting that robust discrimination is not in place by the end of the first year. The study adds scarcely represented data, lending additional support for the lack of early sensitivity and prolonged emergence of native phonology that are inconsistent with learners of predominant studies and calls for more diverse samples to verify the generality of the typical perceptual narrowing pattern. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We investigated Korean-learning infants' developmental trajectory of native phoneme categories and whether they show the typical perceptual narrowing pattern. Robust discrimination did not appear until 12 months, suggesting that Korean infants' native phonology is not stabilized by the end of the first year. The prolonged emergence of sensitivity could be due to restricted phonetic space and input variations but suggests the possibility of a different developmental trajectory. The current study contributes scarcely represented Korean-learning infants' phonetic discrimination data to the speech development field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngon Choi
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minji Nam
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Naoto Yamane
- Laboratory for Language Development, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Mazuka
- Laboratory for Language Development, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
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137
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Kaushal N, Nemati D, Keith N, Hagger M. A Longitudinal Theory-Based Investigation of How Environmental Aesthetics Predicts Home-Based Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1664-1671. [PMID: 38595186 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental aesthetics is a recognized macro environmental correlate of physical activity participation. Extrapolating this effect, we hypothesize this variable to also function as a determinant of exercise participation in the microenvironment , such as the home. Specifically, we predict that the environmental aesthetics of the location of cardio and resistance training equipment will predict determinants of exercise participation within the integrated behavior change model. METHODS Adult owners of exercise equipment ( N = 231) completed measures on the environmental aesthetics of their cardio and resistance training equipment, exercise time, and constructs from the integrated behavior change model across three consecutive monthly surveys. Study hypotheses were tested using multilevel structural equation modeling with participants (level 2) nested within time (level 1). RESULTS The model revealed predictive effects of intention, habit, and planning on exercise participation over time. The findings indicated a total effect of autonomous motivation on intention and habit. In addition, environmental aesthetics of cardio and strength training equipment predicted autonomous motivation, along with habit and intention when accounting for indirect effects. Finally, planning moderated the intention-behavior relationship, indicating that participants who scored higher on planning were more likely to translate their intentions to behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide informative notes for designing effective home-based exercise programs, which have increased in popularity over the past recent years. Specifically, experimental studies that provide exercise equipment should ensure that the location of the equipment is appealing to the participant to increase the likelihood equipment use and exercise engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Kaushal
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Donya Nemati
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nicole Keith
- School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
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Gillet N, Morin AJS, Fernet C, Austin S, Huyghebaert-Zouaghi T. A longitudinal person-centered investigation of the multidimensional nature of employees' perceptions of challenge and hindrance demands at work. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:558-586. [PMID: 38425154 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2024.2324252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This research relies on a combination of variable- and person-centered approaches to help improve our understanding of the dimensionality of job demands by jointly considering employees' global levels of job demands, exposure and their specific levels of exposure to challenge and hindrance demands. DESIGN AND METHODS We relied on a sample of 442 workers who completed a questionnaire twice over three months. Our analyses sought to identify the nature of the job demands profiles experienced by these workers, to document the stability of these profiles over time, and to assess their associations with theoretically-relevant outcomes (i.e., work engagement, job boredom, problem-solving pondering, work-related rumination, proactive health behaviors, and sleep quality and quantity). Furthermore, we examined whether these profiles and associations differed as a function of working remotely or onsite. RESULTS Five profiles were identified and found to be highly stable over time: Globally Exposed, Not Exposed, Not Exposed but Challenged, Exposed but Not Challenged, and Mixed. These profiles shared clear associations with all outcomes, with the most adaptive outcomes associated with the Exposed but Not Challenged profile, whereas the most detrimental ones were observed in the Mixed profile. However, none of these results differed across employees working onsite and those working remotely. CONCLUSIONS These findings have theoretical and practical implications regarding the effects of work characteristics on employees' functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- QualiPsy UR 1901, Université de Tours, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Tours, France
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Claude Fernet
- Groupe de recherche sur la motivation et le mieux-être (M2Être), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Austin
- Groupe de recherche sur la motivation et le mieux-être (M2Être), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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McVeigh KS, Mehl MR, Polsinelli AJ, Moseley SA, Sbarra DA, Glisky EL, Grilli MD. Loneliness and social isolation are not associated with executive functioning in a cross-sectional study of cognitively healthy older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:777-794. [PMID: 37865921 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2270208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The literature on the relationship between social interaction and executive functions (EF) in older age is mixed, perhaps stemming from differences in EF measures and the conceptualization/measurement of social interaction. We investigated the relationship between social interaction and EF in 102 cognitively unimpaired older adults (ages 65-90). Participants received an EF battery to measure working memory, inhibition, shifting, and global EF. We measured loneliness subjectively through survey and social isolation objectively through naturalistic observation. Loneliness was not significantly related to any EF measure (p-values = .13-.65), nor was social isolation (p-values = .11-.69). Bayes factors indicated moderate to extremely strong evidence (BF01 = 8.70 to BF01 = 119.49) in support of no relationship.. Overall, these findings suggest that, among cognitively healthy older adults, there may not be a robust cross-sectional relationship between EF and subjective loneliness or objective social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn S McVeigh
