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Chen PY, Tang ZL, Hong YY, Hsieh IJ, Li ZY, Zhou J, Cai SQ. Genetic Aspects of Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma. JAMA Dermatol 2024; 160:1125-1128. [PMID: 39230882 PMCID: PMC11375517 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
This genetic association study examines the genetic aspects of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma in 3 patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yu Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - I-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sui-Qing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Palmiotti A, Berk KA, Koehorst M, Hovingh MV, Pranger AT, van Faassen M, de Boer JF, van der Valk ES, van Rossum EFC, Mulder MT, Kuipers F. Reversal of insulin resistance in people with obesity by lifestyle-induced weight loss does not impact the proportion of circulating 12α-hydroxylated bile acids. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:4019-4029. [PMID: 38957937 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM Bile acids (BAs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of several metabolic syndrome-related diseases, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has been reported that IR and T2D are associated with an increased ratio of 12α/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs in the circulating BA pool. It is, however, unknown whether the improvement of insulin sensitivity inversely affects BA composition in humans. Therefore, we assessed whether lifestyle-induced weight loss induces changes in BA metabolism in people with obesity, with or without T2D, and if these changes are associated with metabolic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individual BAs and C4 were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in plasma samples collected from two cohorts of people with obesity (OB) and with T2D and obesity (T2D), before and after a lifestyle intervention. RESULTS Lifestyle-induced weight loss improved glycaemic control in both cohorts, with plasma BA concentrations not affected by the lifestyle interventions. The ratio of 12α/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs remained unchanged in OB (p = .178) and even slightly increased upon intervention in T2D (p = .0147). Plasma C4 levels were unaffected in OB participants (p = .20) but significantly reduced in T2D after intervention (p = .0003). There were no significant correlations between the ratio of 12α/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs and glucose, insulin, or homeostatic model assessment-IR, nor in plasma triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) in the T2D cohort. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle-induced weight loss did improve glycaemic control but did not affect BA concentrations. Improvements in insulin sensitivity were not associated with changes in BA parameters in people with obesity, with or without T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palmiotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Berk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milaine V Hovingh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alle T Pranger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline S van der Valk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Obesity Centre CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Obesity Centre CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department for the Biology of Ageing, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gunnersen S, Shim JT, Liu F, Tietge UJ, Sørensen CB, Bentzon JF. Conditional deletion of Ccl2 in smooth muscle cells does not reduce early atherosclerosis in mice. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2024; 55:12-20. [PMID: 38234375 PMCID: PMC10792688 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a pro-inflammatory chemokine important for monocyte recruitment to the arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaques. Global knockout of Ccl2 reduces plaque formation and macrophage content in mice, but the importance of different plaque cell types in mediating this effect has not been resolved. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can adopt a potentially pro-inflammatory function with expression of CCL2. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that SMC-secreted CCL2 is involved in early atherogenesis in mice. Methods SMC-restricted Cre recombinase was activated at 6 weeks of age in mice with homozygous floxed or wildtype Ccl2 alleles. Separate experiments in mice lacking the Cre recombinase transgene were conducted to control for genetic background effects. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis were induced by a tail vein injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) encoding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Results Unexpectedly, mice with SMC-specific Ccl2 deletion developed higher levels of plasma cholesterol and larger atherosclerotic plaques with more macrophages compared with wild-type littermates. When total cholesterol levels were incorporated into the statistical analysis, none of the effects on plaque development between groups remained significant. Importantly, changes in plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis remained in mice lacking Cre recombinase indicating that they were not caused by SMC-specific CCL2 deletion but by effects of the floxed allele or passenger genes. Conclusions SMC-specific deficiency of Ccl2 does not significantly affect early plaque development in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gunnersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jeong Tangkjær Shim
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Fan Liu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J.F. Tietge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Brandt Sørensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Wang TT, Yang CY, Peng L, Li L, Chen NT, Feng X, Xie J, Wu TC, Xu T, Chen YZ. QiShenYiQi pill inhibits atherosclerosis by promoting TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in liver. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155192. [PMID: 37951148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranucleotide repeat domain protein 39B (TTC39B) was found to combine with ubiquitin ligase E3, and promote the ubiquitination modification of liver X receptor (LXR), which led to the inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport and development of atherosclerosis. QiShenYiQi pill (QSYQ) is a modern Chinese patent drug for treating ischemic cardiovascular diseases, the underlying mechanism is found to promote the expression of LXR-α/ ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) in the liver of atherosclerotic mice. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of QSYQ on TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in atherosclerotic mice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Male apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice (7 weeks old) were fed with high-fat diet and treated with low dose of QSYQ (QSYQ-l, 0.3 g/kg·d), high dose of QSYQ (QSYQ-H, 1.2 g/kg·d) and LXR-α agonist (LXR-A, GW3965 10 mg/kg·d) for 8 weeks. C57BL/6 J mice were fed with normal diet and used as negative control. Oil red O staining, HE staining, ELISA, RNA sequencing, western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, cell culture and RNA interference were performed to analyze the effect of QSYQ on atherosclerosis. RESULTS HE staining showed that QSYQ reduced the atherosclerotic lesion significantly when compared to the control group. ELISA measurement showed that QSYQ decreased serum VLDL and increased serum ApoA1. Oil Red O staining showed that QSYQ reduced the lipid content of liver and protect liver function. Comparative transcriptome RNA-sequence of liver showed that DEGs after QSYQ treatment enriched in high-density lipoprotein particle, ubiquitin ligase complex, bile secretion, etc. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot proved that QSYQ increased the protein expression of hepatic SR-B1, LXR-α, LXR-β, CYP7A1 and ABCG5. Targeted inhibiting Ttc39b gene in vitro further established that QSYQ inhibited the gene expression of Ttc39b, increased the protein expression of SR-B1, LXR-α/β, CYP7A1 and ABCG5 in rat hepatocyte. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the new anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of QSYQ by targeting TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in liver. QSYQ not only promoted reverse cholesterol transport, but also improved fatty liver and protected liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Wang
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Yang
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
| | - Li Li
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Nan-Ting Chen
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Ting-Chun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Chen
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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FXR Signaling-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism Is Critical for Alleviation of Cholesterol Gallstones by Lactobacillus Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0051822. [PMID: 36036629 PMCID: PMC9603329 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00518-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone (CGS) disease is characterized by an imbalance in bile acid (BA) metabolism and is closely associated with gut microbiota disorders. However, the role and mechanism by which probiotics targeting the gut microbiota attenuate cholesterol gallstones are still unknown. In this study, Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain CGMCC 17942 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain CGMCC 14407 were individually administered to lithogenic-diet (LD)-fed mice for 8 weeks. Both Lactobacillus strains significantly reduced LD-induced gallstones, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia. These strains modulated BA profiles in the serum and liver, which may be responsible for the activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). At the molecular level, L. reuteri and L. plantarum increased ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and hepatic fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). Subsequently, hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) were inhibited. Moreover, the two strains enhanced BA transport by increasing the levels of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein homologs 3 and 4 (Mrp3/4), hepatic multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2), and the bile salt export pump (BSEP). In addition, both L. reuteri and L. plantarum reduced LD-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. L. reuteri increased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, while L. plantarum increased that of Akkermansia. The changed gut microbiota was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of cholesterol gallstones and the FXR-antagonistic BAs in the liver and serum and with the FXR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the protective effects of the two strains were abolished by both global and intestine-specific FXR antagonists. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus might relieve CGS through the FXR signaling pathways. IMPORTANCE Cholesterol gallstone (CGS) disease is prevalent worldwide. None of the medical options for prevention and treatment of CGS disease are recommended, and surgical management has a high rate of recurrence. It has been reported that the factors involved in metabolic syndrome are highly connected with CGS formation. While remodeling of dysbiosis of the gut microbiome during improvement of metabolic syndrome has been well studied, less is known about prevention of CGS formation after regulating the gut microbiome. We used the lithogenic diet (LD) to induce an experimental CGS model in C57BL/6J mice to investigate protection against CGS formation by Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain CGMCC 17942 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain CGMCC 14407. We found that these L. reuteri and L. plantarum strains altered the bile acid composition in mice and improved the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. These two Lactobacillus strains prevented CGS formation by fully activating the hepatic and ileal FXR signaling pathways. They could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CGS or preventing its recurrence.
