201
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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Gai Z. Great Expectations: Induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in neurodevelopmental impairments. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:459-473. [PMID: 33390815 PMCID: PMC7757149 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, urinary epithelial cells, etc., are transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming technology, a milestone in the stem-cell research field. IPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibiting the potential to differentiate into various somatic cells. Still, the former avoid problems of immune rejection and medical ethics in the study of ESCs and clinical trials. Neurodevelopmental disorders are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect cognition, exercise, social adaptability, behavior, etc. Due to various inherited or acquired causes, they seriously affect the physical and psychological health of infants and children. These include generalized stunting / mental disability (GDD/ID), Epilepsy, autism spectrum disease (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most neurodevelopmental disorders are challenging to cure. Establishing a neurodevelopmental disorder system model is essential for researching and treating neurodevelopmental disorders. At this stage, the scarcity of samples is a bigger problem for studying neurological diseases based on the donor, ethics, etc. Some iPSCs are reprogrammed from somatic cells that carry disease-causing mutations. They differentiate into nerve cells by induction, which has the original characteristics of diseases. Disease-specific iPSCs are used to study the mechanism and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. The process provided samples and the impetus for developing drugs and developing treatment plans for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, this article mainly introduced the development of iPSCs, the currently established iPSCs disease models, and artificial organoids related to neurodevelopmental impairments. This technology will promote our understanding of neurodevelopmental impairments and bring great expectations to children with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250033, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
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202
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Abstract
Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modelling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted experimental and analytical access hamper the translatability of organoid systems. In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering based on the design of matrices that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis. We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiological parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides experimental control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hofer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science (SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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203
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Broadly Active Antiviral Compounds Disturb Zika Virus Progeny Release Rescuing Virus-Induced Toxicity in Brain Organoids. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010037. [PMID: 33383826 PMCID: PMC7823652 DOI: 10.3390/v13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have gained plenty of attention during recent outbreaks of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Ebola virus. ZIKV is a vector borne Flavivirus that is spread by mosquitoes and it mainly infects neuronal progenitor cells. One hallmark of congenital ZIKV disease is a reduced brain size in fetuses, leading to severe neurological defects. The World Health Organization (WHO) is urging the development of new antiviral treatments against ZIKV, as there are no efficient countermeasures against ZIKV disease. Previously, we presented a new class of host-targeting antivirals active against a number of pathogenic RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show the transfer of the image-based phenotypic antiviral assay to ZIKV-infected brain cells, followed by mechanism-of-action studies and a proof-of-concept study in a three-dimensional (3D) organoid model. The novel antiviral compounds showed a therapeutic window against ZIKV in several cell models and rescued ZIKV-induced neurotoxicity in brain organoids. The compound’s mechanism-of-action was pinpointed to late steps in the virus life cycle, impairing the formation of new virus particles. Collectively, in this study, we expand the antiviral activity of new small molecule inhibitors to a new virus class of Flaviviruses, but also uncover compounds’ mechanism of action, which are important for the further development of antivirals.
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204
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Gasco S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. A Review on the Current Knowledge on ZIKV Infection and the Interest of Organoids and Nanotechnology on Development of Effective Therapies against Zika Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010035. [PMID: 33375140 PMCID: PMC7792973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) acquired a special relevance due to the pandemic that occurred in the Americas in 2015, when an important number of fetal microcephaly cases occurred. Since then, numerous studies have tried to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and the potential therapeutic approaches to combat the virus. Cellular and animal models have proved to be a basic resource for this research, with the more recent addition of organoids as a more realistic and physiological 3D culture for the study of ZIKV. Nanotechnology can also offer a promising therapeutic tool, as the nanoparticles developed by this field can penetrate cells and deliver a wide array of drugs in a very specific and controlled way inside the cells. These two state-of-the-art scientific tools clearly provide a very relevant resource for the study of ZIKV, and will help researchers find an effective treatment or vaccine against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Gasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain;
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular (HGUGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain;
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular (HGUGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-91-462-4684
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205
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Lingel A, Lin H, Gavriel Y, Weaver E, Polepole P, Lopez V, Lei Y, Petro TM, Solomon B, Zhang C, Zhang L. Amyloid precursor protein is a restriction factor that protects against Zika virus infection in mammalian brains. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17114-17127. [PMID: 33028637 PMCID: PMC7863900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that causes several diseases including birth defects such as microcephaly. Intrinsic immunity is known to be a frontline defense against viruses through host anti-viral restriction factors. Limited knowledge is available on intrinsic immunity against ZIKV in brains. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is predominantly expressed in brains and implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have found that ZIKV interacts with APP, and viral infection increases APP expression via enhancing protein stability. Moreover, we identified the viral peptide, HGSQHSGMIVNDTGHETDENRAKVEITPNSPRAEATLGGFGSLGL, which is capable of en-hancing APP expression. We observed that aging brain tissues with APP had protective effects on ZIKV infection by reducing the availability of the viruses. Also, knockdown of APP expression or blocking ZIKV-APP interactions enhanced ZIKV replication in human neural progenitor/stem cells. Finally, intracranial infection of ZIKV in APP-null neonatal mice resulted in higher mortality and viral yields. Taken together, these findings suggest that APP is a restriction factor that protects against ZIKV by serving as a decoy receptor, and plays a protective role in ZIKV-mediated brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lingel
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Haishuang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yuval Gavriel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eric Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Pascal Polepole
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Virginia Lopez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Thomas M Petro
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Beka Solomon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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206
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Tiwari SK, Dang JW, Lin N, Qin Y, Wang S, Rana TM. Zika virus depletes neural stem cells and evades selective autophagy by suppressing the Fanconi anemia protein FANCC. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49183. [PMID: 33073500 PMCID: PMC7726779 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus, which when passed through vertical transmission from mother to developing fetus can lead to developmental abnormalities, including microcephaly. While there is mounting evidence that suggests a causal relationship between ZIKV infection and microcephaly, the mechanisms by which ZIKV induces these changes remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV infection of neural stems cells, both in vitro and in vivo, induces macroautophagy to enhance viral replication. At the same time, ZIKV downregulates a number of essential selective autophagy genes, including the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway genes. Bioinformatics analyses indicate that the transcription factor E2F4 promotes FANCC expression and is downregulated upon ZIKV infection. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that FANCC is essential for selective autophagy and acts as a negative regulator of ZIKV replication. Finally, we show that Fancc KO mice have increased ZIKV infection and autophagy protein levels in various brain regions. Taken together, ZIKV downregulates FANCC to modulate the host antiviral response and simultaneously attenuate neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jason W Dang
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Nianwei Lin
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Yue Qin
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Bioinformatics ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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207
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Pergolizzi J, LeQuang JA, Umeda-Raffa S, Fleischer C, Pergolizzi J, Pergolizzi C, Raffa RB. The Zika virus: Lurking behind the COVID-19 pandemic? J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 46:267-276. [PMID: 33217046 PMCID: PMC7753281 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
