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Janapati YK, Junapudi S. Progress in experimental models to investigate the in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity of drugs. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:297-309. [PMID: 38837635 PMCID: PMC11228097 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders, and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, a condition involving a high blood glucose level brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion, decreased activity of insulin, or both. Prolonged effects of diabetes include cardiovascular problems, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular alterations in both macro- and micro-blood vessels. In vivo and in vitro models have always been important for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis, identifying targets, and reviewing novel treatment options and medications. Fully understanding these models is crucial for the researchers so this review summarizes the different experimental in vivo and in vitro model options used to study diabetes and its consequences. The most popular in vivo studies involves the small animal models, such as rodent models, chemically induced diabetogens like streptozotocin and alloxan, and the possibility of deleting or overexpressing a specific gene by knockout and transgenic technologies on these animals. Other models include virally induced models, diet/nutrition induced diabetic animals, surgically induced models or pancreatectomy models, and non-obese models. Large animals or non-rodent models like porcine (pig), canine (dog), nonhuman primate, and Zebrafish models are also outlined. The in vitro models discussed are murine and human beta-cell lines and pancreatic islets, human stem cells, and organoid cultures. The other enzymatic in vitro tests to assess diabetes include assay of amylase inhibition and inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasodha Krishna Janapati
- School of Pharmacy & Health SciencesUnited States International University‐AFRICA (USIU‐A)NairobiKenya
| | - Sunil Junapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGeethanjali College of PharmacyKeesaraIndia
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Benchaprathanphorn K, Muangman P, Chinaroonchai K, Namviriyachote N, Ampawong S, Angkhasirisap W, Kengkoom K, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Translational application of human keratinocyte-fibroblast cell sheets for accelerated wound healing in a clinically relevant type 2 diabetic rat model. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:360-371. [PMID: 38363247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Despite advancements in wound care, wound healing remains a challenge, especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Cell sheet technology has emerged as an efficient and promising therapy for tissue regeneration and wound repair. Among these, bilayered human keratinocyte-fibroblast cell sheets constructed using temperature-responsive culture surfaces have been shown to mimic a normal tissue-like structure and secrete essential cytokines and growth factors that regulate the wound healing process. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of human skin cell sheets to treat full-thickness skin defects in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that diabetic wounds transplanted with bilayered cell sheets resulted in accelerated re-epithelialization, increased angiogenesis, enhanced macrophage polarization and regeneration of tissue that closely resembled healthy skin. In contrast, the control group that did not receive cell sheet transplantation presented characteristic symptoms of impaired and delayed wound healing associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The secretory cytokines and the upregulation of Nrf2 expression in response to cell sheet transplantation are believed to have played a key role in the improved wound healing observed in diabetic rats. Our study suggests that human keratinocyte-fibroblast cell sheets hold great potential as a therapeutic alternative for diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokaon Benchaprathanphorn
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornprom Muangman
- Trauma Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kusuma Chinaroonchai
- Trauma Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Namviriyachote
- Trauma Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannee Angkhasirisap
- Research and Academic Support Office, National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Kengkoom
- Research and Academic Support Office, National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Estes SK, Shiota C, O'Brien TP, Printz RL, Shiota M. The impact of glucagon to support postabsorptive glucose flux and glycemia in healthy rats and its attenuation in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E308-E325. [PMID: 38265288 PMCID: PMC11193518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00192.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), yet the role of elevated plasma glucagon (P-GCG) to promote excessive postabsorptive glucose production and contribute to hyperglycemia in patients with this disease remains debatable. We investigated the acute action of P-GCG to safeguard/support postabsorptive endogenous glucose production (EGP) and euglycemia in healthy Zucker control lean (ZCL) rats. Using male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats that exhibit the typical metabolic disorders of human T2DM, such as excessive EGP, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia, we examined the ability of hyperglucagonemia to promote greater rates of postabsorptive EGP and hyperglycemia. Euglycemic or hyperglycemic basal insulin (INS-BC) and glucagon (GCG-BC) clamps were performed in the absence or during an acute setting of glucagon deficiency (GCG-DF, ∼10% of basal), either alone or in combination with insulin deficiency (INS-DF, ∼10% of basal). Glucose appearance, disappearance, and cycling rates were measured using [2-3H] and [3-3H]-glucose. In ZCL rats, GCG-DF reduced the levels of hepatic cyclic AMP, EGP, and plasma glucose (PG) by 50%, 32%, and 50%, respectively. EGP fell in the presence GCG-DF and INS-BC, but under GCG-DF and INS-DF, EGP and PG increased two- and threefold, respectively. GCG-DF revealed the hyperglucagonemia present in ZDF rats lacked the ability to regulate hepatic intracellular cyclic AMP levels and glucose flux, since EGP and PG levels fell by only 10%. We conclude that the liver in T2DM suffers from resistance to all three major regulatory factors, glucagon, insulin, and glucose, thus leading to a loss of metabolic flexibility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In postabsorptive state, basal plasma insulin (P-INS) and plasma glucose (PG) act dominantly to increase hepatic glucose cycling and reduce endogenous glucose production (EGP) and PG in healthy rats, which is only counteracted by the acute action of basal plasma glucagon (P-GCG) to support EGP and euglycemia. Hyperglucagonemia, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) present in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, is not the primary mediator of hyperglycemia and high EGP as commonly thought; instead, the liver is resistant to glucagon as well as insulin and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanea K Estes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Tracy P O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard L Printz
