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Liu T, Ji RL, Tao YX. Naturally occurring mutations in G protein-coupled receptors associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108044. [PMID: 34822948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors involved in the regulation of almost all known physiological processes. Dysfunctions of GPCR-mediated signaling have been shown to cause various diseases. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two strongly associated disorders, is increasing worldwide, with tremendous economical and health burden. New safer and more efficacious drugs are required for successful weight reduction and T2DM treatment. Multiple GPCRs are involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in these GPCRs contribute to the development and progression of obesity and T2DM. Therefore, these receptors can be therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM. Indeed some of these receptors, such as melanocortin-4 receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, have provided important new drugs for treating obesity and T2DM. This review will focus on the naturally occurring mutations of several GPCRs associated with obesity and T2DM, especially incorporating recent large genomic data and insights from structure-function studies, providing leads for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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152
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Caroline OB, Ebuehi OA, Cecilia OA, Kayode OA. Effect of Allium sativum extract in combination -with orlistat on insulin resistance and disrupted metabolic hormones in high fat diet induced obese rats. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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153
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Yu Y, Fernandez ID, Meng Y, Zhao W, Groth SW. Gut hormones, adipokines, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/markers in loss of control eating: A scoping review. Appetite 2021; 166:105442. [PMID: 34111480 PMCID: PMC10683926 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of control (LOC) eating is the defining feature of binge-eating disorder, and it has particular relevance for bariatric patients. The biomarkers of LOC eating are unclear; however, gut hormones (i.e., ghrelin, cholecystokinin [CCK], peptide YY [PYY], glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], and pancreatic polypeptide [PP]), adipokines (i.e., leptin, adiponectin), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/markers (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]) are candidates due to their involvement in the psychophysiological mechanisms of LOC eating. This review aimed to synthesize research that has investigated these biomarkers with LOC eating. Because LOC eating is commonly examined within the context of binge-eating disorder, is sometimes used interchangeably with subclinical binge-eating, and is the latent construct underlying disinhibition, uncontrolled eating, and food addiction, these eating behaviors were included in the search. Only studies among individuals with overweight or obesity were included. Among the identified 31 studies, 2 studies directly examined LOC eating and 4 studies were conducted among bariatric patients. Most studies were case-control in design (n = 16) and comprised female-dominant (n = 13) or female-only (n = 13) samples. Studies generally excluded fasting total ghrelin, fasting CCK, fasting PYY, and fasting PP as correlates of the examined eating behaviors. However, there was evidence that the examined eating behaviors were associated with lower levels of fasting acyl ghrelin (the active form of ghrelin) and adiponectin, higher levels of leptin and hsCRP, and altered responses of postprandial ghrelin, CCK, and PYY. The use of GLP-1 analog was able to decrease binge-eating. In conclusion, this review identified potential biomarkers of LOC eating. Future studies would benefit from a direct focus on LOC eating (especially in the bariatric population), using longitudinal designs, exploring potential mediators and moderators, and increased inclusion of the male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - I Diana Fernandez
- School of Public Health, University of Rochester, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Susan W Groth
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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154
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Time-Restricted Feeding in Mice Prevents the Disruption of the Peripheral Circadian Clocks and Its Metabolic Impact during Chronic Jetlag. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113846. [PMID: 34836101 PMCID: PMC8622682 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We used time-restricted feeding (TRF) to investigate whether microbial metabolites and the hunger hormone ghrelin can become the dominant entraining factor during chronic jetlag to prevent disruption of the master and peripheral clocks, in order to promote health. Therefore, hypothalamic clock gene and Agrp/Npy mRNA expression were measured in mice that were either chronically jetlagged and fed ad libitum, jetlagged and fed a TRF diet, or not jetlagged and fed a TRF diet. Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, plasma ghrelin and corticosterone levels, and colonic clock gene mRNA expression were measured. Preventing the disruption of the food intake pattern during chronic jetlag using TRF restored the rhythmicity in hypothalamic clock gene mRNA expression of Reverbα but not of Arntl. TRF countered the changes in plasma ghrelin levels and in hypothalamic Npy mRNA expression induced by chronic jetlag, thereby reestablishing the food intake pattern. Increase in body mass induced by chronic jetlag was prevented. Alterations in diurnal fluctuations in fecal SCFAs during chronic jetlag were prevented thereby re-entraining the rhythmic expression of peripheral clock genes. In conclusion, TRF during chronodisruption re-entrains the rhythms in clock gene expression and signals from the gut that regulate food intake to normalize body homeostasis.
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155
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Circulating levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A orexigenic neuropeptides in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:1209-1218. [PMID: 34689311 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The orexigenic peptides, ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A, have an important role in food intake and energy homeostasis and regulate the higher brain functions including the sleep-wake state. Although the interactions of these neuropeptides affect neuroendocrine systems resulting in obesity, a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of serum ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A levels with OSAS. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, patients who underwent one-night polysomnography and conformed to the inclusion criteria were asked to participate. A blood sample was obtained from all participants on the morning of the sleep test to evaluate the serum levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Demographic characteristics, polysomnography data, and serum levels of the participants were recorded and analyzed. Comparison between the OSAS groups was performed by independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc K-W test using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS Of 272 patients, those in the OSAS group (n=210) were older than patients in the non-OSAS group (n=62), p < 0.003, and had increased BMI, p < 0.006. Patients with, serum ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSAS (635.9 pg/mL vs. 420.7 pg/mL, 91.0 pg/mL vs. 60.0 pg/mL, 600.3 pg/mL vs. 485.6 pg/mL, respectively) and found to be higher in patients with severe OSAS than mild and moderate cases (p < 0.01). In multinomial logistic regression to predict the OSAS severity, levels of serum ghrelin (OR = 1.016 [1.010-1.021]; p < 0.001), galanin (OR = 1.050 [1.020-1.081]; p < 0.001), and orexin-A (OR = 1.021 [1.012-1.030]; p < 0.001) were significantly associated only with a moderate level of OSAS. CONCLUSION The orexigenic neuropeptides were found to be an independent determinant of the presence of OSAS and correlate with the severity of OSAS. Increased levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A were associated with the presence of moderate OSAS.
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156
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Metabolic profiles, energy expenditures, and body compositions of the weight regain versus sustained weight loss patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2021; 17:2015-2025. [PMID: 34635422 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain (WR) has been an emerging problem after Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and little is known about the mechanisms of WR after RYGB. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanisms of WR after RYGB through the postprandial gut hormones response, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which regulates appetite control, energy expenditure, body composition, physical activities, dietary intake, and psychological factors. SETTING Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. METHODS A cross sectional study of 34 patients who underwent RYGB at least 2 years and achieved ≥50% of excess weight loss at 1year was conducted. The subjects were categorized into WR group or sustained weight loss group, based upon whether their WR was ≥15% of postoperative lowest weight. RESULTS The WR group had less augmented postprandial GLP-1 response but exaggerated hyperinsulinemia. Postprandial peptide YY, ghrelin, and glucose were not different between group. Patients who regained weight required less weight-adjusted energy expenditure and had more percentage body fat and less percentage lean mass. The caloric intake and diet composition were comparable between groups; however, the WR group had higher depression scores, binge eating scales, and hunger rating and spent significantly less time on vigorous exercise. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of WR in patients who were initially successful after RYGB are complex and involved not only the role of postprandial gut hormone response but are also related to energy expenditure adaptation and body composition changes. Moreover, food preference and physical activity may play roles in weight control after bariatric surgery. Further prospective controlled trial is needed to explore the mechanisms of WR.