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Cholesterol-lowering activity of 10-gingerol in HepG2 cells is associated with enhancing LDL cholesterol uptake, cholesterol efflux and bile acid excretion. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Takeshima M, Ogihara MH, Kataoka H. Characterization and functional analysis of BmSR-B1 for phytosterol uptake. Steroids 2022; 184:109039. [PMID: 35588900 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insects cannot synthesize sterols, such as cholesterol, and require sterols in their diet. Phytophagous insects use dietary phytosterols as a source of cholesterol. Sterols are transported from the midgut by the insect lipoprotein, lipophorin (Lp), although mechanisms for uptake of phytosterols into tissues are unclear. This study characterizes Scavenger Receptor class B type1 (SR-B1) from Bombyx mori (BmSR-B1) as molecules related to phytosterol uptake. According to sterol quantification using LC-MS/MS analysis, the midgut and fat body were phytosterol-rich relative to cholesterol-rich brain and prothoracic glands. Gene expression analysis of Bmsr-b1 in silkworm tissues showed that the genes Bmsr-b1_2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 were expressed in the midgut and fat body. To characterize the function of BmSR-B1, 11 BmSR-B1 homologs expressed in Bombyx ovary-derived BmN cells and Drosophila melanogaster embryo-derived Schneider 2 (S2) cells were incubated with purified Lp. Our analysis showed that BmSR-B1_3 induced the accumulation of campesterol and BmSR-B1_4 induced the accumulation of β-sitosterol and campesterol in culture cells. BmSR-B1 incorporated specific phytosterols into insect cells by selective uptake across the cell membrane where BmSR-B1 was localized. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that one function of BmSR-B1 is the uptake of phytosterols into silkworm tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:323-336. [PMID: 35332444 PMCID: PMC9050774 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As both a cholesterol acceptor and carrier in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is putatively atheroprotective. However, current pharmacological therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration have paradoxically failed to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that free cholesterol (FC) transfer between surfaces of lipoproteins and cells is reversible, excess plasma FC can be transferred to the cells of peripheral tissue sites resulting in atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize potential mechanisms contributing to this paradox and highlight the role of excess free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability in atherosclerosis vs. atheroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have established a complex relationship between HDL-c concentration and atherosclerosis. Systemic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) knock out (KO) mice exhibit with increased diet-induced atherosclerosis despite having an elevated plasma HDL-c concentration compared to wild type (WT) mice. The greater bioavailability of HDL-FC in SR-B1 vs. WT mice is associated with a higher FC content in multiple cell types and tissue sites. These results suggest that dysfunctional HDL with high FC bioavailability is atheroprone despite high HDL-c concentration. Past oversimplification of HDL-c involvement in cholesterol transport has led to the failures in HDL targeted therapy. Evidence suggests that FC-mediated functionality of HDL is of higher importance than its quantity; as a result, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which HDL-FC bioavailability can induce atherosclerosis can have far-reaching clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minh T H Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Abrar Mamun
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Pownall
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhou Z, Qian J, Kini A, Riederer B, Römermann D, Gros G, Seidler U. Loss of luminal carbonic anhydrase XIV results in decreased biliary bicarbonate output, liver fibrosis, and cholangiocyte proliferation in mice. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:529-539. [PMID: 35119514 PMCID: PMC8993780 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase XIV (Car14) is highly expressed in the hepatocyte, with predominance in the canalicular membrane and its active site in the extracellular milieu. The aim of this study is to determine the physiological relevance of Car14 for biliary fluid and acid/base output, as well as its role in the maintenance of hepatocellular and cholangiocyte integrity. The common bile duct of anesthetized car14-/- and car14+/+ mice was cannulated and hepatic HCO3- output was measured by microtitration and bile flow gravimetrically before and during stimulation with intravenously applied tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Morphological alterations and hepatic damage were assessed histologically and immunohistochemically in liver tissue from 3- to 52-week-old car14-/- and car14+/+ mice, and gene and/or protein expression was measured for pro-inflammatory cytokines, fibrosis, and cholangiocyte markers. Biliary basal and more so TUDCA-stimulated HCO3- output were significantly reduced in car14-/- mice of all age groups, whereas bile flow and hepatic and ductular morphology were normal at young age. Car14-/- mice developed fibrotic and proliferative changes in the small bile ducts at advanced age, which was accompanied by a reduction in bile flow, and an upregulation of hepatic cytokeratin 19 mRNA and protein expression. Membrane-bound Car14 is essential for biliary HCO3- output, and its loss results in gradual development of small bile duct disease and hepatic fibrosis. Bile flow is not compromised in young adulthood, suggesting that Car14-deficient mice may be a model to study the protective role of biliary canalicular HCO3- against luminal noxi to the cholangiocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajie Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Archana Kini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Römermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerolf Gros
- Department of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Hu H, Shao W, Liu Q, Liu N, Wang Q, Xu J, Zhang X, Weng Z, Lu Q, Jiao L, Chen C, Sun H, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Gu A. Gut microbiota promotes cholesterol gallstone formation by modulating bile acid composition and biliary cholesterol secretion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:252. [PMID: 35017486 PMCID: PMC8752841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease is a worldwide common disease. Cholesterol supersaturation in gallbladder bile is the prerequisite for its pathogenesis, while the mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, we find enrichment of gut microbiota (especially Desulfovibrionales) in patients with gallstone disease. Fecal transplantation of gut microbiota from gallstone patients to gallstone-resistant strain of mice can induce gallstone formation. Carrying Desulfovibrionales is associated with enhanced cecal secondary bile acids production and increase of bile acid hydrophobicity facilitating intestinal cholesterol absorption. Meanwhile, the metabolic product of Desulfovibrionales, H2S increase and is shown to induce hepatic FXR and inhibit CYP7A1 expression. Mice carrying Desulfovibrionales present induction of hepatic expression of cholesterol transporters Abcg5/g8 to promote biliary secretion of cholesterol as well. Our study demonstrates the role of gut microbiota, Desulfovibrionales, as an environmental regulator contributing to gallstone formation through its influence on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Metabolic conditions associated with alterations of the gut microbiome, such as obesity and diabetes, predispose to gallstone disease. Here the authors demonstrate that the gut microbiome, in particular the genus Desulfovibrionale, contribute to gallstone formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (Suzhou Center), Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qifan Lu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Jiao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Sun