What is known and objective The sudden and extensive outbreak of coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has overshadowed another developing viral threat: the Zika flavivirus. Of particular concern is that pregnant women can pass Zika virus to the foetus, and there is a strong implication of an association between Zika virus infection and foetal microcephaly. Currently, there is no vaccine, and there is no cure. Methods Published literature and Internet sources were searched for information related to Zika virus, its transmission, its clinical presentation and sequalae, prevention and implications (practice and regulatory) for healthcare providers. The identified English sources were reviewed, assessed and synthesized. Emphasis was placed on providing an overview of the problem, and identification of unmet needs and future directions. Results and discussion Zika virus poses a major challenge for healthcare providers, particularly in areas unaccustomed to it, since it is transmitted to humans by the vector Aedes aegypti mosquito. The outbreak impacts every healthcare provider, because every provider is required to report cases of Zika infection to their state or local health agencies––whether the infection is confirmed or merely suspected. Since the virus has become a worldwide crisis, healthcare providers will need to work across national boundaries and medical disciplines in order to educate patients about Zika symptoms and the mosquito vector. Until further information is known, infected patients (male and female) are being advised to avoid conceiving a child. What is new and Conclusion Until a vaccine is developed or effective treatment for Zika virus is discovered, healthcare providers must be AVP (aware, vigilant and proactive) in order to lessen the spread and impact of the implicated devastating birth defects (microcephaly) and other neurological disorders (eg Guillain‐Barré Syndrome) of this infection. Unfortunately, many knowledge gaps exist. There is an urgent need for a reliable, inexpensive diagnostic test, an effective treatment and an approved and readily available vaccine. Until a vaccine is developed or effective treatment for Zika virus is discovered, healthcare providers must be proactive to lessen its spread and impact of implicated birth defects (eg, microcephaly) and other neurological disorders (eg, Guillain‐Barré Syndrome). Unfortunately, knowledge gaps exist. There is urgent need for a reliable, inexpensive diagnostic test, effective treatment and readily available vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pergolizzi
- Neumentum Inc., Summit, NJ, USA.,NEMA Research Inc., Naples, FL, USA
| | | | - Sumiyo Umeda-Raffa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (Form. Faculty), Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Robert B Raffa
- Neumentum Inc., Summit, NJ, USA.,University of Arizona College of Pharmacy (Adjunct), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Temple University School of Pharmacy (Prof. em.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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208
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Lee JK, Kim JA, Oh SJ, Lee EW, Shin OS. Zika Virus Induces Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112487. [PMID: 33207682 PMCID: PMC7697661 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) remains as a public health threat due to the congenital birth defects the virus causes following infection of pregnant women. Congenital microcephaly is among the neurodevelopmental disorders the virus can cause in newborns, and this defect has been associated with ZIKV-mediated cytopathic effects in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). In this study, we investigated the cellular changes that occur in hNPCs in response to ZIKV (African and Asian lineages)-induced cytopathic effects. Transmission electron microscopy showed the progress of cell death as well as the formation of numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of ZIKV-infected hNPCs. Infection with both African and Asian lineages of ZIKV induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by the increased activation of caspase 3/7, 8, and 9. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) were also detected in ZIKV-infected hNPCs, while z-VAD-fmk-induced inhibition of cell death suppressed ZIKV-mediated cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. ZIKV-infected hNPCs also displayed significantly elevated gene expression levels of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2-mediated family, in particular, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Furthermore, TRAIL signaling led to augmented ZIKV-mediated cell death and the knockdown of TRAIL-mediated signaling adaptor, FADD, resulted in enhanced ZIKV replication. In conclusion, our findings provide cellular insights into the cytopathic effects induced by ZIKV infection of hNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Lee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea; (J.K.L.); (J.-A.K.); (S.-J.O.)
| | - Ji-Ae Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea; (J.K.L.); (J.-A.K.); (S.-J.O.)
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea; (J.K.L.); (J.-A.K.); (S.-J.O.)
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.-W.L.); (O.S.S.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4294 (E.-W.L.); +82-2-2626-3280 (O.S.S.)
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea; (J.K.L.); (J.-A.K.); (S.-J.O.)
- Correspondence: (E.-W.L.); (O.S.S.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4294 (E.-W.L.); +82-2-2626-3280 (O.S.S.)
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209
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Cavalcante BRR, Aragão-França LS, Sampaio GLA, Nonaka CKV, Oliveira MS, Campos GS, Sardi SI, Dias BRS, Menezes JPB, Rocha VPC, Rossi EA, Paredes BD, Martins GLS, Allahdadi KJ, Peixoto LR, Barbosa-Filho JM, Souza BSF, Soares MBP. Betulinic Acid Exerts Cytoprotective Activity on Zika Virus-Infected Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:558324. [PMID: 33251156 PMCID: PMC7674920 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.558324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, was brought into the spotlight due to its widespread and increased pathogenicity, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into the major neural phenotypes, are very susceptible to ZIKV infection. Given the complications of ZIKV infection and potential harm to public health, effective treatment options are urgently needed. Betulinic acid (BA), an abundant terpenoid of the lupane group, displays several biological activities, including neuroprotective effects. Here we demonstrate that Sox2+ NPCs, which are highly susceptible to ZIKV when compared to their neuronal counterparts, are protected against ZIKV-induced cell death when treated with BA. Similarly, the population of Sox2+ and Casp3+ NPCs found in ZIKV-infected cerebral organoids was significantly higher in the presence of BA than in untreated controls. Moreover, well-preserved structures were found in BA-treated organoids in contrast to ZIKV-infected controls. Bioinformatics analysis indicated Akt pathway activation by BA treatment. This was confirmed by phosphorylated Akt analysis, both in BA-treated NPCs and brain organoids, as shown by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest a neuroprotective role of BA in ZIKV-infected NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R R Cavalcante
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Aragão-França
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L A Sampaio
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carolina K V Nonaka
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Moisés S Oliveira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gúbio S Campos
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Silvia I Sardi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R S Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana P B Menezes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vinícius P C Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erik A Rossi
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno D Paredes
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kyan J Allahdadi
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laisla R Peixoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno S F Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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210
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Saade M, Ferrero DS, Blanco-Ameijeiras J, Gonzalez-Gobartt E, Flores-Mendez M, Ruiz-Arroyo VM, Martínez-Sáez E, Ramón Y Cajal S, Akizu N, Verdaguer N, Martí E. Multimerization of Zika Virus-NS5 Causes Ciliopathy and Forces Premature Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:920-936.e8. [PMID: 33147489 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZikV) is a flavivirus that infects neural tissues, causing congenital microcephaly. ZikV has evolved multiple mechanisms to restrict proliferation and enhance cell death, although the underlying cellular events involved remain unclear. Here we show that the ZikV-NS5 protein interacts with host proteins at the base of the primary cilia in neural progenitor cells, causing an atypical non-genetic ciliopathy and premature neuron delamination. Furthermore, in human microcephalic fetal brain tissue, ZikV-NS5 persists at the base of the motile cilia in ependymal cells, which also exhibit a severe ciliopathy. Although the enzymatic activity of ZikV-NS5 appears to be dispensable, the amino acids Y25, K28, and K29 that are involved in NS5 oligomerization are essential for localization and interaction with components of the cilium base, promoting ciliopathy and premature neurogenesis. These findings lay the foundation for therapies that target ZikV-NS5 multimerization and prevent the developmental malformations associated with congenital Zika syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Saade
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Diego S Ferrero
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - José Blanco-Ameijeiras
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor M Ruiz-Arroyo
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nuria Verdaguer
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Li Y, Tang P, Cai S, Peng J, Hua G. Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 33135109 PMCID: PMC7603915 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cultured organoids have become a powerful in vitro research tool that preserves genetic, phenotypic and behavioral trait of in vivo organs, which can be established from both pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. Organoids derived from adult stem cells can be established directly from diseased epithelium and matched normal tissues, and organoids can also be genetically manipulated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Applications of organoids in basic research involve the modeling of human development and diseases, including genetic, infectious and malignant diseases. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that biobanks of patient-derived organoids for many cancers and cystic fibrosis have great value for drug development and personalized medicine. In addition, organoids hold promise for regenerative medicine. In the present review, we discuss the applications of organoids in the basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peiyuan Tang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 230032, China.