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Liang Y, Widjaja J, Sun J, Li M, Qiao Z, Cao T, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Gu Y, Zhang P, Yang J. Bariatric surgery induces pancreatic cell transdifferentiation as indicated by single-cell transcriptomics in Zucker diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2023. [PMID: 38149757 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Bariatric surgery results in rapid recovery of glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. The present study aims to clarify how bariatric surgery modifies pancreatic cell subgroup differentiation and transformation in the single-cell RNA level. METHODS Male, 8-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with obesity and diabetes phenotypes were randomized into sleeve gastrectomy (Sleeve, n = 9), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 9), and Sham (n = 7) groups. Two weeks after surgery, the pancreas specimen was further analyzed using single-cell RNA-sequencing technique. RESULTS Two weeks after surgery, compared to the Sham group, the metabolic parameters including fasting plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and oral glucose tolerance test values were dramatically improved after RYGB and Sleeve procedures (p < .05) as predicted. In addition, RYGB and Sleeve groups increased the proportion of pancreatic β cells and reduced the ratio of α cells. Two multiple hormone-expressing cells were identified, the Gcg+/Ppy + and Ins+/Gcg+/Ppy + cells. The pancreatic Ins+/Gcg+/Ppy + cells were defined for the first time, and further investigation indicates similarities with α and β cells, with unique gene expression patterns, which implies that pancreatic cell transdifferentiation occurs following bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, using the single-cell transcriptome map of ZDF rats, we reported a comprehensive characterization of the heterogeneity and differentiation of pancreatic endocrinal cells after bariatric surgery, which may contribute to the underlying mechanisms. Further studies will be needed to elucidate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Liang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason Widjaja
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyi Li
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, General Surgery Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengdong Qiao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqian Wang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, General Surgery Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, General Surgery Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Anderson KD, Beckmann C, Heermant S, Ko FC, Dulion B, Tarhoni I, Borgia JA, Virdi AS, Wimmer MA, Sumner DR, Ross RD. Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley Rats Have Impaired Peri-Implant Bone Formation, Matrix Composition, and Implant Fixation Strength. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10819. [PMID: 38025036 PMCID: PMC10652173 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) will require total joint replacement (TJR) in the next decade. T2DM patients are at increased risk for TJR failure, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The current study used the Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat model of T2DM with Sprague Dawley (SPD) controls to investigate the effects of intramedullary implant placement on osseointegration, peri-implant bone structure and matrix composition, and fixation strength at 2 and 10 weeks post-implant placement. Postoperative inflammation was assessed with circulating MCP-1 and IL-10 2 days post-implant placement. In addition to comparing the two groups, stepwise linear regression modeling was performed to determine the relative contribution of glucose, cytokines, bone formation, bone structure, and bone matrix composition on osseointegration and implant fixation strength. ZDSD rats had decreased peri-implant bone formation and reduced trabecular bone volume per total volume compared with SPD controls. The osseointegrated bone matrix of ZDSD rats had decreased mineral-to-matrix and increased crystallinity compared with SPD controls. Osseointegrated bone volume per total volume was not different between the groups, whereas implant fixation was significantly decreased in ZDSD at 2 weeks but not at 10 weeks. A combination of trabecular mineral apposition rate and postoperative MCP-1 levels explained 55.6% of the variance in osseointegration, whereas cortical thickness, osseointegration mineral apposition rate, and matrix compositional parameters explained 69.2% of the variance in implant fixation strength. The results support the growing recognition that both peri-implant structure and matrix composition affect implant fixation and suggest that postoperative inflammation may contribute to poor outcomes after TJR surgeries in T2DM patients. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Saskia Heermant
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Frank C Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Bryan Dulion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Imad Tarhoni
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Jeffrey A Borgia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Amarjit S Virdi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and ImmunityRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
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Søgaard SB, Andersen SB, Taghavi I, Schou M, Christoffersen C, Jacobsen JCB, Kjer HM, Gundlach C, McDermott A, Jensen JA, Nielsen MB, Sørensen CM. Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging of Renal Vascular Alterations in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats during the Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3197. [PMID: 37892017 PMCID: PMC10605617 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with diabetes at risk of developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are challenging to identify using currently available clinical methods. Prognostic accuracy and initiation of treatment could be improved by a quantification of the renal microvascular rarefaction and the increased vascular tortuosity during the development of DKD. Super-resolution ultrasound (SRUS) imaging is an in vivo technique capable of visualizing blood vessels at sizes below 75 µm. This preclinical study aimed to investigate the alterations in renal blood vessels' density and tortuosity in a type 2 diabetes rat model, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, as a prediction of DKD. Lean age-matched Zucker rats were used as controls. A total of 36 rats were studied, subdivided into ages of 12, 22, and 40 weeks. Measured albuminuria indicated the early stage of DKD, and the SRUS was compared with the ex vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) of the same kidneys. Assessed using the SRUS imaging, a significantly decreased cortical vascular density was detected in the ZDF rats from 22 weeks of age compared to the healthy controls, concomitant with a significantly increased albuminuria. Already by week 12, a trend towards a decreased cortical vascular density was found prior to the increased albuminuria. The quantified vascular density in µCT corresponded with the in vivo SRUS imaging, presenting a consistently lower vascular density in the ZDF rats. Regarding vessel tortuosity, an overall trend towards an increased tortuosity was present in the ZDF rats. SRUS shows promise for becoming an additional tool for monitoring and prognosing DKD. In the future, large-scale animal studies and human trials are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stinne Byrholdt Søgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Sofie Bech Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Iman Taghavi
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (I.T.); (J.A.J.)
| | | | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Brings Jacobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Hans Martin Kjer
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Carsten Gundlach
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Amy McDermott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Jørgen Arendt Jensen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (I.T.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Michael Bachmann Nielsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Mehlin Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.S.); (S.B.A.); (C.C.); (J.C.B.J.); (A.M.)