- Human Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthias R Mehl
- Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Angelina J Polsinelli
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - David A Sbarra
- Laboratory for Social Connectedness and Health, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Glisky
- Aging and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- Human Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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140
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Ferrario R, Parisi A, Tallarita G, Parente A, Pastori C, Giovagnoli AR. Sensitivity to moral and conventional rules in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 158:109889. [PMID: 38936307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sensitivity to moral and conventional rules (SMCR) is supported by bilateral brain networks and psychosocial input both of which may be altered in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This study evaluated the components of SMCR in patients with TLE, aiming to clarify their preservation and link to psychopathological and cognitive aspects. METHODS Adult patients with unilateral TLE and healthy controls were evaluated using neuropsychological tests for SMCR, memory, language, and executive functions, the Empathy Questionnaire (EQ), and the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R). RESULTS The SMCR test items showed good reliability and validity, yielding the Severity and Rules factors distinct from the Executive, Lexical and Memory factors. Patients with right TLE scored worse in moral rules recognition than controls, but this difference was nullified by a significant influence for age and sex. The Severity and Rules factors related to semantic fluency and age and, respectively, TLE side and psychoticism. However, these factors did predict TLE membership. CONCLUSIONS In adult patients with TLE, the SMCR test reflects a distinct cognitive domain. Conventional rules are well-retained, while moral reasoning may be only affected in right TLE if unfavorable demographics coexist. Although age, TLE side, semantic abilities, and psychoticism cooperate to determine SMCR, impairment of such domain is not a distinctive feature of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Ferrario
- Unit of Neurology and Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Parisi
- Unit of Neurology and Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Tallarita
- Unit of Neurology and Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Parente
- Unit of Neurology and Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pastori
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Giovagnoli
- Unit of Neurology and Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy.
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141
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Miller JA, Constantinidis C. Timescales of learning in prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:597-610. [PMID: 38937654 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in humans and other primates is critical for immediate, goal-directed behaviour and working memory, which are classically considered distinct from the cognitive and neural circuits that support long-term learning and memory. Over the past few years, a reconsideration of this textbook perspective has emerged, in that different timescales of memory-guided behaviour are in constant interaction during the pursuit of immediate goals. Here, we will first detail how neural activity related to the shortest timescales of goal-directed behaviour (which requires maintenance of current states and goals in working memory) is sculpted by long-term knowledge and learning - that is, how the past informs present behaviour. Then, we will outline how learning across different timescales (from seconds to years) drives plasticity in the primate lateral PFC, from single neuron firing rates to mesoscale neuroimaging activity patterns. Finally, we will review how, over days and months of learning, dense local and long-range connectivity patterns in PFC facilitate longer-lasting changes in population activity by changing synaptic weights and recruiting additional neural resources to inform future behaviour. Our Review sheds light on how the machinery of plasticity in PFC circuits facilitates the integration of learned experiences across time to best guide adaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Miller
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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142
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Althagafi A, Dea N, Evaniew N, Rampersaud RY, Jacobs WB, Paquet J, Wilson JR, Hall H, Bailey CS, Weber MH, Nataraj A, Attabib N, Cadotte DW, Phan P, Christie SD, Fisher CG, Manson N, Thomas K, McIntosh G, Charest-Morin R. Preoperative expectations of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: an observational study from the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network. Spine J 2024; 24:1595-1604. [PMID: 38679073 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an abundance of literature on degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), little is known about preoperative expectations of these patients. PURPOSE The primary objective was to describe patient preoperative expectations. Secondary objectives included identifying patient characteristics associated with high preoperative expectations and to determine if expectations varied depending on myelopathy severity. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective study of a prospective multicenter, observational cohort of patients with DCM. PATIENT SAMPLE Patients who consented to undergo surgical treatment between January 2019 and September 2022 were included. OUTCOMES MEASURES An 11-domain expectation questionnaire was completed preoperatively whereby patients quantified the expected change in each domain. METHODS The most important expected change was captured. A standardized expectation score was calculated as the sum of each expectation divided by the maximal possible score. The high expectation group was defined by patients who had an expectation score above the 75th percentile. Predictors of patients with high expectations were determined using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS There were 262 patients included. The most important patient expectation was preventing neurological worsening (40.8%) followed by improving balance when standing or walking (14.5%), improving independence in everyday activities (10.3%), and relieving arm tingling, burning and numbness (10%). Patients with mild myelopathy were more likely to select no worsening as the most important expected change compared to patients with severe myelopathy (p<.01). Predictors of high patient expectations were: having fewer comorbidities (OR -0.30 for every added comorbidity, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.10, p=.01), a shorter duration of symptoms (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.35-1.19, p=.02), no contribution from "failure of other treatments" on the decision to undergo surgery (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.56-2.71, p=.02) and more severe neck pain (OR 0.19 for 1 point increase, 95% CI 0.05-0.37, p=.01). CONCLUSIONS Most patients undergoing surgery for DCM expect prevention of neurological decline, better functional status, and improvement in their myelopathic symptoms. Stopping neurological deterioration is the most important expected outcomes by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwalaa Althagafi