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Institution of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Zhao F, Ma S, Zhou Y, Wei B, Hao Z, Cui X, Xing L, Liu G, Jin L, Ma T, Shi L. miRNA-223 Suppresses Mouse Gallstone Formation by Targeting Key Transporters in Hepatobiliary Cholesterol Secretion Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4459-4473. [PMID: 34803510 PMCID: PMC8579439 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA-223 has been previously reported to play an essential role in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. However, its role in regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion and gallstone formation remains unknown. Hence, mice with conventional knockout (KO), hepatocyte-specific knockout (ΔHepa) / knockdown (KD) or gain expression of miRNA-223 were included in the study and were subjected to lithogenic diet (LD) for various weeks. The gall bladders and liver tissues were harvested for cholesterol crystal imaging, gallstone mass measurement and molecular analysis. Levels of cholesterol, bile salt, phospholipids, and triglyceride were determined in serum, liver tissues, and bile by enzyme color reactive assays. A 3' UTR reporter gene assay was used to verify the direct target genes for miRNA-223. LD-induced gallstone formation was remarkably accelerated in miRNA-223 KO, ΔHepa, and KD mice with concurrent enhancement in total cholesterol levels in liver tissues and bile. Key biliary cholesterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 were identified as direct targets of miRNA-223. Reversely, AAV-mediated hepatocyte-specific miRNA-223 overexpression prevented gallstone progression with reduced targets expression. Therefore, the present study demonstrates a novel role of miRNA-223 in the gallstone formation by targeting ABCG5 and ABCG8 and elevating miRNA-223 would be a potentially novel approach to overcome the sternness of cholesterol gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shiyu Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Bailing Wei
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Xing
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
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12
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Li R, Palmiotti A, de Vries HD, Hovingh MV, Koehorst M, Mulder NL, Zhang Y, Kats K, Bloks VW, Fu J, Verkade HJ, de Boer JF, Kuipers F. Low production of 12α-hydroxylated bile acids prevents hepatic steatosis in Cyp2c70 -/- mice by reducing fat absorption. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100134. [PMID: 34626589 PMCID: PMC8596750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play important roles in lipid homeostasis and BA signaling pathways serve as therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, we generated Cyp2c70-/- mice with a human-like BA composition lacking mouse/rat-specific muricholic acids (MCAs) to accelerate translation from mice to humans. We employed this model to assess the consequences of a human-like BA pool on diet-induced obesity and NAFLD development. Male and female Cyp2c70-/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were challenged with a 12-week Western-type high-fat diet (WTD) supplemented with 0.25% cholesterol. Cyp2c70-deficiency induced a hydrophobic BA pool with high abundances of chenodeoxycholic acid, particularly in females, due to sex-dependent suppression of sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1). Plasma transaminases were elevated and hepatic fibrosis was present in Cyp2c70-/- mice, especially in females. Surprisingly, female Cyp2c70-/- mice were resistant to WTD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis while male Cyp2c70-/- mice showed similar adiposity and moderately reduced steatosis compared to WT controls. Both intestinal cholesterol and fatty acid absorption were reduced in Cyp2c70-/- mice, the latter more strongly in females, despite unaffected biliary BA secretion rates. Intriguingly, the biliary ratio 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs significantly correlated with fatty acid absorption and hepatic triglyceride content as well as with specific changes in gut microbiome composition. The hydrophobic human-like BA pool in Cyp2c70-/- mice prevents WTD-induced obesity in female mice and NAFLD development in both genders, primarily due to impaired intestinal fat absorption. Our data point to a key role for 12α-hydroxylated BAs in control of intestinal fat absorption and modulation of gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Palmiotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milaine V Hovingh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Kats
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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14
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Zhou Q, Hu H, Zhao G, Liu P, Wang Y, Zhang H. Effect and related mechanism of Yinchenhao decoction on mice with lithogenic diet-induced cholelithiasis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:316. [PMID: 33717259 PMCID: PMC7885065 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanisms of Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, on C57BL/6 mice with lithogenic diet (LD)-induced cholelithiasis. The condition of cholelithiasis was evaluated using a six-level criteria. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum and liver tissue were measured using enzyme colorimetry. Concentrations of TC, phospholipids (PL) and total bile acids (TBA) in the bile were measured to calculate the cholesterol saturation index. Liver histopathology was microscopically observed and mRNA expression levels of ABCG5, ABCG8, SRBI, ABCB4, ABCB11 and NPC1L1 involved in cholesterol metabolism were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results showed that feeding mice the LD induced cholelithiasis, along with abnormal serum biochemical indices and imbalances in biliary cholesterol homeostasis. Increased ALT and ALP levels in the serum and ALT, ALP, TC and LDL-C levels in the serum and liver indicated the existence of hepatocyte injury, which were consistent with the pathological changes. YCHD treatment ameliorated the serum and hepatic biochemical abnormalities and adjusted the biliary imbalance. In addition, elevated expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8, scavenger receptor class B type I and Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 in the liver and small intestine were observed at the onset of cholelithiasis but were reversed by YCHD. Taken together, results from the present study suggest that YCHD ameliorated LD-induced cholelithiasis mice, which may be caused by improvements in biliary cholesterol supersaturation and regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Department of Cholelithiasis, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cholelithiasis, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yixing Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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15
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Vitamin D Status of Mice Deficient in Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1, Cluster Determinant 36 and ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins G5/G8. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082169. [PMID: 32707802 PMCID: PMC7469065 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical lipid transporters are suggested to modulate cellular vitamin D uptake. This study investigated the vitamin D levels in serum and tissues of mice deficient in SR-B1 (Srb1-/-), CD36 (Cd36-/-) and ABC-G5/G8 (Abcg5/g8-/-) and compared them with corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. All mice received triple-deuterated vitamin D3 (vitamin D3-d3) for six weeks. All knockout mice vs. WT mice showed specific alterations in their vitamin D concentrations. Srb1-/- mice had higher levels of vitamin D3-d3 in the serum, adipose tissue, kidney and heart, whereas liver levels of vitamin D3-d3 remained unaffected. Additionally, Srb1-/- mice had lower levels of deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3-d3) in the serum, liver and kidney compared to WT mice. In contrast, Cd36-/- and WT mice did not differ in the serum and tissue levels of vitamin D3-d3, but Cd36-/- vs. WT mice were characterized by lower levels of 25(OH)D3-d3 in the serum, liver and kidney. Finally, Abcg5/g8-/- mice tended to have higher levels of vitamin D3-d3 in the serum and liver. Major alterations in Abcg5/g8-/- mice were notably higher levels of 25(OH)D3-d3 in the serum and kidney, accompanied by a higher hepatic mRNA abundance of Cyp27a1 hydroxylase. To conclude, the current data emphasize the significant role of lipid transporters in the uptake, tissue distribution and activation of vitamin D.
