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Kuri PR, Goswami P. Reverse vaccinology-based multi-epitope vaccine design against Indian group A rotavirus targeting VP7, VP4, and VP6 proteins. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106775. [PMID: 38960216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus, a primary contributor to severe cases of infantile gastroenteritis on a global scale, results in significant morbidity and mortality in the under-five population, particularly in middle to low-income countries, including India. WHO-approved live-attenuated vaccines are linked to a heightened susceptibility to intussusception and exhibit low efficacy, primarily attributed to the high genetic diversity of rotavirus, varying over time and across different geographic regions. Herein, molecular data on Indian rotavirus A (RVA) has been reviewed through phylogenetic analysis, revealing G1P[8] to be the prevalent strain of RVA in India. The conserved capsid protein sequences of VP7, VP4 and VP6 were used to examine helper T lymphocyte, cytotoxic T lymphocyte and linear B-cell epitopes. Twenty epitopes were identified after evaluation of factors such as antigenicity, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, and stability. These epitopes were then interconnected using suitable linkers and an N-terminal beta defensin adjuvant. The in silico designed vaccine exhibited structural stability and interactions with integrins (αvβ3 and αIIbβ3) and toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) indicated by docking and normal mode analyses. The immune simulation profile of the designed RVA multiepitope vaccine exhibited its potential to trigger humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity, indicating that it is a promising immunogen. These computational findings indicate potential efficacy of the designed vaccine against rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rani Kuri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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2
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Bayyurt B, Baltacı S, Şahin NÖ, Arslan S, Bakır M. Relationship of Toll-Like Receptor 7, 9, and 10 Polymorphisms and the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024; 77:161-168. [PMID: 38296538 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that is still affecting people and has caused many deaths. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the binding of disease agents to the host cell, disease susceptibility and severity, and host disease resistance. In this study, we investigated the frequencies of TLR7 (C.4-151 A/G), TLR9 (T-1486C and G2848A), and TLR10 (720A/C and 992T/A) single nucleotide polymorphisms in 150 cases with COVID-19 and 171 control samples. We also examined whether TLR7, TLR9, and TLR10 were related to COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, we analyzed the association between COVID-19 and some clinical parameters. Polymerase chain reaction based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms performed for the TLR7, TLR9, and TLR10 single nucleotide polymorphisms. TLR7 C.4-151 A/G G allele and GG genotype; TLR9 T-1486C C allele and TC, CC genotypes; and TLR10 720A/C C allele; TLR10 992T/A A allele and AA genotype frequencies were statistically significant in cases with COVID-19 compared with controls (P < 0.05*). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of TLR7, TLR9, and TLR10 allele and genotype frequencies between the severity groups (P < 0.05*). Our findings suggest that TLR7, TLR9, and TLR10 polymorphisms may be crucial for the clinical course and susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Bayyurt
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Baltacı
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Nil Özbilüm Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Serdal Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakır
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
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3
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Wang W, Fan J, Zhang C, Huang Y, Chen Y, Fu S, Wu J. Targeted modulation of gut and intra-tumor microbiota to improve the quality of immune checkpoint inhibitor responses. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127668. [PMID: 38430889 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, such as those blocking the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands, can restore the immune-killing function of T cells. However, ICI therapy is clinically beneficial in only a small number of patients, and it is difficult to predict post-treatment outcomes, thereby limiting its widespread clinical use. Research suggests that gut microbiota can regulate the host immune system and affect cancer progression and treatment. Moreover, the effectiveness of immunotherapy is related to the composition of the patient's gut microbiota; different gut microbial strains can either activate or inhibit the immune response. However, the importance of the microbial composition within the tumor has not been explored until recently. This study describes recent advances in the crosstalk between microbes in tumors and gut microbiota, which can modulate the tumor microbiome by directly translocating into the tumor and altering the tumor microenvironment. This study focused on the potential manipulation of the tumor and gut microbiota using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, antimicrobials, prebiotics, and postbiotics to enrich immune-boosting bacteria while decreasing unfavorable bacteria to proactively improve the efficacy of ICI treatments. In addition, the use of genetic technologies and nanomaterials to modify microorganisms can largely optimize tumor immunotherapy and advance personalized and precise cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiZhou Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - JunYing Fan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - ShaoZhi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - JingBo Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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4
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Kumar A, Singh N, Anvikar AR, Misra G. Monkeypox virus: insights into pathogenesis and laboratory testing methods. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38357674 PMCID: PMC10861412 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that transmits between monkeys and humans, exhibiting clinical similarities with the smallpox virus. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of MPXV revealed that an initial strong innate immune response is elicited on viral infection that subsequently helps in circumventing the host defense. Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global public health emergency in July 2022, it became essential to clearly demarcate the MPXV-induced symptoms from other viral infections. We have exhaustively searched the various databases involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline to extract the information comprehensively compiled in this review. The primary focus of this review is to describe the diagnostic methods for MPXV such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays, along with developments in viral isolation, imaging techniques, and next-generation sequencing. These innovative technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Significant discoveries involving MPXV immunopathogenesis have also been highlighted. Overall, this will be a knowledge repertoire that will be crucial for the development of efficient monitoring and control strategies in response to the MPXV infection helping clinicians and researchers in formulating healthcare strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Neeraj Singh
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Gauri Misra
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
- Head Molecular Diagnostics and COVID-19 Kit Testing Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), Noida, U.P. 201309 India
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5
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Shen L, Luo H, Fan L, Su Z, Yu S, Cao S, Wu X. Exploration of the immuno-adjuvant effect and mechanism of Anemoside B4 through network pharmacology and experiment verification. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155302. [PMID: 38176273 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive investigation has been undertaken about the utilization of saponin adjuvants in vaccines intended for veterinary and human applications. AB4 is the main constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine, Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, and has immunomodulatory activity. However, there is a paucity of reports on AB4 as a potential adjuvant. PURPOSE The objective of this work was to clarify the adjuvant role of AB4 and the molecular mechanisms that underlie its immunomodulatory actions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The immunomodulatory effects of AB4 were investigated using network pharmacological analyses. These effects were validated by evaluating the developmental status of the immune organs and by using the following techniques: ELISA for the quantification of serum-specific antibodies to determine immune-related cytokine levels; the MTS method for the assessment of proliferative activity of splenic lymphocytes; flow cytometry to analyze lymphocyte and dendritic cell activation status; and western blotting for mechanistic analysis at the protein level. RESULTS The network pharmacological analysis predicted a total of 52 targets and 12 pathways for AB4 to exert immunomodulatory effects. In a mouse model with immunity to OVA, the introduction of AB4 resulted in the enhancement of immunological organ growth and maturation, elevation of blood antibodies targeting OVA, and amplification of the production of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Additionally, the administration of AB4 resulted in a notable augmentation of lymphocyte proliferation and an elevation in the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios. Furthermore, the administration of AB4 enhanced the maturation process of DCs in the draining LNs and increased the production of co-stimulatory factors and MHC II molecules. AB4 induces the upregulation of TLR4 and IKK proteins, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 protein within the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade, while concurrently suppressing the expression of IκBα protein. CONCLUSION The specific immunoadjuvant effects of AB4 have been demonstrated to modulate the growth and maturation of immune organs and enhance the secretion and cellular activity of pertinent immune molecules. The utilization of network pharmacology, combined within and in vivo vitro assays, clarified the adjuvant function of AB4, which potentially involves the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Hao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhetong Su
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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6
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Liu F, Chen H, Cao C, Liang Y, Zhou Y. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their therapeutic applications in glomerulonephritis. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:2845-2856. [PMID: 37060433 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important features of innate immunity is the presence of a special group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in a quick and effective immune response to them. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the most important categories of renal disorders characterized by destructive responses of the immune system to the glomerulus. To date, the association of TLRs as important innate immune system members with GN has been one of the topics that attracted the attention of researchers in this field. However, the exact role of these receptors in the immunopathogenesis of GN has not yet been fully discussed. Therefore, this study aims to overview the role of TLRs in GN and the possibility of using them as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Liu
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caixia Cao
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanlin Liang
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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7