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157
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Hassouna R, Fernandez G, Lebrun N, Fiquet O, Roelfsema F, Labarthe A, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Epelbaum J, Viltart O, Chauveau C, Perello M, Tolle V. Ghrelin Gene Deletion Alters Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Adult Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:754522. [PMID: 34721302 PMCID: PMC8549963 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using preproghrelin-deficient mice (Ghrl-/-), we previously observed that preproghrelin modulates pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion in post-pubertal male mice. However, the role of ghrelin and its derived peptides in the regulation of growth parameters or feeding in females is unknown. We measured pulsatile GH secretion, growth, metabolic parameters and feeding behavior in adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male and female mice. We also assessed GH release from pituitary explants and hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) expression and immunoreactivity. Body weight and body fat mass, linear growth, spontaneous food intake and food intake following a 48-h fast, GH pituitary contents and GH release from pituitary explants ex vivo, fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were not different among adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male or female mice. In vivo, pulsatile GH secretion was decreased, while approximate entropy, that quantified orderliness of secretion, was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females only, defining more irregular GH pattern. The number of neurons immunoreactive for GHRH visualized in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females, as compared to Ghrl+/+ females, whereas the expression of GHRH was not different amongst groups. Thus, these results point to sex-specific effects of preproghrelin gene deletion on pulsatile GH secretion, but not feeding, growth or metabolic parameters, in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR7104 CNRS/U1258 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Lille, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab - MABLab ULR 4490, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Univ. Lille and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
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158
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Wu YK, Brownley KA, Bardone-Cone AM, Bulik CM, Baker JH. Associations of Stress and Appetite Hormones with Binge Eating in Females with Anorexia Nervosa after Weight Restoration: A Longitudinal Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101020. [PMID: 34683161 PMCID: PMC8538976 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge eating is a transdiagnostic eating disorder symptom that can occur in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), persisting after weight restoration, and impeding their recovery. However, little is known about the biological predictors of binge eating after AN weight restoration. The goals of this exploratory study of 73 females with AN were: (1) to examine changes in cortisol, the adrenocorticotropic hormone, norepinephrine, ghrelin (total and active), and leptin levels across the admission, discharge, and 3 months post-discharge from the inpatient AN weight restoration; and (2) to determine whether the target hormones were associated with objective or subjective binge eating (OBE or SBE). The participants completed the self-reported Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory-II, and provided fasting whole blood samples for hormone assays. The results showed significant changes in body mass index (BMI), cortisol, total ghrelin, and leptin levels over the three time points. The cortisol levels at admission and discharge were significantly associated with the number of SBE episodes at 3 months post-discharge. Findings suggest the need to replicate and confirm the role of cortisol in predicting the emergence of SBE and uncover the mechanisms underlying SBE and cortisol to prevent SBE and its negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ke Wu
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.A.B.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Kimberly A. Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.A.B.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Anna M. Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.A.B.); (C.M.B.)
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica H. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.A.B.); (C.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-984-974-3834
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159
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Relationship between Energy Balance and Circulating Levels of Hepcidin and Ferritin in the Fasted and Postprandial States. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103557. [PMID: 34684558 PMCID: PMC8539037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Markers of iron metabolism are altered in new-onset diabetes, but their relationship with metabolic signals involved in the maintenance of energy balance is poorly understood. The primary aim was to explore the associations between markers of iron metabolism (hepcidin and ferritin) and markers of energy balance (leptin, ghrelin, and the leptin/ghrelin ratio) in both the fasted and postprandial states. These associations were also studied in the sub-groups stratified by diabetes status. This was a cross-sectional study of individuals without disorders of iron metabolism who were investigated after an overnight fast and, in addition, some of these individuals underwent a mixed meal test to determine postprandial responses of metabolic signals. The associations between hepcidin, ferritin, and leptin, ghrelin, leptin/ghrelin ratio were studied using several multiple linear regression models. A total of 76 individuals in the fasted state and 34 individuals in the postprandial state were included. In the overall cohort, hepcidin was significantly inversely associated with leptin (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −883.45 ± 400.94; p = 0.031) and the leptin/ghrelin ratio (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −148.26 ± 61.20; p = 0.018) in the fasted state. The same associations were not statistically significant in the postprandial state. In individuals with new-onset prediabetes or diabetes (but not in those with normoglycaemia or longstanding prediabetes or diabetes), hepcidin was significantly inversely associated with leptin (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −806.09 ± 395.44; p = 0.050) and the leptin/ghrelin ratio (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −129.40 ± 59.14; p = 0.037). Leptin appears to be a mediator in the link between iron metabolism and new-onset diabetes mellitus. These findings add to the growing understanding of mechanisms underlying the derangements of glucose metabolism.
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160
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Overexpression of the Gene Encoding Neurosecretory Protein GL Precursor Prevents Excessive Fat Accumulation in the Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a Long-Term High-Fat Diet. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196006. [PMID: 34641550 PMCID: PMC8512635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel small hypothalamic protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which induces feeding behavior and fat accumulation in rodents depending on their diet. In the present study, we explored the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior and energy metabolism in mice placed on a long-term high-fat diet with 60% calories from fat (HFD 60). Overexpression of the NPGL precursor gene (Npgl) over 18 weeks increased food intake and weight. The weekly weight gain of Npgl-overexpressing mice was higher than that of controls until 7 weeks from induction of overexpression, after which it ceased to be so. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that Npgl overexpression maintained glucose tolerance and increased blood insulin levels, and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests showed that it maintained insulin sensitivity. At the experimental endpoint, Npgl overexpression was associated with increased mass of the perirenal white adipose tissue (WAT) and decreased mass of the epididymal WAT (eWAT), resulting in little effect on the total WAT mass. These results suggest that under long-term HFD 60 feeding, Npgl overexpression may play a role in avoiding metabolic disturbance both by accelerating energy storage and by suppressing excess fat accumulation in certain tissues, such as the eWAT.
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161
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Wang L, Han W, Iwasaki Y, Yermek R, Sharp GWG, Seino Y, Yada T. Onion component, isoalliin, stimulates feeding and activates the arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y, ghrelin- and Ninjin'yoeito-responsive neurons. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102180. [PMID: 34293597 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Appetite loss or anorexia substantially decreases the quality of life in patients with cancer, depression and gastrointestinal disorders, and can lead to sarcopenia and frailty. Foods that restore appetite have been sought-for but are not currently available. Historically, onion intake was adopted to treat a variety of diseases with reduced appetite including cancer and gastrointestinal disturbances. While isoalliin is a core component of onion, the effects of isoalliin on feeding behavior and feeding centers remain unknown. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin are the most potent central and peripheral inducers of appetite. A Japanese kampo medicine Ninjin'yoeito activates ghrelin-responsive NPY neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and counteracts anorexia induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin. This study explored the effects of isoalliin on feeding behavior and activities of ARC neurons in mice. Isoalliin, injected intraperitoneally, dose-dependently increased food intake during dark phase (DP) and daily without altering light phase (LP) food intake. We measured cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in single ARC neurons including NPY neurons identified by GFP fluorescence. Isoalliin increased [Ca2+]i in 10 of 18 (55.6%) NPY neurons, a majority of which also responded to ghrelin with [Ca2+]i increases, indicating that the ARC ghrelin-responsive NPY neuron is the major target of isoalliin. Isoalliin also increased [Ca2+]i in the ARC neurons that responded to Ninjin'yoeito. These results indicate that isoalliin enhances feeding at the active period and activates ARC ghrelin-responsive NPY neurons and Ninjin'yoeito-responsive neurons. These abilities of isoalliin to stimulate DP feeding and activate ARC orexigenic neurons provide scientific evidence for the health beneficial effects of onion experienced historically and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Wanxin Han
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Rakhat Yermek
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Geoffrey W G Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Cornejo MP, Denis RGP, García Romero G, Fernández G, Reynaldo M, Luquet S, Perello M. Ghrelin treatment induces rapid and delayed increments of food intake: a heuristic model to explain ghrelin's orexigenic effects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6689-6708. [PMID: 34559253 PMCID: PMC11073221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived peptide hormone with salient roles in the regulation of energy balance and metabolism. Notably, ghrelin is recognized as the most powerful known circulating orexigenic hormone. Here, we systematically investigated the effects of ghrelin on energy homeostasis and found that ghrelin primarily induces a biphasic effect on food intake that has indirect consequences on energy expenditure and nutrient partitioning. We also found that ghrelin-induced biphasic effect on food intake requires the integrity of Agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y-producing neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, which seem to display a long-lasting activation after a single systemic injection of ghrelin. Finally, we found that different autonomic, hormonal and metabolic satiation signals transiently counteract ghrelin-induced food intake. Based on our observations, we propose a heuristic model to describe how the orexigenic effect of ghrelin and the anorectic food intake-induced rebound sculpt a timely constrain feeding response to ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP), Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raphaël G P Denis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP), Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernández
