201
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Wang C, Li Q, Lu Y, Wang T, Khan K, Wang P, Meng J, Zhou Y, Yvette B, Suriyanarayanan S. Simulating transport, flux, and ecological risk of perfluorooctanoate in a river affected by a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:792-803. [PMID: 30677944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely detected and pose potential risks to both human and ecosystem health. Since the probation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by the Stockholm Convention, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has frequently been used as a chemical intermediate and processing aid. Owing to a lack of effective treatment technologies for PFOA, surrounding environments have been highly affected. Previous studies by our group have reported elevated PFOA levels in the Xiaoqing River, which receives sewage from a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China. To further explore the transport, flux, and ecological risk of the perfluorooctanoate in the river, this study conducted a 2-year sampling campaign of surface water from 2014 to 2015. An extremely high PFOA concentration (mean: 62.3 μg L-1) was observed for the Xiaoqing River in comparison with other studies. The highest average concentration and flux of PFOA were recorded in the autumn and summer, respectively. With data on selected hydrological parameters and cross-sections, PFOA concentrations were modeled using DHI MIKE 11. To explore the current loads and environmental capacity of PFOA, two scenarios (i.e., emissions based on observed concentrations and on the predicted no-effects concentration, PNEC) were set. The simulation results based on observed data showed that PFOA loads in the Xiaoqing River were 11.4 t in 2014, and 12.5 t in 2015. Based on the PNEC, the environmental carrying capacity of PFOA was estimated to be 13.9 t in 2014, and 13.8 t in 2015. The current loads of PFOA were found to approach the maximum environmental carrying capacity. Relatively high risks around both the fluorine industrial park (FIP) and estuary area were identified. In comparison with other suggested guidelines, threats to the ecological status of the river would be severe, which suggests that stringent management and emission criteria are needed for this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baninla Yvette
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sarvajayakesavalu Suriyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem 636308, Tamilnadu, India
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202
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Wu N, Li W, Niu Z. Distribution, partitioning behavior and positive matrix factorization-based source analysis of legacy and emerging polyfluorinated alkyl substances in the dissolved phase, surface sediment and suspended particulate matter around coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:34-44. [PMID: 30529939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial occurrences of 17 legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and 4 emerging PFAS in the coastal water-dissolved phase, surface sediment phase and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the coastal areas of Bohai Bay were investigated. In addition, the partition behaviors of PFAS in the water-SPM system and water-sediment system and the potential sources of PFAS in the marine environment were revealed. The total concentrations of PFAS (∑PFAS) in the water-dissolved phase, surface sediment and SPM were 20.5-684 ng/L, 2.69-25.0 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 4.39-527 ng/g dw, respectively. The level of PFAS contamination in the coastal areas of Shandong Province was higher than that in other areas. The average partition coefficients (log Kd) of PFAS in the water-SPM system and water-sediment system were 1.56-3.57 and 0.72-2.95, respectively. Long-chain PFAS and PFECHS (perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate) have a higher log Kd than that of short-chain PFAS. PFAS with short carbon chains were mainly detected in the water-dissolved phase, but long-chain PFAS mainly occurred in the surface sediment and SPM phases. Source analysis based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model found that erosion inhibitor factories, aqueous film-forming foam factories, metal plating plants, fluoropolymer chemical manufacture and food contact materials were the main sources of PFAS in Bohai Bay. These results improved our understanding of the partitioning behavior and sources of PFAS in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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203
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Boronow KE, Brody JG, Schaider LA, Peaslee GF, Havas L, Cohn BA. Serum concentrations of PFASs and exposure-related behaviors in African American and non-Hispanic white women. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:206-217. [PMID: 30622332 PMCID: PMC6380931 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in a wide range of consumer products for their water- and grease-resistant properties, but few studies have explored this exposure route. We used multiple regression to investigate associations between six self-reported behaviors hypothesized to influence PFAS exposure and serum concentrations of six PFAS chemicals in 178 middle-aged women enrolled in the Child Health and Development Studies, about half of whom are African American. Blood samples were collected in 2010-2013, and participants were interviewed about behavior in 2015-2016. Results showed that African American women had lower levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) compared with non-Hispanic white women. In African Americans, but not others, frequent consumption of prepared food in coated cardboard containers was associated with higher levels of four PFASs. Flossing with Oral-B Glide, having stain-resistant carpet or furniture, and living in a city served by a PFAS-contaminated water supply were also associated with higher levels of some PFASs. Product testing using particle-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy confirmed that Oral-B Glide and competitor flosses contained detectable fluorine. Despite the delay between blood collection and interview, these results strengthen the evidence for exposure to PFASs from food packaging and implicate exposure from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based dental floss for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurie Havas
- Child Health and Development Studies Participant Advisory Council, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
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204
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Liu J, Zhong G, Li W, Mejia Avendaño S. Isomer-specific biotransformation of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide compounds in aerobic soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:766-774. [PMID: 30253358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As an important reservoir of pollutants, soil may play a critical role in altering isomer ratios of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or PFOS precursors (PrePFOS) via microbial processes, but this possibility has not yet been investigated, as well as the feasibility of using PFOS isomer ratio for source tracking in PFOS contaminated sites. In the present study, N‑ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol (EtFOSE) of the technical grade was incubated in soil microcosms for 105 days to examine isomer-specific transformation processes. Experimental data combined with a mathematical model suggest new biotransformation pathways leading to PFOS, including a direct pathway to produce PFOS via hydrolysis of the sulfonamide bond. A similar rate of biotransformation was observed for EtFOSE with an estimated half-life of 8.7 and 9.6 days for the branched and linear isomers, respectively, without statistical difference. Two transformation intermediates, N‑ethyl perfluorooctanoic acid (EtFOSAA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), also showed preferential biotransformation of branched isomers. On the contrary, one intermediate N‑ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) showed the preferred transformation of the linear isomer with an estimated half-life of 80.8 and 11.2 days for the branched and linear isomers, respectively. As PFOS is likely to be generated through more than one pathway or one precursor, its final isomer ratio is collectively determined by several upstream reactions, each having specific isomer-specific transformation kinetics. Though the soil showed enrichment of branched PFOS isomers during the 4-month incubation, compared to PFOS standards, some uncertainty arises in concluding preferential generation of branched PFOS from its precursors, due to the lack of standards for branched PreFOS. The complexity of isomer-specific biotransformation only reinforced the challenge of applying the PFOS isomer ratio for source tracking in environmental microbial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Guowei Zhong
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sandra Mejia Avendaño
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
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205
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Zoboli O, Clara M, Gabriel O, Scheffknecht C, Humer M, Brielmann H, Kulcsar S, Trautvetter H, Kittlaus S, Amann A, Saracevic E, Krampe J, Zessner M. Occurrence and levels of micropollutants across environmental and engineered compartments in Austria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:636-653. [PMID: 30522069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and concentration of a broad spectrum of micropollutants are investigated in Austrian river catchments, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organotin compounds, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and metals. The parallel analysis across multiple environmental and engineered compartments sheds light on the ratio of dissolved and particulate transport and on differences in concentration levels between point and diffuse emission pathways. It is found that some PAHs and organotins are present in rivers, groundwater and bulk deposition at higher concentrations than in municipal wastewater effluents. Among PFAAs and metals, highest concentrations were recorded either in atmospheric deposition or in discharges from wastewater treatment plants. The relevance of the analysis across compartments is best shown by the case of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Despite municipal wastewater effluents being the emission pathway with highest concentrations, this study reveals that not only rivers, but also atmospheric deposition and groundwater sometimes exceed the environmental quality standard for surface waters. Moreover, this work reveals partially counterintuitive patterns. In rivers with treated wastewater discharges, increasing levels of dissolved compounds were measured at rising flow conditions, whereas the opposite would be expected owing to the dilution effect. This might derive from the mobilisation from soil or suspended particulate matter or rather find its explanation in high concentrations in atmospheric deposition. These hypotheses require however being tested through targeted studies. Additional future research includes the analysis of how regional or catchment specific characteristics might alter the relative importance of different emission pathways, and the modelling of emission and river loads to assess their relative contribution to river pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manfred Clara
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Scheffknecht