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Yang X, Zhao J, Li H, Pan L, Guo J, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen P, Li P. Effect of Tangshen formula on the remodeling of small intestine and colon in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21007. [PMID: 37886764 PMCID: PMC10597860 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Previous study have demonstrated that Tangshen Formula (TSF) could attenuate colonic histomorphological remodeling in the diabetic rat model induced by high fat diet plus low dosage streptozotocin (STZ). However, it is not clear whether TSF has same effect on small intestine and the effect on biomechanical properties of bowel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TSF on histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of small intestine and colon by using Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat model. Materials and methods ZDF rats (obese fa/fa) with blood glucose higher than 11.7 mmol/L were divided into ZDF group (diabetic control group) and ZDF + TSF group (TSF treatment group), the later were intragastrically administered TSF. The ZDF rats (lean fa/+) were served as normal control (ZL) group. The rats in the ZL and ZDF groups were administered with saline. The experimental period covered from 8 weeks to 24 weeks. At the end of experiment, the ileal and colonic segments were studied in vitro. The histomorphometry and biomechanical parameters were measured. Results Compared with ZL group histomorphologically, the wet weight per unit length, wall thickness, wall area and fractions of total and type I and type III collagen in different layers for both ileum and colon increased in ZDF group. Those increasing parameters were partially inhibited in ZDF + TSF group. Compared with ZL group biomechanically, ZDF and ZDF + TSF groups had smaller opening angle and residual strain in ileum, and bigger opening angle and residual strain in colon. Whereas the wall became softer in circumferential direction and stiffer in longitudinal direction for both ileum and colon. However, no difference of biomechanical parameters was found between ZDF and ZDF + TSF groups. Conclusion The histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of ileum and colon were happened in ZDF rats (obese fa/fa). TSF could partly attenuate ileal and colonic histomorphological remodeling rather than biomechanical remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Anbiping (Chongqing) Pathological Diagnosis Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Lin Pan
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Pengmin Chen
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
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Martín-Carro B, Donate-Correa J, Fernández-Villabrille S, Martín-Vírgala J, Panizo S, Carrillo-López N, Martínez-Arias L, Navarro-González JF, Naves-Díaz M, Fernández-Martín JL, Alonso-Montes C, Cannata-Andía JB. Experimental Models to Study Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Limitations and New Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10309. [PMID: 37373455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical biomedical models are a fundamental tool to improve the knowledge and management of diseases, particularly in diabetes mellitus (DM) since, currently, the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in its development are not fully clarified, and there is no treatment to cure DM. This review will focus on the features, advantages and limitations of some of the most used DM models in rats, such as the spontaneous models: Bio-Breeding Diabetes-Prone (BB-DP) and LEW.1AR1-iddm, as representative models of type 1 DM (DM-1); the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Goto-kakizaki (GK) rats, as representative models of type 2 DM (DM-2); and other models induced by surgical, dietary and pharmacological-alloxan and streptozotocin-procedures. Given the variety of DM models in rats, as well as the non-uniformity in the protocols and the absence of all the manifestation of the long-term multifactorial complications of DM in humans, the researchers must choose the one that best suits the final objectives of the study. These circumstances, added to the fact that most of the experimental research in the literature is focused on the study of the early phase of DM, makes it necessary to develop long-term studies closer to DM in humans. In this review, a recently published rat DM model induced by streptozotocin injection with chronic exogenous administration of insulin to reduce hyperglycaemia has also been included in an attempt to mimic the chronic phase of DM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Carro
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Donate-Correa
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Fernández-Villabrille
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Martín-Vírgala
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Panizo
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Carrillo-López
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Arias
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Navarro-González
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Manuel Naves-Díaz
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Fernández-Martín
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso-Montes
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge B Cannata-Andía
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), RICORS2040 (Kidney Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Moreno-Salgado A, Coyotl-Santiago N, Moreno-Vazquez R, Lopez-Teyssier M, Garcia-Carrasco M, Moccia F, Berra-Romani R. Alterations of the Ca 2+ clearing mechanisms by type 2 diabetes in aortic smooth muscle cells of Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1200115. [PMID: 37250131 PMCID: PMC10213752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly rising disease with cardiovascular complications constituting the most common cause of death among diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia can induce vascular dysfunction through damage of the components of the vascular wall, such as vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which regulate vascular tone and contribute to vascular repair and remodeling. These functions are dependent on intracellular Ca2+ changes. The mechanisms by which T2DM affects Ca2+ handling in VSMCs still remain poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether and how T2DM affects Ca2+ homeostasis in VSMCs. We evaluated intracellular Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs from Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats using Ca2+ imaging with Fura-2/AM. Our results indicate that T2DM decreases Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and increases the activity of store-operated channels (SOCs). Moreover, we were able to identify an enhancement of the activity of the main Ca2+ extrusion mechanisms (SERCA, PMCA and NCX) during the early stage of the decay of the ATP-induced Ca2+ transient. In addition, we found an increase in Ca2+ entry through the reverse mode of NCX and a decrease in SERCA and PMCA activity during the late stage of the signal decay. These effects were appreciated as a shortening of ATP-induced Ca2+ transient during the early stage of the decay, as well as an increase in the amplitude of the following plateau. Enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ activity in VSMCs could contribute to vascular dysfunction associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moreno-Salgado
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Coyotl-Santiago
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Roberto Moreno-Vazquez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mayte Lopez-Teyssier
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mario Garcia-Carrasco
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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10