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP), Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP), Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP), Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gjermeni E, Kirstein AS, Kolbig F, Kirchhof M, Bundalian L, Katzmann JL, Laufs U, Blüher M, Garten A, Le Duc D. Obesity-An Update on the Basic Pathophysiology and Review of Recent Therapeutic Advances. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101426. [PMID: 34680059 PMCID: PMC8533625 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a major public health problem with a prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Continuous intensive efforts to elucidate the complex pathophysiology and improve clinical management have led to a better understanding of biomolecules like gut hormones, antagonists of orexigenic signals, stimulants of fat utilization, and/or inhibitors of fat absorption. In this article, we will review the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of obesity including intersection points to the new generation of antidiabetic drugs. We provide insight into the effectiveness of currently approved anti-obesity drugs and other therapeutic avenues that can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erind Gjermeni
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Cardiology, Median Centre for Rehabilitation Schmannewitz, 04774 Dahlen, Germany;
| | - Anna S. Kirstein
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Florentien Kolbig
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, Median Centre for Rehabilitation Schmannewitz, 04774 Dahlen, Germany;
| | - Linnaeus Bundalian
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Julius L. Katzmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.L.K.); (U.L.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Antje Garten
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.S.K.); (F.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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164
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Erkinuresin T, Demirci H, Cayci HM, Erdogdu UE, Arslan U. Intestinal Metaplasia Influencing the Density of Ghrelin Expressing Cells in Morbid Obese Patients. Obes Surg 2021; 31:5183-5188. [PMID: 34542808 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to compare the density of ghrelin-expressing cells (GECs) in morbid obese patients with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 48 patients out of 244 who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between 2015 and 2019. IM was detected in the sleeve gastrectomy specimens of 24 of these 244 patients. The study group consisted of all of the patients with IM. It was a case matched study. Matching factors were age and gender. Ghrelin was stained with a Leica semiautomatic immunohistochemical-staining machine. Stained preparations with ghrelin were subjected to light microscopic examination. RESULTS The number of GECs in cases with IM was significantly lower than the cases without IM (p = 0.001). The number of GECs was significantly higher in cases with chronic inactive superficial gastritis than cases with chronic active superficial gastritis (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION We found that there was a decrease in the number of GECs in the corpus and fundus of the stomach in cases with gastric IM as a contribution to the literature. IM cause a decrease in the number of GECs in the gastric oxyntic glands. In addition, chronic active superficial gastritis is also associated with a decrease in the number of GECs. We can say that the common feature of all of these factors may be gastric mucosal damage. Consequently, damage to the gastric mucosa appears to reduce the number of GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskin Erkinuresin
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Demirci
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Haci Murat Cayci
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Umut Eren Erdogdu
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Arslan
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
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165
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Qiu W, Cai X, Zheng C, Qiu S, Ke H, Huang Y. Update on the Relationship Between Depression and Neuroendocrine Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:728810. [PMID: 34531719 PMCID: PMC8438205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the past decade of research, the correlation between depression and metabolic diseases has been noticed. More and more studies have confirmed that depression is comorbid with a variety of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and so on. Studies showed that the underlying mechanisms of both depression and metabolic diseases include chronic inflammatory state, which is significantly related to the severity. In addition, they also involve endocrine, immune systems. At present, the effects of clinical treatments of depression is limited. Therefore, exploring the co-disease mechanism of depression and metabolic diseases is helpful to find a new clinical therapeutic intervention strategy. Herein, focusing on the relationship between depression and metabolic diseases, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the comorbidity of depression and metabolic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Qiu
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodan Cai
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | | | - Shumin Qiu
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hanyang Ke
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yinqiong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Chassé É, Guay F, Bach Knudsen KE, Zijlstra RT, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Toward Precise Nutrient Value of Feed in Growing Pigs: Effect of Meal Size, Frequency and Dietary Fibre on Nutrient Utilisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092598. [PMID: 34573564 PMCID: PMC8471499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed costs are the most important in swine production. Precise determination of nutritional values of pig diets can help reducing feed costs by reducing security margins for nutrients and therefore provide a more sustainable swine production. In commercial farms, pigs have free access to feed and eat with no limitation according to their natural behaviour. In contrast, during digestibility trials, pigs are restricted in their daily intake of feed, which is distributed in a limited number of meals. The number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily can affect the digestibility of the nutrients, the transit time and the metabolism. To reduce feed costs, by-products are frequently added to diets. Most by-products are rich in dietary fibre, which are known to have negative effects on digestibility. Enzymes can be supplemented in the diet to counteract the negative aspects of dietary fibre, but their efficiency can vary depending on the number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily. Abstract Nutritional values of ingredients have been and still are the subject of many studies to reduce security margins of nutrients when formulating diets to reduce feed cost. In most studies, pigs are fed a limited amount of feed in a limited number of meals that do not represent how pigs are fed in commercial farm conditions. With free access to feed, pigs follow their intrinsic feeding behaviour. Feed intake is regulated by satiety and satiation signals. Reducing the feed intake level or feeding frequency can affect digestibility and transit time and induce metabolic changes. To reduce feed costs, alternative ingredients that are frequently rich in dietary fibre are added to diets. Fibre acts on the digestion process and transit time by decreasing energy density and causing viscosity. Various analyses of fibre can be realised, and the measured fibre fraction can vary. Exogenous enzymes can be added to counteract the effect of fibre, but digestive tract conditions, influenced by meal size and frequency, can affect the efficiency of supplemented enzymes. In conclusion, the frequency and size of the meals can affect the digestibility of nutrients by modulating gastrointestinal tract conditions (pH and transit time), metabolites (glucose and short-chain fatty acids) and hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Chassé
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
| | | | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. Assessing the role of ghrelin and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) system in food reward, food motivation, and binge eating behavior. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105847. [PMID: 34438062 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral peptide hormone ghrelin is a powerful stimulator of food intake, which leads to body weight gain and adiposity in both rodents and humans. The hormone, thus, increases the vulnerability to obesity and binge eating behavior. Several studies have revealed that ghrelin's functions are due to its interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamic area; besides, ghrelin also promotes the reinforcing properties of hedonic food, acting at extra-hypothalamic sites and interacting with dopaminergic, cannabinoid, opioid, and orexin signaling. The hormone is primarily present in two forms in the plasma and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) allows the acylation reaction which causes the transformation of des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG) to the active form acyl-ghrelin (AG). DAG has been demonstrated to show antagonist properties; it is metabolically active, and counteracts the effects of AG on glucose metabolism and lipolysis, and reduces food consumption, body weight, and hedonic feeding response. Both peptides seem to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the corticosterone/cortisol level that drive the urge to eat under stressful conditions. These findings suggest that DAG and inhibition of GOAT may be targets for obesity and bingeing-related eating disorders and that AG/DAG ratio may be an important potential biomarker to assess the risk of developing maladaptive eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Wang J, Beecher K. TSPO: an emerging role in appetite for a therapeutically promising biomarker. Open Biol 2021; 11:210173. [PMID: 34343461 PMCID: PMC8331234 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that an obesogenic Western diet causes neuroinflammatory damage to the brain, which then promotes further appetitive behaviour. Neuroinflammation has been extensively studied by analysing the translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO), a protein that is upregulated in the inflamed brain following a damaging stimulus. As a result, there is a rich supply of TSPO-specific agonists, antagonists and positron emission tomography ligands. One TSPO ligand, etifoxine, is also currently used clinically for the treatment of anxiety with a minimal side-effect profile. Despite the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity, and the translational potential of targeting TSPO, there is sparse literature characterizing the effect of TSPO on appetite. Therefore, in this review, the influence of TSPO on appetite is discussed. Three putative mechanisms for TSPO's appetite-modulatory effect are then characterized: the TSPO–allopregnanolone–GABAAR signalling axis, glucosensing in tanycytes and association with the synaptic protein RIM-BP1. We highlight that, in addition to its plethora of functions, TSPO is a regulator of appetite. This review ultimately suggests that the appetite-modulating function of TSPO should be further explored due to its potential therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wang
