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García A, Romero C, Arroyave C, Giraldo F, Sánchez L, Sánchez J. Acute effects of energy drinks in medical students. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2081-2091. [PMID: 27312565 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the acute effects of a variety of recognized energy drinks on medical students, based on the hypothesis that these beverages may affect negatively cardiovascular parameters, stress levels and working memory. METHODS Eighty young healthy medical students were included in the study. 62.5 % of the participants were male, and the age mean was 21.45 years. Each person was evaluated via measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, oxygen saturation, breath rate, temperature, STAI score (to assess anxiety state), salivary cortisol and N-back task score (to determine cognitive enhancement). These evaluations were performed before and following the intake of either carbonated water or one of three energy drinks containing caffeine in similar concentrations and an undetermined energy blend; A contained less sugar and no taurine. RESULTS Thirty-minute SBP increased significantly in the A and C groups. The B group exhibited a diminution of the percentage of the 1-h SBP increase, an increase of 1-h DBP and QTc shortening. HR showed an increase in the percent change in the A and C groups. Cortisol salivary levels increased in the B group. The STAI test score decreased in the C group. The percent change in N-back scores increased in the A group. CONCLUSIONS The data reinforce the need for further research on the acute and chronic effects of energy drinks to determine the actual risks and benefits. Consumers need to be more informed about the safety of these energy drinks, especially the young student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - César Romero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Cristhian Arroyave
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Fabián Giraldo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Leidy Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Julio Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia.
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152
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Faris “MAIE, Jahrami H, Al-Hilali MM, Chehyber NJ, Ali SO, Shahda SD, Obaid RS. Energy drink consumption is associated with reduced sleep quality among college students: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Diet 2016; 74:268-274. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- “Mo'ez Al-Islam” E. Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Rehabilitation Services, Periphery Hospitals; Ministry of Health; Manama Bahrain
| | - Marwa M. Al-Hilali
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
| | - Noor J. Chehyber
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
| | - Sara O. Ali
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
| | - Sara D. Shahda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
| | - Reyad S. Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR); University of Sharjah; Sharjah UAE
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153
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Cofini V, Cecilia MR, Di Giacomo D, Binkin N, Di Orio F. Energy drinks consumption in Italian adolescents: preliminary data of social, psychological and behavioral features. Minerva Pediatr 2016; 71:488-494. [PMID: 27271038 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.16.04492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of energy drink (ED) consumption and the associations with social, psychological and behavioral features among an Italian adolescent sample. METHODS A cross-sectional prevalence study of 450 Italian adolescents attending middle school was conducted. The Italian versions of the European Food Safety Authority's adolescent Energy Drinks Questionnaire and of the Depression and Anxiety in Youth Scale (DAYS) were administered to evaluate ED use and its psychological correlates. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a logistic model to estimate the associations between ED consumption and socio-demographic characteristics, psychological factors and risky behaviors. RESULTS The prevalence of ED consumers was 57%, of whom 49% used alcohol mixed with ED. A total of 9% exhibited high chronic consumption, 31% average chronic consumption and 8% high acute consumption. Males were significantly more likely to use ED (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.8-4.0, P=0.00) and to engage in high acute consumption (OR=4.0, 95% CI: 1.1-13.8, P=0.03). Regular smoking was associated with ED use (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.2-9.1, P=0.02). No relationship was observed between ED use and depression (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 0.9-3.0, P=0.10) and anxiety (OR=0.8, 95% CI: 0.5-1.4, P=0.44), although those who were depressed with a suggestive but not statistically significant increased risk of acute ED use (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.4, P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ED consumption among middle school Italian students was high and it was associated with another risky behavior, smoking, but not with anxiety or depression. About half of ED consumers used alcohol mixed with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cofini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy -
| | - Maria Rosita Cecilia
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Dina Di Giacomo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Di Orio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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154
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Kelly CK, Prichard JR. Demographics, Health, and Risk Behaviors of Young Adults Who Drink Energy Drinks and Coffee Beverages. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:73-81. [PMID: 27274417 PMCID: PMC4892198 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigates risk behaviors, sleep habits, and mental health factors associated with caffeinated beverage use in young adults. Materials and Methods: Students from a midsize private university (n = 159) completed a 15-minute anonymous questionnaire, including questions on risk behaviors, sleep habits, alcohol, and caffeine consumption. We compared behaviors between the top ∼15% ("high end") of energy drink users (≥3/month) and coffee users (≥16/month) to those with less frequent or no caffeine consumption. Results: Caffeine consumption was frequent among young adults. In the last month, 36% of students had an energy drink, 69% had coffee or espresso, and 86% reported having any caffeine; however, the majority of students were unaware of the caffeine content in these beverages. High-end energy drink consumers reported more risk-taking behaviors (increased drug and alcohol use and less frequent seat belt use), sleep disturbances (later bedtimes, harder time falling asleep, and more all-nighters), and higher frequency of mental illness diagnoses than those who consumed fewer energy drinks. In contrast, the frequency of most risk behaviors, sleep disturbances, and mental illness diagnoses was not significantly different between the high-end and general population of coffee drinkers. Conclusion: Students with delayed sleep patterns, mental illness, and higher frequency of substance use and risk behaviors were more likely to be regular energy drink users but not regular coffee drinkers. It is unclear whether the psychoactive content in energy drinks results in different behavioral effects than just caffeine in coffee, and/or different personality/health populations are drawn to the two types of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - J Roxanne Prichard
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota
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Correlates of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks among youth across 10 US metropolitan areas. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:236-41. [PMID: 27161861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictors of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) among youth have been understudied. The current analyses investigated the prevalence of and correlates for use of AmED among alcohol users from a national study of stimulant use among youth. METHODS The National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS) assessed behaviors and risk factors for stimulant use from 11,048 youth, 10-18 years of age recruited from entertainment venues across 10 US cities. Of the four cross sections, two had questions on having alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) in the past 30 days along with sociodemographic characteristics, current tobacco and marijuana use and current nonmedical use of prescription opioids, anxiolytics, and stimulants. Only 13 to18 year olds and those who reported alcohol use were included in the analyses. RESULTS Overall, 28.4% (1392 out of 4905) of the 13 to18 year olds reported past 30-day alcohol use. Among alcohol users, 27% reported having alcohol mixed with energy drinks in the past 30 days. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that use of AmED was significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. CONCLUSIONS Underage drinking is common among youth and more than a quarter of these drinkers use AmED. Use of AmED is significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. Drug and alcohol intervention programs should educate on the risks of AmED, as the same population is at high-risk for use of AmED and alcohol/drug use.