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Boscaro V, Rivoira M, Sgorbini B, Bordano V, Dadone F, Gallicchio M, Pons A, Benetti E, Rosa AC. Evidence-Based Anti-Diabetic Properties of Plant from the Occitan Valleys of the Piedmont Alps. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2371. [PMID: 36365189 PMCID: PMC9693256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on urban and rural diabetes prevalence ratios show a significantly lower presence of diabetes in rural areas. Several bioactive compounds of plant origin are known to exert anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, most of them naturally occur in different plants present in mountainous areas and are linked to traditions of herbal use. This review will aim to evaluate the last 10 years of evidence-based data on the potential anti-diabetic properties of 9 plants used in the Piedmont Alps (North-Western Italy) and identified through an ethnobotanical approach, based on the Occitan language minority of the Cuneo province (Sambucus nigra L., Achillea millefolium L., Cornus mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Fragaria vesca L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., Rubus fruticosus/ulmifolius L., Urtica dioica L.), where there is a long history of herbal remedies. The mechanism underlying the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the clinical evidence available are discussed. Overall, this review points to the possible use of these plants as preventive or add-on therapy in treating diabetes. However, studies of a single variety grown in the geographical area, with strict standardization and titration of all the active ingredients, are warranted before applying the WHO strategy 2014-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boscaro
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Rivoira
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Atlante Linguistico Italiano (ALI), Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Dadone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Gallicchio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aline Pons
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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11
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Medina-Vera D, Navarro JA, Rivera P, Rosell-Valle C, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Sanjuan C, López-Gambero AJ, Tovar R, Suárez J, Pavón FJ, Baixeras E, Decara J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. d-Pinitol promotes tau dephosphorylation through a cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulation mechanism: A new potential approach for tauopathies? Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4655-4672. [PMID: 35760415 PMCID: PMC9544772 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Recent evidence links brain insulin resistance with neurodegenerative diseases, where hyperphosphorylated tau protein contributes to neuronal cell death. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate if d‐pinitol inositol, which acts as an insulin sensitizer, affects the phosphorylation status of tau protein. Experimental Approach We studied the pharmacological effect of d‐pinitol on insulin signalling and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus of Wistar and Zucker rats. To this end, we evaluated by western blotting the Akt pathway and its downstream proteins as being one of the main insulin‐mediator pathways. Also, we explored the functional status of additional kinases phosphorylating tau, including PKA, ERK1/2, AMPK and CDK5. We utilized the 3xTg mouse model as a control for tauopathy, since it carries tau mutations that promote phosphorylation and aggregation. Key Results Surprisingly, we discovered that oral d‐pinitol treatment lowered tau phosphorylation significantly, but not through the expected kinase GSK‐3 regulation. An extensive search for additional kinases phosphorylating tau revealed that this effect was mediated through a mechanism dependent on the reduction of the activity of the CDK5, affecting both its p35 and p25 subunits. This effect disappeared in leptin‐deficient Zucker rats, uncovering that the association of leptin deficiency, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hyperinsulinaemia abrogates d‐pinitol actions on tau phosphorylation. The 3xTg mice confirmed d‐pinitol effectiveness in a genetic AD‐tauopathy. Conclusion and Implications The present findings suggest that d‐pinitol, by regulating CDK5 activity through a decrease of CDK5R1, is a potential drug for developing treatments for neurological disorders such as tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Medina-Vera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA and CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, UGC del Corazón, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- Euronutra S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rubén Tovar
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA and CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, UGC del Corazón, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Málaga, Spain
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12
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In Vivo Functional Assessment of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLTs) Using [18F]Me4FDG PET in Rats. Mol Imaging 2022; 2022:4635171. [PMID: 35903251 PMCID: PMC9281422 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4635171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mediating glucose absorption in the small intestine and renal clearance, sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) have emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in diabetic patients. A substantial fraction of patients, however, only achieve inadequate glycemic control. Thus, we aimed to assess the potential of the SGLT-targeting PET radiotracer alpha-methyl-4-deoxy-4-[18F]fluoro-D-glucopyranoside ([18F]Me4FDG) as a noninvasive intestinal and renal biomarker of SGLT-mediated glucose transport. Methods We investigated healthy rats using a dedicated small animal PET system. Dynamic imaging was conducted after administration of the reference radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), or the SGLT-targeting agent, [18F]Me4FDG either directly into the digestive tract (for assessing intestinal absorption) or via the tail vein (for evaluating kidney excretion). To confirm the specificity of [18F]Me4FDG and responsiveness to treatment, a subset of animals was also pretreated with the SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. In this regard, an intraintestinal route of administration was used to assess tracer absorption in the digestive tract, while for renal assessment, phlorizin was injected intravenously (IV). Results Serving as reference, intestinal administration of [18F]FDG led to slow absorption with retention of 89.2 ± 3.5% of administered radioactivity at 15 min. [18F]Me4FDG, however, was rapidly absorbed into the blood and cleared from the intestine within 15 min, leading to markedly lower tracer retention of 18.5 ± 1.2% (P < 0.0001). Intraintestinal phlorizin led to marked increase of [18F]Me4FDG uptake (15 min, 99.9 ± 4.7%; P < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls), supporting the notion that this PET agent can measure adequate SGLT inhibition in the digestive tract. In the kidneys, radiotracer was also sensitive to SGLT inhibition. After IV injection, [18F]Me4FDG reabsorption in the renal cortex was significantly suppressed by phlorizin when compared to untreated animals (%ID/g at 60 min, 0.42 ± 0.10 vs. untreated controls, 1.20 ± 0.03; P < 0.0001). Conclusion As a noninvasive read-out of the concurrent SGLT expression in both the digestive tract and the renal cortex, [18F]Me4FDG PET may serve as a surrogate marker for treatment response to SGLT inhibition. As such, [18F]Me4FDG may enable improvement in glycemic control in diabetes by PET-based monitoring strategies.