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10(th) avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dea
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10(th) avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Nathan Evaniew
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29th Street N.W, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Raja Y Rampersaud
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 522 University Ave Suite 1001, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College St room 508-a, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - W Bradley Jacobs
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29th Street N.W, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Jérome Paquet
- Centre de Recherche CHU de Quebec, CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval, 1401 18e Rue, Quebec City, Quebec G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jefferson R Wilson
- Divisions of Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, 149 College St room 508-a, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Hamilton Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College St room 508-a, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Christopher S Bailey
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, London Health Science Centre, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Michael H Weber
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, #B5.159.6, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Andrew Nataraj
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, 2D, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre - 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Najmedden Attabib
- Canada East Spine Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Zone 2, Horizon Health Network, 400 University Ave., Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - David W Cadotte
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29th Street N.W, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Philippe Phan
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Sean D Christie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, 3806 - 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Charles G Fisher
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10(th) avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Neil Manson
- Canada East Spine Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Zone 2, Horizon Health Network, 400 University Ave., Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Kenneth Thomas
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29th Street N.W, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Greg McIntosh
- Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Box 1053, Markdale, Ontario N0C 1H0, Canada
| | - Raphaële Charest-Morin
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10(th) avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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143
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Nunez MD, Fernandez K, Srinivasan R, Vandekerckhove J. A tutorial on fitting joint models of M/EEG and behavior to understand cognition. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:6020-6050. [PMID: 38409458 PMCID: PMC11335833 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We present motivation and practical steps necessary to find parameter estimates of joint models of behavior and neural electrophysiological data. This tutorial is written for researchers wishing to build joint models of human behavior and scalp and intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data, and more specifically those researchers who seek to understand human cognition. Although these techniques could easily be applied to animal models, the focus of this tutorial is on human participants. Joint modeling of M/EEG and behavior requires some knowledge of existing computational and cognitive theories, M/EEG artifact correction, M/EEG analysis techniques, cognitive modeling, and programming for statistical modeling implementation. This paper seeks to give an introduction to these techniques as they apply to estimating parameters from neurocognitive models of M/EEG and human behavior, and to evaluate model results and compare models. Due to our research and knowledge on the subject matter, our examples in this paper will focus on testing specific hypotheses in human decision-making theory. However, most of the motivation and discussion of this paper applies across many modeling procedures and applications. We provide Python (and linked R) code examples in the tutorial and appendix. Readers are encouraged to try the exercises at the end of the document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nunez
- Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kianté Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Vandekerckhove
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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144
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Malone DF, Sims A, Irwin C, Wishart D, MacQuarrie A, Bell A, Stainer MJ. Lights, Sirens, and Load: Anticipatory emergency medical treatment planning causes cognitive load during emergency response driving among paramedicine students. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 204:107646. [PMID: 38830295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Paramedics face various unconventional and secondary task demands while driving ambulances, leading to significant cognitive load, especially during lights-and-sirens responses. Previous research suggests that high cognitive load negatively affects driving performance, increasing the risk of accidents, particularly for inexperienced drivers. The current study investigated the impact of anticipatory treatment planning on cognitive load during emergency driving, as assessed through the use of a driving simulator. We recruited 28 non-paramedic participants to complete a simulated baseline drive with no task and a cognitive load manipulation using the 1-back task. We also recruited 18 paramedicine students who completed a drive while considering two cases they were travelling to: cardiac arrest and infant seizure, representing varying difficulty in required treatment. The results indicated that both cases imposed considerable cognitive load, as indicated by NASA Task Load Index responses, comparable to the 1-back task and significantly higher than driving with no load. These findings suggest that contemplating cases and treatment plans may impact the safety of novice paramedics driving ambulances for emergency response. Further research should explore the influence of experience and the presence of a second individual in the vehicle to generalise to broader emergency response driving contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Malone