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156
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Richards G, Smith AP. A Review of Energy Drinks and Mental Health, with a Focus on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:49-63. [PMID: 27274415 PMCID: PMC4892220 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Concerns have been expressed regarding the potential for caffeinated energy drinks to negatively affect mental health, and particularly so in young consumers at whom they are often targeted. The products are frequently marketed with declarations of increasing mental and physical energy, providing a short-term boost to mood and performance. Although a certain amount of evidence has accumulated to substantiate some of these claims, the chronic effects of energy drinks on mental health also need to be addressed. Methods: To review the relevant literature, PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for all peer-reviewed articles published in English that addressed associations between energy drink use and mental health outcomes. Case reports were also considered, though empirical studies investigating acute mood effects were excluded as a review of such articles had recently been published. Fifty-six articles were retrieved: 20 of these (along with eight more identified through other means) were included in the current review, and, because the majority addressed aspects of stress, anxiety, and depression, particular focus was placed on these outcomes. Results: Though a number of null findings (and one negative relationship) were observed, the majority of studies examined reported positive associations between energy drink consumption and symptoms of mental health problems. Conclusions: Though the findings imply that energy drink use may increase the risk of undesirable mental health outcomes, the majority of research examined utilized cross-sectional designs. In most cases, it was therefore not possible to determine causation or direction of effect. For this reason, longitudinal and intervention studies are required to increase our understanding of the nature of the relationships observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Richards
- Centre for Occupational & Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Smith
- Centre for Occupational & Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
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157
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Chaudhary NS, Grandner MA, Jackson NJ, Chakravorty S. Caffeine consumption, insomnia, and sleep duration: Results from a nationally representative sample. Nutrition 2016; 32:1193-9. [PMID: 27377580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insomnia symptoms have been individually associated with both caffeine consumption and sleep duration abnormalities in prior studies. The goal of this study was to determine whether caffeine consumption was associated with insomnia symptoms from a population perspective and whether this relationship depended on habitual sleep duration. METHODS Data were extracted from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (N = 4730). Caffeine consumption was quantified as mg/d from 2 typical days of use, 7 to 10 d apart. Insomnia symptoms were evaluated using frequencies of difficulty falling asleep (DFA), difficulty staying asleep (DSA), non-restorative sleep (NRS), and daytime sleepiness (DS). Habitual sleep duration was assessed as the hours of sleep obtained on a typical night. Binomial logistic regression analysis evaluated the relationships of individual insomnia and sleepiness symptoms (DFA, DSA, NRS, and DS) with caffeine consumption and sleep duration variables, after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS The mean ± SD caffeine consumption was 176.6 ± 201 mg/d. Mean habitual sleep duration was 6.8 ± 1.4 h. Insomnia symptoms were prevalent in 19.1% to 28.4% of the respondents. Although caffeine consumption was associated with all insomnia symptoms in the unadjusted models, the adjusted models demonstrated a trend toward significance with DSA. Sleep duration was inversely associated with the insomnia symptoms in unadjusted and adjusted analysis. Finally, NRS was associated with an interaction between increased caffeine consumption and sleep duration. CONCLUSION The association between caffeine use and insomnia symptoms depends on habitual sleep duration at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad S Chaudhary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UAB School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL; Department of Epidemiology, UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL.
| | | | | | - Subhajit Chakravorty
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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158
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Erdemir U, Yildiz E, Saygi G, Altay NI, Eren MM, Yucel T. Effects of energy and sports drinks on tooth structures and restorative materials. World J Stomatol 2016; 5:1-7. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports and energy drinks are consumed by more people than ever. Sports and energy drinks may enhance physical resistance, stimulate metabolism, prevent rehydration and replace electrolytes during high activity efforts. However, these drinks often have a low pH and are acidic, which can erode enamel and dentin, and increase dentine hypersensitivity. In addition to the adverse effects of sports and energy drinks on tooth structures, they often have the potential to damage restorative materials. These drinks often contain artificial colors which have potential to discolor resin composite materials and glass ionomers. The acidic nature of these drinks could also lead to a degradation, increase in wear, and roughening of the surface of the restorative materials. Many of the negative consequences of sport and energy drinks can be related to their over-consumption among children and teenagers. Patients should be advised to have a healthy diet, and consume soft and energy drinks in moderation, to avoid any negative dental or health consequences. The over-consumption of sports and energy drinks which are high in sugar and have the lowest pH are most likely to cause avoidable dental problems.
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159
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Ayuob N, ElBeshbeishy R. Impact of an Energy Drink on the Structure of Stomach and Pancreas of Albino Rat: Can Omega-3 Provide a Protection? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149191. [PMID: 26894845 PMCID: PMC4760982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A controversy developed between the benefits of energy drinks (EDs) versus the possible health threats since its revolution. Lack of information was a call to assess the effect of chronic consumption of Power Horse (PH) as one of the EDs, on the structure of pancreas and fundic mucosa of stomach in rats, and possible protective role of Omega-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided equally into 4 groups; control received group which only received a standard diet, Omega-3 group, PH group which given PH and PH plus Omega-3 group received both PH plus Omega-3 for 4 weeks. Biochemical assessment of blood glucose, serum insulin, gastrin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) was performed. The antioxidant activity and histopathological examination of both pancreatic tissue and fundic mucosa of stomach were assessed. RESULTS Administration of PH significantly increased serum insulin and glucose levels while it significantly reduced serum gastrin level compared to control. PH also caused oxidants/antioxidants imbalance in both pancreas and fundic mucosa. The latter revealed degenerative changes and increased apoptosis which was evident by increased caspase-3 immunoexpression. Pancreas exhibited signs of β-cells overstimulation. Fundic mucosa showed reduced number of parietal cells, gastrin hormone expression compared to control group. Omega-3 administration could alleviate, to some extent, these changes. It significantly decreased TNF-α, iNOS and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to the group which received PH alone. CONCLUSION Power Horse intake significantly injures islet cells, pancreatic acini as well as the glandular cells of the fundic mucosa. Omega-3 decreases these detrimental effects mostly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasra Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Rana ElBeshbeishy
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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160
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Awareness of energy drink intake guidelines and associated consumption practices: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 26728256 PMCID: PMC4700652 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite concern regarding harms of energy drink (ED) consumption, no research has been conducted to determine awareness and compliance with ED intake guidelines displayed on product packaging in Australia (a novel approach internationally). METHODS A convenience sample of 1922 people completed an online survey. Participants reported their knowledge of maximum recommended daily ED intake according to Australian guidelines. RESULTS Guideline awareness was reported by 38, 23 and 19% of past year consumers, lifetime, and non-consumers, respectively. Amongst past year consumers, 'accurate estimators' reported greater ED intake and were more likely to exceed intake guidelines and consume alcohol mixed with ED (AmED). After controlling for demographics and frequency of use, guideline awareness predicted increased likelihood of exceeding guidelines in ED sessions, but was not associated with exceeding ED guidelines in AmED sessions. CONCLUSIONS Australia is considered to have the most stringent regulatory approach to EDs internationally. However, advisory statements are not associated with greater awareness and compliance with intake guidelines. Failure to comply with standards for efficacious product labelling, and absence of broader education regarding guidelines, needs to be addressed.