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Murugan S, Nandi BR, Mazumdar V, Joshi K, Nandini P, Namani S, Jakka P, Radhakrishnan GK. Outer membrane protein 25 of Brucella suppresses TLR-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines through degradation of TLRs and adaptor proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105309. [PMID: 37778729 PMCID: PMC10641269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity that serves as the first line of defense against the invaded microorganisms. However, successful infectious pathogens subvert TLR signaling to suppress the activation of innate and adaptive responses. Brucella species are infectious intracellular bacterial pathogens causing the worldwide zoonotic disease, brucellosis, that impacts economic growth of many countries. Brucella species are considered as stealthy bacterial pathogens as they efficiently evade or suppress host innate and adaptive immune responses for their chronic persistence. However, the bacterial effectors and their host targets for modulating the immune responses remain obscure. Brucella encodes various outer membrane proteins (Omps) that facilitate their invasion, intracellular replication, and immunomodulation. Outer membrane protein 25 (Omp25) of Brucella plays an important role in the immune modulation through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanism and the signaling pathways that are targeted by Omp25 to attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines remain obscure. Here, we report that Omp25 and its variants, viz. Omp25b, Omp25c, and Omp25d, suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines that are mediated by various TLRs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Omp25 and its variants promote enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of TLRs and their adaptor proteins to attenuate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Targeting multiple TLRs and adaptor proteins enables Omp25 to effectively suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines that are induced by diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This can contribute to the defective adaptive immune response and the chronic persistence of Brucella in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subathra Murugan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Binita Roy Nandi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Varadendra Mazumdar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Kiranmai Joshi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Prachita Nandini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Swapna Namani
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Girish K Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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8
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Li M, Li D, Li F, Liu W, Wang S, Wu G, Wu G, Tan G, Zheng Z, Li L, Pan Z, Liu Y. Hemolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila enhances the host's serum enzyme activity and regulates transcriptional responses in the spleen of Cyprinus rubrofuscus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115375. [PMID: 37591129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a conditional pathogen impacting public hygiene and safety. Hemolysin is a virulence factor of Aeromonas hydrophila that causes erythrocyte hemolysis, yet its transcriptional response to Cyprinus rubrofuscus remains unknown. Our investigation confirmed the hemolysis of hemolysin from A. hydrophila. Serum enzyme activity was evaluated weekly after C. rubrofuscus were immunized with hemolysin Ahh1. The results showed that the hemolysin enhances the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM), and catalase (CAT) activity, which reached a maximum on day 14. To elucidate the molecular interaction between hemolysin from A. hydrophila and the host, we performed transcriptome sequencing on the spleen of C. rubrofuscus 14 days post hemolysin infection. The total number of clean reads was 41.37 Gb, resulting in 79,832 unigenes with an N50 length of 1863 bp. There were 1982 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1083 upregulated genes and 899 downregulated genes. Transcript levels of the genes, such as LA6BL, CD2, and NLRC5, were significantly downregulated, while those of IL11, IL1R2, and IL8 were dramatically upregulated. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune disease, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, and toll-like receptor pathways, suggesting that hemolysin stimulation can activate the transcriptional responses. RT-qPCR experiments results of seven genes, IL-8, STAT2, CTSK, PRF1, CXCL9, TLR5, and SACS, showed that their expression was highly concordant with RNA-seq data. We clarified for the first time the key genes and signaling pathways response to hemolysin from A. hydrophila, which offers strategies for treating and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongqing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Guiliang Tan
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Ziyi Zheng
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Ziqiang Pan
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
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9
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Arabian S, Boostan A, Darzi S. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their therapeutic applications in endometrial cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:859-865. [PMID: 36374404 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is developed nations' most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer. Patients are frequently diagnosed with EC when the tumor is still limited to the uterus. Patients without tumor metastasis have a 5-year survival rate ranging from 80 to 90%; however, almost 16.8% of EC patients develop a metastatic form of the tumor. In the early stages of tumorigenesis, the immune system is able to identify aberrant cells as non-self, therefore providing the optimal pro-inflammatory microenvironment for the elimination of cancer cells. Although, chronic inflammation can be a crucial aspect of tumor development. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as the main pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity, may stimulate an inflammatory response and provide cell survival in the tumor microenvironment (TME). TLRs are vital immunomodulators that may significantly impact the development of gynecologic malignancies. Therefore, TLR inhibitors are being researched for their possible benefits in treating gynecologic cancers. The aim of this study is to review the current knowledge in this field and provide some insight into the therapeutic potential of TLR inhibitors in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahereh Arabian
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Aynaz Boostan
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Satinik Darzi
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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10
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Huang X, Huang X, Huang Y, Zheng J, Lu Y, Mai Z, Zhao X, Cui L, Huang S. The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe? J Transl Med 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 36949458 PMCID: PMC10031900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of unique microbiome niches on mucosal surfaces, on tooth hard tissue, and in saliva. The homeostatic balance between the oral microbiota and the immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining the well-being and health status of the human host. Growing evidence has demonstrated that oral microbiota dysbiosis is actively involved in regulating the initiation and progression of an array of autoimmune diseases.Oral microbiota dysbiosis is driven by multiple factors, such as host genetic factors, dietary habits, stress, smoking, administration of antibiotics, tissue injury and infection. The dysregulation in the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in triggering and promoting autoimmune diseases via several mechanisms, including microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, autoantigen overproduction, and amplification of autoimmune responses by cytokines. Good oral hygiene behaviors, low carbohydrate diets, healthy lifestyles, usage of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, oral microbiota transplantation and nanomedicine-based therapeutics are promising avenues for maintaining a balanced oral microbiome and treating oral microbiota-mediated autoimmune diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases is critical for providing novel insights into the development of oral microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for combating these refractory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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11
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Alhabibi AM, Hassan AS, Abd Elbaky NM, Eid HA, Khalifa MAAA, Wahab MA, Althoqapy AA, Abdou AE, Zakaria DM, Nassef EM, Kasim SA, Saleh OI, Elsheikh AA, Lotfy M, Sayed A. Impact of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 9 Gene Polymorphisms on COVID-19: Susceptibility, Severity, and Thrombosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:665-675. [PMID: 36825132 PMCID: PMC9942505 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s394927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Aim We aimed to detect the association between TLR2 rs5743708 G>A and TLR9 rs5743836 C>T variants and COVID-19 disease susceptibility, severity, and thrombosis by using neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Subjects and Methods We included 100 adult COVID-19 patients as well as 100 age- and gender-matched normal controls. Participants were genotyped for TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836. Citrullinated Histone (H3) was detected as an indicator of NETs. Results The mutant (G/A and C/C) genotypes and (A and C) alleles of TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836, respectively, have been significantly related to a higher risk of COVID-19 infection, representing a significant risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. There was no significant association between the two variants and citrullinated histone (H3). Conclusion TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836 variants have been significantly related to a higher risk and severity of COVID-19 infection but had no effect on thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaymaa M Alhabibi
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt,Correspondence: Alshaymaa M Alhabibi, Tel +201002894075, Email
| | - Asmaa S Hassan
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hoda Asaad Eid
- Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Maisa A Wahab
- Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Ali Althoqapy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aml E Abdou
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Mostafa Nassef
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sammar Ahmed Kasim
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola I Saleh
- Radio-Diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abdelghany Elsheikh
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Lotfy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Minufiya, Egypt
| | - Alaa Sayed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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The Roles of TRAF3 in Immune Responses. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:7787803. [PMID: 36845015 PMCID: PMC9949957 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7787803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Seven tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) associated factors (TRAFs) have been found in mammals, which are primarily involved in the signal translation of the TNFR superfamily, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, and the retinoic acid-inducible gene I- (RIG-I-) like receptor (RLR) family. TRAF3 is one of the most diverse members of the TRAF family. It can positively regulate type I interferon production while negatively regulating signaling pathways of classical nuclear factor-κB, nonclassical nuclear factor-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This review summarizes the roles of TRAF3 signaling and the related immune receptors (e.g., TLRs) in several preclinical and clinical diseases and focuses on the roles of TRAF3 in immune responses, the regulatory mechanisms, and its role in disease.