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Recinella L, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Gesmundo I, Granata R, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Brunetti L, Leone S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonistic analog MIA-690 stimulates food intake in mice. Peptides 2021; 142:170582. [PMID: 34051291 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its metabolic and endocrine effects, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) was found to modulate feeding behavior in mammals. However, the role of recently synthetized GHRH antagonist MIA-690 and MR-409, a GHRH agonist, on feeding regulation remains to be evaluated. We investigated the effects of chronic subcutaneous administration of MIA-690 and MR-409 on feeding behavior and energy metabolism, in mice. Compared to vehicle, MIA-690 increased food intake and body weight, while MR-409 had no effect. Both analogs did not modify locomotor activity, as well as subcutaneous, visceral and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass. A significant increase of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) gene expression and norepinephrine (NE) levels, along with a reduction of serotonin (5-HT) levels were found after MIA-690 treatment. MIA-690 was also found able to decrease gene expression of leptin in visceral adipose tissue. By contrast, MR-409 had no effect on the investigated markers. Concluding, chronic peripheral administration of MIA-690 could play an orexigenic role, paralleled by an increase in body weight. The stimulation of feeding could be mediated, albeit partially, by elevation of AgRP gene expression and NE levels and decreased 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus, along with reduced leptin gene expression, in the visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Wei Sha
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
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Cano G, Hernan SL, Sved AF. Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Control of Sympathetic Outflow and Energy Homeostasis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1005. [PMID: 34439626 PMCID: PMC8392615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a midbrain neuronal group, adjacent but segregated from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus that projects to the ciliary ganglion. The EWcp plays a crucial role in stress responses and in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions that require an adjustment of energy expenditure, by virtue of modulating heart rate and blood pressure, thermogenesis, food intake, and fat and glucose metabolism. This modulation is ultimately mediated by changes in the sympathetic outflow to several effector organs, including the adrenal gland, heart, kidneys, brown and white adipose tissues and pancreas, in response to environmental conditions and the animal's energy state, providing for appropriate energy utilization. Classic neuroanatomical studies have shown that the EWcp receives inputs from forebrain regions involved in these functions and projects to presympathetic neuronal populations in the brainstem. Transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus has demonstrated that the EWcp is connected polysynaptically with central circuits that provide sympathetic innervation to all these effector organs that are critical for stress responses and energy homeostasis. We propose that EWcp integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Cano
- Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (S.L.H.); (A.F.S.)
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Sangiorgi GM, Cereda A, Porchetta N, Benedetto D, Matteucci A, Bonanni M, Chiricolo G, De Lorenzo A. Endovascular Bariatric Surgery as Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Weight Management in the Morbidly Obese: Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082541. [PMID: 34444701 PMCID: PMC8401754 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity represents one of the most unresolved global pandemics, posing a critical health issue in developed countries. According to the World Health Organization, its prevalence has tripled since 1975, reaching a prevalence of 13% of the world population in 2016. Indeed, as obesity increases worldwide, novel strategies to fight this condition are of the utmost importance to reduce obese-related morbidity and overall mortality related to its complications. Early experimental and initial clinical data have suggested that endovascular bariatric surgery (EBS) may be a promising technique to reduce weight and hormonal imbalance in the obese population. Compared to open bariatric surgery and minimally invasive surgery (MIS), EBS is much less invasive, well tolerated, with a shorter recovery time, and is probably cost-saving. However, there are still several technical aspects to investigate before EBS can be routinely offered to all obese patients. Further prospective studies and eventually a randomized trial comparing open bariatric surgery vs. EBS are needed, powered for clinically relevant outcomes, and with adequate follow-up. Yet, EBS may already appear as an appealing alternative treatment for weight management and cardiovascular prevention in morbidly obese patients at high surgical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Massimo Sangiorgi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Cereda
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, San Gaudenzio Clinic, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Nicola Porchetta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Daniela Benedetto
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Andrea Matteucci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Michela Bonanni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Gaetano Chiricolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Cardiac Cath Lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (D.B.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.)
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Hansen MS, Frost M. Alliances of the gut and bone axis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:74-81. [PMID: 34303607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells following nutrient ingestion modulate metabolic processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, and several of these gut hormones are involved in the regulation of the energy demanding process of bone remodelling. Here, we review the gut hormones considered or known to be involved in the gut-bone crosstalk and their role in orchestrating adaptions of bone formation and resorption as demonstrated in cellular and physiological experiments and clinical trials. Understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the gut-bone axis may identify adverse effects of investigational drugs aimed to treat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity and new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Steen Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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173
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Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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174
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Mika K, Szafarz M, Sapa J, Kotańska M. Influence of betahistine repeated administration on a weight gain and selected metabolic parameters in the model of excessive eating in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111892. [PMID: 34229247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to search for a promising therapeutic target or small molecules that can control excessive eating since limiting the intake of foods, especially tasty ones, could be effective in the treatment or prevention of obesity. Some studies indicate betahistine as an unique drug having the ability to ameliorate, for example, antipsychotic-induced weight gain. This study aimed to determine whether repeated administration of betahistine (histamine H1R agonist and H3R antagonist) could be beneficial in reducing the intake of tasty foods or the body's response to overeating via mechanisms such as by influencing the levels of hormones involved in the regulation of food intake or the levels of selected metabolic parameters. Studies were performed in the excessive eating model in rats, which perfectly illustrates the harmful high-caloric intake from freely available tasty products rich in sugar and fat. Our results indicated that repeated administration of betahistine to rats caused lower gain of body mass compared to the control rats fed palatable feed. Interestingly, betahistine treatment increased the consumption of cheese, which is a source of histamine. Although betahistine did not prevent the development of metabolic disorders, such as reduced glucose tolerance, in test animals, it significantly increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which could certainly be considered beneficial. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the effect of repeated administration of betahistine on satiety, gastrointestinal disorders, and the preference for histamine-containing foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
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175
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Stutte S, Ruf J, Kugler I, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Parzefall A, Marconi P, Maeda T, Kaisho T, Krug A, Popper B, Lauterbach H, Colonna M, von Andrian U, Brocker T. Type I interferon mediated induction of somatostatin leads to suppression of ghrelin and appetite thereby promoting viral immunity in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:429-443. [PMID: 33895286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of appetite (anorexia) is a typical behavioral response to infectious diseases that often reduces body weight. Also, anorexia can be observed in cancer and trauma patients, causing poor quality of life and reduced prospects of positive therapeutic outcomes. Although anorexia is an acute symptom, its initiation and endocrine regulation during antiviral immune responses are poorly understood. During viral infections, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce abundant type I interferon (IFN-I) to initiate first-line defense mechanisms. Here, by targeted ablation of pDCs and various in vitro and in vivo mouse models of viral infection and inflammation, we identified that IFN-I is a significant driver of somatostatin (SST). Consequently, SST suppressed the hunger hormone ghrelin that led to severe metabolic changes, anorexia, and rapid body weight loss. Furthermore, during vaccination with Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), the SST-mediated suppression of ghrelin was critical to viral immune response, as ghrelin restrained the production of early cytokines by natural killer (NK) cells and pDCs, and impaired the clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells. Thus, the hormonal modulation of ghrelin through SST and the cytokine IFN-I is fundamental for optimal antiviral immunity, which comes at the expense of calorie intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stutte
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Janina Ruf
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Kugler
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Parzefall
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DipSCF), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Departments of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ulrich von Andrian
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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176
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Wasinski F, Barrile F, Pedroso JAB, Quaresma PGF, dos Santos WO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Perelló M, Donato J. Ghrelin-induced Food Intake, but not GH Secretion, Requires the Expression of the GH Receptor in the Brain of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6273366. [PMID: 33972988 PMCID: PMC8197284 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin stimulates both GH secretion and food intake. The orexigenic action of ghrelin is mainly mediated by neurons that coexpress agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). GH also stimulates food intake and, importantly, ARHAgRP/NPY neurons express GH receptor (GHR). Thus, ghrelin-induced GH secretion may contribute to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. Here, we investigated the response to ghrelin in male mice carrying GHR ablation specifically in neurons (brain GHR knockout [KO] mice) or exclusively in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP GHR KO mice). Although brain GHR KO mice showed normal ghrelin-induced increase in plasma GH levels, these mutants lacked the expected orexigenic response to ghrelin. Additionally, brain GHR KO mice displayed reduced hypothalamic levels of Npy and Ghsr mRNA and did not elicit ghrelin-induced c-Fos expression in the ARH. Furthermore, brain GHR KO mice exhibited a prominent reduction in AgRP fiber density in the ARH and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In contrast, AgRP GHR KO mice showed no changes in the hypothalamic Npy and Ghsr mRNAs and conserved ghrelin-induced food intake and c-Fos expression in the ARH. AgRP GHR KO mice displayed a reduced AgRP fiber density (~16%) in the PVH, but this reduction was less than that observed in brain GHR KO mice (~61%). Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the brain is required for the orexigenic effect of ghrelin, independently of GH action on ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
- Correspondence: Mario Perelló, PhD, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900. Argentina.