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161
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Alhyas L, El Kashef A, AlGhaferi H. Energy drinks in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: A review. JRSM Open 2016; 7:2054270415593717. [PMID: 26770815 PMCID: PMC4710126 DOI: 10.1177/2054270415593717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks have become a popular beverage worldwide. This review was carried out to have an overview among adolescents and emerging adults in the Gulf Co-operation Council states about energy drinks consumption rates and other related issues such as starting age and patterns of energy drink consumption. The Medline and Embase databases were searched separately using different terms such as energy drinks, energy beverages, and caffeinated drinks. Data related to the rates of energy drinks use were entered in STATA for statistical analysis. Then, these data were used to conduct meta-analysis to estimate the rate of energy drink consumption. Overall, meta-analysis results showed that the estimated rates of energy drinks consumption is 46.9% (95% CIs, 33.2 -66.1; nine studies) with I-square 3.7%. Findings indicated that individuals start to consume energy drinks at approximately 16 years old, and males were found to consume energy drinks more frequently than females. Results from this review carry several recommendations for policy and enforcement, public education and research that can help policy and decision makers to achieve the goal of safer use of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhyas
- National Rehabilitation Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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162
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Patrick ME, Macuada C, Maggs JL. Who uses alcohol mixed with energy drinks? Characteristics of college student users. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:74-79. [PMID: 26010549 PMCID: PMC4719146 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1042877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine characteristics associated with alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use in a sample of college students. PARTICIPANTS College students (N = 614, 53% female) in their second year of college participated during the fall of 2008. METHODS Students completed a cross-sectional survey with questions regarding AmED use. RESULTS AmED use in the last 30 days was reported by 27% of participants. Logistic regression analyses found that risk factors for AmED included participating in a fraternity/sorority; participating in athletics; living off-campus; having greater fun/social, relax, and image motives for alcohol consumption; and binge drinking. Protective factors included early morning classes, honors program participation, and greater physical/behavioral motives for not drinking. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for AmED use can identify college students most likely to consume AmEDs and thereby inform screening and intervention efforts to reduce negative AmED-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Megan E. Patrick (Corresponding Author), Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA, 734-763-7107,
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Blondin SA, Mueller MP, Bakun PJ, Choumenkovitch SF, Tucker KL, Economos CD. Cross-Sectional Associations between Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns and Indicators of Disease Risk among University Students. Nutrients 2015; 8:E3. [PMID: 26712784 PMCID: PMC4728617 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood in this age group. Dietary data were collected from undergraduates participating in the Tufts Longitudinal Health Study (TLHS; 1998-2007) by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ; n = 1323). DPs were derived using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Scree plots; eigenvalues; factor loadings; and previous studies were used to determine and label the DPs retained. Cross-sectional relationships between DP scores and anthropometric measures (percent body fat (PBF) and (BMI) and lipid biomarkers (total; HDL and LDL cholesterol; and triglycerides) were assessed with multivariable regression models; adjusted for demographics; physical activity; smoking; intention to gain/lose weight; and total energy intake. Effect modification by sex was tested. Three DPs were identified: Prudent; Western; and Alcohol. Greater adherence to the Prudent DP was associated with favorable anthropometric outcomes. The Alcohol DP was associated with a favorable lipid profile. Associations between the Western DP and blood lipids differed by sex; with unfavorable impact observed only among males. Our findings add to the literature linking DPs in young adults with measurable adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes; suggesting that improving nutrition among college students could reduce chronic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Blondin
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Megan P Mueller
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Peter J Bakun
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Silvina F Choumenkovitch
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, Center for Population Health & Health Disparities, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Christina D Economos
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Pommerening MJ, Cardenas JC, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Hypercoagulability after energy drink consumption. J Surg Res 2015; 199:635-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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165
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Gallucci AR, Martin RJ. Misuse of prescription stimulant medication in a sample of college students: examining differences between varsity athletes and non-athletes. Addict Behav 2015. [PMID: 26217928 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misuse of prescription stimulants (MPS) has been identified as an adverse health behavior among college students. Because stimulant medication is often taken to increase focus and decrease reaction time, these substances have the potential to enhance athletic performance. However, the role that athlete status (varsity athlete vs. non-athlete) has on MPS has rarely been examined in the college student population. OBJECTIVES To examine whether there are differences in past-year MPS and MPS-related motivations between college varsity athletes and non-athletes. METHODS A sample of 682 (482 non-athletes; 200 athletes) college students between the ages of 18 and 25 completed a paper-based questionnaire to assess MPS, MPS-related motivations, and other potential MPS correlates (e.g., gender, energy drink consumption, tobacco use, heavy episodic drinking). Then, we conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine potential correlates of MPS, including athlete status. Finally, we examined differences in MPS-related motivations between varsity athletes and non-athletes. RESULTS Overall, 98 (13.9%; 16.6% non-athletes v. 7.5% varsity athletes) respondents reported past-year MPS and varsity athletes were significantly less likely (p<0.05) to do so. Past-year MPS was also significantly associated with energy drink consumption, tobacco use, and heavy episodic drinking in our sample. Concerning MPS-related motivations, athletes more often cited a need to enhance athletic performance as the impetus for their misuse. CONCLUSIONS MPS was prevalent among the sample. Varsity athletes were significantly less likely to engage in past-year MPS and were motivated to do so for different reasons.
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Abstract
Previous research suggests that effects of caffeine on behaviour are positive unless one is investigating sensitive groups or ingestion of large amounts. Children are a potentially sensitive subgroup, and especially so considering the high levels of caffeine currently found in energy drinks. The present study used data from the Cornish Academies Project to investigate associations between caffeine (both its total consumption, and that derived separately from energy drinks, cola, tea, and coffee) and single-item measures of stress, anxiety, and depression, in a large cohort of secondary school children from the South West of England. After adjusting for additional dietary, demographic, and lifestyle covariates, positive associations between total weekly caffeine intake and anxiety and depression remained significant, and the effects differed between males and females. Initially, effects were also observed in relation to caffeine consumed specifically from coffee. However, coffee was found to be the major contributor to high overall caffeine intake, providing explanation as to why effects relating to this source were also apparent. Findings from the current study increase our knowledge regarding associations between caffeine intake and stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children, though the cross-sectional nature of the research made it impossible to infer causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Richards
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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167
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Sojar SH, Shrier LA, Ziemnik RE, Sherritt L, Spalding AL, Levy S. Symptoms Attributed to Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages in Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015; 5:187-191. [PMID: 26649254 PMCID: PMC4663645 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Pediatric caffeine use has become increasingly prevalent. The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages caffeine use by children and adolescents due to its adverse impact on sleep and blood pressure. The objective of this study was to measure prevalence of physical and emotional symptoms related to caffeine consumption among adolescents receiving primary care. Methods: A convenience sample of patients (N = 179; 73% female) aged 12-17 presenting for routine primary care completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Substance Abuse Module questionnaire, which included questions regarding use of caffeine. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize prevalence of caffeine use and caffeine-related symptoms. Associations of number of caffeine-related symptoms with age, gender, and race/ethnicity were also analyzed. Results: Sixty-seven percent of participants (n = 120) reported past 30-day caffeinated beverage consumption. Of those, 68% (n = 82) reported at least one symptom or problem attributed to caffeine use or withdrawal, including caffeine cravings, 24% (n = 29); frequent urination, 21% (n = 25); difficulty falling asleep, 18% (n = 22); and feeling anxious, 3.3% (n = 4). Conclusions: In our sample, caffeinated beverage consumption by adolescents was frequently associated with physical and emotional symptoms, as well as problems attributed to use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia A. Shrier
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosemary E. Ziemnik
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lon Sherritt
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allegra L. Spalding
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon Levy
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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168
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Prediction of plasma caffeine concentrations in young adolescents following ingestion of caffeinated energy drinks: a Monte Carlo simulation. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:1671-8. [PMID: 26113286 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The fast-growing consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) is linked to increasing reports of caffeine intoxication in adolescents. There is limited data available regarding plasma caffeine concentrations in this population after CED intake and the potential implications for caffeine-related toxicity. This study was an in silico population pharmacokinetic analysis of caffeine. Population pharmacokinetic model of oral caffeine was derived from a previous study of healthy male volunteers. Maximal plasma caffeine concentration (C max) profiles following ingestion of one or two servings of popular CEDs were predicted using Monte Carlo simulation and available population body weight data of 10-15-year-old Korean adolescents. Caffeine C max values were positively correlated with the amount of caffeine ingested in CEDs and negatively correlated with body weight. The median (range) C max profiles varied from a low of 1.2 (0.5-2.6) mg/L to a concentration that is potentially associated with harmful caffeine-related effects of 25.4 (8.1-55.6) mg/L. A subgroup of female 10-11-year-old subjects exhibited the highest caffeine exposure profiles. CONCLUSION These data indicate that CED ingestion can increase the risk of serious caffeine intoxication in young adolescents, particularly those with low body mass. WHAT IS KNOWN • Excessive consumption of caffeine can lead to serious caffeine intoxication. • The risk of potential harmful caffeine intoxication after ingestion of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) has not been adequately evaluated in adolescents. WHAT IS NEW • Predicted maximal plasma caffeine concentration profiles of adolescents with lower body weights showed an overlap with the ingested caffeine concentrations obtained from documented fatalities. • The present simulation-based pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrates that CED ingestion could lead to potentially serious caffeine intoxication in this cohort.