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13
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Zhang J, Zao X, Zhang J, Guo Z, Jin Q, Chen G, Gan D, Du H, Ye Y. Is it possible to intervene early cirrhosis by targeting toll-like receptors to rebalance the intestinal microbiome? Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109627. [PMID: 36577151 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver disease caused by one or more causes and characterized by diffuse fibrosis, pseudolobules, and regenerated nodules. Once progression to hepatic decompensation, the function of the liver and other organs is impaired and almost impossible to reverse and recover, which often results in hospitalization, impaired quality of life, and high mortality. However, in the early stage of cirrhosis, there seems to be a possibility of cirrhosis reversal. The development of cirrhosis is related to the intestinal microbiota and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathways, which could regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, expression of the hepatomitogen epiregulin, and liver inflammation. Targeting regulation of intestinal microbiota and TLRs pathways could affect the occurrence and development of cirrhosis and its complications. In this paper, we first reviewed the dynamic change of intestinal microbiota and TLRs during cirrhosis progression. And further discussed the interaction between them and potential therapeutic targets to reverse early staged cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Da'nan Gan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong'an Ye
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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14
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Suleman M, Rashid F, Ali S, Sher H, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Immunoinformatic-based design of immune-boosting multiepitope subunit vaccines against monkeypox virus and validation through molecular dynamics and immune simulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042997. [PMID: 36311718 PMCID: PMC9606240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is the causative agent of monkeypox disease, belonging to an orthopoxvirus genus, with a disease pattern similar to that of smallpox. The number of monkeypox cases have robustly increased recently in several countries around the world, potentially causing an international threat. Therefore, serious measures are indispensable to be taken to mitigate the spread of the disease and hence, under these circumstances, vaccination is the best choice to neutralize the monkeypox virus. In the current study, we used immunoinformatic approaches to target the L1R, B5R, and A33R proteins of the monkeypox virus to screen for immunogenic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes to construct multiepitope subunit vaccines. Various online tools predicted the best epitope from immunogenic targets (L1R, B5R, and A33R) of monkeypox virus. The predicted epitopes were joined together by different linkers and subjected to 3D structure prediction. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis confirmed the proper folding of the modeled proteins. The strong binding of the constructed vaccines with human TLR-2 was verified by the molecular docking and determination of dissociation constant values. The GC content and codon adaptation index (CAI) values confirmed the high expression of the constructed vaccines in the pET-28a (+) expression vector. The immune response simulation data delineated that the injected vaccines robustly activated the immune system, triggering the production of high titers of IgG and IgM antibodies. In conclusion, this study provided a solid base of concept to develop dynamic and effective vaccines that contain several monkeypox virus-derived highly antigenic and nonallergenic peptides to control the current pandemic of monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Shahid Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Centre for Plant Science and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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15
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Kabir SR, Islam F, Al-Bari MAA, Asaduzzaman A. Asparagus racemosus mediated silver chloride nanoparticles induce apoptosis in glioblastoma stem cells in vitro and inhibit Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells growth in vivo. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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16
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Clerbaux LA, Albertini MC, Amigó N, Beronius A, Bezemer GFG, Coecke S, Daskalopoulos EP, del Giudice G, Greco D, Grenga L, Mantovani A, Muñoz A, Omeragic E, Parissis N, Petrillo M, Saarimäki LA, Soares H, Sullivan K, Landesmann B. Factors Modulating COVID-19: A Mechanistic Understanding Based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4464. [PMID: 35956081 PMCID: PMC9369763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the factors and understanding how they mechanistically influence COVID-19. Here, we describe how eleven selected factors (age, sex, genetic factors, lipid disorders, heart failure, gut dysbiosis, diet, vitamin D deficiency, air pollution and exposure to chemicals) influence COVID-19 by applying the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), which is well-established in regulatory toxicology. This framework aims to model the sequence of events leading to an adverse health outcome. Several linear AOPs depicting pathways from the binding of the virus to ACE2 up to clinical outcomes observed in COVID-19 have been developed and integrated into a network offering a unique overview of the mechanisms underlying the disease. As SARS-CoV-2 infectibility and ACE2 activity are the major starting points and inflammatory response is central in the development of COVID-19, we evaluated how those eleven intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate those processes impacting clinical outcomes. Applying this AOP-aligned approach enables the identification of current knowledge gaps orientating for further research and allows to propose biomarkers to identify of high-risk patients. This approach also facilitates expertise synergy from different disciplines to address public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | | | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab SL., 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 23204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Impact Station, 1223 JR Hilversum, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Evangelos P. Daskalopoulos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France;
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Elma Omeragic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Nikolaos Parissis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Laura A. Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
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17
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Magid M, Wold JR, Moraga R, Cubrinovska I, Houston DM, Gartrell BD, Steeves TE. Leveraging an existing whole genome resequencing population dataset to characterize toll‐like receptor gene diversity in a threatened bird. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2810-2825. [PMID: 35635119 PMCID: PMC9543821 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Species recovery programs are increasingly using genomic data to measure neutral genetic diversity and calculate metrics like relatedness. While these measures can inform conservation management, determining the mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression requires information about functional genes associated with adaptive or maladaptive traits. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are one family of functional genes, which play a crucial role in recognition of pathogens and activation of the immune system. Previously, these genes have been analysed using species‐specific primers and PCR. Here, we leverage an existing short‐read reference genome, whole‐genome resequencing population data set, and bioinformatic tools to characterize TLR gene diversity in captive and wild tchūriwat’/tūturuatu/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae), a threatened bird endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand. Our results show that TLR gene diversity in tchūriwat’/tūturuatu is low, and forms two distinct captive and wild genetic clusters. The bioinformatic approach presented here has broad applicability to other threatened species with existing genomic resources in Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magid
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Jana R. Wold
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Roger Moraga
- Tea Break Bioinformatics, Ltd Palmerston North NZ
| | - Ilina Cubrinovska
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | | | - Brett D. Gartrell
- Wildbase Massey University Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, Manawatu NZ
| | - Tammy E. Steeves
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
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18
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Kumar A, Varma VP, Sridhar K, Abdullah M, Vyas P, Ashiq Thalappil M, Chang YF, Faisal SM. Deciphering the Role of Leptospira Surface Protein LigA in Modulating the Host Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 12:807775. [PMID: 34975922 PMCID: PMC8716722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospira, a zoonotic pathogen, is known to infect various hosts and can establish persistent infection. This remarkable ability of bacteria is attributed to its potential to modulate (activate or evade) the host immune response by exploiting its surface proteins. We have identified and characterized the domain of the variable region of Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein A (LAV) involved in immune modulation. The 11th domain (A11) of the variable region of LigA (LAV) induces a strong TLR4 dependent innate response leading to subsequent induction of humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. A11 is also involved in acquiring complement regulator FH and binds to host protease Plasminogen (PLG), there by mediating functional activity to escape from complement-mediated killing. The deletion of A11 domain significantly impaired TLR4 signaling and subsequent reduction in the innate and adaptive immune response. It also inhibited the binding of FH and PLG thereby mediating killing of bacteria. Our study discovered an unprecedented role of LAV as a nuclease capable of degrading Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). This nuclease activity was primarily mediated by A11. These results highlighted the moonlighting function of LigA and demonstrated that a single domain of a surface protein is involved in modulating the host innate immune defenses, which might allow the persistence of Leptospira in different hosts for a long term without clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek P Varma
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kavela Sridhar
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd Abdullah
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Pallavi Vyas
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Syed M Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
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19
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Radakovics K, Battin C, Leitner J, Geiselhart S, Paster W, Stöckl J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Steinberger P. A Highly Sensitive Cell-Based TLR Reporter Platform for the Specific Detection of Bacterial TLR Ligands. Front Immunol 2022; 12:817604. [PMID: 35087538 PMCID: PMC8786796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.817604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved microbial components. They play important roles in innate immunity but also in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Impurities containing TLR ligands are a frequent problem in research but also for the production of therapeutics since TLR ligands can exert strong immunomodulatory properties even in minute amounts. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive tools to detect TLR ligands with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we describe the development of a platform based on a highly sensitive NF-κB::eGFP reporter Jurkat JE6-1 T cell line for the detection of TLR ligands. Ectopic expression of TLRs and their coreceptors and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of endogenously expressed TLRs was deployed to generate reporter cell lines selectively expressing functional human TLR2/1, TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR5 complexes. Using well-defined agonists for the respective TLR complexes we could demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity of the individual reporter lines. The limit of detection for LPS was below 1 pg/mL and ligands for TLR2/1 (Pam3CSK4), TLR2/6 (Fsl-1) and TLR5 (flagellin) were detected at concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL and 10 pg/mL, respectively. We showed that the JE6-1 TLR reporter cells have the utility to characterize different commercially available TLR ligands as well as more complex samples like bacterially expressed proteins or allergen extracts. Impurities in preparations of microbial compounds as well as the lack of specificity of detection systems can lead to erroneous results and currently there is no consensus regarding the involvement of TLRs in the recognition of several molecules with proposed immunostimulatory functions. This reporter system represents a highly suitable tool for the definition of structural requirements for agonists of distinct TLR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Radakovics