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr., PhD, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas. Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil;
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177
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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178
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Martín M, Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ramírez B, Becerril S, Catalán V, López M, Diéguez C, Frühbeck G, Burrell MA. Caloric Restriction Prevents Metabolic Dysfunction and the Changes in Hypothalamic Neuropeptides Associated with Obesity Independently of Dietary Fat Content in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072128. [PMID: 34206176 PMCID: PMC8308389 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy restriction is a first therapy in the treatment of obesity, but the underlying biological mechanisms have not been completely clarified. We analyzed the effects of restriction of high-fat diet (HFD) on weight loss, circulating gut hormone levels and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Ten-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly distributed into four groups: two fed ad libitum a normal diet (ND) (N group) or a HFD (H group) and two subjected to a 25% caloric restriction of ND (NR group) or HFD (HR group) for 9 weeks. A 25% restriction of HFD over 9 weeks leads to a 36% weight loss with regard to the group fed HFD ad libitum accompanied by normal values in adiposity index and food efficiency ratio (FER). This restriction also carried the normalization of NPY, AgRP and POMC hypothalamic mRNA expression, without changes in CART. Caloric restriction did not succeed in improving glucose homeostasis but reduced HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, 25% restriction of HFD reduced adiposity and improved metabolism in experimental obesity, without changes in glycemia. Restriction of the HFD triggered the normalization of hypothalamic NPY, AgRP and POMC expression, as well as ghrelin and leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María A. Burrell
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425600 (ext. 806247)
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179
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Cao C, Tachibana T, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. Prostaglandin E2-induced anorexia involves hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ghrelin in chicks. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106574. [PMID: 34102274 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Central administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with potent anorexia in rodents and chicks, although hypothalamic mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to identify hypothalamic nuclei and appetite-related factors that are involved in this anorexigenic effect, using chickens as a model. Intracerebroventricular injection of 2.5, 5, and 10 nmol of PGE2 suppressed food and water intake in broiler chicks in a dose-dependent manner. c-Fos immunoreactivity was increased in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) at 60 min post injection of 5 nmol of PGE2. Under the same treatment condition, hypothalamic expression of melanocortin receptor 3 and ghrelin mRNAs increased, whereas neuropeptide Y receptor sub-type 5 and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) mRNAs decreased in PGE2-treated chicks. In the PVN, chicks injected with PGE2 had more brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ghrelin, and c-Fos mRNA but less corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1), CRFR2, and TrkB mRNA expression. In conclusion, PGE2 injection resulted in decreased food and water intake that likely involves BDNF and ghrelin originating in the PVN. Because the anorexigenic effect is so potent and hypothalamic mechanisms are similar in chickens and rodents, a greater understanding of the role of PGE2 in acute appetite regulation may have implications for treating eating and metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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180
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Hypothalamic regulation of energy homoeostasis when consuming diets of different energy concentrations: comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1132-1142. [PMID: 34085612 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal energy intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) fluctuates greatly and is often well below maintenance requirements. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the hypothalamus regulates energy homoeostasis in Tibetan sheep. We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n 24 of each breed), which were each allocated randomly into four groups and offered one of four diets that differed in digestible energy densities: 8·21, 9·33, 10·45 and 11·57 MJ/kg DM. Sheep were weighed every 2 weeks, and it was assumed that the change in body weight (BW) reflected the change in energy balance. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Tibetan sheep had greater protein expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) when in negative energy balance, but lesser protein expressions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep. As a result, Tibetan sheep had a lesser BW loss when in negative energy balance and stored more energy and gained more BW when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep with the same dietary intake. Moreover, in the hypothalamic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulation pathway, Tibetan sheep had greater adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α 2 protein expression than Small-tailed Han sheep, which supported the premise of a better ability to regulate energy homoeostasis and better growth performance. These differences in the hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC/CART and AMPK pathways between breeds conferred an advantage to the Tibetan over Small-tailed Han sheep to cope with low energy intake on the harsh QTP.
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181
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Caputo M, Pigni S, Agosti E, Daffara T, Ferrero A, Filigheddu N, Prodam F. Regulation of GH and GH Signaling by Nutrients. Cells 2021; 10:1376. [PMID: 34199514 PMCID: PMC8227158 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) are pleiotropic hormones with important roles in lifespan. They promote growth, anabolic actions, and body maintenance, and in conditions of energy deprivation, favor catabolic feedback mechanisms switching from carbohydrate oxidation to lipolysis, with the aim to preserve protein storages and survival. IGF-I/insulin signaling was also the first one identified in the regulation of lifespan in relation to the nutrient-sensing. Indeed, nutrients are crucial modifiers of the GH/IGF-I axis, and these hormones also regulate the complex orchestration of utilization of nutrients in cell and tissues. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the reciprocal feedback among the GH/IGF-I axis, macro and micronutrients, and dietary regimens, including caloric restriction. Expanding the depth of information on this topic could open perspectives in nutrition management, prevention, and treatment of GH/IGF-I deficiency or excess during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caputo
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Stella Pigni
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Daffara
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Alice Ferrero
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Flavia Prodam
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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183
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Quitadamo P, Zenzeri L, Mozzillo E, Giorgio V, Rocco A, Franzese A, Nardone G, Staiano A. Plasma dosage of ghrelin, IGF-1, GLP- 1 and leptin related to gastric emptying and esophageal pH-impedance in children with obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1275-1281. [PMID: 32960416 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) blood levels and gastric motility in children with obesity compared to healthy children. Secondary aims were to assess the possible association between these hormones and obesity, reflux impedance parameters, reflux symptoms, other GI disorders, and quality-of-life scores within the same groups. METHODS Children with obesity plus GERD symptoms and 2 control groups of children with obesity without GERD and healthy lean children aged 4-17 years underwent an auxological evaluation, an assessment of gastro-intestinal symptoms and quality of life, hormonal dosages, and an evaluation of gastric emptying time (GET) through 13C-octanoic acid breath test. RESULTS No significant association was found between hormones and gastric motility. Leptin and ghrelin levels were significantly associated with obesity parameters. No significant differences were found between GET and hormones of the patients with obesity, either with or without GERD. CONCLUSION Although we found an association between auxological parameters and both leptin and ghrelin levels, this association did not imply an effect on the upper GI motility. Therefore, our hypothesis that alterations of these hormones in children with obesity could affect gastric emptying, triggering GERD, was not supported by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Quitadamo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Pediatrics, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon, Via Mario Fiore 6, 80129, Naples, Italy.