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169
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Magnezi R, Bergman LC, Grinvald-Fogel H, Cohen HA. A survey of energy drink and alcohol mixed with energy drink consumption. Isr J Health Policy Res 2015; 4:55. [PMID: 26629327 PMCID: PMC4665319 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-015-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Energy drink consumption among youth is increasing despite recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics to eliminate consumption by youth. This study provides information on consumption of energy drinks and alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) in a sample of Israeli youth and how consumer knowledge about the risks affects consumption rates. Methods The study was conducted in three Tel Aviv public schools, with a total enrollment of 1,253 students in grades 8 through 12. Among them, 802 students completed a 49-item questionnaire about energy drink and AmED consumption, for a 64 % response rate Non-responders included 451 students who were absent or refused to participate. All students in the same school were administered the questionnaire on the same day. Results Energy drinks are popular among youth (84.2 % have ever drunk). More tenth through twelfth grade students consumed energy drinks than eighth and ninth grade students. Students who began drinking in elementary school (36.8 %) are at elevated risk for current energy drink (P < .001) and AmED (P = .002) use. Knowledge about amounts consumed and recommended allowances is associated with less consumption (OR 1.925; 95 %CI 1.18–3.14). Discussion The association between current AmED consumption and drinking ED at a young age is important. Boys and those who start drinking early have a greater risk of both ED and AmED consumption. The characteristics of early drinkers can help increase awareness of potential at-risk youth, such as junior and senior high school students with less educated or single parents. Conclusions Risks posed by early use on later energy drink and AmED consumption are concerning. We suggest that parents should limit accessibility. Increased knowledge about acceptable and actual amounts of caffeine in a single product might decrease consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheli Magnezi
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lisa Carroll Bergman
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Haya Grinvald-Fogel
- Public Health and Health Systems Management Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Herman Avner Cohen
- Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Clalit Health Services, Petach Tikva, Israel ; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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170
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Chang J, Fedinec AL, Kuntamallappanavar G, Leffler CW, Bukiya AN, Dopico AM. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Mediates Caffeine Antagonism of Alcohol-Induced Cerebral Artery Constriction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:106-15. [PMID: 26555891 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite preventive education, the combined consumption of alcohol and caffeine (particularly from "energy drinks") continues to rise. Physiologic perturbations by separate intake of ethanol and caffeine have been widely documented. However, the biologic actions of the alcohol-caffeine combination and their underlying subcellular mechanisms have been scarcely studied. Using intravital microscopy on a closed-cranial window and isolated, pressurized vessels, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro action of ethanol-caffeine mixtures on cerebral arteries from rats and mice, widely recognized models to address cerebrovascular pathophysiology and pharmacology. Caffeine at concentrations found in human circulation after ingestion of one to two cups of coffee (10 µM) antagonized the endothelium-independent constriction of cerebral arteries evoked by ethanol concentrations found in blood during moderate-heavy alcohol intoxication (40-70 mM). Caffeine antagonism against alcohol was similar whether evaluated in vivo or in vitro, suggesting independence of systemic factors and drug metabolism, but required a functional endothelium. Moreover, caffeine protection against alcohol increased nitric oxide (NO•) levels over those found in the presence of ethanol alone, disappeared upon blocking NO• synthase, and could not be detected in pressurized cerebral arteries from endothelial nitric-oxide synthase knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice. Finally, incubation of de-endothelialized cerebral arteries with the NO• donor sodium nitroprusside (10 µM) fully restored the protective effect of caffeine. This study demonstrates for the first time that caffeine antagonizes ethanol-induced cerebral artery constriction and identifies endothelial NO• as the critical caffeine effector on smooth muscle targets. Conceivably, situations that perturb endothelial function and/or NO• availability will critically alter caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced cerebrovascular constriction without significantly disrupting endothelium-independent, alcohol-induced cerebral artery constriction itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chang
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexander L Fedinec
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Guruprasad Kuntamallappanavar
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles W Leffler
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alex M Dopico
- Department of Pharmacology (J.C., G.K., A.N.B., A.M.D.) and Department of Physiology (A.L.F., C.W.L.), College of Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
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171
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Casuccio A, Bonanno V, Catalano R, Cracchiolo M, Giugno S, Sciuto V, Immordino P. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Energy Drink Consumption and Side Effects in a Cohort of Medical Students. J Addict Dis 2015; 34:274-83. [PMID: 26466517 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2015.1074501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning energy drink consumption and the prevalence of side effects among medical students. Twenty-two percent of respondents were regular users, particularly men (p < .0005). Users were younger (p = .027) and drank alcohol more frequently (p = .008) than "non-users." Forty-nine percent consumed alcohol associated with energy drinks. Forty-five percent of medical students declared side effects after energy drink consumption, such as palpitations (35%), insomnia (21%), and irritability (20%). The study confirms a large use of energy drinks among students and the occurrence of side effects. The use of energy drinks may influence the ingestion of large amounts of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Casuccio
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Valentina Bonanno
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rosanna Catalano
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Manuela Cracchiolo
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Sara Giugno
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Valentina Sciuto
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Palmira Immordino
- a Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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172
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Abetkoff D, Karlsson T, Chiou WB. Real men are made, not born! Incidental exposure to energy drinks may promote men's tolerance of physical pain. Scand J Psychol 2015; 56:622-5. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Abetkoff
- Institute of Education; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Torulf Karlsson
- Institute of Education; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chiou
- Institute of Education; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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173
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Peacock A, Sindicich N, Dunn M, Whittaker E, Sutherland R, Entwistle G, Burns L, Bruno R. Co-ingestion of energy drinks with alcohol and other substances among a sample of people who regularly use ecstasy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015; 35:352-8. [PMID: 26424666 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Despite the potential harms of mixing unregulated drugs with energy drinks (ED), research to date has primarily been focused on EDs co-ingested with alcohol. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to explore the rate of use, harms and correlates of EDs co-ingested with alcohol and other drugs among a sample of people who regularly use illicit stimulant drugs. DESIGN AND METHODS In 2010, 693 Australians who regularly used ecstasy completed a 1-h interview about their past six-month ED and drug use. RESULTS Three-quarters of the sample (77%) had recently consumed EDs with other substances, primarily alcohol (70%) and ecstasy (57%). People who consumed ED with alcohol versus those who had consumed ED with ecstasy and with alcohol (only 8% reported only consuming ED with ecstasy) had similar profiles in regards to demographics, drug use, mental health and drug-related problems. Primary motives for consuming ED with alcohol included increased alertness (59%), the taste (25%), to party for longer (23%) and to combat fatigue (16%). One-half (52%) and one-quarter (27%) of participants who consumed EDs with alcohol and with ecstasy respectively had recently experienced adverse outcomes post-consumption, primarily headaches (24% and 11%) and heart palpitations (21% and 14%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Co-ingestion of EDs with licit and illicit drugs is common among people who regularly use ecstasy and related drugs. Adverse outcomes of co-ingestion suggest that targeted education regarding negative interactive drug effects is crucial for harm reduction. [Peacock A, Sindicich N, Dunn M, Whittaker E, Sutherland R, Entwistle G, Burns L, Bruno R. Co-Ingestion of Energy Drinks with Alcohol and Other Substances among a Sample of People Who Regularly Use Ecstasy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:352-358].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peacock
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha Sindicich
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Dunn
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Whittaker
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gavin Entwistle
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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174
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Deliens T, Clarys P, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B. Correlates of University Students' Soft and Energy Drink Consumption According to Gender and Residency. Nutrients 2015; 7:6550-66. [PMID: 26258790 PMCID: PMC4555137 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed personal and environmental correlates of Belgian university students' soft and energy drink consumption and investigated whether these associations were moderated by gender or residency. Four hundred twenty-five university students completed a self-reported on-line questionnaire assessing socio-demographics, health status, soft and energy drink consumption, as well as personal and environmental factors related to soft and energy drink consumption. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Students believing soft drink intake should be minimized (individual subjective norm), finding it less difficult to avoid soft drinks (perceived behavioral control), being convinced they could avoid soft drinks in different situations (self-efficacy), having family and friends who rarely consume soft drinks (modelling), and having stricter family rules about soft drink intake were less likely to consume soft drinks. Students showing stronger behavioral control, having stricter family rules about energy drink intake, and reporting lower energy drink availability were less likely to consume energy drinks. Gender and residency moderated several associations between psychosocial constructs and consumption. Future research should investigate whether interventions focusing on the above personal and environmental correlates can indeed improve university students' beverage choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Deliens
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Peter Clarys