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16
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Vlacil AK, Schuett J, Ruppert V, Soufi M, Oberoi R, Shahin K, Wächter C, Tschernig T, Lei Y, Liu F, Tietge UJF, Schieffer B, Schuett H, Grote K. Deficiency of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NOD) 1 and 2 reduces atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:47. [PMID: 32588196 PMCID: PMC7316681 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is crucially fueled by inflammatory pathways including pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-related signaling of the innate immune system. Currently, the impact of the cytoplasmic PRRs nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1 and 2 is incompletely characterized. We, therefore, generated Nod1/Nod2 double knockout mice on a low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient background (= Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/−) which were subsequently analyzed regarding experimental atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gut microbiota composition. Compared to Ldlr−/− mice, Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed reduced plasma lipids and increased hepatic expression of the scavenger receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 after feeding a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Furthermore, intestinal cholesterol and its bacterial degradation product coprostanol were elevated in Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice, correlating with the increased abundance of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes as assessed by 3rd generation sequencing of the gut microbiota. Atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice exhibited less lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation. Moreover, macrophages from Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed higher expression of the cholesterol efflux transporters Abca1 and Abcg1 and accordingly reduced foam cell formation. Deficiency of Nod1 and Nod2 led to reduced plaque lipid deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. This might be explained by diminished plasma lipid levels and foam cell formation due to altered expression of key regulators of the hepatic cholesterol pathway as well as differential intestinal cholesterol metabolism and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Vlacil
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schuett
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Ruppert
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhidien Soufi
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raghav Oberoi
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kinan Shahin
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wächter
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Campus Homburg/Saar, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yu Lei
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fan Liu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schuett
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Grote
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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17
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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18
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Roscam Abbing RL, Slijepcevic D, Donkers JM, Havinga R, Duijst S, Paulusma CC, Kuiper J, Kuipers F, Groen AK, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Blocking Sodium-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide Stimulates Biliary Cholesterol and Phospholipid Secretion in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:247-258. [PMID: 31136002 PMCID: PMC7003915 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Active secretion of bile salts into the canalicular lumen drives bile formation and promotes biliary cholesterol and phospholipid output. Disrupting hepatic bile salt uptake, by inhibition of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypetide (NTCP; Slc10a1) with Myrcludex B, is expected to limit bile salt flux through the liver and thereby to decrease biliary lipid excretion. Here, we show that Myrcludex B-mediated NTCP inhibition actually causes an increase in biliary cholesterol and phospholipid excretion whereas biliary bile salt output and bile salt composition remains unchanged. Increased lysosomal discharge into bile was excluded as a potential contributor to increased biliary lipid secretion. Induction of cholesterol secretion was not a consequence of increased ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 activity given that NTCP inhibition still promoted cholesterol excretion in Abcg8-/- mice. Stimulatory effects of NTCP inhibition were maintained in Sr-b1-/- mice, eliminating the possibility that the increase in biliary lipids was derived from enhanced uptake of high-density lipoprotein-derived lipids. NTCP inhibition shifts bile salt uptake, which is generally more periportally restricted, toward pericentral hepatocytes, as was visualized using a fluorescently labeled conjugated bile salt. As a consequence, exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts was increased, allowing for more cholesterol and phospholipid molecules to be excreted per bile salt. Conclusion: NTCP inhibition increases biliary lipid secretion, which is independent of alterations in bile salt output, biliary bile salt hydrophobicity, or increased activity of dedicated cholesterol and phospholipid transporters. Instead, NTCP inhibition shifts hepatic bile salt uptake from mainly periportal hepatocytes toward pericentral hepatocytes, thereby increasing exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts linking to increased biliary cholesterol secretion. This process provides an additional level of control to biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout L.P. Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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19
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Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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20
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Dimova LG, Battista S, Plösch T, Kampen RA, Liu F, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Pratico D, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Gestational oxidative stress protects against adult obesity and insulin resistance. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101329. [PMID: 31550664 PMCID: PMC6812053 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia cause increased fetal oxidative stress and fetal growth restriction, and associate with a higher incidence of adult metabolic syndrome. However, the pathophysiological contribution of oxidative stress per se is experimentally difficult to discern and has not been investigated. This study determined, if increased intrauterine oxidative stress (IUOx) affects adiposity, glucose and cholesterol metabolism in adult Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ offspring from crossing male Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ mice with Ldlr−/−xSod2 +/- dams (IUOx) or Ldlr−/−xSod2 +/- males with Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ dams (control). At 12 weeks of age mice received Western diet for an additional 12 weeks. Adult male IUOx offspring displayed lower body weight and reduced adiposity associated with improved glucose tolerance compared to controls. Reduced weight gain in IUOx was conceivably due to increased energy dissipation in white adipose tissue conveyed by higher expression of Ucp1 and an accompanying decrease in DNA methylation in the Ucp1 enhancer region. Female offspring did not show comparable phenotypes. These results demonstrate that fetal oxidative stress protects against the obesogenic effects of Western diet in adulthood by programming energy dissipation in white adipose tissue at the level of Ucp1. Intrauterine oxidative stress (IUOx) in absence of growth restriction was induced. IUOx results in less obesity and improved glucose tolerance in adult male mice. Reduced adiposity in adult males is due to browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Increased UCP-1 expression in WAT of IUOx mice is explained by lower methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Battista
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie A Kampen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle 8, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikst Nynke Verkaik-Schakel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle 8, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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22
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Lohuis MAM, Werkman CCN, Harmsen HJM, Tietge UJF, Verkade HJ. Absence of Intestinal Microbiota during Gestation and Lactation Does Not Alter the Metabolic Response to a Western-type Diet in Adulthood. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800809. [PMID: 30471233 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Microbiota composition in early life is implied to affect the risk to develop obesity in adulthood. It is unclear whether this risk is due to long-lasting microbiome-induced changes in host metabolism. This study aims to identify whether the presence or total absence of early-life microbiota affects host metabolism in adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of a germ-free (Former GF) versus conventional status during gestation and lactation on the metabolic status in adult offspring are compared. Upon conventionalization at weaning, all mice were metabolically challenged with a Western-type diet (WTD) at 10 weeks age. Between age 10 and 30 weeks, a former GF status does not notably affect overall body weight gain, cholesterol metabolism, glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity at adult age. However, Former GF mice have lower bile flow and bile acid secretion in adulthood, but similar bile acid composition. CONCLUSIONS A germ-free status during gestation and lactation does not substantially affect key parameters of the metabolic status before 10 weeks of age on chow diet or in adulthood following a WTD challenge. These data imply that microbiota in early life does not critically affect adult metabolic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam A M Lohuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelieke C N Werkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Dimova LG, Lohuis MAM, Bloks VW, Tietge UJF, Verkade HJ. Milk cholesterol concentration in mice is not affected by high cholesterol diet- or genetically-induced hypercholesterolaemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8824. [PMID: 29891894 PMCID: PMC5995842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk cholesterol content may imply to affect short- and long-term cholesterol homeostasis in the offspring. However, mechanisms of regulating milk cholesterol concentration are only partly understood. We used different mouse models to assess the impact of high cholesterol diet (HC)- or genetically-induced hypercholesterolaemia on milk cholesterol content. At day 14 postpartum we determined milk, plasma and tissue lipids in wild type (WT), LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr−/−), and ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 knockout (Abcg8−/−) mice fed either low- or 0.5% HC diet. In chow-fed mice, plasma cholesterol was higher in Ldlr−/− dams compared to WT. HC-feeding increased plasma cholesterol in all three models compared to chow diet. Despite the up to 5-fold change in plasma cholesterol concentration, the genetic and dietary conditions did not affect milk cholesterol levels. To detect possible compensatory changes, we quantified de novo cholesterol synthesis in mammary gland and liver, which was strongly reduced in the various hypercholesterolaemic conditions. Together, these data suggest that milk cholesterol concentration in mice is not affected by conditions of maternal hypercholesterolaemia and is maintained at stable levels via ABCG8- and LDLR-independent mechanisms. The robustness of milk cholesterol levels might indicate an important physiological function of cholesterol supply to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A M Lohuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Huang J, Wang Y, Ying C, Liu L, Lou Z. Effects of mulberry leaf on experimental hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:547-556. [PMID: 30116313 PMCID: PMC6090255 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mulberry leaf (ML) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used to treat hyperlipidemia in clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to identify the potential effect and possible target of ML in anti-hypercholesterolemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with ML for 5 weeks. Blood lipid levels, total cholesterol (TC) and total bile acid (TBA) in the liver and feces were measured to assess the effects of ML on hypercholesterolemia. Harris's hematoxylin staining and oil red O staining was applied to observe the pathological change and lipid accumulation in the liver. Immunohistochemical assay was performed to observe the location of expressions of scavenger receptor class B type I and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (-R), and western blotting was applied to determine the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8), nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1). The results demonstrated that ML treatment reduced serum TC and LDL-cholesterol levels, and liver TC and TBA contents; increased serum HDL-C levels, and fecal TC and TBA contents; and alleviated hepatocyte lipid degeneration. In addition, ML treatment inhibited liver LDL-R, PPARα and FXR protein expression, promoted protein expression of CYP7A1, and maintained the ratio of ABCG5/ABCG8. The findings of the present study provide a positive role of ML on cholesterol clearance via promoting cholesterol and TBA execration via FXR- and CYP7A1-mediated pathways; RCT regulation may be a potential mechanism of ML on anti-hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yangpeng Wang
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ying
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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25
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Tissue sterol composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) depends on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:599-609. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate how the dietary sterol composition, including cholesterol, phytosterol:cholesterol ratio and phytosterols, affect the absorption, biliary excretion, retention, tissue storage and distribution of cholesterol and individual phytosterols in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A feeding trial was conducted at two different temperatures (6 and 12°C), using nine different diets with varying contents of phytosterols, cholesterol and phytosterol:cholesterol ratio. Cholesterol retention values were clearly dependent on dietary cholesterol, and showed that fish fed cholesterol levels <1000 mg/kg feed produced considerable quantities of cholesterol de novo. Despite this production, cholesterol content increased with increasing dietary cholesterol in liver, plasma, bile, muscle, adipose tissue and whole fish at 12°C, and in plasma, bile and whole fish at 6°C. The tissue sterol composition generally depended on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content in itself. Campesterol and brassicasterol appeared to be the phytosterols with the highest intestinal absorption in Atlantic salmon. There was a high biliary excretion of campesterol, but not of brassicasterol, which accumulated in tissues and particularly in adipose tissue, with 2-fold-higher retention at 12°C compared with 6°C. Campesterol had the second highest retention of the phytosterols in the fish, but with no difference between the two temperatures. Other phytosterols had very low retention. Although brassicasterol retention decreased with increasing dietary phytosterols, campesterol retention decreased with increasing dietary cholesterol, indicating differences in the uptake mechanisms for these two sterols.