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13
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Hossain MJ, Kendig MD, Letton ME, Morris MJ, Arnold R. Peripheral Neuropathy Phenotyping in Rat Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evaluating Uptake of the Neurodiab Guidelines and Identifying Future Directions. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:198-221. [PMID: 35385634 PMCID: PMC8987683 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects over half of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, with an urgent need for effective pharmacotherapies. While many rat and mouse models of T2DM exist, the phenotyping of DPN has been challenging with inconsistencies across laboratories. To better characterize DPN in rodents, a consensus guideline was published in 2014 to accelerate the translation of preclinical findings. Here we review DPN phenotyping in rat models of T2DM against the 'Neurodiab' criteria to identify uptake of the guidelines and discuss how DPN phenotypes differ between models and according to diabetes duration and sex. A search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases identified 125 studies, categorised as either diet and/or chemically induced models or transgenic/spontaneous models of T2DM. The use of diet and chemically induced T2DM models has exceeded that of transgenic models in recent years, and the introduction of the Neurodiab guidelines has not appreciably increased the number of studies assessing all key DPN endpoints. Combined high-fat diet and low dose streptozotocin rat models are the most frequently used and well characterised. Overall, we recommend adherence to Neurodiab guidelines for creating better animal models of DPN to accelerate translation and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakir Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael D. Kendig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Meg E. Letton
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ria Arnold
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Corresponding author: Ria Arnold https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-6587 Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia E-mail:
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14
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Yu Y, He X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Tang C, Rong P. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation inhibits limbic-regional P2X7R expression and reverses depressive-like behaviors in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136562. [PMID: 35245625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) along with depressive-like behaviors. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) has antidiabetic and antidepressant-like effects in ZDF rats; however, the underlying antidepressant-like mechanisms are unclear. The purinergic receptor P2X7R, which is related to inflammation and depression, is upregulated in the limbic brain regions of depressed patients and rodents and is considered as a potential therapeutic target. Thus, this study aimed to provide preliminary evidence at the molecular level of taVNS antidepressant-like effect in ZDF rats through testing their limbic-regional P2X7R expression. ZDF rats were subjected to taVNS and transcutaneous non-vagal nerve stimulation (tnVNS). Body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. Depressive-like behaviors were evaluated with the open-field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST). Limbic-regional P2X7R expression was examined by western blotting (WB). P2X7R expressing cells were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Compared to their lean littermates (ZL rats), ZDF rats developed obesity, hyperglycemia, and depressive-like behaviors with elevated limbic-regional P2X7R expression. taVNS but not tnVNS lowered body weight, reduced and stabilized blood glucose levels, suppressed limbic-regional P2X7R expression, and reversed the depressive-like behaviors. P2X7R was found primarily expressed in ZDF rats' limbic-regional astrocytes. In conclusion, taVNS inhibits ZDF rats' limbic-regional P2X7R expression, which may be one of the taVNS antidepressant-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Yu
- Acupuncture Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xun He
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Aragón-Herrera A, Otero-Santiago M, Anido-Varela L, Moraña-Fernández S, Campos-Toimil M, García-Caballero T, Barral L, Tarazón E, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, Gualillo O, Moscoso I, Lage R, González-Juanatey JR, Feijóo-Bandín S, Lago F. The Treatment With the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modifies the Hepatic Metabolome of Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Towards a Protective Profile. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827033. [PMID: 35185578 PMCID: PMC8847595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)) trial evidenced the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidences have shown the benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on improving liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM. Metabolomic studies have been shown to be very useful to improve the understanding of liver pathophysiology during the development and progression of metabolic hepatic diseases, and because the effects of empagliflozin and of other SGLT2 inhibitors on the complete metabolic profile of the liver has never been analysed before, we decided to study the impact on the liver of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats of a treatment for 6 weeks with empagliflozin using an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the purpose to help to clarify the benefits of the use of empagliflozin at hepatic level. We found that empagliflozin is able to change the hepatic lipidome towards a protective profile, through an increase of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated glycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also induces a decrease in the levels of the markers of inflammation IL-6, chemerin and chemerin receptor in the liver. Our results provide new evidences regarding the molecular pathways through which empagliflozin could exert hepatoprotector beneficial effects in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Aragón-Herrera
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Otero-Santiago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Anido-Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Group of Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CD Pharma), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Barral
- Group of Polymers, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Moscoso
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Wang AN, Carlos J, Fraser GM, McGuire JJ. Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rat (ZDSD): type 2 diabetes translational research model. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:265-282. [PMID: 35178802 PMCID: PMC9314054 DOI: 10.1113/ep089947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is in the early adoption phase of use by researchers in the fields of diabetes, including prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. It is essential that physiology researchers choose preclinical models that model human type 2 diabetes appropriately and are aware of the limitations on experimental design. What advances does it highlight? Our review of the scientific literature finds that although sex, age and diets contribute to variability, the ZDSD phenotype and disease progression model the characteristics of humans who have prediabetes and diabetes, including co‐morbidities.
Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease and a significant concern for global population health. For persons with T2D, clinical treatments target not only the characteristics of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, but also co‐morbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular and renal disease, neuropathies and skeletal bone conditions. The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is a rodent model developed for experimental studies of T2D. We reviewed the scientific literature to highlight the characteristics of T2D development and the associated phenotypes, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications and bone and skeletal pathologies in ZDSD rats. We found that ZDSD phenotype characteristics are independent of leptin receptor signalling. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetes, then progresses to overt diabetes that is accelerated by introduction of a timed high‐fat diet. In male ZDSD rats, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) increases at a constant rate from 7 to >30 weeks of age. Diabetic ZDSD rats are moderately hypertensive compared with other rat strains. Diabetes in ZDSD rats leads to endothelial dysfunction in specific vasculatures, impaired wound healing, decreased systolic and diastolic cardiac function, neuropathy and nephropathy. Changes to bone composition and the skeleton increase the risk of bone fractures. Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley rats have not yet achieved widespread use by researchers. We highlight sex‐related differences in the ZDSD phenotype and gaps in knowledge for future studies. Overall, scientific data support the premise that the phenotype and disease progression in ZDSD rats models the characteristics in humans. We conclude that ZDSD rats are an advantageous model to advance understanding and discovery of treatments for T2D through preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Wang
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joselia Carlos
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham M Fraser