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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175
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Pennay A, Cheetham A, Droste N, Miller P, Lloyd B, Pennay D, Dowling N, Jackson A, Lubman DI. An Examination of the Prevalence, Consumer Profiles, and Patterns of Energy Drink Use, With and Without Alcohol, in Australia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1485-92. [PMID: 26061635 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a significant growth in the energy drink (ED) market in Australia and around the world; however, most research investigating the popularity of ED and alcohol and energy drink (AED) use has focused on specific subpopulations such as university students. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, consumption patterns, and sociodemographic correlates of ED and combined AED use among a representative Australian population sample. METHODS A computer-assisted telephone interview survey (n = 2,000) was undertaken in March-April 2013 of persons aged 18 years and over. Half of the interviews were obtained through randomly generated landline telephone numbers and half through mobile phones. Approximately half of the sample was female (55.5%; n = 1,110) and the mean age of participants was 45.9 (range 18 to 95, SD 20.0). RESULTS Less than 1 in 6 Australians reported ED use (13.4%, n = 268) and 4.6% (n = 91) reported AED use in the past 3 months. Majority of ED and AED users consumed these beverages monthly or less. ED and AED users are more likely to be aged 18 to 24 years, live in a metropolitan area, and be moderate risk or problem gamblers. AED consumers are more likely to report moderate levels of psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in relation to problem gambling and psychological distress are novel and require further targeted investigation. Health promotion strategies directed toward reducing ED and AED use should focus on young people living in metropolitan areas and potentially be disseminated through locations where gambling takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pennay
- Centre for Health Equity , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research , Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Cheetham
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nic Droste
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology , Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Miller
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology , Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Lloyd
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren Pennay
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian National University , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicki Dowling
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alun Jackson
- Social Research Centre , Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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176
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Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of the Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks among Polish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7910-21. [PMID: 26184263 PMCID: PMC4515699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are extremely popular among adults and adolescents. Regular intake of EDs may lead to an overdose of caffeine, loss of bone mass, overweight, hypertension and, in older age, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Some people mix EDs with alcohol, which adversely affects their health. The objective of this study was to analyze the consumption of EDs by adolescents. Methods: The study consisted of a questionnaire surveying amounts of drinks, preferences and product awareness among younger consumers. The study was carried out in junior and senior high schools in Poland (n = 2629). Results: EDs were consumed by 67% of students (quite frequently by 16%). Students who practiced sports were more willing to drink EDs. Also, boys drank them more often than girls. When selecting a particular ED, young people looked at the taste, price and effect. Most respondents consumed one ED (250 mL) daily, although there were individuals consuming two or more drinks daily. Most respondents knew the ingredients of EDs, and 24% admitted to mixing EDs with alcohol. Conclusions: EDs are extremely popular among adolescents. Young people drinking EDs every day are potentially at risk of taking an overdose of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
| | - Artur Jasionowski
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
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177
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Alsunni A, Majeed F, Yar T, AlRahim A, Alhawaj AF, Alzaki M. Effects of energy drink consumption on corrected QT interval and heart rate variability in young obese Saudi male university students. Ann Saudi Med 2015; 35:282-7. [PMID: 26497707 PMCID: PMC6074217 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Consumption of energy drinks has adverse effects on the heart that might be potentiated in obese individuals. Since the incidence of obesity and use of energy drinks is high among Saudi youth, we used non-invasive tests to study hemodynamic changes produced by altered autonomic cardiac activ.ity following consumption of energy drinks in obese male students. DESIGN AND SETTING This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia, over a one-year period from December 2013 to December 2014. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In Saudi male university students we measured continuous ECG recordings and a one-minute deep breathing maneuver to measure the expiratory-to-inspiratory ratio, the mean heart rate range (MHRR), the mean percentage variability. (M%VHR) and the corrected QT interval (QTc) at 0, 30 and 60 minutes after consumption of energy drink. RESULTS We enrolled 31 students (18 overweight/obese and 13 normal weights. QTc was significantly in.creased at 60 min as compared with the resting state in overweight/obese subjects (P=.006). Heart rate variability was significantly less in obese as compared with normal weight subjects at 60 minutes as indicated by E:I ratio, (P=.037), MHRR (P=.012), M%VHR (P=.040) after energy drink consumption. Significant increases in diastolic (P=.020) and mean arterial blood pressure (P=.024) were observed at 30 minutes in the obese group. CONCLUSION Hemodynamic changes after intake of energy drinks in obese subjects indicate that obesity and energy drinks could synergistically induce harmful effects. This finding warrants efforts to caution the obese on intake of energy drinks and timely intervention to motivate changes in lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farrukh Majeed
- Farrukh Majeed MD, Department of Physiology,, University of Dammam,, Al-Rakha, Al Khobar 31441,, Saudi Arabia, fmajeed@ uod.edu.sa
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178
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Bulut B, Beyhun NE, Topbaş M, Çan G. Energy drink use in university students and associated factors. J Community Health 2015; 39:1004-11. [PMID: 24610561 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young age groups. The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption status in students at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey and the factors affecting this. The research was performed at the Karadeniz Technical University among a total of 2001 students attending the Administration Department, the Physical Education Department, the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department and the Faculty of Medicine. The research data were collected using the supervised questionnaire method. The 53.5 % (n = 1070) of students had never tried energy drinks, 22.5 % (n = 450) had tried them once only, 1.5 % (n = 30) had used them for a time and then gave up, 21.1 % (n = 422) consumed occasionally and 1.4 % (n = 29) regularly. The risks of regular energy drink consuming were male gender [2.4 (1.8-3.2)] [OR (95 %CI)], studying at night [1.6 (1.2-2.2)], having friends consuming energy drinks [3.6 (2.6-5.0)], regular physical activity [1.9 (1.4-2.5)], being an alcohol drinker [2.4 (1.7-3.2)]. This study revealed that almost half of university students had experience of energy drinks and that approximately one-fourth still used them. It will be useful for these factors listed above to be borne in mind in the development of policies aimed at protecting young people from the health impacts of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey,
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179
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Evren C, Evren B. Energy-drink consumption and its relationship with substance use and sensation seeking among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 15:44-50. [PMID: 26006774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of energy-drink (ED) consumption among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. Cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire included sections about demographic data, self-destructive behavior and use of substances including tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Also Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) was used. The analyses were conducted based on the 4957 subjects. Rate of those reported a ED consumption once within last year was 62.0% (n=3072), whereas rate of those reported ED consumption at least once in a month was 31.1%. There were consistent, statistically significant associations between genders, lifetime substance use (tobacco, alcohol and drug use), measures of sensation seeking, psychological problems (depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity) and self-destructive behavior (self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts) with ED consumption. In logistic regression models male gender, sensation seeking, life-time tobacco, alcohol and drug use predicted all frequencies of ED consumption. In addition to these predictors, anger and self-harming behavior also predicted ED consumption at least once in a month. There were no interactions between the associations of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use with ED consumption. The findings suggest that the ED consumption of male students is related with three clusters of substances (tobacco, alcohol and drug) through sensation seeking and these relationships do not interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Evren
- Baltalimani State Hospital for Muskuloskeletal Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
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180
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A comprehensive review of the effects of mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:15-30. [PMID: 25861944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to concern about whether mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol (AED) increases alcohol consumption and related harm, and the role of industry in this debate, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research evidence on the effects of AED and documented industry involvement in this research. METHOD A systematic review of 6 databases. Studies must have examined the effect of consuming alcohol with energy drinks (ED) or caffeine on alcohol-related outcomes. RESULTS 62 studies were identified; 29 were experiments, 9 had industry ties (8 with Red Bull GmbH). Young adults who consumed AED drank more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related harm than other drinkers. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that AED led to increased alcohol consumption or altered the nature of alcohol-related harm. However, AED consumers reported that AED increased stimulation and alertness, offset fatigue from drinking, and facilitated drinking. Experimental research also found that combining ED or caffeine with alcohol increased stimulation and alertness, offset alcohol-related fatigue and increased the desire to keep drinking. It did not change BAC, perceived intoxication, perceived impairment and it did not reverse alcohol-induced impairment on simple psychomotor tasks. Combining ED/caffeine with alcohol reduced alcohol-induced impairment on some but not all aspects of complex tasks. Although few in number, studies with industry ties presented contrary evidence. CONCLUSION A growing body of evidence suggests that AED may facilitate drinking and related harms via its effects on intoxication but a causal link needs to be confirmed. The influence of industry involvement in this area of research needs to be monitored.