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26
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Dimova LG, de Boer JF, Plantinga J, Plösch T, Hoekstra M, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Inhibiting Cholesterol Absorption During Lactation Programs Future Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol in Adult Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:382-385.e3. [PMID: 28438611 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In nematodes, the intestine senses and integrates early life dietary cues that lead to lifelong epigenetic adaptations to a perceived nutritional environment-it is not clear whether this process occurs in mammals. We aimed to establish a mouse model of reduced dietary cholesterol availability from maternal milk and investigate the consequences of decreased milk cholesterol availability, early in life, on the metabolism of cholesterol in adult mice. We blocked intestinal absorption of cholesterol in milk fed to newborn mice by supplementing the food of dams (for 3 weeks between birth and weaning) with ezetimibe, which is secreted into milk. Ezetimibe interacts with the intestinal cholesterol absorption transporter NPC1l1 to block cholesterol uptake into enterocytes. Characterization of these offspring at 24 weeks of age showed a 27% decrease in cholesterol absorption (P < .001) and reduced levels of Npc1l1 messenger RNA and protein, but not other cholesterol transporters, in the proximal small intestine. We observed increased histone H3K9me3 methylation at positions -423 to -607 of the proximal Npc1l1 promoter in small intestine tissues from 24-week-old offspring fed ezetimibe during lactation, compared with controls. These findings show that the early postnatal mammalian intestine functions as an environmental sensor of nutritional conditions, responding to conditions such as low cholesterol levels by epigenetic modifications of genes. Further studies are needed to determine how decreased sterol absorption for a defined period might activate epigenetic regulators; the findings of our study might have implications for human infant nutrition and understanding and preventing cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Josee Plantinga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Lai Q, Giralt A, Le May C, Zhang L, Cariou B, Denechaud PD, Fajas L. E2F1 inhibits circulating cholesterol clearance by regulating Pcsk9 expression in the liver. JCI Insight 2017; 2:89729. [PMID: 28515357 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol accumulation in the liver is an early event in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we demonstrate that E2F1 plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulating cholesterol uptake via proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), an enzyme that promotes low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation upon activation. E2f1-/- mice display reduced total plasma cholesterol levels and increased cholesterol content in the liver. In this study, we show that E2f1 deletion in cellular and mouse models leads to a marked decrease in Pcsk9 expression and an increase in LDLR expression. In addition to the upregulation of LDLR, we report that E2f1-/- hepatocytes exhibit increased LDL uptake. ChIP-Seq and PCSK9 promoter reporter experiments confirmed that E2F1 binds to and transactivates the PCSK9 promoter. Interestingly, E2f1-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) display a fatty liver phenotype and liver fibrosis, which is reversed by reexpression of PCSK9 in the liver. Collectively, these data indicate that E2F1 regulates cholesterol uptake and that the loss of E2F1 leads to abnormal cholesterol accumulation in the liver and the development of fibrosis in response to an HCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Giralt
- Department of Physiology.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Le May
- l'Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR1087 - CNRS UMR6291, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- l'Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR1087 - CNRS UMR6291, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-Damien Denechaud
- Department of Physiology.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Mistry RH, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Absence of intestinal microbiota increases ß-cyclodextrin stimulated reverse cholesterol transport. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28087885 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Non-digestible oligosaccharides are used as prebiotics for perceived health benefits, among these modulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. The present study characterized the impact of dietary ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD, 10%, w/w), a cyclic oligosaccharide, on sterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in conventional and also germ-free mice to establish dependency on metabolism by intestinal bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS In conventional ßCD-fed C57BL/6J wild-type mice plasma cholesterol decreased significantly (-40%, p < 0.05), largely within HDL, while fecal neutral sterol excretion increased (3-fold, p < 0.01) and fecal bile acid excretion was unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol secretion were unaltered. Changes in cholesterol metabolism translated into increased macrophage-to-feces RCT in ßCD-administered mice (1.5-fold, p < 0.05). In germ-free C57BL/6J mice ßCD similarly lowered plasma cholesterol (-40%, p < 0.05). However, ßCD increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (7.5-fold, p < 0.01), bile acid excretion (2-fold, p < 0.05) and RCT (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) even more substantially in germ-free mice compared with the effect in conventional mice. CONCLUSION In summary, this study demonstrates that ßCD lowers plasma cholesterol levels and increases fecal cholesterol excretion from a RCT-relevant pool. Intestinal bacteria decrease the impact of ßCD on RCT. These data suggest that dietary ßCD might have cardiovascular health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima H Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Dimova LG, Zlatkov N, Verkade HJ, Uhlin BE, Tietge UJF. High-cholesterol diet does not alter gut microbiota composition in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:15. [PMID: 28239402 PMCID: PMC5314487 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Western diet containing both saturated fat and cholesterol impairs cardio-metabolic health partly by modulating diversity and function of the microbiota. While diet containing only high fat has comparable effects, it is unclear how diets only enriched in cholesterol impact the microbiota. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the response of host and microbiota to a high cholesterol (HC) diet in mice susceptible to cardio-metabolic disease. Methods LDLR knockout mice received either 1.25% HC or no cholesterol containing control diet (NC) for 12 weeks before characterizing host cholesterol metabolism and intestinal microbiota composition (next generation sequencing). Results HC diet substantially increased plasma (1.6-fold) and liver cholesterol levels (21-fold), biliary cholesterol secretion (4.5-fold) and fecal neutral sterol excretion (68-fold, each p < 0.001) but not fecal bile acid excretion. Interestingly, despite the profound changes in intestinal cholesterol homeostasis no differences in microbial composition between control and HC-fed mice were detected. In both groups the main phyla were Bacteroidetes (55%), Firmicutes (27%) and Verrucomicrobia (14%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that in mice HC diet alone does not alter the microbiota composition despite inducing substantial adaptive changes in whole body cholesterol homeostasis. The impact of Western diet on intestinal microbiota thus appears to be mediated exclusively by its high fat content. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0170-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikola Zlatkov
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Serin Hİ, Yilmaz YK, Turan Y, Arslan E, Erkoç MF, Doğan A, Celikbilek M. The association between gallstone disease and plaque in the abdominopelvic arteries. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 22:11. [PMID: 28458703 PMCID: PMC5367247 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.199087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the atheromatous plaque, in the abdominopelvic arteries as a marker of cardiac risk in patients with or without gallstone disease (GD). Materials and Methods: A total of 136 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Forty-eight patients had GD and the remaining 88 patients did not. The presence or absence of gallstones was noted during abdominal ultrasonography while vascular risk factors such as plaque formation, intima-media thickness, plaque calcification, mural thrombus, stenosis, aneurysm, and inflammation were recorded during an abdominopelvic computed tomography scan. In addition, percentage of the abdominopelvic aorta surface covered by atheromatous plaque was calculated. Results: The mean age of patients with GD and without GD was 50.81 ± 16.20 and 50.40 ± 12.43, respectively. Patients with GD were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, a higher body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001), and higher cholesterol (P < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < 0.02) levels. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding other atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients with GD had significantly higher rates of the vascular risk factors as intima-media thickness, plaque formation, calcification, aneurysm, mural thrombosis, stenosis, and inflammation in all abdominal arterial segments other than aneurysm in the femoral arteries. In addition, patients with GD had severe atheromatous plaques in the abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, and common femoral artery (CFA). In patients with GD, parameters of age, BMI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all correlated with the severity of the atheromatous plaque in abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, and CFA. Conclusion: We demonstrated a direct relationship between GD and abdominopelvic atheromatous plaque, which is a marker for increased cardiovascular risk, for the first time in the literature. Patients with GD exhibit greater abdominopelvic atherosclerosis and therefore, have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil İbrahim Serin