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Monika Humer
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Heike Brielmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Kulcsar
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Trautvetter
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Kittlaus
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arabel Amann
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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206
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Ghisi R, Vamerali T, Manzetti S. Accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural plants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:326-341. [PMID: 30502744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are a class of compounds that include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, some of the most persistent pollutants still allowed - or only partially restricted - in several product fabrications and industrial applications worldwide. PFASs have been shown to interact with blood proteins and are suspected of causing a number of pathological responses, including cancer. Given this threat to living organisms, we carried out a broad review of possible sources of PFASs and their potential accumulation in agricultural plants, from where they can transfer to humans through the food chain. Analysis of the literature indicates a direct correlation between PFAS concentrations in soil and bioaccumulation in plants. Furthermore, plant uptake largely changes with chain length, functional group, plant species and organ. Low accumulations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been found in peeled potatoes and cereal seeds, while short-chain compounds can accumulate at high levels in leafy vegetables and fruits. Significant variations in PFAS buildup in plants according to soil amendment are also found, suggesting a particular interaction with soil organic matter. Here, we identify a series of challenges that PFASs pose to the development of a safe agriculture for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Ghisi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Manzetti
- Fjordforsk A/S, Institute for Science and Technology, Midtun 6894, Vangsnes, Norway; Uppsala Centre for Computational Sciences, Dept. of Cell & Molec. Biol., Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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207
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in surface soil, plants, and earthworms at a contaminated site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:954-961. [PMID: 30180370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to elucidate distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C7-12) in a terrestrial ecosystem that was contaminated with industrial sources of release. Surface soil (0-6 cm), plants, and earthworms were collected from a field located within a 1-mile radius of a fluoropolymer industry that had been manufacturing fluorochemicals for over five decades. The mean concentrations of ∑PFCAs were 150, 420, 61, 68, and 430 ng/g dry weight (dw) in surface soil, earthworms, grass roots, grass leaves, and tree leaves, respectively. The measured concentrations were higher than those reported for corresponding matrices in other locations worldwide, suggesting that fluorochemical manufacturing operations have contributed to the contamination of this nearby land. Soil and plant tissues consisted mainly of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8) (77.3-97.1% of the total PFCAs), whereas longer-chain PFCAs, such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA; C11: 17.6%) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA; C12: 31.9%), accounted for relatively higher proportions in earthworms. Spatial distribution of PFCAs at this site suggested that both atmospheric deposition and groundwater recharge have contributed to the sources of contamination. Both earthworm- and grass-accumulated PFCAs from soil with biota-soil accumulation factors and root concentration factors increased with perfluorocarbon chain length. The translocation factors of PFCAs in grass decreased as the number of carbons in the fluorocarbon moiety increased. This field study is appropriate to improve our understanding of partitioning of PFCAs among soil, plants, and earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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208
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Yang Y, Deng J, Liu Y, He K, Xiang Z, Luan T. A microscale solid-phase microextraction probe for the in situ analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances and lipids in biological tissues using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:5637-5645. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An ambient mass spectrometry method for rapid, in situ, and microscale analysis of PFASs and lipids simultaneously in biological tissues for investigation of their biological correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Life Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yaohui Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Kaili He
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Zhangmin Xiang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Life Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
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209
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Wang Q, Zhao Z, Ruan Y, Li J, Sun H, Zhang G. Occurrence and distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in natural forest soils: A nationwide study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:596-602. [PMID: 30029134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forests serve as the primary reservoir for organic carbon above ground. Previous studies have revealed that forest soils play key roles in the retention of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, the occurrence and distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were investigated in 54 surface soil samples from 28 natural forested mountain sites across China between 2012 and 2013. The detection frequency of PFOA (70%) was significantly higher than that of PFOS (4%). PFOA levels ranged from <0.9 to 9.0 pg·g-1 dry weight (dw). Levels of PFOA and PFOS in forest soils were significantly lower than those in agricultural, urban and rural areas in China. Relatively high levels of PFOA were detected in Hubei Province (Jiugong Mountain, average: 3.4 pg·g-1 dw) and Jiangxi Province (Wugong Mountain, average: 4.4 pg·g-1 dw), where many domestic fluoropolymer manufacturers are located. PFOS was only detected in these two provinces (2.2 pg·g-1 dw and 2.7 pg·g-1 dw, respectively). From most of the surveyed mountains, the concentrations of PFOA increased with elevation. The lower temperature and greater precipitation probably made PFOA and its precursors available to transport and degrade more readily at higher altitude sites. A relatively higher level (1.9 ± 1.3 pg·g-1 dw) of PFOA was found in the broadleaf evergreen forest area, mainly due to the high industrial emissions, plant retention, and precipitation rate in this area. Source were the dominant factor controlling the spatial distribution of PFOA in natural forest soils in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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210
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Kahrs C, Wickleder MS, Christoffers J. Biphenyl Sulfonic and Disulfonic Acids with Perfluorinated Alkyl Residues. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kahrs
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | | | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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211
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Xiang L, Xiao T, Yu PF, Zhao HM, Mo CH, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Zhou DM, Wong MH. Mechanism and Implication of the Sorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Varying Soil Size Fractions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11569-11579. [PMID: 30240199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a toxic and persistent organic pollutant, by various size fractions of an agricultural soil at environmentally relevant concentrations was evaluated. PFOA sorption to all fractions involved both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion with the rate-limiting step by the latter. PFOA isotherm data fitted a linear model. Organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity, pore volume, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller area played key roles in PFOA sorption. The sorption capacity followed the order of humic acid > clay (0.15-4.4 mm) > fine silt (1.9-39.8 mm) > coarse silt (17.3-79.4 mm) > fine sand (45.7-316.2 mm) > coarse sand (120-724.4 mm), opposite to their contributions to overall PFOA sorption due to the influence of their percentage weight in the original soil. Percentage OM content was the dominant factor controlling the fraction contributions to overall PFOA sorption, demonstrating influence of the hydrophobic force on sorption. PFOA should be highly mobile and bioavailable in soil-crop systems due to the low log Koc values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong , China
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212
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Cao F, Wang L, Ren X, Wu F, Sun H, Lu S. The application of molecularly imprinted polymers in passive sampling for selective sampling perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in water environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33309-33321. [PMID: 30259320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Modeling and predicting of a novel polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) for sampling of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as receiving phase are presented in this study. Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to investigate the uptake kinetics, effects of flow velocity, pH, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), and also the selectivity of the POCIS. In this study, uptake study of PFOA and PFOS sampling on MIP-POCIS, over 14 days, was investigated. Laboratory calibrations of MIP-POCIS yielded sampling rate (Rs) values for PFOA and PFOS were 0.387 and 0.229 L/d, higher than POCIS using commercial sorbent WAX as receiving phase (0.133 and 0.141 L/d for PFOA and PFOS, respectively) in quiescent condition. The Rs values for PFOA and PFOS sampling on MIP-POCIS were increased to 0.591 and 0.281 L/d in stirred condition (0.01 m/s), and no significant increase occurred when the flow velocity was further increased. The Rs values were kept relatively high in the solution of which the pH was lower than the isoelectric point (IEP) of MIP-sorbent and decreased when the solution pH was extend the IEP value. Under the experimental conditions, DOM seemed to slightly facilitate the Rs values of PFOA and PFOS in MIP-POCIS. The results showed that the interaction between the target compounds and the receiving phase was fully integrated by the imprinting effects and also the electrostatic interaction. Finally, comparing the sampling rate of WAX-POCIS and the MIP-POCIS, the MIP-POCIS offers promising perspectives for selective sampling ability for PFOA and PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Bejing, 100012, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinhao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Bejing, 100012, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- , Tianjin, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Bejing, 100012, China.