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181
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Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: what are the risks? Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:98-107. [PMID: 25293549 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are popular beverages that typically include high levels of caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, or caffeine-containing herbs, such as guarana. While energy drinks are often consumed alone, they are also frequently used as mixers for alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes what is known about the scope of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the risks associated with such mixtures, and the objective laboratory data examining how the effects of their consumption differ from consuming alcohol alone. The weight of the evidence reveals that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks is riskier than consuming alcohol alone and constitutes a public health concern. Consumption of these mixed beverages is frequent, especially in young and underage drinkers, and compared with alcohol alone, their use is associated with elevated rates of binge drinking, impaired driving, risky sexual behavior, and risk of alcohol dependence. Laboratory research (human and animal) has demonstrated that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks leads to altered subjective states including decreased perceived intoxication, enhanced stimulation, and increased desire to drink/increased drinking compared to consuming alcohol alone. Possible underlying mechanisms explaining these observations are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA
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182
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Sorkin BC, Camp KM, Haggans CJ, Deuster PA, Haverkos L, Maruvada P, Witt E, Coates PM. Executive summary of NIH workshop on the Use and Biology of Energy Drinks: Current Knowledge and Critical Gaps. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:1-8. [PMID: 25293538 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sales of energy drinks in the United States reached $12.5 billion in 2012. Emergency department visits related to consumption of these products have increased sharply, and while these numbers remain small relative to product sales, they raise important questions regarding biological and behavioral effects. Although some common ingredients of energy drinks have been extensively studied (e.g., caffeine, B vitamins, sugars, inositol), data on other ingredients (e.g., taurine) are limited. Summarized here are data presented elsewhere in this issue on the prevalence and patterns of caffeine-containing energy drink use, the effects of these products on alertness, fatigue, cognitive functions, sleep, mood, homeostasis, as well as on exercise physiology and metabolism, and the biological mechanisms mediating the observed effects. There are substantial data on the effects of some energy drink ingredients, such as caffeine and sugars, on many of these outcomes; however, even for these ingredients many controversies and gaps remain, and data on other ingredients in caffeine-containing energy drinks, and on ingredient interactions, are sparse. This summary concludes with a discussion of critical gaps in the data and potential next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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183
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Park JS, Lee EJ, Lee CY, Jung HS. Consumption Status, Risk Awareness and Experience of Adverse Effects of High-Caffeine Energy Drink among University Students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5932/jkphn.2015.29.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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184
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Bonar EE, Cunningham RM, Polshkova S, Chermack ST, Blow FC, Walton MA. Alcohol and energy drink use among adolescents seeking emergency department care. Addict Behav 2015; 43:11-7. [PMID: 25528143 PMCID: PMC4305014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emergency department (ED) visits due to energy drinks rose drastically from 2007 to 2011. Consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks by young people is particularly concerning. Among youth (aged 14-20 years) in the ED reporting past-year alcohol use, we assessed frequency, reasons, and medical consequences of consuming alcohol and energy drinks in the same beverage or on the same occasion, and relationships with other risk behaviors. The sample included 439 youth (M(age)=18.6 years, SD=1.4; 41% male; 73% Caucasian): those who drank alcohol, but not energy drinks (Non-Users; 41%, n=178), those who drank alcohol and energy drinks on separate occasions (Separate; 23%, n=103), and those who combined alcohol and energy drinks in the same beverage or on the same occasion (Combined; 36%, n=158). Common reasons for combining energy drinks and alcohol were hiding the flavor of alcohol (39%) and liking the taste (36%). Common consequences were feeling jittery (71%) and trouble sleeping (46%). Combined users had the highest rates of risk behaviors (e.g., drug use, sexual risk behaviors, driving after drinking) and alcohol use severity. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that men, those who had sex after substance use, those who had used drugs, and those with higher alcohol severity were more likely to be Combined users than Non-Users. Those with higher alcohol severity were also more likely to be Combined users than Separate users. Combining energy drinks and alcohol is associated with higher rates of other risk behaviors among young drinkers. Future studies are needed to determine longitudinal relationships of energy drink use on substance use problem trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Svitlana Polshkova
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Social and Forensic Psychiatry and Narcology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Stephen T Chermack
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frederic C Blow
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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185
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Kumar G, Park S, Onufrak S. Perceptions about Energy Drinks are Associated with Energy Drink Intake among U.S. Youth. Am J Health Promot 2015; 29:238-44. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130820-quan-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Energy drinks are growing in popularity among youth because of their stimulant properties. However, they can increase blood pressure and are associated with serious consequences such as cardiac arrest. This study examined the associations between energy drink perceptions and energy drink consumption among youth. Design. The design was a cross-sectional study using the YouthStyles Survey 2011. Setting. The online survey was administered at home. Subjects. Subjects were youths aged 12 to 17 years in the summer of 2011 (n = 779). Measures. Energy drink consumption, perceptions about energy drinks, and sociodemographic and behavioral variables were measured. Analysis. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Results. Overall, 9% of youth drank energy drinks, 19.5% agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens, and 12.5% agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink. The proportion of youth consuming energy drinks once per week or more was highest among youth aged 16 to 17 years and among those who are physically active three to six times a week. The odds for drinking energy drinks once per week or more was higher among youth who agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens (odds ratios [OR] = 7.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 3.6, 16.4) and among those who agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink (OR = 5.0, 95% CI = 2.4, 10.7). Conclusions. These findings suggest that many youth may be unaware or misinformed about the potential health effects and nutritional content of energy drinks. Efforts to improve education among youth about the potential adverse effects of consuming energy drinks are needed.
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186
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Harvanko AM, Derbyshire KL, Schreiber LRN, Grant JE. The effect of self-regulated caffeine use on cognition in young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:123-30. [PMID: 25689284 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on previous observational studies that have suggested self-regulated caffeine use by older adults may enhance reaction time performance and vigilance on cognitive tasks, the current study sought to examine whether this effect held true for young adults as well. METHODS One hundred and four young adults from two major metropolitan areas, ages 18-29 years, not meeting the criteria for a current psychiatric disorder, completed several cognitive tasks related to decision-making (Cambridge Gamble Task), response inhibition and reaction time (stop-signal task), and vigilance and reaction time (Rapid Visual Information Processing). Caffeine usage was self-reported using a reliable quantity and frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Self-reported caffeine usage was not significantly associated with any of the cognitive measures used in this study after controlling for age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, and gambling frequency. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that self-regulated caffeine usage may not have a significant impact on reaction time, vigilance, response inhibition, or decision-making in young adults, or that these effects are contingent upon other variables not accounted for in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arit M Harvanko
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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187
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Emond JA, Sargent JD, Gilbert-Diamond D. Patterns of energy drink advertising over US television networks. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 47:120-6.e1. [PMID: 25754297 PMCID: PMC4356017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience for television channels with high levels of energy drink advertising airtime. DESIGN Secondary analysis of energy drink advertising airtime over US network and cable television channels (n = 139) from March, 2012 to February, 2013. Programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in each channel's base audience were extracted from cable television trade reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Energy drink advertising airtime. ANALYSIS Channels were ranked by airtime; programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience were summarized for the 10 channels with the most airtime. RESULTS Over the study year, 36,501 minutes (608 hours) were devoted to energy drink advertisements; the top 10 channels accounted for 46.5% of such airtime. Programming themes for the top 10 channels were music (n = 3), sports (n = 3), action-adventure lifestyle (n = 2), African American lifestyle (n = 1), and comedy (n = 1). MTV2 ranked first in airtime devoted to energy drink advertisements. Six of the 10 channels with the most airtime included adolescents aged 12-17 years in their base audience. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Energy drink manufacturers primarily advertise on channels that likely appeal to adolescents. Nutritionists may wish to consider energy drink media literacy when advising adolescents about energy drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Emond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH.
| | - James D Sargent
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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188
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Vida K, Rácz J. Prevalence and Consequences of the Consumption of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Vida
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Rácz
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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189
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Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviours among young adults. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18:2794-803. [PMID: 25683863 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE National data for the USA show increases in sports and energy drink consumption over the past decade with the largest increases among young adults aged 20-34 years. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors and health-risk behaviours associated with sports and energy drink consumption among young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the third wave of a cohort study (Project EAT-III: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults). Regression models stratified on gender and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to examine associations of sports and energy drink consumption with eating behaviours, physical activity, media use, weight-control behaviours, sleep patterns and substance use. SETTING Participants completed baseline surveys in 1998-1999 as students at public secondary schools in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA and the EAT-III surveys online or by mail in 2008-2009. SUBJECTS The sample consisted of 2287 participants (55% female, mean age 25·3 years). RESULTS Results showed 31·0% of young adults consumed sports drinks and 18·8% consumed energy drinks at least weekly. Among men and women, sports drink consumption was associated with higher sugar-sweetened soda and fruit juice intake, video game use and use of muscle-enhancing substances like creatine (P≤0·01). Energy drink consumption was associated with lower breakfast frequency and higher sugar-sweetened soda intake, video game use, use of unhealthy weight-control behaviours, trouble sleeping and substance use among men and women (P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS Health professionals should consider the clustering of sports and energy drink consumption with other unhealthy behaviours in the design of programmes and services for young adults.