| | - L Zenzeri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Mozzillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - V Giorgio
- UOC Pediatria, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - A Rocco
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Franzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Nardone
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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184
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Singh A, de Araujo AM, Krieger JP, Vergara M, Ip CK, de Lartigue G. Demystifying functional role of cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) peptide in control of energy homeostasis: A twenty-five year expedition. Peptides 2021; 140:170534. [PMID: 33757831 PMCID: PMC8369463 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide first discovered in the striatum of the rat brain. Later, the genetic sequence and function of CART peptide (CARTp) was found to be conserved among multiple mammalian species. Over the 25 years, since its discovery, CART mRNA (Cartpt) expression has been reported widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems underscoring its role in diverse physiological functions. Here, we review the localization and function of CARTp as it relates to energy homeostasis. We summarize the expression changes of central and peripheral Cartpt in response to metabolic states and make use of available large data sets to gain additional insights into the anatomy of the Cartpt expressing vagal neurons and their expression patterns in the gut. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of CARTp as an anorexigenic signal and its effect on energy expenditure and body weight control with insights from both pharmacological and transgenic animal studies. Subsequently, we discuss the role of CARTp in the pathophysiology of obesity and review important new developments towards identifying a candidate receptor for CARTp signalling. Altogether, the field of CARTp research has made rapid and substantial progress recently, and we review the case for considering CARTp as a potential therapeutic target for stemming the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alan Moreira de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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185
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The Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Obesity-Implications for the Regulation of Energy Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061839. [PMID: 34072172 PMCID: PMC8226753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms that control food intake. Food ingestion triggers several physiological responses in the digestive system, including the release of gastrointestinal hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are involved in appetite signalling. Disturbed regulation of gut hormone release may affect energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the gut hormone balance during the pre- and postprandial state in obesity and the alterations in the diurnal dynamics of their plasma levels. We further discuss how obesity may affect nutrient sensors on enteroendocrine cells that sense the luminal content and provoke alterations in their secretory profile. Gastric bypass surgery elicits one of the most favorable metabolic outcomes in obese patients. We summarize the effect of different strategies to induce weight loss on gut enteroendocrine function. Although the mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, restoring the gut hormone balance in obesity by targeting nutrient sensors or by combination therapy with gut peptide mimetics represents a novel strategy to ameliorate obesity.
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186
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Gupta D, Patterson AM, Osborne-Lawrence S, Bookout AL, Varshney S, Shankar K, Singh O, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Wyler SC, Elmquist JK, Zigman JM. Disrupting the ghrelin-growth hormone axis limits ghrelin's orexigenic but not glucoregulatory actions. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101258. [PMID: 34023483 PMCID: PMC8203846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Acyl-ghrelin regulates eating, body weight, blood glucose, and GH secretion upon binding to its receptor GHSR (growth hormone secretagogue receptor; ghrelin receptor). GHSR is distributed in several brain regions and some peripheral cell-types including pituitary somatotrophs. The objective of the current study was to determine the functional significance of acyl-ghrelin's action on GHSR-expressing somatotrophs in mediating GH secretion and several of acyl-ghrelin's metabolic actions. Methods GH-IRES-Cre mice and loxP-flanked (floxed) GHSR mice were newly developed and then crossed to one another to generate mice that lacked GHSR selectively from somatotrophs. Following validation of mice with somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion, metabolic responses of these mice and control littermates were assessed following both acute and chronic acyl-ghrelin administration, a 24-h fast, and a prolonged 60% chronic caloric restriction protocol modeling starvation. Results In mice with somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion, a single peripheral injection of acyl-ghrelin failed to induce GH secretion or increase food intake, unlike wild-type and other littermate control groups. However, the usual acute blood glucose increase in response to the acyl-ghrelin bolus was preserved. Similarly, chronic s.c. acyl-ghrelin administration to mice with somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion failed to increase plasma GH, food intake, or body weight. Physiologically elevating plasma acyl-ghrelin via a 24-h fast also failed to raise plasma GH and resulted in a limited hyperphagic response upon food reintroduction in mice with somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion, although those mice nonetheless did not exhibit an exaggerated reduction in blood glucose. Physiologically elevating plasma acyl-ghrelin via a 15-day caloric restriction protocol which provided only 40% of usual daily calories failed to raise plasma GH in mice with somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion, although those mice did not exhibit life-threatening hypoglycemia. Conclusions These results reveal that direct engagement of GHSR-expressing somatotrophs is required for a peripheral ghrelin bolus to acutely stimulate GH secretion and the actions of chronic acyl-ghrelin delivery and physiological plasma acyl-ghrelin elevations to increase plasma GH. These results also suggest that actions of acyl-ghrelin to increase food intake and body weight are reliant on direct activation of GHSRs expressed on somatotrophs. Furthermore, these results suggest that the glucoregulatory actions of acyl-ghrelin – in particular, its actions to raise blood glucose when acutely administered, prevent small blood glucose drops following a 24-h fast, and avert life-threatening hypoglycemia during an acute-on-chronic caloric restriction protocol – do not depend on GHSR expression by somatotrophs. Mice with pituitary somatotroph-selective GHSR deletion were generated. Somatotroph-expressed GHSRs mediate GH secretion and food intake after acute ghrelin. Body weight effects of chronic ghrelin infusion require somatotroph-expressed GHSRs. Somatotroph-expressed GHSRs enable GH to increase upon chronic caloric restriction. Mice lacking somatotroph GHSRs maintain euglycemia upon chronic caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna M Patterson
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angie L Bookout
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Corine P Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Wyler
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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187
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Izzi-Engbeaya C, Dhillo WS. Emerging roles for kisspeptin in metabolism. J Physiol 2021; 600:1079-1088. [PMID: 33977536 DOI: 10.1113/jp281712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide hormone, has been firmly established as a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and mammalian reproductive behaviour. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has emerged suggesting a role for kisspeptin in regulating metabolic processes. This data suggest that kisspeptin exerts its metabolic effects indirectly via gonadal hormones and/or directly via the kisspeptin receptor in the brain, pancreas and brown adipose tissue. Kisspeptin receptor knockout studies indicate that kisspeptin may play sexually dimorphic roles in the physiological regulation of energy expenditure, food intake and body weight. Some, but not all, in vitro work demonstrates positive effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which is more marked at higher kisspeptin concentrations. Acute and chronic in vivo rodent, non-human primate and human studies reveal enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in response to pharmacological doses of kisspeptin. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the metabolic effects of kisspeptin, further mechanistic work and translational studies are required to address unanswered questions and establish the metabolic effects of kisspeptin in diverse human populations (including women, people with obesity and people with diabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial Centre for Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology & Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial Centre for Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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188