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yunus Keser Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Turan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ergin Arslan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fatih Erkoç
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Aytaç Doğan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Celikbilek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Clinically used selective estrogen receptor modulators affect different steps of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32105. [PMID: 27601313 PMCID: PMC5013287 DOI: 10.1038/srep32105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are widely prescribed drugs that alter cellular and whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Here we evaluate the effect of SERMs on the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (M-RCT) pathway, which is mediated by HDL. Treatment of human and mouse macrophages with tamoxifen, raloxifene or toremifene induced the accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles of acetyl-LDL-derived free cholesterol. The SERMs impaired cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I and HDL, and lowered ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. These effects were not altered by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 nor were they reproduced by 17β-estradiol. The treatment of mice with tamoxifen or raloxifene accelerated HDL-cholesteryl ester catabolism, thereby reducing HDL-cholesterol concentrations in serum. When [3H]cholesterol-loaded macrophages were injected into mice intraperitoneally, tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, decreased the [3H]cholesterol levels in serum, liver and feces. Both SERMs downregulated liver ABCG5 and ABCG8 protein expression, but tamoxifen reduced the capacity of HDL and plasma to promote macrophage cholesterol efflux to a greater extent than raloxifene. We conclude that SERMs interfere with intracellular cholesterol trafficking and efflux from macrophages. Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, impair M-RCT in vivo. This effect is primarily attributable to the tamoxifen-mediated reduction of the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol mobilization from macrophages.
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Medium-chain triglycerides promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and improve atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2016; 36:964-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lin J, Lu M, Shao WQ, Chen ZY, Zhu WW, Lu L, Jia HL, Cai D, Qin LX, Chen JH. Osteopontin Deficiency Alters Biliary Homeostasis and Protects against Gallstone Formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30215. [PMID: 27484115 PMCID: PMC4971489 DOI: 10.1038/srep30215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precipitation of excess biliary cholesterol as solid crystals is a prerequisite for cholesterol gallstone formation, which occurs due to disturbed biliary homeostasis. Biliary homeostasis is regulated by an elaborate network of genes in hepatocytes. If unmanaged, the cholesterol crystals will aggregate, fuse and form gallstones. We have previously observed that the levels of osteopontin (OPN) in bile and gallbladder were reduced in gallstone patients. However, the role and mechanism for hepatic OPN in cholesterol gallstone formation is undetermined. In this study, we found that the expression of hepatic OPN was increased in gallstone patients compared with gallstone-free counterparts. Then, we observed that OPN-deficient mice were less vulnerable to cholesterol gallstone formation than wild type mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that this protective effect was associated with alterations of bile composition and was caused by the increased hepatic CYP7A1 expression and the reduced expression of hepatic SHP, ATP8B1, SR-B1 and SREBP-2. Finally, the correlations between the expression of hepatic OPN and the expression of these hepatic genes were validated in gallstone patients. Taken together, our findings reveal that hepatic OPN contributes to cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating biliary metabolism and might be developed as a therapeutic target for gallstone treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei-Qing Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zong-You Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Duan Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhai L, Zhou G, Yu A, Cao H, Shucun Q. Phospholipid transfer protein deficiency in mice impairs macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1466-72. [PMID: 27037277 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216641218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein is expressed in various cell types and secreted into plasma, where it transfers phospholipids between lipoproteins and modulates the composition of high-density lipoprotein particles. Phospholipid transfer protein deficiency in vivo can lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level significantly and impact the biological quality of high-density lipoprotein. Considering high-density lipoprotein was a critical determinant for reverse cholesterol transport, we investigated the role of systemic phospholipid transfer protein deficiency in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo After the littermate phospholipid transfer protein KO and WT mice were fed high-fat diet for one month, they were injected intraperitoneally with (3)H-cholesterol-labeled and acLDL-loaded macrophages. Then the appearance of (3)H-tracer in plasma, liver, bile, intestinal wall, and feces over 48 h was determined. Plasma lipid analysis indicated phospholipid transfer protein deficiency lowered total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-C and apolipoprotein A1 levels significantly but increased triglyceride level in mice. The isotope tracing experiment showed (3)H-cholesterol of plasma was decreased by 68% for male and 62% for female, and (3)H-tracer of bile was decreased by 37% for male and 21% for female in phospholipid transfer protein KO mice compared with WT mice. However, there was no difference in liver, and (3)H-tracer of intestinal wall was increased by 43% for male and 27% for female. Finally, (3)H-tracer of fecal excretion in phospholipid transfer protein KO mice was reduced significantly by 36% for male and 43% for female during 0-24 h period, but there was no significant difference during 24-48 h period. Meanwhile, Western Blot analysis showed the expressions of reverse cholesterol transport -related protein liver X receptor α (LXRα), ATP binding cassette transporter A1, and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase A1 were upregulated in liver of phospholipid transfer protein KO mice compared with WT mice. These data reveal that systemic phospholipid transfer protein deficiency in mice impairs macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Si
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Lei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Guanghai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ailing Yu
- Taian Center Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Haijun Cao
- Taian Center Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Qin Shucun
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
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Wang Y, Su K, Sabeva NS, Ji A, van der Westhuyzen DR, Foufelle F, Gao X, Graf GA. GRP78 rescues the ABCG5 ABCG8 sterol transporter in db/db mice. Metabolism 2015; 64:1435-43. [PMID: 26365598 PMCID: PMC4609626 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice lacking leptin (ob/ob) or its receptor (db/db) are obese, insulin resistant, and have reduced levels of biliary cholesterol due, in part, to reduced levels of hepatic G5G8. Chronic leptin replacement restores G5G8 abundance and increases biliary cholesterol concentrations, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for G5G8 regulation remain unclear. In the current study, we used a series of mouse models to address potential mechanisms for leptin-mediated regulation of G5G8. METHODS AND RESULTS We acutely replaced leptin in ob/ob mice and deleted hepatic leptin receptors in lean mice. Neither manipulation altered G5G8 abundance or biliary cholesterol. Similarly, hepatic vagotomy had no effect on G5G8. Alternatively, G5G8 may be decreased in ob/ob and db/db mice due to ER dysfunction, the site of G5G8 complex assembly. Overexpression of the ER chaperone GRP78 using an adenoviral vector restores ER function and reduces steatosis in ob/ob mice. Therefore, we determined if AdGRP78 could rescue G5G8 in db/db mice. As in ob/ob mice, AdGRP78 reduced expression of lipogenic genes and plasma triglycerides in the db/db strain. Both G5 and G8 protein levels increased as did total biliary cholesterol, but in the absence of changes in G5 or G8 mRNAs. The increase in G5G8 was associated with increases in a number of proteins, including the ER lectin chaperone, calnexin, a key regulator of G5G8 complex assembly. CONCLUSIONS Leptin signaling does not directly regulate G5G8 abundance. The loss of G5G8 in mice harboring defects in the leptin axis is likely associated with compromised ER function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kai Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nadezhda S Sabeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- INSERM, UMR-S 872, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, 15 rue de L'école de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, Lexington, KY, USA.