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190
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Poulos NS, Pasch KE. Energy drink consumption is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours among college youth. Perspect Public Health 2015; 135:316-21. [PMID: 25667166 DOI: 10.1177/1757913914565388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Energy drink consumption has been associated with a variety of health risk behaviours, yet little research has explored the relationship between energy drinks and dietary behaviours of emerging adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviours among energy drink users and non-users within a sample of college youth. METHODS College freshmen (n = 585, m age = 18.7 years; 47% non-Hispanic White, 20.9% Hispanic, 25.5% Asian, 2.7% non-Hispanic Black and 4.4% other; 56% female), at a large, southwest university self-reported their energy drink consumption in the past week and a variety of dietary behaviours, including past week soda, diet soda, pre-packaged salty snacks, pre-packaged sweet snacks, fast food, restaurant food, frozen food, fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast consumption. Linear regression analyses were run to determine associations between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviour among users and non-users of energy drinks. Analyses controlled for gender, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Overall, 17.5% of students had consumed energy drinks in the past week. Energy drink users were more likely to be male, White and have a greater BMI. Students also reported low past week intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast. Past week energy drink consumption was associated with increased soda and frozen meal consumption. CONCLUSION Given a rapidly expanding energy drink market, future dietary interventions among college youth may want to consider the implications of energy drinks, as results of this study suggest consumption of these beverages is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours and a greater BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Poulos
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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191
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Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students. Addict Behav 2015; 41:136-41. [PMID: 25452057 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults are a population at great risk for problematic health behaviors. Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) consumption is a relatively popular health risk behavior among young adults. AmED consumption continues to illustrate negative outcomes in the research literature, having been linked with other substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, and sexual victimization. Limited research to date has examined associations between AmED consumption and patterns of alcohol dependence. METHODS Undergraduate college students (n=757) filled out an online survey which assessed their drinking habits in the past week and month, including their consumption of AmED beverages, personality characteristics, substance use, and problematic alcohol consumption via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). RESULTS A minority of participants reported AmED consumption in both the past month (11.6%) and past week (9.7%). Compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts, AmED consumers scored significantly higher on measures of impulsivity, and lower on anxiety sensitivity when compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts. In multivariate analyses, AmED consumption was robustly associated with patterns of alcohol dependence (AUDIT score≥8) among young adult college students, while controlling for energy drink use, alcohol use, personality factors, substance use, and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS AmED consumption in the past month is robustly associated with problematic alcohol consumption. The present study describes harmful outcomes associated with AmED consumption, and extends the literature on the combined effects of alcohol and energy drinks on young adult risk behaviors. Further research needs to address causal mechanisms for the AmED and problematic alcohol consumption relation.
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192
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Itany M, Diab B, Rachidi S, Awada S, Al Hajje A, Bawab W, Salameh P. Consumption of energy drinks among lebanese youth: a pilot study on the prevalence and side effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 3:e18857. [PMID: 25632383 PMCID: PMC4295127 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new millennium has been together with a variety of synthetic and caffeinated high-energy drinks targeting the youth market. Energy drinks raise the level of energy and their consumption has been increased significantly worldwide. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to determine patterns of energy drink consumption and to assess the prevalence of adverse side effects among energy drink users. PATIENTS AND METHODS A pilot cross-sectional study survey was undertaken on students aged between 13 and 30 years in private and public schools and universities in Lebanon over 5 months. A self-administered questionnaire was used inquiring about sociodemographic characteristics, consumption patterns, attitudes and beliefs about energy drinks. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17. RESULTS We studied 1500 students (mean age: 18.92 ± 1.85; 51.3% were males). The overall prevalence of energy drinks consumption was 63.6% (60.5% were males), among which 50.5% used alcoholic energy drinks. Respondents indicated that most consumed energy drinks were "Red Bull" and "Boom Boom" (70.9% and 51.5% respectively). In total, 64.5% of participants believed the effect of these drinks in energizing the body, and 72.7% believed that they can stimulate intellectual capacities. In addition, 29.6% of consumers experienced at least one adverse effect, where tachycardia was reported in 21.1% of cases. On the other hand, desired effects felt after consumption were mostly pleasure (33.8%). Males had a 3-time more risk of consuming such drinks compared to females (OR: 0.381, P < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.300-0.484). Additionally, this analysis demonstrated a significant association between energy drinks consumption and regions outside Beirut (OR: 1.401, P: 0.006; 95% CI: 1.103-1.781), medical field of work (OR: 0.376, P: 0.010; 95% CI: 0.179-0.790) and higher personal income (OR: 1.317, P < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.117-1.553). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high prevalence of energy drinks consumption among youth. The current results highlight the importance of education to prevent the consumption of energy drinks in excessive quantities and modifying some wrong perceptions regarding the benefits of energy drinks in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Itany
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Diab
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Rachidi
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Awada
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amal Al Hajje
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wafaa Bawab
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Corresponding author: Pascale Salameh, Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Tel: +96-13385542, Fax: +96-11696600, E-mail:
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193
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Trunzo JJ, Samter W, Morse C, McClure K, Kohn C, Volkman JE, O'Brien K. College students' use of energy drinks, social problem-solving, and academic performance. J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 46:396-401. [PMID: 25364992 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2014.965291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy drink (ED) use among college students to improve academic performance (AP) has skyrocketed. A growing body of literature indicates that the risks associated with ED use may outweigh the perceived benefits. In this study, 486 undergraduates were surveyed on their general substance and ED usage, Social Problem-Solving (SPS) ability, and AP. It was hypothesized that: (1) ED use would be a negative predictor of AP; (2) SPS would be a positive predictor of AP; (3) SPS would be a negative predictor of ED use; and (4) SPS and ED use would account for a significant amount of the variance in AP. A linear multiple regression for AP was conducted, with predictor variables entered in the following order: total drug use, non-ED caffeine use, SPS, and ED use. The overall model was significant and accounted for approximately 7% of the variance in AP. The hypotheses of the study were supported, indicating that ED use may be related to decreased AP, SPS ability may be related to increased AP, or that students with poor AP and less effective SPS skills are more likely to use EDs. Implications of these findings are important for college students and other users of ED products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Trunzo
- a Associate Professor, Department of Applied Psychology , Bryant University , Smithfield , RI
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194
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Cobb CO, Nasim A, Jentink K, Blank MD. The role of caffeine in the alcohol consumption behaviors of college students. Subst Abus 2015; 36:90-8. [PMID: 24965056 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2013.835763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that alcohol mixed with caffeine in any form may spur risky drinking behavior among young adults; however, most studies have only examined drinking behavior related to alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) compared with alcohol alone. This survey assessed the consumption patterns and reasons for use of alcohol mixed with any caffeinated beverages (alcohol-caffeine) versus alcohol-only beverages among current users. METHODS Students (N = 1174) at a large, urban university completed a Web-based survey in October-December of 2010. Predictors of alcohol-caffeine use versus alcohol-only use were examined, as were drinking characteristics and reasons for alcohol-caffeine consumption as a function of type of alcohol-caffeine beverage usually consumed. RESULTS Past-30-day prevalence was 34% for any alcohol-caffeine beverages and 36% for alcohol-only. The most frequent alcohol-caffeine beverages usually consumed were manufactured ready-to-drink AmED products (no longer sold in the United States; 50.3%), followed by self-mixed alcoholic beverages containing caffeinated sodas (26.4%) and energy drinks (18.5%). Users of alcohol-caffeine displayed a riskier drinking profile than alcohol-only users; however, there were few differences in overall alcohol drinking behaviors between consumers of AmEDs (manufactured or self-mixed) versus other caffeinated alcoholic beverages (e.g., alcohol mixed with caffeinated sodas). CONCLUSIONS Although alcohol-caffeine consumption was associated with heavier drinking characteristics compared with alcohol-only consumption, overall alcohol consumption patterns were similar between users of various alcohol-caffeine combinations. Future examinations should assess alcohol in combination with a variety of caffeine sources to determine whether energy drinks present a unique risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Cobb