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212
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Chiaradia I, Lancaster MA. Brain organoids for the study of human neurobiology at the interface of in vitro and in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1496-1508. [PMID: 33139941 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain development is an extraordinarily complex process achieved through the spatially and temporally regulated release of key patterning factors. In vitro neurodevelopmental models seek to mimic these processes to recapitulate the steps of tissue fate acquisition and morphogenesis. Classic two-dimensional neural cultures present higher homogeneity but lower complexity compared to the brain. Brain organoids instead have more advanced cell composition, maturation and tissue architecture. They can thus be considered at the interface of in vitro and in vivo neurobiology, and further improvements in organoid techniques are continuing to narrow the gap with in vivo brain development. Here we describe these efforts to recapitulate brain development in neural organoids and focus on their applicability for disease modeling, evolutionary studies and neural network research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chiaradia
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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213
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van der Linden H, Silveira-Moriyama L, van der Linden V, Pessoa A, Valente K, Mink J, Paciorkowski A. Movement disorders in children with congenital Zika virus syndrome. Brain Dev 2020; 42:720-729. [PMID: 32682638 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZVS) denotes the neurologic and developmental sequelae of congenital infection of the Zika virus. While prior studies have detailed the associated clinical phenotypes, new findings continue to be identified. Abnormal postures and movements have been previously described in children with CZVS, but not in detail. OBJECTIVE To examine a cohort of infants with CZVS and characterize the spectrum of motor abnormalities, especially movement disorders. DESIGN Cross-sectional prospective study of 21 infants with confirmed CZVS. SETTING Single-center cohort of 32 patients with serologically confirmed CZVS cared for in a referral center in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS 21 children (67% female), evaluated by two child neurologists and one movement disorders specialist, with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CZVS aged between 16 and 30 months, with a mean age of 16 months at the time of the last examination. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S) Prospective neurologic examination by a team of three neurologists, including one movement disorders specialist. Sixteen (76.2%) children had a longitudinal evaluation with a six-month interval. The same team of experts analyzed recorded videos of all patients to characterize motor abnormalities and movement disorders. Neuroimaging findings were also analyzed to correlate with clinical findings. RESULTS Twenty (95.2%) patients presented with dystonic postures, including "125" posture of the fingers in 17 (80.1%), "swan neck" posture of the fingers in three (18.8%), oromandibular dystonia in nine (42.9%), extensor axial hypertonia in eight (38.1%) and internal rotation of the shoulder posture in two (9.5%). Four (19%) patients had tremor. All children had malformations of cortical development, and in 13 (61.9%), the pattern was consistent with a severe and diffuse gyral simplification. Seventeen children (81%) had calcification in the transition of grey and white matter, whereas 11 (52.4%) patients had basal ganglia calcifications. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In our series, dystonic postures and other extrapyramidal signs were frequent and potentially disabling. Although children with CZVS are assessed and treated for spasticity, dystonia and other movement disorders remain neglected. This study emphasizes that extrapyramidal findings may potentially influence optimal strategies for rehabilitation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio van der Linden
- Rehabilitation Center Dr. Henrique Santillo, Pediatric Neurology, Goiania, GO, Brazil; Neurology Institute, Goiania, GO, Brazil.
| | - Laura Silveira-Moriyama
- Fundação Espírita Américo Bairral, Itapira, SP, Brazil; Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Neurology, State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Pessoa
- Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kette Valente
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Clinic Hospital - University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Jonathan Mink
- Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alex Paciorkowski
- Deptartment of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Genetics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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214
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Tabari D, Scholl C, Steffens M, Weickhardt S, Elgner F, Bender D, Herrlein ML, Sabino C, Semkova V, Peitz M, Till A, Brüstle O, Hildt E, Stingl J. Impact of Zika Virus Infection on Human Neural Stem Cell MicroRNA Signatures. Viruses 2020; 12:E1219. [PMID: 33121145 PMCID: PMC7693339 DOI: 10.3390/v12111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus, which can cause brain abnormalities in newborns, including microcephaly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which post- transcriptionally regulate gene expression. They are involved in various processes including neurological development and host responses to viral infection, but their potential role in ZIKV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. MiRNAs can be incorporated into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and mediate cell-to-cell communication. While it is well known that in viral infections EVs carrying miRNAs can play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, ZIKV effects on EV-delivered miRNAs and their contribution to ZIKV pathogenesis have not been elucidated. In the present study, we profiled intracellular and EV-derived miRNAs by next generation sequencing and analyzed the host mRNA transcriptome of neural stem cells during infection with ZIKV Uganda and French Polynesia strains. We identified numerous miRNAs, including miR-4792, which were dysregulated at the intracellular level and had altered levels in EVs during ZIKV infection. Integrated analyses of differentially expressed genes and miRNAs showed that ZIKV infection had an impact on processes associated with neurodevelopment and oxidative stress. Our results provide insights into the roles of intracellular and EV-associated host miRNAs in ZIKV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denna Tabari
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sandra Weickhardt
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Fabian Elgner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Marie-Luise Herrlein
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Catarina Sabino
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
- Cell Programming Core Facility, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53172 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Julia Stingl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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215
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Identification of Molecular Signatures in Neural Differentiation and Neurological Diseases Using Digital Color-Coded Molecular Barcoding. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8852313. [PMID: 33005195 PMCID: PMC7503121 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8852313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, represent powerful tools for disease modeling and for therapeutic applications. PSCs are particularly useful for the study of development and diseases of the nervous system. However, generating in vitro models that recapitulate the architecture and the full variety of subtypes of cells that make the complexity of our brain remains a challenge. In order to fully exploit the potential of PSCs, advanced methods that facilitate the identification of molecular signatures in neural differentiation and neurological diseases are highly demanded. Here, we review the literature on the development and application of digital color-coded molecular barcoding as a potential tool for standardizing PSC research and applications in neuroscience. We will also describe relevant examples of the use of this technique for the characterization of the heterogeneous composition of the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme.