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Alan Sims
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Darren Wishart
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Bell
- The Royal Flying Doctor Service Western Australia, Australia
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145
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Muja H, Vasil S, Toçi D, Clemens T, Brand H, Burazeri G. Ability to Maintain and Improve Health and Socio-Demographic Correlates among Children in Albania. Zdr Varst 2024; 63:113-122. [PMID: 38881632 PMCID: PMC11178029 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2024-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to assess the level and socio-demographic correlates of the ability to maintain health among children in Albania, a post-communist country in the Western Balkans. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Albania in September 2022. The study population consisted of a nationwide representative sample of 7,831 schoolchildren (≈54% girls) aged 12-15 years. A structured self-administered and anonymous questionnaire inquired about the children's attitudes toward health promotion (ability to maintain and improve health) and a range of key dimensions on knowledge and practices regarding healthcare services. Socio-demographic data were also collected. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the socio-demographic correlates of children's ability to maintain health. Results Overall, about 71% of schoolchildren exhibited the best attitudes toward health promotion (ability to maintain and improve health). In the multivariable adjusted logistic regression models, poorer attitudes toward health promotion (ability to maintain and improve health) were significantly related to older age (OR=1.2, 95% CI=1.0-1.3), middle/low maternal education (OR=1.2, 95%CI=1.1-1.3), poor/very poor economic situation (OR=1.5, 95%CI=1.2-1.8), lack of appropriate knowledge about rights to healthcare (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.1-1.5), lack of knowledge about obtaining healthcare services (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.4-2.2), and lack of consultations/visits with health professionals excluding vaccinations (OR=1.2, 95%CI=1.1-1.4). Conclusions Almost 1/3rd of Albanian schoolchildren included in this study did not exhibit the best attitudes toward health promotion (ability to maintain and improve health). The best attitudes were related to a higher socioeconomic level and adequate knowledge and practices regarding healthcare services. There is thus a need to increase health literacy levels among children in order to ultimately induce sustainable healthy behavioural/lifestyle practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herion Muja
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Suela Vasil
- "Schools for Health", a project of the Swiss Development and Cooperation (SDC) Agency, Tirana, Albania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Timo Clemens
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Brand
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Genc Burazeri
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania
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146
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Von der Mehden BM, Waller K, Schussler EE. Student Perspectives of Success and Failure in Biology Lecture: Multifaceted Definitions and Misalignments. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 23:ar29. [PMID: 38885292 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.23-12-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Investigating definitions of success and failure among introductory biology students is essential for understanding what underlies their self-efficacy; a student who gets a B on an exam may lose self-efficacy if they define failure as anything less than an A. Yet, whether students have the same definitions for success as they have for failure in these classes is unknown, nor how those definitions relate to course performance. To better understand student definitions for success and failure and their implications, this mixed-methods study collected survey data from students in two introductory biology courses about their definitions of success and failure and their self-reported grades. Coding of open-ended responses revealed four broad themes related to both success and failure: Performance, Content, Preparation, and Attitude. Although there were common themes in how students defined success and failure overall, individual students often (65%) described success or failure in relation to different standards. We also found some definitions of success and failure were predicted by grades. These results highlight the complexity of building self-efficacy in introductory biology and suggest the need for greater awareness and acknowledgment of the different standards students use to judge their success and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey M Von der Mehden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Kurisma Waller
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Elisabeth E Schussler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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147
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Ruggiero CF, Trexberg KM, Moore AM, Savage JS. Applying the Family Stress Model to responsive feeding and early obesity prevention. Appetite 2024; 200:107515. [PMID: 38797237 PMCID: PMC11227407 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity during early childhood may lead to adverse health outcomes during later childhood and into adulthood, especially in families experiencing economic hardship. Families experiencing economic hardship may also experience food insecurity, which can impact child development and responsive feeding, an important target for obesity prevention in early life. The Family Stress Model suggests that stress, particularly economic hardship, can negatively impact parents' mental health, parenting, and quality of family relationships. This review proposes a conceptual model that expands upon the original Family Stress Model by including parent-child dyadic interactions during feeding (i.e., responsive feeding) as well as the coparenting relationship around feeding. Our conceptual model integrates responsive feeding into the Family Stress Model and includes the impact of food insecurity on feeding and child health outcomes. Such models that consider multiple influences on child development have implications for the design of effective interventions to promote healthy growth for entire families. Future directions in this research will empirically test the model and explore early intervention strategies that aim to promote responsive feeding, nutrition security, and health within families. Continuing interdisciplinary research between the fields of nutrition and family development will be key to addressing the complex interplay of family stressors, parent responsiveness, and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara F Ruggiero