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36
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Dikkers A, de Boer JF, Groen AK, Tietge UJF. Hepatic ABCG5/G8 overexpression substantially increases biliary cholesterol secretion but does not impact in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:402-6. [PMID: 26520893 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biliary cholesterol secretion is important for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). ABCG5/G8 contribute most cholesterol mass secretion into bile. We investigated the impact of hepatic ABCG5/G8 on cholesterol metabolism and RCT. METHODS Biliary and fecal sterol excretion (FSE) as well as RCT were determined using wild-type controls, Abcg8 knockout mice, Abcg8 knockouts with adenovirus-mediated hepatocyte-specific Abcg8 reinstitution and hepatic Abcg5/g8 overexpression in wild-types. RESULTS In Abcg8 knockouts, biliary cholesterol secretion was decreased by 75% (p < 0.001), while mass FSE and RCT were unchanged. Hepatic reinstitution of Abcg8 increased biliary cholesterol secretion 5-fold (p < 0.001) without changing FSE or overall RCT. Overexpression of both ABCG5/G8 elevated biliary cholesterol secretion 5-fold and doubled FSE (p < 0.001) without affecting overall RCT. CONCLUSIONS ABCG5/G8 mediate mass biliary cholesterol secretion but not from a RCT-relevant pool. Intervention strategies aiming at increasing hepatic Abcg5/g8 expression for enhancing RCT are not likely to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lee SD, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors at the intersection of lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:29-36. [PMID: 26164157 PMCID: PMC4546914 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Cao P, Pan H, Xiao T, Zhou T, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the Study of the Antiatherogenic Function and Novel Therapies for HDL. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225968 PMCID: PMC4581191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels could improve the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is facing challenges. There is multitudinous clear clinical evidence that the latest failures of HDL-C-raising drugs show no clear association with risks for CVD. At the genetic level, recent research indicates that steady-state HDL-C concentrations may provide limited information regarding the potential antiatherogenic functions of HDL. It is evident that the newer strategies may replace therapeutic approaches to simply raise plasma HDL-C levels. There is an urgent need to identify an efficient biomarker that accurately predicts the increased risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in patients and that may be used for exploring newer therapeutic targets. Studies from recent decades show that the composition, structure and function of circulating HDL are closely associated with high cardiovascular risk. A vast amount of data demonstrates that the most important mechanism through which HDL antagonizes AS involves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Clinical trials of drugs that specifically target HDL have so far proven disappointing, so it is necessary to carry out review on the HDL therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Favari E, Chroni A, Tietge UJF, Zanotti I, Escolà-Gil JC, Bernini F. Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:181-206. [PMID: 25522988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Both alterations of lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory events contribute to the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal amounts of cholesterol and macrophages in the artery wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) may counteract the pathogenic events leading to the formation and development of atheroma, by promoting the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated removal of cholesterol from the artery wall. Recent in vivo studies established the inverse relationship between RCT efficiency and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), thus suggesting that the promotion of this process may represent a novel strategy to reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden and subsequent cardiovascular events. HDL plays a primary role in all stages of RCT: (1) cholesterol efflux, where these lipoproteins remove excess cholesterol from cells; (2) lipoprotein remodeling, where HDL undergo structural modifications with possible impact on their function; and (3) hepatic lipid uptake, where HDL releases cholesterol to the liver, for the final excretion into bile and feces. Although the inverse association between HDL plasma levels and CVD risk has been postulated for years, recently this concept has been challenged by studies reporting that HDL antiatherogenic functions may be independent of their plasma levels. Therefore, assessment of HDL function, evaluated as the capacity to promote cell cholesterol efflux may offer a better prediction of CVD than HDL levels alone. Consistent with this idea, it has been recently demonstrated that the evaluation of serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is a predictor of atherosclerosis extent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Favari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Nagy RA, van Montfoort APA, Dikkers A, van Echten-Arends J, Homminga I, Land JA, Hoek A, Tietge UJF. Presence of bile acids in human follicular fluid and their relation with embryo development in modified natural cycle IVF. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1102-9. [PMID: 25753582 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are bile acids (BA) and their respective subspecies present in human follicular fluid (FF) and do they relate to embryo quality in modified natural cycle IVF (MNC-IVF)? SUMMARY ANSWER BA concentrations are 2-fold higher in follicular fluid than in serum and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) derivatives were associated with development of top quality embryos on Day 3 after fertilization. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Granulosa cells are capable of synthesizing BA, but a potential correlation with oocyte and embryo quality as well as information on the presence and role of BA subspecies in follicular fluid have yet to be investigated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Between January 2001 and June 2004, follicular fluid and serum samples were collected from 303 patients treated in a single academic centre that was involved in a multicentre cohort study on the effectiveness of MNC-IVF. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Material from patients who underwent a first cycle of MNC-IVF was used. Serum was not stored from all patients, and the available material comprised 156 follicular fluid and 116 matching serum samples. Total BA and BA subspecies were measured in follicular fluid and in matching serum by enzymatic fluorimetric assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The association of BA in follicular fluid with oocyte and embryo quality parameters, such as fertilization rate and cell number, presence of multinucleated blastomeres and percentage of fragmentation on Day 3, was analysed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Embryos with eight cells on Day 3 after oocyte retrieval were more likely to originate from follicles with a higher level of UDCA derivatives than those with fewer than eight cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, follicular fluid levels of chenodeoxycholic derivatives were higher and deoxycholic derivatives were lower in the group of embryos with fragmentation compared with those without (each P < 0.05). Levels of total BA were 2-fold higher in follicular fluid compared with serum (P < 0.001), but had no predictive value for oocyte and embryo quality. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Only samples originating from first cycle MNC-IVF were used, which resulted in 14 samples only from women with an ongoing pregnancy, therefore further prospective studies are required to confirm the association of UDCA with IVF pregnancy outcomes. The inter-cycle variability of BA levels in follicular fluid within individuals has yet to be investigated. We checked for macroscopic signs of contamination of follicular fluid by blood but the possibility that small traces of blood were present within the follicular fluid remains. Finally, although BA are considered stable when stored at -20°C, there was a time lag of 10 years between the collection and analysis of follicular fluid and serum samples. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The favourable relation between UDCA derivatives in follicular fluid and good embryo development and quality deserves further prospective research, with live birth rates as the end-point. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (VIDI Grant 917-56-358 to U.J.F.T.). No competing interests are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Nagy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A P A van Montfoort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J van Echten-Arends
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Homminga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J A Land
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Hoek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Section Reproductive Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sun H, Shen J, Liu T, Tan Y, Tian D, Luo T, Lai W, Dai M, Guo Z. Heat shock protein 65 promotes atherosclerosis through impairing the properties of high density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:853-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mitofusin 2 decreases intracellular lipids in macrophages by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:500-6. [PMID: 24928385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to reveal how Mfn2 functions in the atherosclerosis. Mfn2 expression was found to be significantly reduced in arterial atherosclerotic lesions of both mice and human compared with healthy counterparts. Here, we observed that Mfn2 increased cellular cholesterol transporter expression in macrophages by upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, an effect achieved at least partially by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. These findings provide insights into potential mechanisms of Mfn2-mediated alterations in cholesterol transporter expression, which may have significant implications for the treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease.