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213
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Guan DX, Li YQ, Yu NY, Yu GH, Wei S, Zhang H, Davison W, Cui XY, Ma LQ, Luo J. In situ measurement of perfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic systems using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:162-171. [PMID: 30025267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the environmental impact of ubiquitous perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in waters, reliable and robust measurement techniques are needed. As one of the most widely used passive sampling approaches, diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is not only easy to handle but also provides time-weighted analyte concentrations. Based on DGT with XAD18 as a binding agent, we developed a new methodology to measure two frequently detected PFASs in surface waters and wastewaters, i.e. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Their diffusion coefficients in the diffusive gel, measured using an independent diffusion cell, were 4.37 × 10-6 and 5.08 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 at 25 °C, respectively. DGT had a high capacity for PFOA and PFOS at 196 and 246 μg per gel disk, suggesting the DGT sampler was suitable for deployment of several weeks. Time-integrated concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in a natural lake and river, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent using DGT samplers deployed in situ for 12-33 d were comparable to those measured by a solid-phase extraction method coupled with high-frequency grab sampling. This study demonstrates that DGT is an effective tool for in situ monitoring of PFASs in natural waters and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Ya-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Nan-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Guang-Hui Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China.
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214
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Luo Q, Liang S, Huang Q. Laccase induced degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in a soil slurry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:241-247. [PMID: 30036754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can induce undesirable effects to humans and animals and has thus attracted much attention from the public and scientific communities in recent years. Extensive studies have been devoted to exploring PFOA degradation in aqueous phase, while information for that in soil is rather limited. Understanding the transformation of PFOA in soil is important in developing strategies to assess and manage its environmental fate. In this study, we have demonstrated that PFOA can be effectively degraded by enzyme catalyzed oxidative humification reactions (ECOHRs) with a natural organic material, soybean meal, as the mediator. In the presence of soybean meal and laccase, PFOA was degraded 24% in water after 36 days, 40% in soil slurry after 140 days. The water extract of soybean meal contained high concentrations of natural organic mediators and multivalent metal ions, both of which were essential to PFOA degradation by ECOHRs. The ECOHR degradation products of PFOA in soil were identified to be partially fluorinated organic compounds, and the molecular features of the products suggest that the degradation mechanism involves free radical chain reaction processes, which was initiated by direct free radical attacks on the CC bonds in perfluoroalkyl acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Shangtao Liang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
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215
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Wang Y, Yu N, Zhu X, Guo H, Jiang J, Wang X, Shi W, Wu J, Yu H, Wei S. Suspect and Nontarget Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Wastewater from a Fluorochemical Manufacturing Park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11007-11016. [PMID: 30211545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have always been a key issue in the global environmental field, there are still a lot of undiscovered PFASs in the environment due to new PFAS alternatives developed by manufacturers. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as one of the sources for PFASs, are an important part of the process of releasing new PFASs into the environment. In this study, suspect screening and PFAS homologue analysis with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were used to discover PFASs in wastewater from a WWTP near Yangtze River. Fifteen classes with 90 PFASs were identified, including 12 legacy PFASs (2 classes), 41 previously reported PFASs (7 classes), and 37 new PFASs (6 classes), and 18 of these PFASs were also detected in the nearby Yangtze River. Only 1 PFAS class was removed through the treatment processes (fold change < 1/6). Conversely, 4 PFAS classes increased through the treatment processes (fold change > 6), which could be the transformation products of PFAS precursors. These results implied that most discovered PFASs were not effectively removed in the WWTP. Chlorine-substituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (Cl-PFCAs) as the main component of wastewater were detected only in downstream, meaning that Cl-PFCAs in downstream possibly originated from the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Huiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Jichun Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , P. R. China
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216
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Gredelj A, Barausse A, Grechi L, Palmeri L. Deriving predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for emerging contaminants in the river Po, Italy, using three approaches: Assessment factor, species sensitivity distribution and AQUATOX ecosystem modelling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:66-78. [PMID: 29935425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) found in environmental matrices worldwide have raised concerns due to their toxicity, ubiquity and persistence. A widespread pollution of groundwater and surface waters caused by PFASs in Northern Italy has been recently discovered, becoming a major environmental issue, also because the exact risk for humans and nature posed by this contamination is unclear. Here, the Po River in Northern Italy was selected as a study area to assess the ecological risk posed by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a class of PFASs, considering the noticeable concentration of various PFAAs detected in the Po waters over the past years. Moreover, the Po has a large environmental and socio-economic importance: it is the largest Italian river and drains a densely inhabited, intensely cultivated and heavily industrialized watershed. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived using two regulated methodologies, assessment factors (AFs) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD), which rely on published ecotoxicological laboratory tests. Results were compared to those of a novel methodology using the mechanistic ecosystem model AQUATOX to compute PNECs in an ecologically-sound manner, i.e. considering physical, chemical, biological and ecological processes in the river. The model was used to quantify how the biomasses of the modelled taxa in the river food web deviated from natural conditions due to varying inputs of the chemicals. PNEC for each chemical was defined as the lowest chemical concentration causing a non-negligible yearly biomass loss for a simulated taxon with respect to a control simulation. The investigated PFAAs were Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as long-chained compounds, and Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) as short-chained homologues. Two emerging contaminants, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and triclosan, were also studied to assess the performance of the three methodologies for chemicals whose ecotoxicology and environmental fate are well-studied. The most precautionary approach was the use of AFs generally followed by SSD and then AQUATOX, except for PFOS, for which AQUATOX yielded a much lower PNEC compared to the other approaches since, unlike the other two methodologies, it explicitly simulates sublethal toxicity and indirect ecological effects. Our findings highlight that neglecting the role of ecological processes when extrapolating from laboratory tests to ecosystems can result in under-protective threshold concentrations for chemicals. Ecosystem models can complement existing laboratory-based methodologies, and the use of multiple methods for deriving PNECs can help to clarify uncertainty in ecological risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Environmental Systems Analysis Lab (LASA) Research Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Barausse
- Environmental Systems Analysis Lab (LASA) Research Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Laura Grechi
- Environmental Systems Analysis Lab (LASA) Research Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Palmeri
- Environmental Systems Analysis Lab (LASA) Research Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
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217
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Fitzgerald NJM, Wargenau A, Sorenson C, Pedersen J, Tufenkji N, Novak PJ, Simcik MF. Partitioning and Accumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Model Lipid Bilayers and Bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10433-10440. [PMID: 30148610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants, yet knowledge of their biological effects and mechanisms of action is limited. The highest aqueous PFAS concentrations are found in areas where bacteria are relied upon for functions such as nutrient cycling and contaminant degradation, including fire-training areas, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill leachates. This research sought to elucidate one of the mechanisms of action of PFAS by studying their uptake by bacteria and partitioning into model phospholipid bilayer membranes. PFAS partitioned into bacteria as well as model membranes (phospholipid liposomes and bilayers). The extent of incorporation into model membranes and bacteria was positively correlated to the number of fluorinated carbons. Furthermore, incorporation was greater for perfluorinated sulfonates than for perfluorinated carboxylates. Changes in zeta potential were observed in liposomes but not bacteria, consistent with PFAS being incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer membrane. Complementary to these results, PFAS were also found to alter the gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature of phospholipid bilayers, demonstrating that PFAS affected lateral phospholipid interactions. This investigation compliments other studies showing that sulfonated PFAS and PFAS with more than seven fluorinated carbons have a higher potential to accumulate within biota than carboxylated and shorter-chain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J M Fitzgerald
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering , University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Andreas Wargenau