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Clinical Cell Biology and FACS Core Unit, St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Division Regulation of the Immune System, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Orús-Alcalde A, Lu TM, Børve A, Hejnol A. The evolution of the metazoan Toll receptor family and its expression during protostome development. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:208. [PMID: 34809567 PMCID: PMC8609888 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immunity and development. They contain leucine-rich repeat domains, one transmembrane domain, and one Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. TLRs have been classified into V-type/scc and P-type/mcc TLRs, based on differences in the leucine-rich repeat domain region. Although TLRs are widespread in animals, detailed phylogenetic studies of this gene family are lacking. Here we aim to uncover TLR evolution by conducting a survey and a phylogenetic analysis in species across Bilateria. To discriminate between their role in development and immunity we furthermore analyzed stage-specific transcriptomes of the ecdysozoans Priapulus caudatus and Hypsibius exemplaris, and the spiralians Crassostrea gigas and Terebratalia transversa. RESULTS We detected a low number of TLRs in ecdysozoan species, and multiple independent radiations within the Spiralia. V-type/scc and P-type/mcc type-receptors are present in cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes, and therefore they emerged early in TLR evolution, followed by a loss in xenacoelomorphs. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that TLRs cluster into three major clades: clade α is present in cnidarians, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; clade β in deuterostomes, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; and clade γ is only found in spiralians. Our stage-specific transcriptome and in situ hybridization analyses show that TLRs are expressed during development in all species analyzed, which indicates a broad role of TLRs during animal development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a clade α TLR gene (TLR-Ca) and a clade β/γ TLR gene (TLR-Cβ/γ) were already present in the cnidarian-bilaterian common ancestor. However, although TLR-Ca was conserved in cnidarians, TLR-Cβ/γ was lost during the early evolution of these taxa. Moreover, TLR-Cβ/γ duplicated to generate TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ in the lineage to the last common protostome-deuterostome ancestor. TLR-Ca, TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ further expanded generating the three major TLR clades. While all three clades radiated in several spiralian lineages, specific TLRs clades have been presumably lost in other lineages. Furthermore, the expression of the majority of these genes during protostome ontogeny suggests a likely role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orús-Alcalde
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tsai-Ming Lu
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aina Børve
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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21
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Wei H, Xie H, Qu J, Xie A, Xie S, Huang H, Li J, Fang C, Shi F, Qiu H, Qi Y, Tian X, Yang Q, Huang J. TLR7 modulating B-cell immune responses in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009943. [PMID: 34788282 PMCID: PMC8598019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells played an important role in Schistosoma infection-induced diseases. TLR7 is an intracellular member of the innate immune receptor. The role of TLR7 on B cells mediated immune response is still unclear. Here, C57BL/6 mice were percutaneously infected by S. japonicum for 5-6 weeks. The percentages and numbers of B cells increased in the infected mice (p < 0.05), and many activation and function associated molecules were also changed on B cells. More splenic cells of the infected mice expressed TLR7, and B cells were served as the main cell population. Moreover, a lower level of soluble egg antigen (SEA) specific antibody and less activation associated molecules were found on the surface of splenic B cells from S. japonicum infected TLR7 gene knockout (TLR7 KO) mice compared to infected wild type (WT) mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, SEA showed a little higher ability in inducing the activation of B cells from naive WT mice than TLR7 KO mice (p < 0.05). Finally, the effects of TLR7 on B cells are dependent on the activation of NF-κB p65. Altogether, TLR7 was found modulating the splenic B cell responses in S. japonicum infected C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Qu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feihu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
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22
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Kang HM, Kang JH. Effects of nasopharyngeal microbiota in respiratory infections and allergies. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:543-551. [PMID: 33872488 PMCID: PMC8566799 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome, which consists of a collective cluster of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms living in the human body, plays a key role in host health and immunity. The human nasal cavity harbors commensal bacteria that suppress the colonization of opportunistic pathogens. However, dysbiosis of the nasal microbial community is associated with many diseases, such as acute respiratory infections including otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis and allergic respiratory diseases including asthma. The nasopharyngeal acquisition of pneumococcus, which exists as a pathobiont in the nasal cavity, is the initial step in virtually all pneumococcal diseases. Although the factors influencing nasal colonization and elimination are not fully understood, the adhesion of opportunistic pathogens to nasopharyngeal mucosa receptors and the eliciting of immune responses in the host are implicated in addition to bacterial microbiota properties and colonization resistance dynamics. Probiotics or synbiotic interventions may show promising and effective roles in the adjunctive treatment of dysbiosis; however, more studies are needed to characterize how these interventions can be applied in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Carneiro PP, Dórea AS, Oliveira WN, Guimarães LH, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Parasite Load in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706510. [PMID: 34691019 PMCID: PMC8526941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory response associated with ulcer development. Monocytes/macrophages, the main cells harboring parasites, are largely responsible for parasite control. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling leads to the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and TNF during innate immune response. TLR antagonists have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disease. The neutralization of these receptors may attenuate an exacerbated inflammatory response. We evaluated the ability of TLR2 and TLR4 antagonists to modulate host immune response in L. braziliensis-infected monocytes and cells from CL patient skin lesions. Following TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization, decreased numbers of infected cells and internalized parasites were detected in CL patient monocytes. In addition, reductions in oxidative burst, IL-1β, TNF and CXCL9 production were observed. TNF production by cells from CL lesions also decreased after TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization. The attenuation of host inflammatory response after neutralizing these receptors suggests the potential of TLR antagonists as immunomodulators in association with antimonial therapy in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Goncalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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24
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Anwar S, Ul Islam K, Azmi MI, Iqbal J. cGAS-STING-mediated sensing pathways in DNA and RNA virus infections: crosstalk with other sensing pathways. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3255-3268. [PMID: 34622360 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in humans and other organisms. The most important defense mechanism against viral infections is initiated when the viral genome is sensed by host proteins, and this results in interferon production and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. The sensing of the viral genome or its replication intermediates within host cells is mediated by cytosolic proteins. For example, cGAS and IFI16 recognize non-self DNA, and RIG-I and MDA5 recognize non-self RNA. Once these sensors are activated, they trigger a cascade of reactions activating downstream molecules, which eventually results in the transcriptional activation of type I and III interferons, which play a critical role in suppressing viral propagation, either by directly limiting their replication or by inducing host cells to inhibit viral protein synthesis. The immune response against viruses relies solely upon sensing of viral genomes and their downstream signaling molecules. Although DNA and RNA viruses are sensed by distinct classes of receptor proteins, there is a possibility of overlap between the viral DNA and viral RNA sensing mechanisms. In this review, we focus on various host sensing molecules and discuss the associated signaling pathways that are activated in response to different viral infections. We further highlight the possibility of crosstalk between the cGAS-STING and the RIG-I-MAVS pathways to limit viral infections. This comprehensive review delineates the mechanisms by which different viruses evade host cellular responses to sustain within the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Anwar
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Khursheed Ul Islam
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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25
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Rehman MSU, Rehman SU, Yousaf W, Hassan FU, Ahmad W, Liu Q, Pan H. The Potential of Toll-Like Receptors to Modulate Avian Immune System: Exploring the Effects of Genetic Variants and Phytonutrients. Front Genet 2021; 12:671235. [PMID: 34512716 PMCID: PMC8427530 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against infectious diseases. About 10 different TLRs have been discovered in chicken that recognize ligands and participate in TLR signaling pathways. Research findings related to TLRs revealed new approaches to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the immune system, patterns of resistance against diseases, and the role of TLR-specific pathways in nutrient metabolism in chicken. In particular, the uses of specific feed ingredients encourage molecular biologists to exploit the relationship between nutrients (including different phytochemicals) and TLRs to modulate immunity in chicken. Phytonutrients and prebiotics are noteworthy dietary components to promote immunity and the production of disease-resistant chicken. Supplementations of yeast-derived products have also been extensively studied to enhance innate immunity during the last decade. Such interventions pave the way to explore nutrigenomic approaches for healthy and profitable chicken production. Additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLRs have shown potential association with few disease outbreaks in chickens. This review aimed to provide insights into the key roles of TLRs in the immune response and discuss the potential applications of these TLRs for genomic and nutritional interventions to improve health, and resistance against different fatal diseases in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif-Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wasim Yousaf