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Dikkers A, Annema W, de Boer JF, Iqbal J, Hussain MM, Tietge UJF. Differential impact of hepatic deficiency and total body inhibition of MTP on cholesterol metabolism and RCT in mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:816-25. [PMID: 24511105 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because apoB-containing lipoproteins are pro-atherogenic and their secretion by liver and intestine largely depends on microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity, MTP inhibition strategies are actively pursued. How decreasing the secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins affects intracellular rerouting of cholesterol is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of reducing either systemic or liver-specific MTP activity on cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) using a pharmacological MTP inhibitor or a genetic model, respectively. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in both MTP inhibitor-treated and liver-specific MTP knockout (L-Mttp(-/-)) mice (each P < 0.001). With both inhibition approaches, hepatic cholesterol as well as triglyceride content was consistently increased (each P < 0.001), while biliary cholesterol and bile acid secretion remained unchanged. A small but significant decrease in fecal bile acid excretion was observed in inhibitor-treated mice (P < 0.05), whereas fecal neutral sterol excretion was substantially increased by 75% (P < 0.001), conceivably due to decreased intestinal absorption. In contrast, in L-Mttp(-/-) mice both fecal neutral sterol and bile acid excretion remained unchanged. However, while total RCT increased in inhibitor-treated mice (P < 0.01), it surprisingly decreased in L-Mttp(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that: i) pharmacological MTP inhibition increases RCT, an effect that might provide additional clinical benefit of MTP inhibitors; and ii) decreasing hepatic MTP decreases RCT, pointing toward a potential contribution of hepatocyte-derived VLDLs to RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xie Y, Fung HYJ, Newberry EP, Kennedy S, Luo J, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Davidson NO. Hepatic Mttp deletion reverses gallstone susceptibility in L-Fabp knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:540-8. [PMID: 24474819 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that L-Fabp KO mice are more susceptible to lithogenic diet (LD)-induced gallstones because of altered hepatic cholesterol metabolism and increased canalicular cholesterol secretion. Other studies demonstrated that liver-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-LKO) reduced LD-induced gallstone formation by increasing biliary phospholipid secretion. Here we show that mice with combined deletion (i.e., DKO mice) are protected from LD-induced gallstone formation. Following 2 weeks of LD feeding, 73% of WT and 100% of L-Fabp KO mice developed gallstones versus 18% of Mttp-LKO and 23% of DKO mice. This phenotype was recapitulated in both WT and L-Fabp KO mice treated with an Mttp antisense oligonucleotide (M-ASO). Biliary cholesterol secretion was increased in LD-fed L-Fabp KO mice and decreased in DKO mice. However, phospholipid secretion was unchanged in LD-fed Mttp-LKO and DKO mice as well as in M-ASO-treated mice. Expression of the canalicular export pump ABCG5/G8 was reduced in LD-fed DKO mice and in M-ASO-treated L-Fabp KO mice. We conclude that liver-specific Mttp deletion not only eliminates apical lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes but also attenuates canalicular cholesterol secretion, which in turn decreases LD-induced gallstone susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
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Lichtenstein L, Serhan N, Annema W, Combes G, Robaye B, Boeynaems JM, Perret B, Tietge UJF, Laffargue M, Martinez LO. Lack of P2Y13 in mice fed a high cholesterol diet results in decreased hepatic cholesterol content, biliary lipid secretion and reverse cholesterol transport. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 24476490 PMCID: PMC4029266 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protective effect of HDL is mostly attributed to their metabolic function in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cellular cholesterol is taken up from peripheral cells, processed in HDL particles, and later delivered to the liver for further metabolism and biliary secretion. Mechanistically, the purinergic P2Y13 ADP-receptor is involved in hepatic HDL endocytosis (i.e., uptake of both HDL protein + lipid moieties), which is considered an important step of RCT. Accordingly, chow-fed P2Y13 knockout (P2Y13-/-) mice exhibit lower hepatic HDL uptake, which translates into a decrease of hepatic free cholesterol content and biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion. Findings The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high cholesterol diet (HCD) in P2Y13-/- mice, in order to mimic high dietary cholesterol intake, which is a major cause of dyslipidemia in humans. As previously reported with chow-diet, HCD did not affect plasma lipid levels in P2Y13-/- compared with control mice but decreased hepatic free and esterified cholesterol content (p < 0.05, P2Y13-/- versus control). Interestingly, biliary lipid secretion and macrophages-to-feces RCT were more dramatically impaired in P2Y13-/- mice fed a HCD than chow-diet. HCD did not enhance atherosclerosis in P2Y13-/- compared with control mice. Conclusion This study demonstrates that high dietary cholesterol intake accentuated the metabolic phenotype of P2Y13-/- mice, with impaired hepatobiliary RCT. Although other animal models might be required to further evaluate the role of P2Y13 receptor in atherosclerosis, P2Y13 appears a promising target for therapeutic intervention aiming to stimulate RCT, particularly in individuals with lipid-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laeticia Lichtenstein
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,Université de Toulouse III, UMR 1048, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Nizar Serhan
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,Université de Toulouse III, UMR 1048, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Combes
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,Université de Toulouse III, UMR 1048, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Boeynaems
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Perret
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,Université de Toulouse III, UMR 1048, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Laurent O Martinez
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse 31432, France.,Université de Toulouse III, UMR 1048, Toulouse 31300, France.,CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Selective lipid uptake (SLU) is known to be a major pathway of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in experimental animals and humans, but remains poorly understood. This review provides a brief overview of SLU mediated by the HDL receptor scavenger receptor B-type I (SR-BI), and highlights several surprising new findings related to the impact of SLU pathways in cholesterol homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Under certain conditions, SR-BI-mediated SLU contributes to reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) independently of ABCG5/G8-mediated biliary cholesterol secretion, implying a novel trafficking mechanism. Hepatic SR-BI expression and RCT are decreased in diabetic mice. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the microRNAs miR-185, miR-96 and miR-223 are emerging therapeutic targets for increasing SR-BI expression. SR-BI-independent selective cholesteryl ester uptake is a newly characterized pathway in macrophage foam cells. SUMMARY New findings underscore the importance of SR-BI-mediated SLU in hepatic SLU and RCT, while indicating that further investigation is needed to define SLU pathways, including SR-BI-independent macrophage selective cholesteryl ester uptake. The intracellular trafficking of cholesterol in these pathways appears to be critical to their normal function and is a major subject of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Meyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Department Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Deneys R. van der Westhuyzen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Yuan Q, Bie J, Wang J, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Cooperation between hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase and scavenger receptor BI for hydrolysis of HDL-CE. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3078-84. [PMID: 23990661 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is the sole organ responsible for the final elimination of cholesterol from the body either as biliary cholesterol or bile acids. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived cholesterol is the major source of biliary sterols and represents a mechanism for the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues including artery wall-associated macrophage foam cells. Via selective uptake through scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), HDL-cholesterol is thought to be directly secreted into bile, and HDL cholesteryl esters (HDL-CEs) enter the hepatic metabolic pool and need to be hydrolyzed prior to conversion to bile acids. However, the identity of hepatic CE hydrolase (CEH) as well as the role of SR-BI in bile acid synthesis remains elusive. In this study we examined the role of human hepatic CEH (CES1) in facilitating hydrolysis of SR-BI-delivered HDL-CEs. Over-expression of CEH led to increased hydrolysis of HDL-[³H]CE in primary hepatocytes and SR-BI expression was required for this process. Intracellular CEH associated with BODIPY-CE delivered by selective uptake via SR-BI. CEH and SR-BI expression enhanced the movement of [³H]label from HDL-[³H]CE to bile acids in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that SR-BI-delivered HDL-CEs are hydrolyzed by hepatic CEH and utilized for bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0050
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