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216
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Evolutionary analysis of the Musashi family: What can it tell us about Zika? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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217
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Rodrigues de Sousa J, Azevedo RDSDS, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFDC. The innate immune response in Zika virus infection. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2166. [PMID: 32926478 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) was discovered in 1947 in Uganda, Africa, from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, which encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into 10 individual proteins. In 2015, the Zika-epidemic in Brazil was marked mainly by the exponential growth of microcephaly cases and other congenital defects. With regard to host-pathogen relationships, understanding the role of the immune response in the pathogenesis ZIKV infection is challenging. The innate immune response is the first-line immunological defence, in which pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors that trigger macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and endothelial cells to produce several mediators, which modulate viral replication and immune evasion. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge on the innate immune response against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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218
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Nam KH, Yi SA, Jang HJ, Han JW, Lee J. In vitro modeling for inherited neurological diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D to organoid. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:877-889. [PMID: 32761309 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal and by their ability to differentiate into cells of various organs. With massive progress in 2D and 3D cell culture techniques, in vitro generation of various types of such organoids from patient-derived stem cells is now possible. As in vitro differentiation protocols are usually made to resemble human developmental processes, organogenesis of patient-derived stem cells can provide key information regarding a range of developmental diseases. Human stem cell-based in vitro modeling as opposed to using animal models can particularly benefit the evaluation of neurological diseases because of significant differences in structure and developmental processes between the human and the animal brain. This review focuses on stem cell-based in vitro modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders, more specifically, the fundamentals and technical advancements in monolayer neuron and brain organoid cultures. Furthermore, we discuss the drawbacks of the conventional culture method and explore the advanced, cutting edge 3D organoid models for several neurodevelopmental diseases, including genetic diseases such as Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, and Miller-Dieker syndrome, as well as brain malformations like macrocephaly and microcephaly. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current organoid techniques and some potential solutions that pave the way for accurate modeling of neurological disorders in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Imnewrun Biosciences Inc., Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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219
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Krefft O, Koch P, Ladewig J. Cerebral organoids to unravel the mechanisms underlying malformations of human cortical development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:15-22. [PMID: 32741653 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies identified multiple mutations associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD) in humans. When analyzing the underlying mechanisms in non-human experimental models it became increasingly evident, that these mutations accumulate in genes, which functions evolutionary progressed from rodents to humans resulting in an incomplete reflection of the molecular and cellular alterations in these models. Human brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells resemble early aspects of human brain development to a remarkable extent making them an attractive model to investigate MCD. Here we review how human brain organoids enable the generation of fundamental new insight about the underlying pathomechanisms of MCD. We show how phenotypic features of these diseases are reflected in human brain organoids and discuss challenges and future considerations but also limitations for the use of human brain organoids to model human brain development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Krefft
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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220
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Strikoudis A, Cieślak A, Loffredo L, Chen YW, Patel N, Saqi A, Lederer DJ, Snoeck HW. Modeling of Fibrotic Lung Disease Using 3D Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3709-3723.e5. [PMID: 31216486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an intractable interstitial lung disease, is unclear. Recessive mutations in some genes implicated in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) cause HPS-associated interstitial pneumonia (HPSIP), a clinical entity that is similar to IPF. We previously reported that HPS1-/- embryonic stem cell-derived 3D lung organoids showed fibrotic changes. Here, we show that the introduction of all HPS mutations associated with HPSIP promotes fibrotic changes in lung organoids, while the deletion of HPS8, which is not associated with HPSIP, does not. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed the upregulation of interleukin-11 (IL-11) in epithelial cells from HPS mutant fibrotic organoids. IL-11 was detected predominantly in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells in end-stage IPF, but was expressed more broadly in HPSIP. Finally, IL-11 induced fibrosis in WT organoids, while its deletion prevented fibrosis in HPS4-/- organoids, suggesting IL-11 as a therapeutic target. hPSC-derived 3D lung organoids are, therefore, a valuable resource to model fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Strikoudis
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anna Cieślak
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lucas Loffredo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nina Patel
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anjali Saqi
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David J Lederer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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221
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Liang B, Guida JP, Costa Do Nascimento ML, Mysorekar IU. Host and viral mechanisms of congenital Zika syndrome. Virulence 2020; 10:768-775. [PMID: 31451049 PMCID: PMC6735503 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1656503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015–2016, in the Americas, and especially in northeast Brazil, a significant number of cases of microcephaly and other congenital brain abnormalities were linked with an outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women. While maternal symptoms of ZIKV are generally mild and self-limiting, clinical presentation in fetuses and newborns infected is extensive and includes microcephaly, decreased cortical development, atrophy and hypoplasia of the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, arthrogryposis, and polyhydramnios. The term congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) was introduced to describe the range of findings associated with maternal-fetal ZIKV transmission. ZIKV is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, however non-vector-dependent routes are also possible. Mechanisms of maternal-fetal transmission remain unknown, and the trans-placental route has been extensively studied in animal models and in human samples. The aim of this review was to summarize recent studies that helped to elucidate the mechanism of CZS in animal models and observational studies. There are still challenges in the diagnosis and prevention of CZS in humans, due to the large gap that remains in translating ZIKV research to clinical practice. Translational research linking governments, local health workers, scientists and industry is fundamental to improve care for mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - José Paulo Guida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
| | | | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
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222
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Ahmad S, Navid A, Farid R, Abbas G, Ahmad F, Zaman N, Parvaiz N, Azam SS. Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105387. [PMID: 32454128 PMCID: PMC7245302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid expansion of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) require the development of effective countermeasures especially a vaccine to provide active acquired immunity against the virus. This study presented a comprehensive vaccinomics approach applied to the complete protein data published so far in the National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI) coronavirus data hub. We identified non-structural protein 8 (Nsp8), 3C-like proteinase, and spike glycoprotein as potential targets for immune responses to COVID-19. Epitopes prediction illustrated both B-cell and T-cell epitopes associated with the mentioned proteins. The shared B and T-cell epitopes: DRDAAMQRK and QARSEDKRA of Nsp8, EDMLNPNYEDL and EFTPFDVVR of 3C-like proteinase, and VNNSYECDIPI of the spike glycoprotein are regions of high potential interest and have a high likelihood of being recognized by the human immune system. The vaccine construct of the epitopes shows stimulation of robust primary immune responses and high level of interferon gamma. Also, the construct has the best conformation with respect to the tested innate immune receptors involving vigorous molecular mechanics and solvation energy. Designing of vaccination strategies that target immune response focusing on these conserved epitopes could generate immunity that not only provide cross protection across Betacoronaviruses but additionally resistant to virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Navid
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Farid
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Ahmad
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naila Zaman
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Parvaiz
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan..