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Nolan GS, Smith OJ, Jell G, Mosahebi A. Fat grafting and platelet-rich plasma in wound healing: a review of histology from animal studies. Adipocyte 2021; 10:80-90. [PMID: 33525977 PMCID: PMC7872055 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1876374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells could form the basis of a novel, autologous treatment for chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcers. Fat grafts contain adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) but low survival of cells within the grafts is a major limitation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may increase graft survival. This review examines the histology from animal studies on fat grafting, ADSC and PRP in wound healing. A literature review of major electronic databases was undertaken, and narrative synthesis performed. Data from 30 animal studies were included. ADSC increase angiogenesis over 14 days and often clinically accelerated wound healing. ADSC had a greater effect in animals with impaired wound healing (e.g. diabetes). Activated PRP increased viability of fat grafts. Despite the high number of studies, the quality is variable which weakens the evidence. It does suggest there is a benefit of ADSC, particularly in impaired wound healing. High-quality evidence in humans is required, to establish its clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S. Nolan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J. Smith
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Afshin Mosahebi
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Bénardeau A, Kahnert A, Schomber T, Meyer J, Pavkovic M, Kretschmer A, Lawrenz B, Hartmann E, Mathar I, Hueser J, Kraehling JR, Eitner F, Hahn MG, Stasch JP, Sandner P. Runcaciguat, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, shows renoprotection in hypertensive, diabetic, and metabolic preclinical models of chronic kidney disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:2363-2379. [PMID: 34550407 PMCID: PMC8592982 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseaQueryse (CKD) is associated with oxidative stress which can interrupt the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) signaling and decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Low cGMP concentrations can cause kidney damage and progression of CKD. The novel sGC activator runcaciguat targets the oxidized and heme-free form of sGC, restoring cGMP production under oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate if runcaciguat could provide an effective treatment for CKD. Runcaciguat was used for the treatment not only in rat CKD models with different etiologies and comorbidities, namely of hypertensive rats, the renin transgenic (RenTG) rat, and angiotensin-supplemented (ANG-SD) rat, but also in rats with diabetic and metabolic CKD, the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. The treatment duration was 2 to 42 weeks and runcaciguat was applied orally in doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg/bid. In these different rat CKD models, runcaciguat significantly reduced proteinuria (urinary protein to creatinine ratio; uPCR). These effects were also significant at doses which did not or only moderately decrease systemic blood pressure. Moreover, runcaciguat significantly decreased kidney injury biomarkers and attenuated morphological kidney damages. In RenTG rats, runcaciguat improved survival rates and markers of heart injury. These data demonstrate that the sGC activator runcaciguat exhibits cardio-renal protection at doses which did not reduce blood pressure and was effective in hypertensive as well as diabetic and metabolic CKD models. These data, therefore, suggest that runcaciguat, with its specific mode of action, represents an efficient treatment approach for CKD and associated CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Bénardeau
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
- Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Antje Kahnert
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tibor Schomber
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jutta Meyer
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mira Pavkovic
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Axel Kretschmer
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bettina Lawrenz
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Elke Hartmann
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ilka Mathar
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Joerg Hueser
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan R Kraehling
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank Eitner
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Stasch
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Sandner
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Barakat M, DiPietro LA, Chen L. Limited Treatment Options for Diabetic Wounds: Barriers to Clinical Translation Despite Therapeutic Success in Murine Models. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:436-460. [PMID: 33050829 PMCID: PMC8236303 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Millions of people worldwide suffer from diabetes mellitus and its complications, including chronic diabetic wounds. To date, there are few widely successful clinical therapies specific to diabetic wounds beyond general wound care, despite the vast number of scientific discoveries in the pathogenesis of defective healing in diabetes. Recent Advances: In recent years, murine animal models of diabetes have enabled the investigation of many possible therapeutics for diabetic wound care. These include specific cell types, growth factors, cytokines, peptides, small molecules, plant extracts, microRNAs, extracellular vesicles, novel wound dressings, mechanical interventions, bioengineered materials, and more. Critical Issues: Despite many research discoveries, few have been translated from their success in murine models to clinical use in humans. This massive gap between bench discovery and bedside application begs the simple and critical question: what is still missing? The complexity and multiplicity of the diabetic wound makes it an immensely challenging therapeutic target, and this lopsided progress highlights the need for new methods to overcome the bench-to-bedside barrier. How can laboratory discoveries in animal models be effectively translated to novel clinical therapies for human patients? Future Directions: As research continues to decipher deficient healing in diabetes, new approaches and considerations are required to ensure that these discoveries can become translational, clinically usable therapies. Clinical progress requires the development of new, more accurate models of the human disease state, multifaceted investigations that address multiple critical components in wound repair, and more innovative research strategies that harness both the existing knowledge and the potential of new advances across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Barakat
- Center for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Xia C, Zhang X, Cao T, Wang J, Li C, Yue L, Niu K, Shen Y, Ma G, Chen F. Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis Revealing the Molecular Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:565858. [PMID: 33329383 PMCID: PMC7732450 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.565858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 9% of the adult population in the world (463 million) suffer from diabetes mellitus. Most of them (~90%) belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a common chronic metabolic disorder, and the number of cases has been reported to increase each year. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat provides a successful animal model to study the pathogenesis of T2DM. Although previous hepatic transcriptome studies revealed some novel genes associated with the occurrence and development of T2DM, there still lacks the comprehensive transcriptomic analysis for the liver tissues of ZDF rats. We performed comparative transcriptome analyses between the liver tissues of ZDF rats and healthy ZCL rats and also evaluated several clinical indices. We could identify 214 and 104 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs in ZDF rats, respectively. Pathway and biofunction analyses showed a synergistic effect between mRNAs and lncRNAs. By comprehensively analyzing transcriptomic data and clinical indices, we detected some typical features of T2DM in ZDF rats, such as upregulated metabolism (significant increased lipid absorption/transport/utilization, gluconeogenesis, and protein hydrolysis), increased inflammation, liver injury and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, of the 214 DEGs, 114 were known and 100 were putative T2DM-related genes, most of which have been associated with substance metabolism (particularly degradation), inflammation, liver injury and ER stress biofunctions. Our study provides an important reference and improves understanding of molecular pathogenesis of obesity-associated T2DM. Our data can also be used to identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets, which should strengthen the prevention and treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Xia
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshu Cao
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannong Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuidan Li
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Yue
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Shen
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Ma
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Dorsal vagal complex and hypothalamic glia differentially respond to leptin and energy balance dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:90. [PMID: 32152264 PMCID: PMC7062837 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identify a role for hypothalamic glia in energy balance regulation; however, a narrow hypothalamic focus provides an incomplete understanding of how glia throughout the brain respond to and regulate energy homeostasis. We examined the responses of glia in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) to the adipokine leptin and high fat diet-induced obesity. DVC astrocytes functionally express the leptin receptor; in vivo pharmacological studies suggest that DVC astrocytes partly mediate the anorectic effects of leptin in lean but not diet-induced obese rats. Ex vivo calcium imaging indicated that these changes were related to a lower proportion of leptin-responsive cells in the DVC of obese versus lean animals. Finally, we investigated DVC microglia and astroglia responses to leptin and energy balance dysregulation in vivo: obesity decreased DVC astrogliosis, whereas the absence of leptin signaling in Zucker rats was associated with extensive astrogliosis in the DVC and decreased hypothalamic micro- and astrogliosis. These data uncover a novel functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in different brain nuclei of relevance to leptin signaling and energy balance regulation.