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering , University of Minnesota , 1390 Eckles Avenue , Saint Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Joel Pedersen
- Departments of Soil Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1525 Observatory Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Paige J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering , University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Matt F Simcik
- School of Public Health , University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street S.E. , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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218
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Steele M, Griffith C, Duran C. Monthly Variations in Perfluorinated Compound Concentrations in Groundwater. TOXICS 2018; 6:E56. [PMID: 30223455 PMCID: PMC6161085 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale manufacturing of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the second half of the 20th century has led to their ubiquity in the environment, and their unique structure has made them persistent contaminants. A recent drinking water advisory level issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency lowered the advisory level concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from 200 nanograms per liter and 400 nanograms per liter, respectively, to 70 nanograms per liter separately or combined. Small temporal variations in PFOS and PFOA concentrations could be the difference between meeting or exceeding the recommended limit. In this study, newly sampled data from a contaminated military site in Alaska and historical data from former Pease Air Force Base were collected. Data were evaluated to determine if monthly variations within PFOS and PFOA existed. No statistically significant temporal trend was observed in the Alaska data, while the results from Pease, although statistically significant, showed the spread of observed contaminant concentrations around the fitted line is broad (as indicated by the low R² values), indicating that collection date has little value in predicting contaminant concentrations. Though not currently the subject of a US EPA health advisory, data on perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were collected for each site and their average concentrations evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Steele
- UES, Force Health Branch, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 711 Human Performance Wing, Dayton, OH 45431, USA.
| | - Converse Griffith
- UES, Force Health Branch, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 711 Human Performance Wing, Dayton, OH 45431, USA.
| | - Christin Duran
- Force Health Branch, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 711 Human Performance Wing, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
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219
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Hu YB, Lo SL, Li YF, Lee YC, Chen MJ, Lin JC. Autocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in a permanganate-ultrasonic system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:148-157. [PMID: 29704759 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An autocatalytic system, permanganate-ultrasonic (PM-US) system, was applied to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aqueous solutions. After a 120-min ultrasonication, a PM dosage of 6 mM increased the pseudo first-order rate constant (k1) for PFOA decomposition from 3.5 × 10-3 to 13.0 × 10-3 min-1 and increased the pseudo zeroth-order rate constant (k2) for PFOA defluorination from 1.5 × 10-3 to 7.9 × 10-3 mM·min-1, respectively. The PFOA degradation rates increased proportionally with the enhanced production rates of MnO2 particles. An initial pH 4 condition was optimal for the PFOA degradation compared to highly acidic and neutral conditions. PFOA degradation could be significantly facilitated by increasing power density of ultrasonication from 60 to 180 W·L-1. While increasing solution temperature to 50 °C only slightly promoted the PFOA decomposition and defluorination to 1.15 and 1.07 times of that at 30 °C, respectively. The solution saturated with argon was more favorable for the PFOA degradation in the PM-US system than that saturated with air and oxygen. Co-dissolved Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions inhibited the PFOA degradation by forming metal-PFOA complexes. Based on the experimental results and intermediates analysis, mechanisms and pathways of PFOA decomposition and defluorination in the PM-US system were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Hu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Feng Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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220
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Campos Pereira H, Ullberg M, Kleja DB, Gustafsson JP, Ahrens L. Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to an organic soil horizon - Effect of cation composition and pH. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:183-191. [PMID: 29793030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils is essential for environmental risk assessment. We investigated the effect of solution pH and calculated soil organic matter (SOM) net charge on the sorption of 14 PFASs onto an organic soil as a function of pH and added concentrations of Al3+, Ca2+ and Na+. Often, the organic C-normalized partitioning coefficients (KOC) showed a negative relationship to both pH (Δlog KOC/ΔpH = -0.32 ± 0.11 log units) and the SOM bulk net negative charge (Δlog KOC = -1.41 ± 0.40 per log unit molc g-1). Moreover, perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) sorbed more strongly than perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and the PFAS sorption increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length with 0.60 and 0.83 log KOC units per CF2 moiety for C3-C10 PFCAs and C4, C6, and C8 PFSAs, respectively. The effects of cation treatment and SOM bulk net charge were evident for many PFASs with low to moderate sorption (C5-C8 PFCAs and C6 PFSA). However for the most strongly sorbing and most long-chained PFASs (C9-C11 and C13 PFCAs, C8 PFSA and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)), smaller effects of cations were seen, and instead sorption was more strongly related to the pH value. This suggests that the most long-chained PFASs, similar to other hydrophobic organic compounds, are preferentially sorbed to the highly condensed domains of the humin fraction, while shorter-chained PFASs are bound to a larger extent to humic and fulvic acid, where cation effects are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Campos Pereira
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Malin Ullberg
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Kornhamnstorg 61, SE-11127 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Petter Gustafsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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221
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Chen F, Wei C, Chen Q, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhou Z, Chen M, Liang Y. Internal concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) comparable to those of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induce reproductive toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 158:223-229. [PMID: 29705512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) is considered a less-toxic replacement for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with multiple applications in industrial and consumer products. Previous studies comparing their toxicity generally used similar exposure levels, without taking internal concentrations into account. The current study compared the reproductive toxicity of PFOS and PFBS, at similar internal concentrations, to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). PFBS was much less bioaccumulative than PFOS. The 48-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) for PFOS and PFBS were 1.4 μM (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.6) and 794 μM (95% CI: 624-1009), respectively. Egg production and brood number of C. elegans decreased markedly following exposure to 0.1 μM PFOS or 1000 or 1500 μM PFBS. Germ-cell apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species increased significantly following exposure to 2 μM PFOS or 500 or 1000 μM PFBS. Expression of the antioxidant genes sod-3, ctl-2, and gst-4 and the pro-apoptotic genes egl-1 and ced-13 was altered significantly following PFOS and PFBS exposure. These findings indicate that both chemicals exert reproductive toxicity in C. elegans, probably owing to germ-cell apoptosis resulting from elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. The vastly different exposure concentrations of PFBS and PFOS used in this study produced similar internal concentrations, leading to the reproductive toxicities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Minjie Chen
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China; School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
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222
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Alpers T, Muesmann TWT, Temme O, Christoffers J. Perfluorinated 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-Triazolium Ionic Liquids. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Alpers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | | | - Oliver Temme
- Ferdinand Eimermacher GmbH & Co. KG; Westring 24 48356 Nordwalde Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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223
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Gaspéri J, Ayrault S, Moreau-Guigon E, Alliot F, Labadie P, Budzinski H, Blanchard M, Muresan B, Caupos E, Cladière M, Gateuille D, Tassin B, Bordier L, Teil MJ, Bourges C, Desportes A, Chevreuil M, Moilleron R. Contamination of soils by metals and organic micropollutants: case study of the Parisian conurbation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23559-23573. [PMID: 27832438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soils are playing a central role in the transfer and accumulation of anthropogenic pollutants in urbanized regions. Hence, this study aimed at examining the contamination levels of selected soils collected within and around the Paris conurbation (France). This also evaluated factors controlling contamination. Twenty-three trace and major elements as well as 82 organic micropollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalates (PAEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alkylphenols (APs), and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were analyzed. Results reinforced the concern raised by the occurrence and levels of metals such as Zn, Pb, Cu, and Hg, identified as metallic markers of anthropogenic activities, but also pointed out the ubiquitous contamination of soils by organic micropollutants in the 0.2-55,000-μg/kg dw range. For well-documented compounds like PAHs, PCBs, and to a lesser extent PBDEs, contents were in the range of background levels worldwide. The pollutant stock in tested soil was compared to the annual atmospheric input. For PAHs; Pb; and to a lesser extent Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Sb, PAEs, and APs, a significant stock was observed, far more important than the recent annual atmospheric fluxes. This resulted from both (i) the persistence of a fraction of pollutants in surface soils and (ii) the cumulative atmospheric inputs over several decades. Regarding PBDEs and PFASs, stronger atmospheric input contributions were observed, thereby highlighting their recent dispersal into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Gaspéri