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223
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Agarwal A, Chaurasia D. The expanding arms of Zika virus: An updated review with recent Indian outbreaks. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33216418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and their adverse clinical consequences have raised concerns throughout the world. ZIKV was little known during the initial outbreaks in Yap islands and French Polynesia, but it came to attention after the series of Brazil outbreaks in which severe complications like microcephaly in newborn babies was detected. During 2018, outbreaks of ZIKV occurred in two states of India which, being a tropical country, has congenial climatic conditions, abundance of highly competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and an immunologically naïve population. In this review, we will briefly discuss the history, epidemiology, evolution, transmission (vector-borne and non-vector borne), pathogenesis, clinical signs and unusual presentations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of ZIKV. Finally, we suggest priorities for urgent research required to address unanswered questions about Zika infections and help bring this virus under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agarwal
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
| | - Deepti Chaurasia
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
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224
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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225
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Tambalo M, Lodato S. Brain organoids: Human 3D models to investigate neuronal circuits assembly, function and dysfunction. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147028. [PMID: 32717276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is characterized by an extraordinary complexity of neuronal and nonneuronal cell types, wired together into patterned neuronal circuits, which represent the anatomical substrates for the execution of high-order cognitive functions. Brain circuits' development and function is metabolically supported by an intricate network of selectively permeable blood vessels and finely tuned by short-range interactions with immune factors and immune cells. The coordinated cellular and molecular events governing the assembly of this unique and complex structure are at the core of intense investigation and pose legitimate questions about the best modeling strategies. Unceasing advancements in stem cell technologies coupled with recent demonstration of cell self-assembly capacity have enabled the exponential growth of brain organoid protocols in the past decade. This provides a compelling solution to investigate human brain development, a quest often halted by the inaccessibility of brain tissues and the lack of suitable models. We review the current state-of-the-art on the generation of brain organoids, describing the latest progresses in unguided, guided, and assembloids protocols, as well as organoid-on-a-chip strategies and xenograft approaches. High resolution genome wide sequencing technologies, both at the transcriptional and epigenomic level, enable the molecular comparative analysis of multiple brain organoid protocols, as well as to benchmark them against the human fetal brain. Coupling the molecular profiling with increasingly detailed analyses of the electrophysiological properties of several of these systems now allows a more accurate estimation of the protocol of choice for a given biological question. Thus, we summarize strengths and weaknesses of several brain organoid protocols and further speculate on some potential future endeavors to model human brain development, evolution and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tambalo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lodato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
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226
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Axonal Extensions along Corticospinal Tracts from Transplanted Human Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:467-481. [PMID: 32679062 PMCID: PMC7419717 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of lost neural circuits by cell replacement is a possible treatment for neurological deficits after cerebral cortex injury. Cerebral organoids can be a novel source for cell transplantation, but because the cellular composition of the organoids changes along the time course of the development, it remains unclear which developmental stage of the organoids is most suitable for reconstructing the corticospinal tract. Here, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids at 6 or 10 weeks after differentiation (6w- or 10w-organoids) into mouse cerebral cortices. 6w-organoids extended more axons along the corticospinal tract but caused graft overgrowth with a higher percentage of proliferative cells. Axonal extensions from 10w-organoids were smaller in number but were enhanced when the organoids were grafted 1 week after brain injury. Finally, 10w-organoids extended axons in cynomolgus monkey brains. These results contribute to the development of a cell-replacement therapy for brain injury and stroke.
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227
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Kim J, Koo BK, Knoblich JA. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:571-584. [PMID: 32636524 PMCID: PMC7339799 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 981] [Impact Index Per Article: 245.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids — which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems — it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. Human organoids have been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This Review discusses the applications, advantages and disadvantages of human organoids as models of development and disease and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments. Human organoids are valuable models for the study of development and disease and for drug discovery, thus complementing traditional animal models. The generation of organoids from patient biopsy samples has enabled researchers to study, for example, infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers. This Review discusses the advantages, disadvantages and future challenges of the use of organoids as models for human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. .,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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228
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Anderson D, Neri JICF, Souza CRM, Valverde JG, De Araújo JMG, Nascimento MDSB, Branco RCC, Arrais NMR, Lassmann T, Blackwell JM, Jeronimo SMB. Zika Virus Changes Methylation of Genes Involved in Immune Response and Neural Development in Brazilian Babies Born With Congenital Microcephaly. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:435-440. [PMID: 32614431 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in babies born with brain and eye malformations in Brazil is associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in utero. ZIKV alters host DNA methylation in vitro. Using genome-wide DNA methylation profiling we compared 18 babies born with congenital ZIKV microcephaly with 20 controls. We found ZIKV-associated alteration of host methylation patterns, notably at RABGAP1L which is important in brain development, at viral host immunity genes MX1 and ISG15, and in an epigenetic module containing the causal microcephaly gene MCPH1. Our data support the hypothesis that clinical signs of congenital ZIKV are associated with changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - João I C F Neri
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Cássio R M Souza
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Joanna G Valverde
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Josélio M G De Araújo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca C C Branco
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Nivia M R Arrais
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Empresa Brasileira de Servicos Hospitalares, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Natal, Rio de Grande do Norte, Brazil
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229
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Eura N, Matsui TK, Luginbühl J, Matsubayashi M, Nanaura H, Shiota T, Kinugawa K, Iguchi N, Kiriyama T, Zheng C, Kouno T, Lan YJ, Kongpracha P, Wiriyasermkul P, Sakaguchi YM, Nagata R, Komeda T, Morikawa N, Kitayoshi F, Jong M, Kobashigawa S, Nakanishi M, Hasegawa M, Saito Y, Shiromizu T, Nishimura Y, Kasai T, Takeda M, Kobayashi H, Inagaki Y, Tanaka Y, Makinodan M, Kishimoto T, Kuniyasu H, Nagamori S, Muotri AR, Shin JW, Sugie K, Mori E. Brainstem Organoids From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:538. [PMID: 32670003 PMCID: PMC7332712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem is a posterior region of the brain, composed of three parts, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is critical in controlling heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration, all of which are life-sustaining functions, and therefore, damages to or disorders of the brainstem can be lethal. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) recapitulate the course of human brain development and are expected to be useful for medical research on central nervous system disorders. However, existing organoid models are limited in the extent hPSCs recapitulate human brain development and hence are not able to fully elucidate the diseases affecting various components of the brain such as brainstem. Here, we developed a method to generate human brainstem organoids (hBSOs), containing midbrain/hindbrain progenitors, noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons, dopaminergic neurons, and neural crest lineage cells. Single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) analysis, together with evidence from proteomics and electrophysiology, revealed that the cellular population in these organoids was similar to that of the human brainstem, which raises the possibility of making use of hBSOs in investigating central nervous system disorders affecting brainstem and in efficient drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Eura
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi K. Matsui
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Joachim Luginbühl
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hitoki Nanaura
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomo Shiota
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kinugawa
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naohiko Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takao Kiriyama
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tsukasa Kouno
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Yan Jun Lan
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Pornparn Kongpracha
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Riko Nagata
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomoya Komeda