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongping Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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26
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Chamseddine AN, Assi T, Mir O, Chouaib S. Modulating tumor-associated macrophages to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A TAM-pting approach. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107986. [PMID: 34481812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) plasticity and diversity are both essential hallmarks of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and the tumor-derived inflammation. TAM exemplify the perfect adaptable cell with dynamic phenotypic modifications that reflect changes in their functional polarization status. Under several tumor microenvironment (TME)-related cues, TAM shift their polarization, hence promoting or halting cancer progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) displayed unprecedented clinical responses in various refractory cancers; but only approximately a third of patients experienced durable responses. It is, therefore, crucial to enhance the response rate of immunotherapy. Several mechanisms of resistance to ICI have been elucidated including TAM role with its essential immunosuppressive functions that reduce both anti-tumor immunity and the subsequent ICI efficacy. In the past few years, thorough research has led to a better understanding of TAM biology and innovative approaches can now be adapted through targeting macrophages' recruitment axis as well as TAM activation and polarization status within the TME. Some of these therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials in association with ICI agents. This combination between TAM modulation and ICI allows targeting TAM intrinsic immunosuppressive functions and tumor-promoting factors as well as overcoming ICI resistance. Hence, such strategies, with a better understanding of the mechanisms driving TAM modulation, may have the potential to optimize ICI efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Chamseddine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, CESP INSERM U1018, OncoStat, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Tarek Assi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Pharmacology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
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27
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The Role of Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080697. [PMID: 34439930 PMCID: PMC8389269 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Esophageal adenocarcinoma has a poor 5-year survival rate and is among the highest mortality cancers. Changes in the esophageal microbiome have been associated with cancer pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanism remains obscure. This review article critically analyzes the molecular mechanisms through which microbiota may mediate the development and progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursors-gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus. It summarizes changes in esophageal microbiome composition in normal and pathologic states and subsequently discusses the role of altered microbiota in disease progression. The potential role of esophageal microbiota in protecting against the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma is also discussed. By doing so, this article highlights specific directions for future research developing microbiome-mediated therapeutics for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Abstract Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is associated with poor overall five-year survival. The incidence of esophageal cancer is on the rise, especially in Western societies, and the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which EAC develops are of extreme interest. Several studies have proposed that the esophageal microbiome may play an important role in the pathophysiology of EAC, as well as its precursors—gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Gastrointestinal microbiomes altered by inflammatory states have been shown to mediate tumorigenesis directly and are now being considered as novel targets for both cancer treatment and prevention. Elucidating molecular mechanisms through which the esophageal microbiome potentiates the development of GERD, BE, and EAC will provide a foundation on which new therapeutic targets can be developed. This review summarizes current findings that elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which microbiota promote the pathogenesis of GERD, BE, and EAC, revealing potential directions for additional research on the microbiome-mediated pathophysiology of EAC.
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28
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Potent priming by inactivated whole influenza virus particle vaccines is linked to viral RNA uptake into antigen presenting cells. Vaccine 2021; 39:3940-3951. [PMID: 34090697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current detergent or ether-disrupted split vaccines (SVs) for influenza do not always induce adequate immune responses, especially in young children. This contrasts with the whole virus particle vaccines (WPVs) originally used against influenza that were immunogenic in both adults and children but were replaced by SV in the 1970s due to concerns with reactogenicity. In this study, we re-evaluated the immunogenicity of WPV and SV, prepared from the same batch of purified influenza virus, in cynomolgus macaques and confirmed that WPV is superior to SV in priming potency. In addition, we compared the ability of WPV and SV to induce innate immune responses, including the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. WPV stimulated greater production of inflammatory cytokines and type-I interferon in immune cells from mice and macaques compared to SV. Since these innate responses are likely triggered by the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by viral RNA, the quantity and quality of viral RNA in each vaccine were assessed. Although the quantity of viral RNA was similar in the two vaccines, the amount of viral RNA of a length that can be recognized by PRRs was over 100-fold greater in WPV than in SV. More importantly, 1000-fold more viral RNA was delivered to DCs by WPV than by SV when exposed to preparations containing the same amount of HA protein. Furthermore, WPV induced up-regulation of the DC maturation marker CD86 on murine DCs, while SV did not. The present results suggest that the activation of antigen-presenting DCs, by PRR-recognizable viral RNA contained in WPV is responsible for the effective priming potency of WPV observed in naïve mice and macaques. WPV is thus recommended as an alternative option for seasonal influenza vaccines, especially for children.
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29
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Abak A, Shoorei H, Talebi SF, Mohaqiq M, Sarabi P, Taheri M, Mokhtari M. Interaction between non-coding RNAs and Toll-like receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111784. [PMID: 34087695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large group of pattern recognition receptors which are involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. Based on the interplay between TLRs and adapter molecules, two distinctive signaling cascades, namely the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways have been recognized. TLRs are involved in the development of a wide variety of diseases including cancer and autoimmune disorders. A large body of evidence has shown interaction between two classes of non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These interactions have prominent roles in the pathogenesis of several disorders including infectious disorders, autoimmune conditions and neoplastic disorders. This review aims at description of the interaction between these non-coding RNAs and TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- School of Advancement, Centennial College, Ashtonbee Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Sarabi
- Deputy for Research & Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Ali SA, Singh G, Datusalia AK. Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre-clinical and clinical evidences. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3702-3731. [PMID: 33734511 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs. Research on in-vitro and in-vivo models have shown the immunomodulatory activity of NPs, is due to their antiinflammatory property, induction of phagocytosis and immune cells stimulation activity. Moreover, studies on humans have suggested that phytomedicines reduce inflammation and could provide appropriate benefits either in single form or complex combinations with other agents preventing disease progression, subsequently enhancing the efficacy of treatment to combat multiple malignancies. However, the exact mechanism of immunomodulation is far from clear, warranting more detailed investigations on their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reduction of inflammatory cascades is considered as a prime protective mechanism in a number of inflammation regulated autoimmune diseases. Altogether, this review will discuss the biological activities of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides and so forth, against various diseases and their potential use as an immunomodulatory agent under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
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31
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Liu M, Zen K. Toll-Like Receptors Regulate the Development and Progression of Renal Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES 2021; 7:14-23. [PMID: 33614730 DOI: 10.1159/000511947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Stimulated by both microbial and endogenous ligands, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the development and progression of renal diseases. Summary As a highly conserved large family, TLRs have 11 members in humans (TLR1∼TLR11) and 13 members in mouse (TLR1∼TLR13). It has been widely reported that TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, activated by both exogenous and endogenous ligands, promote disease progression in both renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy. TLR4 also vitally functions in CKD and infection-associated renal diseases such as pyelonephritis induced by urinary tract infection. Stimulation of intracellular TLR7/8 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids also plays a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that certain microRNAs with GU-rich sequence have recently been found to be able to serve as TLR7/8 ligands, these microRNAs may initiate pro-inflammatory signal via activating TLR signal. Moreover, as microRNAs can be transferred across different organs via cell-secreted exosomes or protein-RNA complex, the TLR signaling activated by the miRNAs released by other injured organs may also result in renal dysfunction. Key Messages In this review, we sum up the recent progress in the role of TLRs in various forms of glomerulonephritis and discuss the possible prevention or therapeutic strategies for clinic treatment to renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Signaling cross-talk during development: Context-specific networking of Notch, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways in Drosophila. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109937. [PMID: 33529757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms depend on a handful of core signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cell fate choices. Often these relatively simple signals integrate to form a large and complex signaling network to achieve a distinct developmental fate in a context-specific manner. Various pathway-dependent and independent events control the assembly of signaling complexes. Notch pathway is one such conserved signaling mechanism that integrates with other signaling pathways to exhibit a context-dependent pleiotropic output. To understand how Notch signaling provides a spectrum of distinct outputs, it is important to understand various regulatory switches involved in mediating signaling cross-talk of Notch with other pathways. Here, we review our current understanding as to how Notch signal integrates with JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Drosophila to regulate various developmental events such as sensory organ precursor formation, innate immunity, dorsal closure, establishment of planar cell polarity as well as during proliferation and tumor progression. We highlight the importance of conserved signaling molecules during these cross-talks and debate further possibilities of novel switches that may be involved in mediating these cross-talk events.