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France.
| | - Sophie Ayrault
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Moreau-Guigon
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- UMR 5805 EPOC, Equipe LPTC, Université de Bordeaux, 351 crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- UMR 5805 EPOC, Equipe LPTC, Université de Bordeaux, 351 crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Martine Blanchard
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bogdan Muresan
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Emilie Caupos
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Cladière
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - David Gateuille
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Tassin
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Louise Bordier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Teil
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Bourges
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Annie Desportes
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc Chevreuil
- UMR METIS 7619, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- LEESU, Université Paris-Est, UMR-MA102, 61 av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
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224
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Masiol M, Giannì B, Prete M. Herbicides in river water across the northeastern Italy: occurrence and spatial patterns of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate ammonium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24368-24378. [PMID: 29948720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium are the active ingredients of commonly used herbicides. Active agricultural lands extend over a large part of the Veneto region (Eastern Po Valley, Italy) and glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium are widely used. Consequently, surface waters can be potentially contaminated. This study investigates the occurrence of glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium as well as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA, the degradation product of glyphosate) in river water of Veneto. Eighty-six samples were collected in 2015 at multiple sampling points across the region. Samples were analyzed for the two target herbicides, AMPA as well as for other variables, including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, hardness, BOD, COD, inorganic ions, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, arsenic, and lead. The average concentrations (all samples) were 0.17, 0.18, and 0.10 μg L-1 for glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate ammonium, respectively. The European upper tolerable level for pesticides (annual average 0.1 μg L-1) was often exceeded. Chemometric analysis was therefore applied to (i) investigate the relationships among water pollutants, (ii) detect the potential sources of water contamination, (iii) assess the effective water pollution of rivers by identifying river basins with anomalous pollution levels, and (iv) assess the spatial variability of detected sources. Factor analysis identified four factors interpreted as potential sources and processes (use of herbicides, leaching of fertilizers, urban/industrial discharges, and the biological activity on polluted or stagnant waters). A discriminant analysis revealed that the pollution from anthropogenic discharges is homogeneously present in surface water of Veneto, while biological activity and fertilizers present heterogeneous distributions. This study gives insights into the concentrations of herbicides in rivers flowing through a wide region that has heavy use of these chemicals in agriculture. The study also points out some hot-spots and suggests the future implementation of the current monitoring protocols and network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, CU 420644, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Biagio Giannì
- Dipartimento Regionale Laboratori, Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto (ARPAV), 31100, Treviso, Italy
| | - Marco Prete
- Dipartimento Regionale Laboratori, Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto (ARPAV), 31100, Treviso, Italy
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225
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Li Y, Oliver DP, Kookana RS. A critical analysis of published data to discern the role of soil and sediment properties in determining sorption of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:110-120. [PMID: 29428853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Widespread usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has caused major environmental contamination globally. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of PFASs affect the sorption behaviour and suggest organic carbon may not be the only factor affecting sorption. We reviewed the quality of all data published in peer-reviewed literature on sorption of PFASs to critically evaluate the role organic carbon (OC) and other properties have in sorption of PFASs in soils or sediments. The largest data sets available were for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, n = 147) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, n = 178), and these analyses showed very weak correlations between sorption coefficient (Kd) and OC alone (R2 = 0.05-0.07). When only laboratory-derived Kd values of PFASs and OC were analysed, the R2 values increased for PFOA (R2 = 0.24, n = 42), PFOS (R2 = 0.38, n = 69), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, R2 = 0.77 n = 12), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, R2 = 0.78, n = 13). However, the relationships were heavily skewed by one or two high OC values. Similarly there was no significant relationship between Kd values and pH for PFOS (R2 = 0.06) and PFOA (R2 = 0.07), across a range of environmental pH values. Our analyses showed sorption behaviour of a range of PFASs could not be explained by a single soil or sediment property. Multiple regression models better explained the sorption behaviour of a number of PFASs. Regressions of OC and pH together explained a significant proportion of the variation in Kd values for 9 out of 14 PFASs and 8 of these regressions had ≥10 data points. This review highlighted that at least OC, pH and clay content are properties having significant effect on sorption. There is a clear need for more data and studies with thorough characterisation of soils or sediments to better understand their role in PFASs sorption. Current assessments based on OC alone are likely to be erroneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasong Li
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Danielle P Oliver
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia; University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
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226
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Choi GH, Lee DY, Bae JY, Rho JH, Moon BC, Kim JH. Bioconcentration factor of perfluorochemicals for each aerial part of rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2018.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Choi
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Rho
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Moon
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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227
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Kong X, Liu W, He W, Xu F, Koelmans AA, Mooij WM. Multimedia fate modeling of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) in the shallow lake Chaohu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:339-347. [PMID: 29501014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater shallow lake ecosystems provide valuable ecological services to human beings. However, these systems are subject to severe contamination from anthropogenic sources. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), are among the contaminants that have received substantial attention, primarily due to abundant applications, environment persistence, and potential threats to ecological and human health. Understanding the environmental behavior of these contaminants in shallow freshwater lake environments using a modeling approach is therefore critical. Here, we characterize the fate, transport and transformation of both PFOA and PFOS in the fifth largest freshwater lake in China (Chaohu) during a two-year period (2013-2015) using a fugacity-based multimedia fate model. A reasonable agreement between the measured and modeled concentrations in various compartments confirms the model's reliability. The model successfully quantifies the environmental processes and identifies the major sources and input pathways of PFOA and PFOS to the Chaohu water body. Sensitivity analysis reveals the critical role of nonlinear Freundlich sorption, which contributes to a variable fraction of the model true uncertainty in different compartments (8.1%-93.6%). Through additional model scenario analyses, we further elucidate the importance of nonlinear Freundlich sorption that is essential for the reliable model performance. We also reveal the distinct composition of emission sources for the two contaminants, as the major sources are indirect soil volatilization and direct release from human activities for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. The present study is expected to provide implications for local management of PFASs pollution in Lake Chaohu and to contribute to developing a general model framework for the evaluation of PFASs in shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Aquatic Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Institute of Water Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wolf M Mooij
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Aquatic Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University & Research, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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228
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Degradation of Low Concentrated Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) from Water Samples Using Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma (NTAP). ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11051290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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229