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22
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Wang D, Li Y, Wang N, Luo G, Wang J, Luo C, Yu W, Hao L. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 prevents renal oxidative damage via the PARP1/SIRT1/NOX4 pathway in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E343-E356. [PMID: 31891537 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most important renal complications associated with diabetes, and the mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. To date, few studies have shown the antioxidant effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on hyperglycemia-induced renal injury. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential mechanism by which 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced oxidative stress in diabetic rat kidneys. In this study, we established a vitamin D-deficient spontaneous diabetes model: 5-6 wk of age Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were treated with or without 1,25(OH)2D3 for 7 wk, age-matched Zucker lean rats served as control. Results showed that ZDF rats treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 had decreased body mass, food intake, water intake, and urine volume. 1,25(OH)2D3 ameliorated urine glucose, blood glucose and abnormal glucose tolerance. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly lowered microalbuminuria, decreased the glomerular basement membrane thickness, and in some degree inhibited glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and tubular dilatation. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated renal oxidative damage, as reflected by the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and reactive oxygen species production, and notably inhibited poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), activated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and decreased the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). Of interest, the abovementioned proteins could be involved in the antioxidant mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 in diabetic rat kidneys. Our study showed that oxidative stress might be a major contributor to DN pathogenesis and uncovered the antioxidant role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in diabetic nephropathy that was associated with the PARP1/SIRT1/ NOX4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Can Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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23
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Puleo C, Cotero V. Noninvasive Neuromodulation of Peripheral Nerve Pathways Using Ultrasound and Its Current Therapeutic Implications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a034215. [PMID: 31138539 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes work from several research groups in which ultrasound is being used to target the peripheral nervous system and perform neuromodulation noninvasively. Although these techniques are in their infancy compared to implant-based and electrical nerve stimulation, if successful this new noninvasive method for neuromodulation could solve many of the challenges facing the field of bioelectronic medicine. The work outlined herein shows results in which two different (potentially therapeutic) targets are stimulated, a neuroimmune pathway within the spleen and a nutrient/sensory pathway within the liver. Both data and discussion are provided that compare this new noninvasive technique to implant-based nerve stimulation.
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24
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Han L, Bittner S, Dong D, Cortez Y, Bittner A, Chan J, Umar M, Shen WJ, Peterson RG, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Molecular changes in hepatic metabolism in ZDSD rats-A new polygenic rodent model of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165688. [PMID: 31987840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is increasing dramatically. They share pathophysiological mechanisms and often lead to cardiovascular diseases. The ZDSD rat was suggested as a new animal model to study diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. In the current study, we have further characterized metabolic and hepatic gene expression changes in ZDSD rats. Immuno-histochemical staining of insulin and glucagon on pancreas sections of ZDSD and control SD rats revealed that ZDSD rats have severe damage to their islet structures as early as 15 weeks of age. Animals were followed till they were 26 weeks old, where they exhibited obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes. We found that gene expressions involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were changed significantly in ZDSD rats. Elevated levels of ER stress markers correlated with the dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in ZDSD rats. Key proteins participating in unfolded protein response pathways were also upregulated and likely contribute to the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Based on its intact leptin system, its insulin deficiency, as well as its timeline of disease development without diet manipulation, this insulin resistant, dyslipidemic, hypertensive, and diabetic rat represents an additional, unique polygenic animal model that could be very useful to study human diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Cortez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Alex Bittner
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Jackie Chan
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Meenakshi Umar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
| | | | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
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25
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Merdzo I, Rutkai I, Sure VNLR, Katakam PVG, Busija DW. Effects of prolonged type 2 diabetes on mitochondrial function in cerebral blood vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1086-H1092. [PMID: 31490734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00341.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major characteristics of hyperglycemic states such as type 2 diabetes is increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Since mitochondria are a major source of ROS, it is vital to understand the involvement of these organelles in the pathogenesis of ROS-mediated conditions. Therefore, we investigated mitochondrial function and ROS production in cerebral blood vessels of 21-wk-old Zucker diabetic fatty obese rats and their lean controls. We have previously shown that in the early stages of insulin resistance, and short periods of type 2 diabetes mellitus, only mild differences exist in mitochondrial function. In the present study, we examined mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial protein expression, and ROS production in large-surface cerebral arteries. We used 21-wk-old animals exposed to peak glucose levels for 7 wk and compared them with our previous studies on younger diabetic animals. We found that the same segments of mitochondrial respiration (basal respiration and proton leak) were diminished in diabetic groups as they were in younger diabetic animals. Levels of rattin, a rat humanin analog, tended to decrease in the diabetic group but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.08). Other mitochondrial proteins were unaffected, which might indicate the existence of compensatory mechanisms with extension of this relatively mild form of diabetes. Superoxide levels were significantly higher in large cerebral vessels of diabetic animals compared with the control group. In conclusion, prolonged dietary diabetes leads to stabilization, rather than deterioration, of metabolic status in the cerebral circulation, despite continued overproduction of ROS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have characterized for the first time the dynamics of mitochondrial function during the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus with regard to mitochondrial respiration, protein expression, and reactive oxygen species production. In addition, this is the first measurement of rattin levels in the cerebral vasculature, which could potentially lead to novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Merdzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Mostar, School of Medicine, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Venkata N L R Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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26