- a The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy , Washington , DC , USA
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195
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Diamantini G, Pignotti S, Antonini E, Chiarabini A, Angelino D, Ninfali P. Assessment of antioxidant capacity of energy drinks, energy gels and sport drinks in comparison with coffee and tea. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Diamantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Silvio Pignotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Elena Antonini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Andrea Chiarabini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Donato Angelino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Paolino Ninfali
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via Saffi 2 61029 Urbino PU Italy
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196
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Dikici S, Saritas A, Kilinc S, Guneysu S, Gunes H. Does an energy drink cause a transient ischemic attack? Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:129.e5-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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197
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Wells AJ, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Beyer KS, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Oliveira LP, Fukuda DH, Fragala MS, Stout JR. Effects of 28-days ingestion of a slow-release energy supplement versus placebo on hematological and cardiovascular measures of health. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:59. [PMID: 25525418 PMCID: PMC4269871 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, slow release tablets have been developed to prolong energy release throughout the day. The efficacy of the delivery of slow-release caffeine alone is fairly well documented; however, an assessment of safety and tolerability of prolonged use of slow-release energy supplements is lacking. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of daily ingestion of a slow-release energy supplement for 28 days on blood chemistry and resting cardiovascular measures in healthy men and women. Methods Forty healthy individuals (20 males, 20 females; age: 22.73 ± 3.06 years; height: 171.68 ± 10.45 cm; mass: 74.49 ± 15.51 kg; BMI: 25.08 ± 3.66 (kg • m2) -1) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Following a 12-hour fast, participants reported for pre-testing. Testing consisted of resting heart rate (RHR) and blood pressure (BP) measures, followed by assessment of metabolic blood chemistry, blood lipids and complete cell counts. Participants then supplemented with either Energize™ (SUPP) or placebo (PL) for 28 days. Post-testing occurred 24-hours after ingestion of the final dose and consisted of the same protocol at the same time of day as pre-testing. Results No significant changes in outcome measures were observed. A significant difference between groups was observed for plasma glucose concentrations; however, follow-up testing revealed that pre- to post-supplementation changes were not significant for either SUPP or PL. All variables remained within normal adult reference ranges. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions These findings indicate that 28 consecutive days ingestion of a slow release energy supplement containing caffeine in caffeine users is both safe and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Adam M Gonzalez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Maren S Fragala
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816 USA
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198
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Emond JA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Tanski SE, Sargent JD. Energy drink consumption and the risk of alcohol use disorder among a national sample of adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr 2014; 165:1194-200. [PMID: 25294603 PMCID: PMC4252708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between energy drink use and hazardous alcohol use among a national sample of adolescents and young adults. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 3342 youth aged 15-23 years recruited for a national survey about media and alcohol use. Energy drink use was defined as recent use or ever mixed-use with alcohol. Outcomes were ever alcohol use and 3 hazardous alcohol use outcomes measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): ever consuming 6 or more drinks at once (6+ binge drinking) and clinical criteria for hazardous alcohol use as defined for adults (8+AUDIT) and for adolescents (4+AUDIT). RESULTS Among 15-17 year olds (n = 1508), 13.3% recently consumed an energy drink, 9.7% ever consumed an energy drink mixed with alcohol, and 47.1% ever drank alcohol. Recent energy drink use predicted ever alcohol use among 15-17-year-olds only (OR 2.58; 95% CI 1.77-3.77). Of these 15-17-year-olds, 17% met the 6+ binge drinking criteria, 7.2% met the 8+AUDIT criteria, and 16.0% met the 4+AUDIT criteria. Rates of energy drink use and all alcohol use outcomes increased with age. Ever mixed-use with alcohol predicted 6+ binge drinking (OR 4.69; 95% CI 3.70-5.94), 8+AUDIT (OR 3.25; 95% CI 2.51-4.21), and 4+AUDIT (OR 4.15; 95% CI 3.27-5.25) criteria in adjusted models among all participants, with no evidence of modification by age. CONCLUSIONS Positive associations between energy drink use and hazardous alcohol use behaviors are not limited to youth in college settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Emond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH,Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - James D. Sargent
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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199
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Woolsey CL, Williams RD, Jacobson BH, Housman JM, McDonald JD, Swartz JH, Evans MW, Sather TE, Barry AE, Davidson RT. Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use. Subst Abus 2014; 36:413-9. [PMID: 25310138 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.969470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine energy drink usage patterns and to investigate the relationship between energy drink use and illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students. METHODS A sample of 605 undergraduate and graduate students (mean age±SD: 21.96±4.216) from a large midwestern university voluntarily participated in the study. RESULTS Of the participants, 48.9% (n=296) reported using energy drinks in the past 30 days, whereas 25.3% (n=153) reported using prescription stimulant drugs in the past 30 days. Among prescription stimulant users without a valid medical prescription, Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of energy drink consumption was a significant predictor of illicit prescription stimulant use, with the odds for use increasing by 14% with each additional day of energy drink use (odds ratio for using=1.143, P≤.001). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (P<.05) between prescription stimulant users and nonusers for all energy drink use variables, with the strongest predictors of prescription stimulant use being the number of days using energy drinks in the past 30 days and number of energy drink binges in the past 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that the frequency of energy drink use was a significant predictor of the illicit use of prescription stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Woolsey
- a Northwest Center for Lifestyle & Functional Medicine, University of Western States , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Ronald D Williams
- b Health and Human Performance, Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas , USA
| | - Bert H Jacobson
- c Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma , USA
| | - Jeff M Housman
- b Health and Human Performance, Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas , USA
| | - Jason D McDonald
- d Private Practice/Independent Researcher , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | | | - Marion W Evans
- a Northwest Center for Lifestyle & Functional Medicine, University of Western States , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Thomas E Sather
- f Naval Aerospace Medical Institute , Pensacola , Florida , USA
| | - Adam E Barry
- g Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
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200
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Breda JJ, Whiting SH, Encarnação R, Norberg S, Jones R, Reinap M, Jewell J. Energy drink consumption in europe: a review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond. Front Public Health 2014; 2:134. [PMID: 25360435 PMCID: PMC4197301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the worldwide consumption of energy drinks increasing in recent years, concerns have been raised both in the scientific community and among the general public about the health effects of these products. Recent studies provide data on consumption patterns in Europe; however, more research is needed to determine the potential for adverse health effects related to the increasing consumption of energy drinks, particularly among young people. A review of the literature was conducted to identify published articles that examined the health risks, consequences, and policies related to energy drink consumption. The health risks associated with energy drink consumption are primarily related to their caffeine content, but more research is needed that evaluates the long-term effects of consuming common energy drink ingredients. The evidence indicating adverse health effects due to the consumption of energy drinks with alcohol is growing. The risks of heavy consumption of energy drinks among young people have largely gone unaddressed and are poised to become a significant public health problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Joaquim Breda
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Hugh Whiting
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Encarnação
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stina Norberg
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marge Reinap
- WHO Country Office for Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jo Jewell
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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