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Wei C, Wang Q, Song X, Chen X, Fan R, Ding D, Liu Y. Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of PFASs and two PFOS alternatives in groundwater from non-industrial areas. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:141-150. [PMID: 29402442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been carried out for the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater from non-industrial areas, even though it has been proved that PFASs can transport for long distance. In this study, the concentration profiles and geographical distribution of 14 PFASs, including two alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) and potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B), were analyzed in groundwater samples (n = 102) collected from water wells in non-industrial areas. The total concentrations of PFASs (Σ14PFASs) in groundwater samples ranged from 2.69 to 556 ng/L (mean 43.1 ng/L). The detection rates of shorter chain (C4-C9) PFASs were 62.75-100%, higher than those of long chain (> C10) PFASs with detection rates of less than 40%. The source identification using hierarchical cluster analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis suggested that domestic sewage and atmospheric deposition may contribute significantly to the PFAS occurrence in groundwater in non-industrial areas, while the nearby industrial parks may contribute some, but not at a significant level. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment analysis shows that the health hazards associated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS, two of the main PFAS constituents in groundwater from non-industrial areas, were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in a previous study, but were unlikely to cause long-term harm to the residents via the drinking water exposure pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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230
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Chi Q, Li Z, Huang J, Ma J, Wang X. Interactions of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid with serum albumins by native mass spectrometry, fluorescence and molecular docking. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:442-449. [PMID: 29425944 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding information of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) with bovine and human serum albumins was investigated and characterized in details by using a combination method of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking (MD). The ESI-MS analysis revealed that maximally eight PFOA or PFOS molecules could bind to serum albumins at high mole ratios of PFOA/PFOS. Association constants were measured by ESI-MS and suggested that PFOS had a better binding affinity than PFOA. PFOA and PFOS were likely to bind with serum albumins in more than one pocket. The CD data demonstrated that binding of PFOA and PFOS could change the conformation of serum albumins with decreasing α-helix content, which may affect the protein physiological function. The phenomenon of protein fluorescence quenching by the binding of PFOA and PFOS indicated that the hydrophobic pocket proximate to Trp 214 in human serum albumin might be one of the dominated binding sites. This assumption was further confirmed by MD simulation. Consistent to ESI-MS observation, MD results also displayed a stronger binding affinity of PFOS than PFOA according to the calculated binding free energy, which is probably ascribed to one more hydrogen bond formed in the PFOS-bound protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jieyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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231
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Codling G, Hosseini S, Corcoran MB, Bonina S, Lin T, Li A, Sturchio NC, Rockne KJ, Ji K, Peng H, Giesy JP. Current and historical concentrations of poly and perfluorinated compounds in sediments of the northern Great Lakes - Superior, Huron, and Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:373-381. [PMID: 29414360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Current and historical concentrations of 22 poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFASs) in sediment collected from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan in 2011 and Lake Huron in 2012 are reported. The sampling was performed in two ways, Ponar grabs of surface sediments for current spatial distribution across the lake and dated cores for multi-decadal temporal trends. Mean concentrations of the sum of PFASs (∑PFASs) were 1.5, 4.6 and 3.1 ng g-1 dry mas (dm) in surface sediments for Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron, respectively. Of the five Laurentian Lakes, the watersheds of Superior and Huron are the less densely populated by humans, and concentrations observed were typically less and from more diffuse sources, due to lesser urbanization and industrialization. However, some regions of greater concentrations were observed and might indicate more local, point sources. In core samples concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 46.6 ng g-1 dm among the three lakes with concentrations typically increasing with time. Distributions of PFASs within dated cores largely corresponded with increase in use of PFASs, but with physiochemical characteristics also affecting distribution. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) with chain lengths >7 that include perfluoro-n-octane sulfonate (PFOS) bind more strongly to sediment, which resulted in more accurate analyses of temporal trends. Shorter-chain PFASs, such as perfluoro-n-butanoic acid which is the primary replacement for C8 PFASs that have been phased out, are more soluble and were identified in some core layers at depths corresponding to pre-production periods. Thus, analyses of temporal trends of these more soluble compounds in cores of sediments were less accurate. Total elemental fluorine (TF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) indicated that identified PFASs were not a significant fraction of fluorine containing compounds in sediment (<0.01% in EOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Research Centre for Contaminants in the Environment, Pavilion 29 Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Soheil Hosseini
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7023, USA
| | - Margaret B Corcoran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MC 186), University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Solidea Bonina
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7023, USA
| | - Tian Lin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2121 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - An Li
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2121 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MC 186), University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7023, USA
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Dept. Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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232
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Jin H, Shan G, Zhu L, Sun H, Luo Y. Perfluoroalkyl Acids Including Isomers in Tree Barks from a Chinese Fluorochemical Manufacturing Park: Implication for Airborne Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2016-2024. [PMID: 29376335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of airborne perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) is challenging, but important for understanding their atmospheric transport. Tree bark is good media for monitoring semivolatile compounds in the atmosphere. Whether it could work as an indicator of airborne PFAAs was first examined in this study. Bark and leaf samples collected around a Chinese fluorochemical manufacturing park (FMP) were analyzed for PFAAs and their branched isomers. Total PFAA concentrations (∑PFAAs) in the bark (mean, 279 ng/g dw) and leaf (250 ng/g dw) samples were comparable. ∑PFAAs in the barks collected within the boundaries of the FMP were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those outside the FMP, and displayed a decreasing spatial trend as the distance from the FMP increased. However, such spatial difference and trend were not observed for the leaves. PFAA compositional profiles in most of the tree barks were consistent with each other, but different from those in tree leaves. These results indicated that tree barks mainly accumulated airborne PFAAs, while uptake from soil and translocation could make partial contribution to those in leaves. Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in barks had strictly consistent isomeric compositions with their electrochemical fluorination products. Overall, these results indicated that the bark could be a good indicator of airborne PFAAs with respect to their occurrence, isomeric signature, and atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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233
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Brumovský M, Bečanová J, Karásková P, Nizzetto L. Retention performance of three widely used SPE sorbents for the extraction of perfluoroalkyl substances from seawater. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:259-269. [PMID: 29145087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected ubiquitously in the environment. Owing to the polar character conferred by the presence of the carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups and their resistance to degradation, aquatic environments became their major reservoirs, including marine waters. The procedure of PFAS analysis in aqueous matrices consists usually of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, passive sampling approach using various SPE sorbents may be applied. This study deals with the assessment of retention characteristics of a selected group of PFASs in marine water on three sorbent media widely used in SPE or passive sampling techniques. The influence of type of sorbent, matrix pH, salinity and eluent on the PFAS recovery from aquatic samples was investigated. The best overall extraction conditions were found to be at pH 8 and 50%/100% matrix seawater content using Oasis® HLB/Strata™-X as SPE sorbents and methanol as eluent. The matrix properties found to be the most appropriate for extraction of investigated PFASs from aqueous samples (i.e., pH and salinity levels) match well the natural properties of marine and brackish waters. Acid-base behavior was found to be the main driver influencing the recovery of PFASs. These research findings can be used to optimize PFAS extraction conditions from aquatic samples and also to develop efficient extraction procedures for multiresidual analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Karásková
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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234
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Lutze HV, Brekenfeld J, Naumov S, von Sonntag C, Schmidt TC. Degradation of perfluorinated compounds by sulfate radicals - New mechanistic aspects and economical considerations. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 129:509-519. [PMID: 29247911 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated organic compounds (PFC) are an important group of pollutants, which are difficult to be degraded in conventional water treatment. Even hydroxyl radical based processes are not capable to degrade these compounds. Sulfate radicals can oxidize a group of PFC, i.e., perfluorinated carboxylic (PFCAs) acids. However, information in literature on kinetics and reaction mechanism is largely based on model simulations which are prone to errors. The present study provides mechanistic insights based on product formation, material balances, competition kinetics experiments and quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, energy requirements for sulfate radical based degradation of PFCA is evaluated in the present study. PFCAs can be partly mineralized in chain reactions initiated by sulfate radicals (SO4─). The perfluorinated acetic acid (TFA), propionic acid, and butanoic acid are largely degraded in a primary reaction with sulfate radicals. In case of PFCA with a chain length of > 4 carbons low yields of PFCA products were observed. Regarding reaction kinetics sulfate radicals react very slow with PFCAs (≈ 104 M-1 s-1). Thus, the energy demand required for generation of SO4─ by photolysis of S2O82─ (UV/S2O82-) is very high. A 90% degradation of a PFCA by UV/S2O82- was estimated to be 55 kW h m-3 in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger V Lutze