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Puklin L, Cartmel B, Harrigan M, Lu L, Li FY, Sanft T, Irwin ML. Randomized trial of weight loss on circulating ghrelin levels among breast cancer survivors. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:49. [PMID: 33976224 PMCID: PMC8113314 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity among breast cancer survivors is associated with increased risk for recurrence and mortality. The hormone ghrelin plays a role in initiating appetite and thus regulating body weight. This study aims to determine the effect of a lifestyle intervention on ghrelin levels in breast cancer survivors with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2. The Lifestyle, Exercise, and Nutrition (LEAN) study was a 6-month randomized trial, examining the effectiveness of a weight loss intervention versus usual care in 151 breast cancer survivors with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Ghrelin was measured in fasting baseline and 6-month blood samples. Baseline associations between ghrelin, body composition, and blood biomarkers were examined. Six-month change in ghrelin was compared between study arms. Ghrelin measurements were available for 149 women. At baseline, ghrelin was correlated with age (r = 0.28, p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with weight (r = -0.18, p = 0.03), lean body mass (r = -0.18, p = 0.02), and leptin (r = -0.18, p = 0.03). Over 6 months, ghrelin increased by 144 pg/mL (7.2%) in the intervention and decreased by 466 pg/mL (32.5%) in the usual care (p = 0.07). Among all women, greater weight loss was associated with an increase in ghrelin (p = 0.01). These findings indicate that weight loss, achieved through a lifestyle intervention, is associated with higher ghrelin levels in breast cancer survivors which may be informative for developing sustainable weight loss programming for this population. Future research should investigate the long term impacts of lifestyle interventions on ghrelin levels in the context of weight maintenance and weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Puklin
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Brenda Cartmel
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maura Harrigan
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fang-Yong Li
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tara Sanft
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melinda L Irwin
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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189
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Plassmann H, Schelski DS, Simon MC, Koban L. How we decide what to eat: Toward an interdisciplinary model of gut-brain interactions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021; 13:e1562. [PMID: 33977675 PMCID: PMC9286667 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Everyday dietary decisions have important short‐term and long‐term consequences for health and well‐being. How do we decide what to eat, and what physiological and neurobiological systems are involved in those decisions? Here, we integrate findings from thus‐far separate literatures: (a) the cognitive neuroscience of dietary decision‐making, and (b) growing evidence of gut–brain interactions and especially influences of the gut microbiome on diet and health outcomes. We review findings that suggest that dietary decisions and food consumption influence nutrient sensing, homeostatic signaling in the gut, and the composition of the gut microbiome. In turn, the microbiome can influence host health and behavior. Through reward signaling pathways, the microbiome could potentially affect food and drink decisions. Such bidirectional links between gut microbiome and the brain systems underlying dietary decision‐making may lead to self‐reinforcing feedback loops that determine long‐term dietary patterns, body mass, and health outcomes. This article is categorized under:Economics > Individual Decision‐Making Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.,Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Stephanie Schelski
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (IEL), Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonie Koban
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.,Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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190
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Nogueira LFR, Marqueze EC. Effects of melatonin supplementation on eating habits and appetite-regulating hormones: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical and preclinical trials. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1089-1102. [PMID: 33934676 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1918143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone involved in appetite regulation and food intake. Circadian chronorrupture caused by its absence has been associated with excessive food consumption, and there is evidence that exogenous melatonin supplementation can restore homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled clinical and preclinical trials that evaluated the effects of exogenous melatonin supplementation on eating habits and appetite-regulating hormones. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (number 42020175809). Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from January 2020 to February 2021. Of 3.695 articles identified, 2 clinical and 13 preclinical trials (n = 15) met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes were total food intake, calories, macronutrients, cholesterol intake, leptin and ghrelin levels. Interventions ranged from 28 to 336 days and dose of melatonin varied between 0.2 µg/mL of drinking water and 10 mg/day. Clinical trials were conducted with healthy adults, and preclinical trials with rodents and dogs. Of the 15 articles, five assessed food intake and leptin, four assessed food intake only, five assessed leptin only, and one assessed leptin and ghrelin serum levels. The majority of the articles were judged as having low risk of bias. Although findings are heterogeneous and do not allow a robust conclusion, this review adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that exogenous melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent against endocrine-metabolic disorders. This reversal is not necessarily associated with changes in food consumption, signaling that melatonin's metabolic effects may occur independently of energy intake. Further studies, especially with humans, are needed provide more evidences for melatonin supplementation in clinical practice, as well as to understand its role on eating habits and appetite-regulating hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F R Nogueira
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Graduate Program, Catholic University of Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Marqueze
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Graduate Program, Catholic University of Santos, SP, Brazil
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191
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Sakai K, Shiomi K, Mochizuki H, Islam MN, Nabekura H, Tanida R, Sakoda H, Nakazato M. Human liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02111. [PMID: 33811478 PMCID: PMC8119843 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the presence of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to measure its concentrations in neurological disorders. MATERIALS & METHODS We identified the presence of LEAP2 in human CSF by chromatographic analysis and a LEAP2-specific enzyme immunoassay. We measured LEAP2 concentrations in the CSF of 35 patients with neurological disorders. RESULTS CSF LEAP2 concentrations in the bacterial meningitis group (mean ± SD, 9.32 ± 3.76 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p < .05) than those in the other four groups (psychosomatic disorder, 0.56 ± 0.15 ng/ml; peripheral autoimmune disease, 1.00 ± 0.60 ng/ml; multiple sclerosis, 0.62 ± 0.30 ng/ml; aseptic meningitis, 1.59 ± 0.69 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify the presence of human LEAP2 in the CSF. Levels of LEAP2 were increased in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. LEAP2 may have potential as a biomarker for bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shiomi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Md Nurul Islam
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nabekura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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192
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Fukumura K, Narimatsu Y, Moriwaki S, Iwakoshi-Ukena E, Furumitsu M, Ukena K. Effects of Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL-Precursor Gene on Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4681. [PMID: 33925193 PMCID: PMC8125475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) quickly induces obesity with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. We previously reported that a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), stimulates feeding and fat accumulation in mice. However, the effects of NPGL on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis remain unknown. Hence, we subjected NPGL-precursor gene (Npgl)-overexpressing mice to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) under normal chow (NC) and HFD conditions. Npgl overexpression promoted body mass gain and tended to increase food intake of NC-fed mice, whereas it had little effect on HFD-fed mice. The OGTT showed elevated blood glucose and insulin levels in Npgl-overexpressing NC-fed mice 15 min after glucose administration. Both the OGTT and IPITT demonstrated that Npgl overexpression decreased blood glucose levels in HFD-fed mice 60 min after glucose and insulin treatments. Notably, Npgl overexpression increased adipose tissue masses only in NC-fed mice, and it decreased blood glucose and insulin levels in HFD-fed mice at the experimental end point. It also increased the mRNA expression of galanin, one of the feeding and metabolic regulatory neuropeptides, in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice. Therefore, NPGL may alleviate HFD-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kazuyoshi Ukena
- Laboratory of Neurometabolism, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.N.); (S.M.); (E.I.-U.); (M.F.)