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Trexberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 119 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Amy M Moore
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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148
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Joris PX, Verschooten E. Midbrain sensitivity to auditory motion studied with dichotic sweeps of broadband noise. Hear Res 2024; 450:109066. [PMID: 38889563 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Many neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) show sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs), which is thought to be relayed from the brainstem. However, studies with interaural phase modulation of pure tones showed that IC neurons have a sensitivity to changes in ITD that is not present at the level of the brainstem. This sensitivity has been interpreted as a form of sensitivity to motion. A new type of stimulus is used here to study the sensitivity of IC neurons to dynamic changes in ITD, in which broad- or narrowband stimuli are swept through a range of ITDs with arbitrary start-ITD, end-ITD, speed, and direction. Extracellular recordings were obtained under barbiturate anesthesia in the cat. We applied the same analyses as previously introduced for the study of responses to tones. We find effects of motion which are similar to those described in response to interaural phase modulation of tones. The size of the effects strongly depended on the motion parameters but was overall smaller than reported for tones. We found that the effects of motion could largely be explained by the temporal response pattern of the neuron such as adaptation and build-up. Our data add to previous evidence questioning true coding of motion at the level of the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip X Joris
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dept. of Neuroscience, UW-Madison, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
| | - Eric Verschooten
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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149
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Cao Q, Feigenson L. Children's representation of coincidence. Cognition 2024; 250:105854. [PMID: 38941764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
People relish thinking about coincidences-we puzzle over their meanings and delight in conveying our experiences of them to others. But whereas some research has begun to explore how coincidences are represented by adults, little is known about the early development of these representations. Here we explored factors influencing coincidence representations in both adults and children. Across two experiments, participants read stories describing co-occurring events and then judged whether these constituted coincidences. In Experiment 1 we found that adults' coincidence judgments were highly sensitive to the presence or absence of plausible explanations: as expected, adults were more likely to judge co-occurrences as a coincidence when no explanation was available. Importantly, their coincidence judgments were also modulated by the number of events that co-occurred. Adults tended to reject scenarios involving too many co-occurring events as coincidences regardless of whether an explanation was present, suggesting that observing suspiciously many co-occurrences triggered them to infer their own underlying explanation (and thus blocking the events' interpretation as a coincidence). In Experiment 2 we found that 4- to 10-year-old children also represent coincidences, and identify them via the absence of plausible explanations. Older children, like adults, rejected suspiciously large numbers of co-occurring events as coincidental, whereas younger children did not exhibit this sensitivity. Overall, these results suggest that representation of coincidence is available from early in life, but undergoes developmental change during the early school-age years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cao
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | - Lisa Feigenson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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150
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Payas A, Kocaman H, Yıldırım H, Batın S. Prediction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with machine learning algorithms using brain volumetric measurements. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1355. [PMID: 39011367 PMCID: PMC11247394 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that neuroanatomical and neurofunctional changes observed in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum play a role in the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This study aimed to investigate whether volumetric measurements of brain regions can be used as predictive indicators for AIS through machine learning techniques. Methods Patients with a severe degree of curvature in AIS (n = 32) and healthy individuals (n = 31) were enrolled in the study. Volumetric data from 169 brain regions, acquired from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these individuals, were utilized as predictive factors. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the twelve most prevalent machine learning algorithms, encompassing thorough parameter adjustments and cross-validation processes. Furthermore, the findings related to variable significance are presented. Results Among all the algorithms evaluated, the random forest algorithm produced the most favorable results in terms of various classification metrics, including accuracy (0.9083), AUC (0.993), f1-score (0.970), and Brier score (0.1256). Additionally, the most critical variables were identified as the volumetric measurements of the right corticospinal tract, right corpus callosum body, right corpus callosum splenium, right cerebellum, and right pons, respectively. Conclusion The outcomes of this study indicate that volumetric measurements of specific brain regions can serve as reliable indicators of AIS. In conclusion, the developed model and the significant variables discovered hold promise for predicting scoliosis development, particularly in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Payas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy Amasya University Amasya Turkey
| | - Hikmet Kocaman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Karaman Turkey
| | - Hasan Yıldırım
- Faculty of Kamil Özdağ Science, Department of Mathematics Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Karaman Turkey
| | - Sabri Batın
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department Kayseri City Education and Training Hospital Kayseri Turkey
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