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naritaka Morikawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Fumika Kitayoshi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Miyong Jong
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shinko Kobashigawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Mari Nakanishi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kasai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Maiko Takeda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jay W. Shin
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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230
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Zhang DY, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling neurological disorders using brain organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:4-14. [PMID: 32561297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are challenging to study given the complexity and species-specific features of the organ system. Brain organoids are three dimensional structured aggregates of neural tissue that are generated by self-organization and differentiation from pluripotent stem cells under optimized culture conditions. These brain organoids exhibit similar features of structural organization and cell type diversity as the developing human brain, creating opportunities to recapitulate disease phenotypes that are not otherwise accessible. Here we review the initial attempt in the field to apply brain organoid models for the study of many different types of human neurological disorders across a wide range of etiologies and pathophysiologies. Forthcoming advancements in both brain organoid technology as well as analytical methods have significant potentials to advance the understanding of neurological disorders and to uncover opportunities for meaningful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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231
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Santos CNO, Ribeiro DR, Cardoso Alves J, Cazzaniga RA, Magalhães LS, de Souza MSF, Fonseca ABL, Bispo AJB, Porto RLS, Santos CAD, da Silva ÂM, Teixeira MM, de Almeida RP, de Jesus AR. Association Between Zika Virus Microcephaly in Newborns With the rs3775291 Variant in Toll-Like Receptor 3 and rs1799964 Variant at Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1797-1801. [PMID: 31352487 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a cluster of malformation, and the mechanisms that lead it are still unclear. Using hypothesis-driven candidate genes and their function in viral infections, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a sample population from Sergipe State, Brazil. This study shows that rs3775291 SNP at Toll-like receptor 3, which triggers type I interferon antiviral responses in mothers infected by Zika virus during pregnancy, is associated with CZS occurrence (odds ratio [OR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.158-4.148). Moreover, rs1799964 SNP at tumor necrosis factor-α gene in CZS babies is associated with severe microcephaly (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.13-6.21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla N O Santos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Danielle R Ribeiro
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cardoso Alves
- Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cazzaniga
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Magalhães
- Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana B L Fonseca
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ana J B Bispo
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roseane L S Porto
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Ângela M da Silva
- Infectious Disease Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roque P de Almeida
- Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Department of Medicine of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Amélia R de Jesus
- Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Department of Medicine of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
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232
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Smits LM, Schwamborn JC. Midbrain Organoids: A New Tool to Investigate Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32509785 PMCID: PMC7248385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human 3D cell culture models not only bridges the gap between traditional 2D in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, it also addresses processes that cannot be recapitulated by either of these traditional models. Therefore, it offers an opportunity to better understand complex biology including brain development. The brain organoid technology provides a physiologically relevant context, which holds great potential for its application in modeling neurological diseases. Here, we compare different methods to obtain highly specialized structures that resemble specific features of the human midbrain. Regionally patterned neural stem cells (NSCs) were utilized to derive such human midbrain-specific organoids (hMO). The resulting neural tissue exhibited abundant neurons with midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity, as well as astroglia and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Within the midbrain organoids, neurite myelination, and the formation of synaptic connections were observed. Regular neuronal fire patterning and neural network synchronicity were determined by multielectrode array recordings. In addition to electrophysiologically functional neurons producing and secreting dopamine, responsive neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons were also detected. In order to model disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro, midbrain organoids carrying a disease specific mutation were derived and compared to healthy control organoids to investigate relevant neurodegenerative pathophysiology. In this way midbrain-specific organoids constitute a powerful tool for human-specific in vitro modeling of neurological disorders with a great potential to be utilized in advanced therapy development.
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233
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Kanton S, Treutlein B, Camp JG. Single-cell genomic analysis of human cerebral organoids. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:229-256. [PMID: 32586444 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Investigating early brain development has previously relied on using primary developing brain tissue or two-dimensional cell culture models. Recently, stem cell-derived three-dimensional cell culture systems, collectively called brain organoids, have been developed that can faithfully recapitulate many aspects of early brain development. Together with the ability to reprogram fibroblast or blood cells into induced pluripotent stem cells from humans with neurodevelopmental disorders, this opens new inroads to study patient-specific brain development in a personalized cell culture model. Studying the transcriptomes and regulatory landscape of single cells within brain organoids presents a major advance to understand cell-type specific features and transient states during development, and to link these states to their underlying regulatory logic at high resolution. In this protocol, we describe how to generate single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) data from the same suspension of organoid cells and focus on reducing batch effects by multiplexing multiple individuals in one experiment. Moreover, we outline basic data processing, analysis, and strategies to correct for batch effects, to account for variability in organoids and for integrating gene expression and open chromatin data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kanton
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Treutlein
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Gray Camp
- Institute of Clinical Ophthalmology (IOB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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234
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Gabriel E, Ramani A, Altinisik N, Gopalakrishnan J. Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:115. [PMID: 32457578 PMCID: PMC7225330 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are stem cell-based self-assembling 3D structures that recapitulate early events of human brain development. Recent improvements with patient-specific 3D brain organoids have begun to elucidate unprecedented details of the defective mechanisms that cause neurodevelopmental disorders of congenital and acquired microcephaly. In particular, brain organoids derived from primary microcephaly patients have uncovered mechanisms that deregulate neural stem cell proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation. Not only did brain organoids reveal unknown aspects of neurogenesis but also have illuminated surprising roles of cellular structures of centrosomes and primary cilia in regulating neurogenesis during brain development. Here, we discuss how brain organoids have started contributing to decoding the complexities of microcephaly, which are unlikely to be identified in the existing non-human models. Finally, we discuss the yet unresolved questions and challenges that can be addressed with the use of brain organoids as in vitro models of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anand Ramani
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nazlican Altinisik
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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235
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Asian Zika Virus Isolate Significantly Changes the Transcriptional Profile and Alternative RNA Splicing Events in a Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050510. [PMID: 32380717 PMCID: PMC7290316 DOI: 10.3390/v12050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs expands a single genetic blueprint to encode multiple, functionally diverse protein isoforms. Viruses have previously been shown to interact with, depend on, and alter host splicing machinery. The consequences, however, incited by viral infection on the global alternative slicing (AS) landscape are under-appreciated. Here, we investigated the transcriptional and alternative splicing profile of neuronal cells infected with a contemporary Puerto Rican Zika virus (ZIKVPR) isolate, an isolate of the prototypical Ugandan ZIKV (ZIKVMR), and dengue virus 2 (DENV2). Our analyses revealed that ZIKVPR induced significantly more differential changes in expressed genes compared to ZIKVMR or DENV2, despite all three viruses showing equivalent infectivity and viral RNA levels. Consistent with the transcriptional profile, ZIKVPR induced a higher number of alternative splicing events compared to ZIKVMR or DENV2, and gene ontology analyses highlighted alternative splicing changes in genes associated with mRNA splicing. In summary, we show that ZIKV affects cellular RNA homeostasis not only at the transcriptional levels but also through the alternative splicing of cellular transcripts. These findings could provide new molecular insights into the neuropathologies associated with this virus.