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193
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Tanikawa K, Kaneko K, Abe S, Nakato J, Tokuyama Y, Odaka S, Iwakura H, Sato M, Kurabayashi A, Suzuki H, Makita M, Ikemoto H, Matsumura S, Inoue K, Ohinata K. Wheat-ghretropins: novel ghrelin-releasing peptides derived from wheat protein. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1144-1152. [PMID: 33605550 PMCID: PMC8016139 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous orexigenic hormone mainly produced by stomach cells and is reported to influence appetite, gastrointestinal motility and growth hormone secretion. We observed that enzymatic digest of wheat gluten stimulated ghrelin secretion from mouse ghrelinoma 3-1, a ghrelin-releasing cell line. Further on, we characterized the ghrelin-releasing peptides present in the digest by comprehensive peptide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and structure-activity relationship. Among the candidate peptides, we found that SQQQQPVLPQQPSF, LSVTSPQQVSY and YPTSL stimulated ghrelin release. We then named them wheat-ghretropin A, B and C, respectively. In addition, we observed that wheat-ghretropin A increased plasma ghrelin concentration and food intake in mice after oral administration. Thus, we demonstrated that wheat-ghretropin stimulates ghrelin release both in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a wheat-derived exogenous bioactive peptide that stimulates ghrelin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Tanikawa
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Shimon Abe
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Jyunya Nakato
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Yuki Tokuyama
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Sayano Odaka
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- The First Department of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityJapan
| | - Masaru Sato
- Department of Applied GenomicsKazusa DNA Research InstitutesKisarazuJapan
| | | | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Applied GenomicsKazusa DNA Research InstitutesKisarazuJapan
| | - Miki Makita
- Health Care Research CenterNisshin Pharma Inc.FujiminoJapan
| | | | - Shigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and BiotechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
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194
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Schalla MA, Taché Y, Stengel A. Neuroendocrine Peptides of the Gut and Their Role in the Regulation of Food Intake. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1679-1730. [PMID: 33792904 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of food intake encompasses complex interplays between the gut and the brain. Among them, the gastrointestinal tract releases different peptides that communicate the metabolic state to specific nuclei in the hindbrain and the hypothalamus. The present overview gives emphasis on seven peptides that are produced by and secreted from specialized enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in relation with the nutritional status. These established modulators of feeding are ghrelin and nesfatin-1 secreted from gastric X/A-like cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from duodenal I-cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY (PYY) secreted from intestinal L-cells and uroguanylin (UGN) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1679-1730, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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195
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Wang X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Jiao H, Lin H. Dusk feeding in laying hens is shifted by light program via involvement of clock genes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1103-1112. [PMID: 33774881 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dusk feeding is practised probably to satisfy the energy requirement during night. However, little is known on the changes with clock gene expressions during this feeding behaviour. In our present study, the linkage of clock gene expressions and feeding behaviour in dusk feeding was investigated in laying hens under two lighting programs: the conventional lighting program (Control) with a light period from 05:00 AM to 21:00 PM and a dark period from 21:00 PM to 05:00 AM; or the shifted lighting program group (SLP) with a light period from 02:00 AM to 18:00 PM and a dark period from 18:00 PM to 02:00 AM. The gene expression-related appetite and circadian rhythm were investigated in hypothalamus and proventriculus at 1, 3 and 5 h before scotophase. The results demonstrated that dusk feeding was synchronously shifted with altered lighting program, dusk feeding was observed from 5 h before scotophase in both groups. The expressions of anorexigenic gene proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) were downregulated (p < 0.05) during dusk feeding and changed in pace with lighting program. The expressions of clock gene period 2 (Per2) and cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) in hypothalamus were downregulated (p < 0.05) during dusk feeding and shifted by lighting program. In the proventriculus, ghrelin expression was decreased (p < 0.05) during dusk feeding by lighting program. In conclusion, the expressions of clock genes Per2 and Cry1 are linked with the downregulated expressions of anorexigenic genes, POMC and CART, and in turn the augmented feed intake at dusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Zengmin Liu
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
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196
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Calder AN, Yu T, Dahir NS, Sun Y, Gilbertson TA. Ghrelin Receptors Enhance Fat Taste Responsiveness in Female Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041045. [PMID: 33804920 PMCID: PMC8063820 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a major appetite-stimulating neuropeptide found in circulation. While its role in increasing food intake is well known, its role in affecting taste perception, if any, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor's (GHS-R; a ghrelin receptor) activity in the peripheral taste system using feeding studies and conditioned taste aversion assays by comparing wild-type and GHS-R-knockout models. Using transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), we demonstrated GHS-R expression in the taste system in relation phospholipase C ß2 isotype (PLCβ2; type II taste cell marker)- and glutamate decarboxylase type 67 (GAD67; type III taste cell marker)-expressing cells using immunohistochemistry. We observed high levels of co-localization between PLCβ2 and GHS-R within the taste system, while GHS-R rarely co-localized in GAD67-expressing cells. Additionally, following 6 weeks of 60% high-fat diet, female Ghsr-/- mice exhibited reduced responsiveness to linoleic acid (LA) compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts, while no such differences were observed in male Ghsr-/- and WT mice. Overall, our results are consistent with the interpretation that ghrelin in the taste system is involved in the complex sensing and recognition of fat compounds. Ghrelin-GHS-R signaling may play a critical role in the recognition of fatty acids in female mice, and this differential regulation may contribute to their distinct ingestive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Calder
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.N.C.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Naima S. Dahir
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.N.C.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Timothy A. Gilbertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-321-266-7245
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197
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Ferreira-Marques M, Carvalho A, Cavadas C, Aveleira CA. PI3K/AKT/MTOR and ERK1/2-MAPK signaling pathways are involved in autophagy stimulation induced by caloric restriction or caloric restriction mimetics in cortical neurons. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7872-7882. [PMID: 33714946 PMCID: PMC8034898 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction has been shown to robustly ameliorate age-related diseases and to prolong lifespan in several model organisms, and these beneficial effects are dependent on the stimulation of autophagy. Autophagy dysfunction contributes to the accumulation of altered macromolecules, and is a key mechanism of promoting aging and age-related disorders, as neurodegenerative ones. We have previously shown that caloric restriction (CR), and CR mimetics Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin, stimulate autophagy in rat cortical neurons, however by unknown molecular mechanisms. Overall, we show that CR, NPY, and ghrelin stimulate autophagy through PI3K/AKT/MTOR inhibition and ERK1/2-MAPK activation. The knowledge of these kinases in autophagy regulation and the contribution to the understanding of molecular mechanism facilitates the discovery of more targeted therapeutic strategies to stimulate autophagy, which is relevant in the context of age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ferreira-Marques
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia A Aveleira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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198
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Biased signaling: A viable strategy to drug ghrelin receptors for the treatment of obesity. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109976. [PMID: 33713808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global burden and a chronic ailment with damaging overall health effects. Ghrelin, an octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide hormone, is secreted from the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. Ghrelin acts on regions of the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis through its G protein-coupled receptor. Recently, several central pathways modulating the metabolic actions of ghrelin have been reported. While these signaling pathways can be inhibited or activated by antagonists or agonists, they can also be discriminatingly activated in a "biased" response to impart different degrees of activation in distinct pathways downstream of the receptor. Here, we review recent ghrelin biased signaling findings as well as characteristics of ghrelin hormone and its receptors pertinent for biased signaling. We then evaluate the feasibility for ghrelin receptor biased signaling as a strategy for the development of effective pharmacotherapy in obesity treatment.
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199
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Naufel MF, Pedroso AP, Oyama LM, Telles MM, Hachul H, Ribeiro EB. Preliminary evidence of acylated ghrelin association with depression severity in postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5319. [PMID: 33674672 PMCID: PMC7935977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown increased depression and anxiety scores in postmenopausal overweight women, when compared to overweight premenopausal women. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not understood. Although ghrelin involvement in mood modulation has been suggested, its role is still ambiguous and has not been evaluated in postmenopause. Here we investigated the association of ghrelin with depression and anxiety symptoms in postmenopausal women. Fifty-five postmenopausal women with depression symptoms, who were not in use of hormones or antidepressants, were included in the study. Depression symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and anxiety symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Women were allocated into three groups, according to BDI classification of mild, moderate, or severe depression symptoms. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters were analyzed. Total and acylated ghrelin levels were higher in the severe depression than in the mild depression group. Multivariate regression analyses showed positive associations of BDI scores with acylated ghrelin and BMI, and of PHQ-9 scores with acylated ghrelin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). BAI scores associated positively with waist-to-hip ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an association between acylated ghrelin and the severity of depression symptoms in postmenopausal women. This association may reflect either a physiological response aimed at fighting against depression symptoms or a causal factor of this mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Naufel
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Amanda Paula Pedroso
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mônica Marques Telles
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Helena Hachul
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.
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200
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Zeng C, Yang P, Cao T, Gu Y, Li N, Zhang B, Xu P, Liu Y, Luo Z, Cai H. Gut microbiota: An intermediary between metabolic syndrome and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110097. [PMID: 32916223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiome interacts with the central nervous system tract through the gut-brain axis. Such communication involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms, which allows for the microbiota to affect and respond to various behaviors and psychiatric conditions. In addition, the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) may interact with and even change the abundance of microbiome to potentially cause adverse effects or aggravate the disorders inherent in the disease. The regulate effects of gut microbiome has been described in several psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression, but only a few reports have discussed the role of microbiota in AAPDs-induced Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive disorders. The following review systematically summarizes current knowledge about the gut microbiota in behavior and psychiatric illness, with the emphasis of an important role of the microbiome in the metabolism of schizophrenia and the potential for AAPDs to change the gut microbiota to promote adverse events. Prebiotics and probiotics are microbiota-management tools with documented efficacy for metabolic disturbances and cognitive deficits. Novel therapies for targeting microbiota for alleviating AAPDs-induced adverse effects are also under fast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- CuiRong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - YuXiu Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - NaNa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - BiKui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - YiPing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - ZhiYing Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - HuaLin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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