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33
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Bezemer GFG, Garssen J. TLR9 and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Theory of a Multifaceted Therapeutic Target. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:601685. [PMID: 33519463 PMCID: PMC7844586 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By mapping the clinical pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) against insights from virology, immunology, genomics, epidemiology and pharmacology, it is here proposed that the pathogen recognition receptor called toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) might have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, is causing the greatest global social and economic disruption since world war II. Lack of a vaccine, lack of successful treatment and limitations of the healthcare workforce and resources needed to safeguard patients with severe COVID-19 on the edge of life, demands radical preventive measures. It is urgently needed to identify biomarkers and drug candidates so that vulnerable individuals can be recognized early and severe multi-organ complications can be prevented or dampened. The TLR9 COVID-19 hypothesis describes a mechanism of action that could explain a wide spectrum of manifestations observed in patients with severe COVID-19. The introduced hypothesis proposes biomarkers for identification of vulnerable individuals and positions TLR9 as a promising multifaceted intervention target for prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19. TLR9 agonists might have value as prophylactic vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic immune stimulators at the early onset of disease. Additionally, in this current manuscript it is proposed for the first time that TLR9 could be considered as a target of "inhibition" aimed to dampen hyperinflammation and thrombotic complications in vulnerable patients that are at risk of developing late stages of COVID-19. The readily availability of TLR9 modulating drug candidates that have reached clinical testing for other disorders could favor a fast track development scenario, an important advantage under the current high unmet medical need circumstances regarding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Impact Station, Hilversum, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research BV, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Pattanaik KP, Ganguli G, Naik SK, Sonawane A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxL induces TNF-α secretion through activation of TLR2 dependent MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Mol Immunol 2021; 130:133-141. [PMID: 33419561 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs distinct strategies to circumvent host immune responses during the infection process. Various Mtb cell-wall associated and secretory proteins are known to play a critical role in the orchestration of host innate immune responses through modulation of signaling pathways. Mtb genome encodes for 23 (EsxA-EsxW) proteins belonging to the ESAT-6 like family; however, most of them are functionally unknown. Here, we show that Mtb EsxL induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production by activating nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) via interaction with Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2). Blocking or silencing of TLR2 abrogated nuclear translocation of NF-kB and TNF-α production. Treatment with recombinant purified EsxL (rEsxL) activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase (p38) pathways. At the same time, inhibition of ERK and p38 down-regulated the expression of TNF-α in rEsxL exposed murine macrophages. Besides TNF-α, EsxL also induced the production of IL-6 proinflammatory cytokine. Taken together, these results suggest that EsxL is able to induce TNF-α secretion via TLR2 through activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling. This study will help in deducing therapeutic strategies for better control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Naik
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Ibrahim D, Sewid AH, Arisha AH, abd El-fattah AH, Abdelaziz AM, Al-Jabr OA, Kishawy ATY. Influence of Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract on Growth, Gene Expression of Gut Integrity, and Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:612063. [PMID: 33415133 PMCID: PMC7782238 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.612063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve gut health and thereby performance of broiler chickens. The impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) extract (GE) on expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins and gut protection and Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers has not been discussed until now. Thus, the current study assessed the effective dose of GE for maximum growth in broiler chickens, clear-cut molecular mechanisms related to integrity and health of intestine, and controlling C. jejuni colonization. Over a 35-day feeding period, a total of 500 Ross broiler chicks were allocated to five groups; the first group was fed a control diet without GE and the second group to the fifth group were fed a control diet with GE (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg of diet); each group comprised 100 chicks with 10 replicates (10 birds/replicate). Birds fed GE had an improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the highest body weight gain was observed in the group that received 1 g/kg of GE (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins [occludin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)] was upregulated in all groups supplemented with GE. Moreover, birds fed 1 g/kg of GE exhibited the maximum gene expression of occludin and JAM [0.2 and 0.3 fold change, respectively (P < 0.05)]. In relation to enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)], use of GE significantly upregulated expression of GLP-2 gene with 0.8 fold change in 2 g/kg of the GE supplemented group (P < 0.05) while the expression of FABP-6 gene was not affected by GE supplementation (P > 0.05). After challenge with C. jejuni, the expression of mucin (MUC-2) gene was upregulated and the inflammatory markers such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-4) and interleukin (IL-1β) were downregulated with increasing level of supplemented GE (P < 0.05). The mean log10 count of C. jejuni in cecal samples after 7 days post-infection by culture and real-time qPCR was decreased in groups fed GE in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, the highest reduction of C. jejuni count in cecal samples by culture and real-time qPCR was observed in the group fed 2 g/kg of GE (2.58 and 2.28 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Results from this study suggested that G. glabra extract (1 g/kg) improved growth performance of broiler chickens, as well as influenced the maintenance of intestinal integrity and reduced C. jejuni shedding from infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa H. Sewid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ahmed H. Arisha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zaagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Egypt
| | - Amir H. abd El-fattah
- Department of Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adel M. Abdelaziz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Educational Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Al-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa T. Y. Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Qiang J, Tao F, Bao W, He J, Li X, Chen J, Xu P. Responses of functional miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules to a high-fat diet in the liver of hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco × P. vachelli). Genomics 2020; 113:1207-1220. [PMID: 33309769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is common in cultured yellow catfish as a result of high fat contents in feeds. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the excessive deposition of liver fat causes fatty liver disease. Hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachelli♂) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal-fat diet (NFD) for 60 days. Compared with the NFD group, the HFD group showed lower growth performance, higher hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes, increased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents, and more and larger lipid droplets in liver tissue. Whole transcriptome mRNA libraries and microRNA libraries from fish in the NFD and HFD groups were constructed by high-throughput sequencing. Twelve miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between the HFD and NFD groups. Seven negatively correlated DE miRNA-DE mRNA pairs were selected, and the expression patterns of both were confirmed using qRT-PCR. Hybrid yellow catfish showed mediated oxidative degradation of liver glucose and fatty acid peroxidation, regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, and various immune and inflammatory responses to fat deposition and stress. These findings have important biological significance for protecting the liver against stress, as well as economic significance for establishing healthy aquaculture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fanyi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenjin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jude Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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Campolo M, Filippone A, Biondo C, Mancuso G, Casili G, Lanza M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Paterniti I. TLR7/8 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249384. [PMID: 33317145 PMCID: PMC7763162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and autoimmune mechanisms have a key part in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Therefore, we evaluated the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a link between inflammation and autoimmunity in PD. An in vivo model of PD was performed by administration of 1-metil 4-fenil 1,2,3,6-tetraidro-piridina (MPTP) at the dose of 20 mg/kg every 2 h for a total administration of 80/kg, both in single Knock Out (KO) mice for TLR7, TLR 8, and TLR9 and in double KO mice for TLR 7/8-/-. All animals were compared with WT animals used as a control group. All animals were sacrificed after 7 days form the first administration of MPTP. The genetic absence of TLR 7 and 8 modified the PD pathway, increasing the immunoreactivity for TH and DAT compared to PD groups and decreasing microglia and astrocytes activation. Moreover, the deletion of TLR7 and TLR8 significantly reduced T-cell infiltration in the substantia nigra and lymph nodes, suggesting a reduction of T-cell activation. Therefore, our result highlights a possibility that an immunotherapy approach, by using a dual antagonist of TLR 7 and 8, could be considered as a possible target to develop new therapies for Parkinson diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (A.F.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-676-5208
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Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155322. [PMID: 33127259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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Involvement of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage Induced by Scorpion Venom. Inflammation 2020; 43:155-167. [PMID: 31654297 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response and generation of oxidative stress are known to contribute to scorpion venom-induced tissue damage. TLR receptors might represent a link between oxidative stress and inflammation; we therefore investigated whether or not TLR4 is involved in venom-induced immunopathology. The obtained results showed that pharmacological targeting of TLR4 with the selective inhibitor TAK-242 (Resatorvid) prevents the inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous administration of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom, as revealed by a significant decrease of neutrophil cell count in peripheral blood associated with significant decline of neutrophil degranulation and sequestration to the lung, liver, and kidney tissues. Moreover, TAK-242 administration inhibited nitrite levels increase in serum, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl tissue contents concomitantly with a significant increase of catalase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in tissue homogenates. Furthermore, venom-induced increases in serum levels of organ dysfunction markers (lactate deshydrogenase, aminotransferase ALT and AST, creatinine and urea) were also significantly suppressed by pre-treatment with TLR4 inhibitor, concordantly with a remarkable improvement in the histological features in lung and liver tissues. The results of the present study indicate the potential role of TLR4 in venom-induced immunopathology and show the in vivo requirement of TLR4 signaling in mediating venom-induced tissue damage.