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236
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Mohamed NV, Larroquette F, Beitel LK, Fon EA, Durcan TM. One Step Into the Future: New iPSC Tools to Advance Research in Parkinson's Disease and Neurological Disorders. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:265-281. [PMID: 30741685 PMCID: PMC6597965 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the laboratory presents many challenges, the main one being the limited availability of human cells and tissue from affected individuals. As PD is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain, it is nearly impossible for researchers to access and extract these cells from living patients. Thus, in the past PD research has focused on the use of patients’ post-mortem tissues, animal models, or immortalized cell lines to dissect cellular pathways of interest. While these strategies deepened our knowledge of pathological mechanisms in PD, they failed to faithfully capture key mechanisms at play in the human brain. The emergence of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is revolutionizing PD research, as it allows for the differentiation and growth of human DA neurons in vitro, holding immense potential not only for modelling PD, but also for identifying novel therapies. However, to reproduce the complexity of the brain’s environment, researchers are recognizing the need to further develop and refine iPSC-based tools. In this review, we provide an overview of different systems now available for the study of PD, with a particular emphasis on the potential and limitations of iPSC as research tools to generate more relevant models of PD pathophysiology and advance the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Vi Mohamed
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédérique Larroquette
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lenore K Beitel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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237
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Rodgers KR, Lin Y, Langan TJ, Iwakura Y, Chou RC. Innate Immune Functions of Astrocytes are Dependent Upon Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7047. [PMID: 32341377 PMCID: PMC7184618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a key feature of innate immunity that initiates clearance and repair in infected or damaged tissues. Alternatively, chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous disease processes. The contribution of neuroinflammation to the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, including infection, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, has become increasingly evident. Potential drivers of such neuroinflammation include toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs confer a wide array of functions on different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, how TLR activation affects astrocyte functioning is unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of TLR2/4 signaling on various astrocyte functions (i.e., proliferation, pro-inflammatory mediator production, regulatory mechanisms, etc) by stimulating astrocytes with potent exogenous TLR2/4 agonist, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Newborn astrocytes were derived from WT, Tnfα−/−, Il1α−/−/Il1β−/−, and Tlr2−/−/Tlr4−/− mice as well as Sprague Dawley rats for all in vitro studies. LPS activated mRNA expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and upregulated the proliferation of astrocytes based on increased 3H-thymidine update. Following LPS-mediated TLR2/4 activation, TNF-α and IL-1β self-regulated and modulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Polyclonal antibodies against TNF-α suppressed TLR2/4-mediated upregulation of astrocyte proliferation, supporting an autocrine/paracrine role of TNF-α on astrocyte proliferation. Astrocytes perform classical innate immune functions, which contradict the current paradigm that microglia are the main immune effector cells of the CNS. TNF-α plays a pivotal role in the LPS-upregulated astrocyte activation and proliferation, supporting their critical roles in in CNS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Yufan Lin
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Thomas J Langan
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, New York State Center of Excellence Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Richard C Chou
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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238
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Hui L, Nie Y, Li S, Guo M, Yang W, Huang R, Chen J, Liu Y, Lu X, Chen Z, Yang Q, Wu Y. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates Zika virus invasion of the testis by modulating the integrity of the blood-testis barrier. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008509. [PMID: 32302362 PMCID: PMC7190178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a unique flavivirus with high tropism to the testes. ZIKV can persist in human semen for months and can cause testicular damage in male mice. However, the mechanisms through which ZIKV enters the testes remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was upregulated by ZIKV infection in cell culture and in A129 mice. Furthermore, using an in vitro Sertoli cell barrier model and MMP9-/- mice, we found that ZIKV infection directly affected the permeability of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), and knockout or inhibition of MMP9 reduced the effects of ZIKV on the Sertoli cell BTB, highlighting its role in ZIKV-induced disruption of the BTB. Interestingly, the protein levels of MMP9 were elevated by ZIKV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) in primary mouse Sertoli cells (mSCs) and other cell lines. Moreover, the interaction between NS1 and MMP9 induced the K63-linked polyubiquitination of MMP9, which enhanced the stability of MMP9. The upregulated MMP9 level led to the degradation of essential proteins involved in the maintenance of the BTB, such as tight junction proteins (TJPs) and type Ⅳ collagens. Collectively, we concluded that ZIKV infection promoted the expression of MMP9 which was further stabilized by NS1 induced K63-linked polyubiquitination to affect the TJPs/ type Ⅳ collagen network, thereby disrupting the BTB and facilitating ZIKV entry into the testes. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that shows high tropism to the testes and can persist in human semen for a long period. However, the entry mechanism of ZIKV into the testes has remained unclear. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)-modulated ZIKV infection in mice. We showed that MMP9 was upregulated by ZIKV infection both in vivo and in vitro. ZIKV infection affected the permeability of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) through MMP9 mediated degradation of TJPs and type Ⅳ collagens that are critically involved in the maintenance of the BTB. Additionally, the interaction between MMP9 and ZIKV NS1 induced the K63-linked polyubiquitination of MMP9, which enhanced the stability and function of MMP9. Overall, our findings provided important insights into the mechanisms through which MMP9 disrupted the BTB and promoted ZIKV entry into the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Moujian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junsen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyu Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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239
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The journey of Zika to the developing brain. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3097-3115. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZika virus is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus originally isolated from humans in 1952. Following its re-emergence in Brazil in 2015, an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly to infected mothers was observed. Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised phenotypically by a smaller than average head size, and is usually developed in utero. The 2015 outbreak in the Americas led to the World Health Organisation declaring Zika a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since then, much research into the effects of Zika has been carried out. Studies have investigated the structure of the virus, its effects on and evasion of the immune response, cellular entry including target receptors, its transmission from infected mother to foetus and its cellular targets. This review discusses current knowledge and novel research into these areas, in hope of developing a further understanding of how exposure of pregnant women to the Zika virus can lead to impaired brain development of their foetus. Although no longer considered an epidemic in the Americas, the mechanism by which Zika acts is still not comprehensively and wholly understood, and this understanding will be crucial in developing effective vaccines and treatments.