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julia Brekenfeld
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e. V., Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clemens von Sonntag
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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235
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A survey of analytical methods employed for monitoring of Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes for decomposition of selected perfluorinated environmental pollutants. Talanta 2018; 177:122-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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236
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Honda M, Muta A, Shimazaki A, Akasaka T, Yoshikuni M, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. High concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate in mucus of tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes: a laboratory exposure study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1551-1558. [PMID: 29098580 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was investigated in tissues (plasma, blood clot, mucus, skin, liver, muscle, and gonad) of tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes. A single dose of PFOS was intraperitoneally injected at 0.1 mg/kg body weight with samples taken over a 14-day period. The highest concentration of PFOS was found in the plasma, 861 ng/mL at 14 days, followed by the mucus, liver, blood clot, gonads, muscles, and skin of fish. A gradual upward trend in PFOS concentration was observed in the mucus and liver whereas there was no change in the plasma, blood clot, gonad, muscle, and skin after the initial increase in PFOS concentrations following injection. No significant trend for estimated total PFOS content in whole body was observed during the experimental period. Relatively high concentrations of PFOS (690 ng/g ww after 14 days) were detected in body surface mucus that continuously oozes from the skin. These results may suggest that mucus is one of the elimination pathways of PFOS in tiger puffer fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Honda
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akemi Muta
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akinari Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Taiki Akasaka
- Center for Advanced Instrumental and Educational Supports, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Yoshikuni
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Tsuyazaki 4-46-24, Fukutsu, Fukuoka, 811-3304, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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237
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Chu S, Letcher RJ. Side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants in aquatic sediment and biosolid-augmented agricultural soil from the Great Lakes basin of North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:262-270. [PMID: 28692896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants are the main components of fabric protector sprays and used extensively on furniture and textiles. The composition of these commercial protector products has changed, but there is currently a total dearth of information on these novel fluorinated polymers in the environment. Using a developed analytical approach, two complementary studies examined the distribution of Scotchgard™ fabric protector components in aquatic sediment and in agricultural soils where wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sourced biosolid application occurred, and in samples from sites in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin of North America. The main components in the pre- and post-2002 Scotchgard™ fabric protectors were identified by MS/MS and Q-TOF-MS to contain a perfluorooctane sulfonamide (S1) and perfluorobutane sulfonamide (S2) based side-chain, respectively, and bonded to a polymer backbone. In fifteen sediment samples collected in 2012-2013 from western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), S1 was in all sediment samples (0.18 to 461.59ng/g dry weight (d.w.)); S2 was in 80% of the sediment samples (<0.03 to 24.08ng/g d.w.). Thirteen soil samples were collected (2015) from a biosolid applied and two non-biosolid applied farm field sites in southern Ontario (Canada). S1 was detected in 100% of the soil samples from biosolid-augmented agricultural sites (mean 236.36ng/g d.w.; range 41.87 to 622.46ng/g d.w.), and at concentrations much greater than in the aquatic sediment samples. The concentration of S1 and S2 in soil and sediment samples were also much greater than the total concentration of other per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that were measured. The ratio of S1 concentration versus ∑22PFAS concentration was up to 1616 in sediment samples from Lake Erie. This results helps to explain why known PFASs account for low percentages of the total extractable organic fluorine (EOF) content in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
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238
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Pignotti E, Casas G, Llorca M, Tellbüscher A, Almeida D, Dinelli E, Farré M, Barceló D. Seasonal variations in the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and fish samples from Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:933-943. [PMID: 28724225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the concentration levels and the seasonal variations of 13 poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in different compartments (water, sediments and fish) of the Ebro Delta (NE Spain) and surrounding coastal areas. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most frequently detected compound in waters and sediments. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were the compounds found at the highest concentrations in water samples. On the other hand, sediments were more enriched in perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) (range<1.02-22.6ng/g dw). Waters and sediments showed a different seasonal trend. While waters were characterised by a substantial constant level of PFASs over the year, sediments showed a progressive decrease from autumn to summer, revealing the great influence that environmental conditions exert on PFAS distribution in sediments. As regards fish samples, in spite of the ban of its production, PFOS was the most frequently detected compound in seawater fishes, in agreement with its high persistency, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Moreover, PFASs showed to be more distributed in the skin rather than in muscle tissues. In addition, river fishes were characterised by very high PFAS levels (∑PFAS range from 63.8ng/g ww to 938ng/g ww), with perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids being more concentrated than sulfonates. The PFASs concentrations in water, sediment, and biota revealed that one of the studied sites, Isla de Buda was the most contaminated site of the Ebro Delta. These results are consistent with its location at the final part of the estuary, where many irrigation channels are collected together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pignotti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Bologna University - Branch Office Ravenna, Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casas
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anil Tellbüscher
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - David Almeida
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Enrico Dinelli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Bologna University - Branch Office Ravenna, Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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239
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Zheng B, Liu X, Guo R, Fu Q, Zhao X, Wang S, Chang S, Wang X, Geng M, Yang G. Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:97-109. [PMID: 29191320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902ng/L. PFCAs (≥11 carbons) and PFSAs (≥10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order: Yangtze river (191ng/L)≈Taihu lake (189ng/L)>Huangpu river (122ng/L)≈Qiantang river (120ng/L)>Jiaxing urban river (100ng/L). Strong significant (p<0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two diPAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of diPAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Qing Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shanjun Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mengjiao Geng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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240
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Platinum modified indium oxide nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic activity on degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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241
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Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090970. [PMID: 28846636 PMCID: PMC5615507 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite risks associated with perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in many regions, little is known about their prevalence in Xinjiang. We determined the presence of 13 PFAAs in 293 beef muscle and liver samples collected in 22 cities covering northern, southern, and eastern Xinjiang using liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, the average values for PFAAs were relatively low compared with previous studies. Liver presented higher mean levels of total PFAAs at 1.632 ng/g, which was over 60-fold higher than in muscle (0.026 ng/g). Among the PFAAs analyzed, medium-chain compounds were dominant, accounting for more than 70% of the total. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was highly prevalent in the liver with the highest mean concentration (0.617 ng/g) and detection frequency (80%). When comparing the three regions of Xinjiang, we found differences in PFAA profiles, with the northern region showing the highest levels. Furthermore, the average daily intake and hazard ratios of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid varied by region, urban/rural environment, gender, ethnicity, and age. The highest risk value of 13 PFAAs was estimated to be 0.837 × 10-3, which is far below 1, indicating that there is no health risk posed by eating beef muscle and liver in Xinjiang.