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Kabir SR, Dai Z, Nurujjaman M, Cui X, Asaduzzaman AKM, Sun B, Zhang X, Dai H, Zhao X. Biogenic silver/silver chloride nanoparticles inhibit human glioblastoma stem cells growth in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell growth in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13223-13234. [PMID: 33047886 PMCID: PMC7701582 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of biogenic silver/silver chloride nanoparticles has become increasing day by day. In the present study, silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl‐NPs) were synthesized from Kaempferia rotunda tuberous rhizome extract to evaluate the antiproliferative activity against human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vivo in mice. Synthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed by colour change and UV‐visible spectrum and characterized by TEM, XRD, TGA, AFM and FTIR. K rotunda and recently synthesized Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs inhibited 77.2% and 71% of GSCs growth at 32 µg/mL concentration with the IC50 values of 6.8 and 10.4 µg/mL, respectively. Cell morphological studies and caspase‐3 immunofluorescence assay revealed that both biogenic nanoparticles induced apoptosis in GSCs. Expression levels of several genes were checked by real‐time PCR after treatment with K rotunda tuberous rhizome‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs. PARP, EGFR, NOTCH2 and STAT3 gene expression were decreased with the increase of NFκB, TLR9, IL1, TNFα, IKK and p21 gene that would be the cause of induction of apoptosis in GSCs. The cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase was confirmed by flow cytometric assay. Both nanoparticles were injected intraperitoneally to rapidly growing EAC cells for 5 consecutive days. Approximately, 32.3% and 55% EAC cells growth were inhibited by K rotunda tuberous rhizome‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs at 6 and 12 mg/kg/day doses, respectively while only 20% cell growth inhibition was monitored at 12 mg/kg/day dose of Z mauritiana‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs. From the above results, it can be concluded that presently synthesized nanoparticles would be a potent anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Zhi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Nurujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A K M Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongjuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Oladipo EK, Ajayi AF, Ariyo OE, Onile SO, Jimah EM, Ezediuno LO, Adebayo OI, Adebayo ET, Odeyemi AN, Oyeleke MO, Oyewole MP, Oguntomi AS, Akindiya OE, Olamoyegun BO, Aremu VO, Arowosaye AO, Aboderin DO, Bello HB, Senbadejo TY, Awoyelu EH, Oladipo AA, Oladipo BB, Ajayi LO, Majolagbe ON, Oyawoye OM, Oloke JK. Exploration of surface glycoprotein to design multi-epitope vaccine for the prevention of Covid-19. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100438. [PMID: 33043110 PMCID: PMC7533051 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation and generation of T and B cell-mediated long-term immune response are essential for the curbing of a deadly virus such as SAR-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Corona Virus 2). Immunoinformatics approach in vaccine design takes advantage of antigenic and non-allergenic epitopes present on the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to elicit immune responses. T cells and B cells epitopes were predicted, and the selected residues were subjected to allergenicity, antigenicity and toxicity screening which were linked by appropriate linkers to form a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. The physiochemical properties of the vaccine construct were analyzed, and the molecular weight, molecular formula, theoretical isoelectric point value, half-life, solubility score, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY were predicted. The vaccine structure was constructed, refined, validated, and disulfide engineered to get the best model. Molecular binding simulation and molecular dynamics simulation were carried out to predict the stability and binding affinity of the vaccine construct with TLRs. Codon acclimatization and in silico cloning were performed to confirm the vaccine expression and potency. Results obtained indicated that this novel vaccine candidate is non-toxic, capable of initiating the immunogenic response and will not induce an allergic reaction. The highest binding energy was observed in TLR4 (Toll-like Receptor 4) (−1398.1), and the least is TLR 2 (−1479.6). The steady rise in Th (T-helper) cell population with memory development was noticed, and IFN-g (Interferon gamma) was provoked after simulation. At this point, the vaccine candidate awaits animal trial to validate its efficacy and safety for use in the prevention of the novel COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Kolawole Oladipo
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Esther Moradeyo Jimah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Louis Odinakaose Ezediuno
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Oluwadunsin Iyanuoluwa Adebayo
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Tayo Adebayo
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Aduragbemi Noah Odeyemi
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Marvellous Oluwaseun Oyeleke
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olawumi Elizabeth Akindiya
- Microbiology Programme, Department of Biological Science, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Victoria Oyetayo Aremu
- Reproduction and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Abiola O Arowosaye
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Elukunbi Hilda Awoyelu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Precious Conerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adio Abayomi Oladipo
- Department of Haematology and Blood Grouping Serology, Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife Wesley Guild Hospital Wing, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Bukola Bisola Oladipo
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Olusola Nathaniel Majolagbe
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Monisola Oyawoye
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Julius Kola Oloke
- Department of Natural Sciences, Precious Conerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Sohn KM, Lee SG, Kim HJ, Cheon S, Jeong H, Lee J, Kim IS, Silwal P, Kim YJ, Paik S, Chung C, Park C, Kim YS, Jo EK. COVID-19 Patients Upregulate Toll-like Receptor 4-mediated Inflammatory Signaling That Mimics Bacterial Sepsis. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e343. [PMID: 32989935 PMCID: PMC7521960 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak suggest that a 'cytokine storm' is involved in the pathogenesis of severe illness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the altered pathological inflammation in COVID-19 are largely unknown. We report here that toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated inflammatory signaling molecules are upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from COVID-19 patients, compared with healthy controls (HC). METHODS A total of 48 subjects including 28 COVID-19 patients (8 severe/critical vs. 20 mild/moderate cases) admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital, and age/sex-matched 20 HC were enrolled in this study. PBMCs from the subjects were processed for nCounter Human Immunology gene expression assay to analyze the immune related transcriptome profiles. Recombinant proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) were used to stimulate the PBMCs and monocyte-derived macrophages, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the mRNA expressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. RESULTS Among the most highly increased inflammatory mediators in severe/critically ill patients, S100A9, an alarmin and TLR4 ligand, was found as a noteworthy biomarker, because it inversely correlated with the serum albumin levels. We also observed that recombinant S2 and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and S100A9 in human primary PBMCs. CONCLUSION These data support a link between TLR4 signaling and pathological inflammation during COVID-19 and contribute to develop therapeutic approaches through targeting TLR4-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mok Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Gwon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shinhyea Cheon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyeongseok Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chaeuk Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Yeon Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Eun Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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Oosenbrug T, van de Graaff MJ, Haks MC, van Kasteren S, Ressing ME. An alternative model for type I interferon induction downstream of human TLR2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14325-14342. [PMID: 32796029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-exposed Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as TLR2 and TLR4 survey the extracellular environment for pathogens. TLR activation initiates the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including type I interferons (IFN-I). Downstream of TLR4, IFNβ secretion is only vigorously triggered in macrophages when the receptor undergoes endocytosis and switches signaling adaptor; surface TLR4 engagement predominantly induces proinflammatory cytokines via the signaling adaptor MyD88. It is unclear whether this dichotomy is generally applicable to other TLRs, cell types, or differentiation states. Here, we report that diverse TLR2 ligands induce an IFN-I response in human monocyte-like cells, but not in differentiated macrophages. This TLR2-dependent IFN-I signaling originates from the cell surface and depends on MyD88; it involves combined activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, driven by the kinases TBK1 and TAK1-IKKβ, respectively. TLR2-stimulated monocytes produced modest IFNβ levels that caused productive downstream signaling, reflected by STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of numerous interferon-stimulated genes. Our findings reveal that the outcome of TLR2 signaling includes an IFN-I response in human monocytes, which is lost upon macrophage differentiation, and differs mechanistically from IFN-I-induction through TLR4. These findings point to molecular mechanisms tailored to the differentiation state of a cell and the nature of receptors activated to control and limit TLR-triggered IFN-I responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jepsen S, Suvan J, Deschner J. The association of periodontal diseases with metabolic syndrome and obesity. Periodontol 2000 2020; 83:125-153. [PMID: 32385882 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Globally, it is estimated that 740 million people are affected by its severe form. Periodontitis has been suggested to be linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity, defined as excessive fat accumulation, is a complex multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, with a high and increasing prevalence. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and dysglycemia. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and periodontitis are among the most common non-communicable diseases and a large body of evidence from epidemiologic studies supports the association between these conditions. Extensive research has established plausible mechanisms to explain how these conditions can negatively impact each other, pointing to a bidirectional adverse relationship. At present there is only limited evidence available from a few intervention studies. Nevertheless, the global burden of periodontitis combined with the obesity epidemic has important clinical and public health implications for the dental team. In accordance with the common risk factor approach for tackling non-communicable diseases, it has been proposed that oral healthcare professionals have an important role in the promotion of periodontal health and general well-being through facilitation of healthy lifestyle behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean Suvan
- Department of Periodontology, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Raggi F, Bosco MC. Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors in Cancer Immunotherapy: New Perspectives of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM-1). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051337. [PMID: 32456204 PMCID: PMC7281211 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers. This review provides an overview of the role of MP receptors in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis and discusses the most recent updates regarding their targeting for immunotherapeutic purposes. We focus in particular on the TREM-1 receptor, a major amplifier of MP inflammatory responses, highlighting its relevance in the development and progression of several types of inflammation-associated malignancies and the promises of its inhibition for cancer immunotherapy.