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240
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Engineering human organoid development ex vivo—challenges and opportunities. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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241
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Ye W, Luo C, Li C, Huang J, Liu F. Organoids to study immune functions, immunological diseases and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:31-40. [PMID: 32112908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional organoid culture systems show great promise as innovative physiological and pathophysiological models. Their applications in immunological research have been widely explored. For instance, immune organoids allow functional studies of immune system-related conditions, in a context that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment, enabling an in-depth understanding of the immune tissue structures and functions. The newly developed coculture organoid and the air-liquid interface (ALI) systems also provided new insights for studying epithelia-immune cell interactions based on their endogenous distribution. Additionally, organoids have enabled the innovation of immunological disease models and exploration of the link between immunity and cancer, showing potential for personalized immunotherapy. This review is an overview of recent advances in the application of organoids in immunological research. Furthermore, the potential improvements for further utilization of organoids in personalized immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
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242
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Claus C, Jung M, Hübschen JM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models: A Peephole into Virus Infections during Early Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32110999 PMCID: PMC7140399 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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243
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Teixeira FME, Pietrobon AJ, Oliveira LDM, Oliveira LMDS, Sato MN. Maternal-Fetal Interplay in Zika Virus Infection and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:175. [PMID: 32117303 PMCID: PMC7033814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the organization of complex tolerance mechanisms occurs to assure non-rejection of the semiallogeneic fetus. Pregnancy is a period of vulnerability to some viral infections, mainly during the first and second trimesters, that may cause congenital damage to the fetus. Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has gained great notoriety due to the occurrence of congenital ZIKV syndrome, characterized by fetal microcephaly, which results from the ability of ZIKV to infect placental cells and neural precursors in the fetus. Importantly, in addition to the congenital effects, studies have shown that perinatal ZIKV infection causes a number of disorders, including maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. In this paper, we contextualize the immunological aspects involved in the maternal-fetal interface and vulnerability to ZIKV infection, especially the alterations resulting in perinatal outcomes. This highlights the need to develop protective maternal vaccine strategies or interventions that are capable of preventing fetal or even neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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244
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Chhibber T, Bagchi S, Lahooti B, Verma A, Al-Ahmad A, Paul MK, Pendyala G, Jayant RD. CNS organoids: an innovative tool for neurological disease modeling and drug neurotoxicity screening. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:456-465. [PMID: 31783130 PMCID: PMC7039749 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm of central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery has mostly relied on traditional approaches of rodent models or cell-based in vitro models. Owing to the issues of species differences between humans and rodents, it is difficult to correlate the robustness of data for neurodevelopmental studies. With advances in the stem-cell field, 3D CNS organoids have been developed and explored owing to their resemblance to the human brain architecture and functions. Further, CNS organoids provide a unique opportunity to mimic the human brain physiology and serve as a modeling tool to study the normal versus pathological brain or the elucidation of mechanisms of neurological disorders. Here, we discuss the recent application of a CNS organoid explored for neurodevelopment disease or a screening tool for CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chhibber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Angela Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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245
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Li S, Wang M, Zhou J. Brain Organoids: A Promising Living Biobank Resource for Neuroscience Research. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:136-143. [PMID: 31977235 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanking plays an important role between clinical practice and translational research. In addition to the traditional biomolecular-based biobanks, there is a growing interest in establishing living biobanks, including organoid biobanks that can collect and store viable and functional tissues and proliferative cell types for long periods of time. An organoid is a three-dimensional cell complex derived by self-organization of small tissue blocks or stem cells, which can recapitulate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of targeted human organs. Publications on brain organoids have increased recently, and several types of brain organoids have been reported to model normal and abnormal neural development, as well as different neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and other neural conditions. Based on the current status of research, more exploration on brain organoids is needed, through technical advancements, to improve the reproducibility and scalability, as well as to decrease the diversity. Moreover, given their natural characteristics, more attention to ethical considerations is needed, considering the extent of maturation and complexity of brain organoids. Living biobanks that are engaged in collecting categories of brain organoids possessing different genetic backgrounds, and with spatial and temporal characteristics, will eventually contribute to the understanding of neural conditions and ultimately facilitate innovative treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmei Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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246
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Wang S, Zhang Q, Tiwari SK, Lichinchi G, Yau EH, Hui H, Li W, Furnari F, Rana TM. Integrin αvβ5 Internalizes Zika Virus during Neural Stem Cells Infection and Provides a Promising Target for Antiviral Therapy. Cell Rep 2020; 30:969-983.e4. [PMID: 31956073 PMCID: PMC7293422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We perform a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-wide screen in glioblastoma stem cells and identify integrin αvβ5 as an internalization factor for Zika virus (ZIKV). Expression of αvβ5 is correlated with ZIKV susceptibility in various cells and tropism in developing human cerebral cortex. A blocking antibody against integrin αvβ5, but not αvβ3, efficiently inhibits ZIKV infection. ZIKV binds to cells but fails to internalize when treated with integrin αvβ5-blocking antibody. αvβ5 directly binds to ZIKV virions and activates focal adhesion kinase, which is required for ZIKV infection. Finally, αvβ5 blocking antibody or two inhibitors, SB273005 and cilengitide, reduces ZIKV infection and alleviates ZIKV-induced pathology in human neural stem cells and in mouse brain. Altogether, our findings identify integrin αvβ5 as an internalization factor for ZIKV, providing a promising therapeutic target, as well as two drug candidates for prophylactic use or treatments for ZIKV infections. Wang et al. show that Zika virus (ZIKV) uses integrin αvβ5 to infect neural stem cells. ZIKV infection can be inhibited by αvβ5 blocking antibody or inhibitors, SB273005 and cilengitide, in human neural stem cells and in mouse brain, providing drug candidates for prophylactic use or treatments for ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gianluigi Lichinchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edwin H Yau
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hui Hui
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wanyu Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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247
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DEF Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-148a-5p Promotes DTMUV Replication by Negative Regulating TLR3 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010094. [PMID: 31947624 PMCID: PMC7019286 DOI: 10.3390/v12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a single-stranded, positive-polarity RNA flavivirus that has caused considerable economic losses in China in recent years. Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens and serves as an important role in resisting viral infections. In this study, we found that the infection of ducks by DTMUV triggers Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathways and inducing abundant of pro-inflammatory factors and type I interferons (IFNs), in which melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) play important immunity roles, they can inhibit the replication process of DTMUV via inducing type I IFNs. Moreover, we demonstrated that type I IFNs can inhibit the DTMUV replication process in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that have important roles in intercellular communication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can modulate gene expression and are common substances in exosomes. In our experiment, we successfully isolated DEF cells derived exosome for the first time and explored its function. Firstly, we found the expression of miR-148a-5p is significantly decreased following DTMUV infect. Then we found miR-148a-5p can target TLR3 and down-regulate the expression of TLR3, serving as a negative factor in innate immunity. Unfortunately, we cannot find miRNAs with different expression changes that can target MDA5. Lastly, our experimental results showed that TLR3 was one of the causes of miR-148a-5p reduction, suggesting that the high level of TLR3 after DTMUV infect can both trigger innate immunity and suppress miR-148a-5p to resist DTMUV.
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248
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was once considered an obscure member of the large and diverse family of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, and human infections with ZIKV were thought to be sporadic, with mild and self-limiting symptoms. The large-scale ZIKV epidemics in the Americas and the unexpected uncovering of a link to congenital birth defects escalated ZIKV infections to the status of a global public health emergency. Recent studies that combined reverse genetics with modelling in multiple systems have provided evidence that ZIKV has acquired additional amino acid substitutions at the same time as congenital Zika syndrome and other birth defects were detected. In this Progress article, we summarize the evolution of ZIKV during its spread from Asia to the Americas and discuss potential links to pathogenesis.
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249
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Human Gastrointestinal Organoid Models for Studying Microbial Disease and Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 430:55-75. [PMID: 32889597 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the major discoveries in stem cell research in the past decade embraces the development of "organs in a dish," also known as "organoids." Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures derived from primary stem cells of different organ-specific cell types which are capable of self-renewal and maintenance of the parental lineages. Researchers have developed in vitro organoid models to mimic in vivo host-microbial interactions and disease. In this review, we focus on the use of gastrointestinal organoids as models of microbial disease and cancer.
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250
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Neural In Vitro Models for Studying Substances Acting on the Central Nervous System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:111-141. [PMID: 32594299 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been greatly contributing to our understanding of physiology, mechanisms of diseases, and toxicity. Yet, their limitations due to, e.g., interspecies variation are reflected in the high number of drug attrition rates, especially in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Therefore, human-based neural in vitro models for studying safety and efficacy of substances acting on the CNS are needed. Human iPSC-derived cells offer such a platform with the unique advantage of reproducing the "human context" in vitro by preserving the genetic and molecular phenotype of their donors. Guiding the differentiation of hiPSC into cells of the nervous system and combining them in a 2D or 3D format allows to obtain complex models suitable for investigating neurotoxicity or brain-related diseases with patient-derived cells. This chapter will give an overview over stem cell-based human 2D neuronal and mixed neuronal/astrocyte models, in vitro cultures of microglia, as well as CNS disease models and considers new developments in the field, more specifically the use of brain organoids and 3D bioprinted in vitro models for safety and efficacy evaluation.
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