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242
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Qian J, Shen M, Wang P, Wang C, Li K, Liu J, Lu B, Tian X. Perfluorooctane sulfonate adsorption on powder activated carbon: Effect of phosphate (P) competition, pH, and temperature. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:215-222. [PMID: 28499182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Powdered activated carbon (PAC), as an adsorbent, was applied to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. Laboratory batch experiments were performed to investigate the influences of phosphate (P) competition, temperature, and pH for PFOS adsorption onto PAC. The results showed that higher temperature favored PFOS adsorption in single and binary systems. The kinetic data fitted very well to the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamically, the endothermic enthalpy of the PFOS adsorption in single and binary systems were 125.07 and 21.25 kJ mol-1, respectively. The entropy of the PFOS adsorption in single and binary systems were 0.479 and 0.092 kJ mol-1 K-1, respectively. And the Gibbs constants were negative. These results indicated that the adsorption processes were spontaneous. The adsorption isotherms of PFOS agreed well with the Langmuir model. In the single system, PFOS adsorption decreased with increased pH value. The difference in the amount of PFOS adsorption between the single and binary systems increased at higher pH. Frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) demonstrated that P competition increased the hydrophilicity of the PAC and the electrostatic repulsion between PFOS and PAC, then the PFOS adsorption amount decreased. It also demonstrated that, at higher temperature, increased PFOS adsorption was mainly due to the higher diffusion rate of PFOS molecules and greater number of active sites opened on the PAC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Bianhe Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Xin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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243
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Wang L, Gong X, Wang R, Gan Z, Lu Y, Sun H. Application of an immobilized ionic liquid for the passive sampling of perfluorinated substances in water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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244
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Cao F, Wang L, Tian Y, Wu F, Deng C, Guo Q, Sun H, Lu S. Synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers with binary functional monomers for the selective removal of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1516:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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245
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Rosenmai AK, Ahrens L, le Godec T, Lundqvist J, Oskarsson A. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity and cellular concentration of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:219-226. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7050 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Théo le Godec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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246
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Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Matsiko J, Zhang Y, Jiang G. Airborne persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in China: occurrence and its implication associated with air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:983-999. [PMID: 28745352 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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247
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:402. [PMID: 28721589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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248
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Wei C, Song X, Wang Q, Hu Z. Sorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanisms of PFOS on soils with different physicochemical properties. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:40-50. [PMID: 28384502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an emerging contaminant, is environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic to human health and ecosystems. It has been widely detected in groundwater, surface water, soil and sediment. So far, very few research has reported on the PFOS sorption behaviors onto soils, one of the primary processes that influence its fate and transport in the subsurface. In this study, the sorption and desorption of PFOS onto six soils with different physicochemical properties were investigated. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of PFOS sorption onto six soils were carried out in batch experiment. The sorption kinetics of PFOS on the six soils demonstrated that PFOS sorption reached equilibrium within 48h, and the well-fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic model to experimental data suggested that chemisorption was involved in PFOS sorption on soils. The intraparticle diffusion model results indicated that both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were the rate-limiting steps for five of the six soil samples, while the intraparticle diffusion was the only limiting step in the PFOS sorption on the sixth soil. PFOS sorption isotherms can be described by the Freundlich model well for all six soils (R2=0.979-0.999). The correlation analysis between KF of PFOS and the physicochemical properties of the soils showed that a positive correlation between KF and Al2O3, SOC and Fe2O3. The FTIR data demonstrated hydrophobic interaction, ion exchange, surface complexing and hydrogen bonding might all play a role in the PFOS sorption onto soil samples. PFOS sorption onto soil minerals, especially iron oxide minerals, needs to be further explored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhihao Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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249
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Wang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Wang Y. The occurrence, exposure and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids in food from mainland, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1990-1998. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1347282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruobing Zhang
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Arts and Science College, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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250
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Xiao X, Ulrich BA, Chen B, Higgins CP. Sorption of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Relevant to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)-Impacted Groundwater by Biochars and Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6342-6351. [PMID: 28582977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing concerns about human exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) derived from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) have garnered little attention. While these other PFASs may also be present in AFFF-impacted drinking water, their removal by conventional drinking-water treatment is poorly understood. This study compared the removal of 30 PFASs, including 13 recently discovered PFASs, from an AFFF-impacted drinking water using carbonaceous sorbents (i.e., granular activated carbon, GAC). The approach combined laboratory batch experiments and modeling: batch sorption data were used to determine partition coefficients (Kd) and calibrate a transport model based on intraparticle diffusion-limited sorption kinetics, which was used to make forward predictions of PFAS breakthrough during GAC adsorption. While strong retention was predicted for PFOS and PFOA, nearly all of the recently discovered polyfluorinated chemicals and PFOS-like PFASs detected in the AFFF-impacted drinking water were predicted to break through GAC systems before both PFOS and PFOA. These model breakthrough results were used to evaluate a simplified approach to predicting PFAS removal by GAC using compound-specific retention times on a C18 column (RTC18). Overall, this study reveals that GAC systems for the treatment of AFFF-impacted sources of water for PFOA and PFOS likely achieve poor removal, when operated only for the treatment of PFOS and PFOA, of many unmonitored PFASs of unknown toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bridget A Ulrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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