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Renu S, Han Y, Dhakal S, Lakshmanappa YS, Ghimire S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Senapati S, Narasimhan B, Selvaraj R, Renukaradhya GJ. Chitosan-adjuvanted Salmonella subunit nanoparticle vaccine for poultry delivered through drinking water and feed. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116434. [PMID: 32532387 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor induction of mucosal immunity in the intestines by current Salmonella vaccines is a challenge to the poultry industry. We prepared and tested an oral deliverable Salmonella subunit vaccine containing immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellin (F) protein loaded and F-protein surface coated chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) (OMPs-F-CS NPs). The OMPs-F-CS NPs had mean particle size distribution of 514 nm, high positive charge and spherical in shape. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed the F-protein surface coated CS NPs were specifically targeted to chicken immune cells. The OMPs-F-CS NPs treatment of chicken immune cells upregulated TLRs, and Th1 and Th2 cytokines mRNA expression. Oral delivery of OMPs-F-CS NPs in birds enhanced the specific systemic IgY and mucosal IgA antibodies responses as well as reduced the challenge Salmonella load in the intestines. Thus, user friendly oral deliverable chitosan-based Salmonella vaccine for poultry is a viable alternative to current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sujata Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Targeting innate sensing in the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:13-26. [PMID: 31844141 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune sensing pathways play critical roles in the defense against pathogen infection, but their roles in cancer immunosurveillance and cancer therapies are less defined. We propose that defective innate immune sensing inside the tumor microenvironment might limit T-cell responses to immunotherapy. A recent mechanistic understanding of conventional therapies revealed that both innate immune sensing and T-cell responses are essential for optimal antitumor efficacy. T-cell-based immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade, has achieved great success in reactivating antitumor immune responses to lead to tumor regression, but only in a small fraction of patients. Therefore, incorporating conventional therapy that can increase innate sensing and immunotherapy should lead to promising strategies for cancer patients. Here, we review the innate sensing pathways related to cancer initiation/progression and therapies, summarize the recent key findings in innate immune sensing related to conventional therapies, evaluate current combination strategies, and highlight the potential issues of combinational therapies in terms of antitumor efficacy and toxicities.
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Dibromoacetic Acid Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice through Oxidative Stress and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5637235. [PMID: 31827682 PMCID: PMC6886355 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5637235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dibromoacetic acid (DBA) is one of haloacetic acids, often as a by-product of disinfection in drinking water. DBA is a multiple-organ carcinogen in rodent animals, but little research on its hepatotoxicity has been conducted and its mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that DBA could induce obvious hepatotoxcity in Balb/c mice as indicated by histological changes, increasing serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and accumulation of hepatic glycogen, after the mice were administered DBA at doses of 1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg body weight for 28 days via oral gavage. In mechanism study, DBA induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver, advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs) in the serum, and decreasing the level of glutathione (GSH) in the liver. DBA induced inflammation in the liver of the mice which is supported by increasing the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the liver. DBA also upregulated the protein levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), inhibitor of nuclear factor κB alpha (IκB-α), nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), and the phosphoralation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusion. DBA could induce hepatotoxicity in mice by oral exposure; the mechanism is related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway activation.
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Croes M, van der Wal BCH, Vogely HC. Impact of Bacterial Infections on Osteogenesis: Evidence From In Vivo Studies. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2067-2076. [PMID: 31329305 PMCID: PMC6771910 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical impact of bacterial infections on bone regeneration has been incompletely quantified and documented. As a result, controversy exists about the optimal treatment strategy to maximize healing of a contaminated defect. Animal models are extremely useful in this respect, as they can elucidate how a bacterial burden influences quantitative healing of various types of defects relative to non-infected controls. Moreover, they may demonstrate how antibacterial treatment and/or bone grafting techniques facilitate the osteogenic response in the harsh environment of a bacterial infection. Finally, it a well-known contradiction that osteomyelitis is characterized by uncontrolled bone remodeling and bone loss, but at the same time, it can be associated with excessive new bone apposition. Animal studies can provide a better understanding of how osteolytic and osteogenic responses are related to each other during infection. This review discusses the in vivo impact of bacterial infection on osteogenesis by addressing the following questions (i) How does osteomyelitis affect the radiographic bone appearance? (ii) What is the influence of bacterial infection on histological bone healing? (iii) How do bacterial infections affect quantitative bone healing? (iv) What is the effect of antibacterial treatment on the healing outcome during infection? (v) What is the efficacy of osteoinductive proteins in infected bones? (vi) What is the balance between the osteoclastic and osteoblastic response during bacterial infections? (vii) What is the mechanism of the observed pro-osteogenic response as observed in osteomyelitis? © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research© published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2067-2076, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Croes
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 1003508 GAUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart C. H. van der Wal
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 1003508 GAUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - H. Charles Vogely
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 1003508 GAUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Liu KS, Zhang C, Dong HL, Li KK, Han QB, Wan Y, Chen R, Yang F, Li HL, Ko CH, Han XQ. GSP-2, a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma sinense, is a novel toll-like receptor 4 agonist. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221636. [PMID: 31442262 PMCID: PMC6707555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma sinense is a Chinese unique medicinal fungus that has been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. Polysaccharides are considered to be biologically active ingredients due to their immune-modulating functions. Previously we found that GSP-2, a new polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma sinense, exerts an immunomodulatory effect in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate how GSP-2 triggers immunologic responses and the implicated signaling pathways. GSP-2 effects were investigated both in a macrophagic cell line, RAW264.7, and in primary macrophages. Moreover, the molecular basis of GSP-2 recognition by immune cells, and the consequent activation of signaling cascades, were explored by employing recombinant human HEK293-TLR-Blue clones, individually overexpressing various Toll-like receptors. GSP-2 dose-dependently induced the overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) but did not affect the expression of other TLRs. Moreover, GSP-2 induced TNFα secretion in primary macrophages from wild-type, but not TLR4-knockout mice. In addition, GSP-2 upregulated TLR4 protein expression and activated the MAPK pathway in RAW246.7 macrophages. Finally, GSP-2 induced the production of the cytokines TNFα, IL1β, and IL6. Our data demonstrated that GSP-2 was specifically recognized by TLR4, promoting cytokine secretion and immune modulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Sheng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Liang Dong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai-Kai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Li Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (XQH); (CHK)
| | - Xiao-Qiang Han
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XQH); (CHK)
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