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Seifirad S, Haghpanah V. Inappropriate modeling of chronic and complex disorders: How to reconsider the approach in the context of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine, and translational medicine. EPMA J 2019; 10:195-209. [PMID: 31462938 PMCID: PMC6695463 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical investigations such as animal modeling make the basis of clinical investigations and subsequently patient care. Predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) not only highlights a patient-tailored approach by choosing the right medication, the right dose at the right time point but it as well essentially requires early identification, by the means of complex and state-of-the-art technologies of unmanifested pathological processes in an individual, in order to deliver targeted prevention early enough to reverse manifestation of a pathology. Such an approach can be achieved by taking into account clinical, pathological, environmental, and psychosocial characteristics of the patients or an individual who has a suboptimal health condition. Inappropriate modeling of chronic and complex disorders, in this context, may diminish the predictive potential and slow down the development of PPPM and consequently modern healthcare. Therefore, it is the common goal of PPPM and translational medicine to find the solution for the problem we present in our review. Both, translational medicine and PPPM in parallel, essentially need accurate surrogates for misleading animal models. This study was therefore undertaken to provide shreds of evidence against the validity of animal models. Limitations of current animal models and drug development strategies based on animal modeling have been systematically discussed. Finally, a variety of potential surrogates have been suggested to change the unfavorable situation in medical research and consequently in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Seifirad
- PERFUSE Study Group, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Sowton AP, Griffin JL, Murray AJ. Metabolic Profiling of the Diabetic Heart: Toward a Richer Picture. Front Physiol 2019; 10:639. [PMID: 31214041 PMCID: PMC6555155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of diabetes has been accompanied by a rise in diabetes-related conditions. This includes diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM), a progressive form of heart disease that occurs with both insulin-dependent (type-1) and insulin-independent (type-2) diabetes and arises in the absence of hypertension or coronary artery disease. Over time, DbCM can develop into overt heart failure. Like other forms of cardiomyopathy, DbCM is accompanied by alterations in metabolism which could lead to further progression of the pathology, with metabolic derangement postulated to precede functional changes in the diabetic heart. Moreover in the case of type-2 diabetes, underlying insulin resistance is likely to prevent the canonical substrate switch of the failing heart away from fatty acid oxidation toward increased use of glycolysis. Analytical chemistry techniques, collectively known as metabolomics, are useful tools for investigating the condition. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of those studies that have employed metabolomic techniques, namely chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to profile metabolic remodeling in the diabetic heart of human patients and animal models. These studies collectively demonstrate that glycolysis and glucose oxidation are suppressed in the diabetic myocardium and highlight a complex picture regarding lipid metabolism. The diabetic heart typically shows an increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation, yet triacylglycerols and other lipids accumulate in the diabetic myocardium indicating probable lipotoxicity. The application of lipidomic techniques to the diabetic heart has identified specific lipid species that become enriched and which may in turn act as plasma-borne biomarkers for the condition. Metabolomics is proving to be a powerful approach, allowing a much richer analysis of the metabolic alterations that occur in the diabetic heart. Careful physiological interpretation of metabolomic results will now be key in order to establish which aspects of the metabolic derangement are causal to the progression of DbCM and might form the basis for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P. Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Pal A, Rhoads DB, Tavakkoli A. Portal milieu and the interplay of multiple antidiabetic effects after gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G668-G678. [PMID: 30896970 PMCID: PMC6580237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide health problem. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Decreased hepatic insulin resistance is key, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that changes in intestinal function and subsequent changes in portal venous milieu drive some of these postoperative benefits. We therefore aimed to evaluate postoperative changes in portal milieu. Two rat strains, healthy [Sprague-Dawley (SD)] and obese diabetic [Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF)] rats, underwent RYGB or control surgery. After 4 wk, portal and systemic blood was sampled before and during an intestinal glucose bolus to investigate changes in intestinal glucose absorption (Gabsorp) and utilization (Gutil), and intestinal secretion of incretins and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Hepatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), which degrades incretins, was also measured. RYGB decreased Gabsorp in both rat strains. Gutil increased in SD rats and decreased in ZDF rats. In both strains, there was increased expression of intestinal hexokinase and gluconeogenesis enzymes. Systemic incretin and GLP-2 levels also increased after RYGB. This occurred without an increase in secretion. Hepatic DPP4 activity and expression were unchanged. RYGB perturbs multiple intestinal pathways, leading to decreased intestinal glucose absorption and increased incretin levels in both healthy and diabetic animals. In diabetic rats, intestinal glucose balance shifts toward glucose release. The portal vein as the gut-liver axis may integrate these intestinal changes to contribute to rapid changes in hepatic glucose and hormone handling. This fresh insight into the surgical physiology of RYGB raises the hope of less invasive alternatives. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Portal milieu after gastric bypass surgery is an underinvestigated area. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass perturbs multiple intestinal pathways, reducing intestinal glucose absorption and increasing incretin levels. In diabetic rats, the intestine becomes a net releaser of glucose, increasing portal glucose levels. The portal vein as the gut-liver axis may integrate these intestinal changes to contribute to changes in hepatic glucose handling. This fresh insight raises the hope of less invasive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- 1Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David B. Rhoads
- 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,3Pediatric Endocrinology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- 1Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,4Center for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Scarlett JM, Muta K, Brown JM, Rojas JM, Matsen ME, Acharya NK, Secher A, Ingvorsen C, Jorgensen R, Høeg-Jensen T, Stefanovski D, Bergman RN, Piccinini F, Kaiyala KJ, Shiota M, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Peripheral Mechanisms Mediating the Sustained Antidiabetic Action of FGF1 in the Brain. Diabetes 2019; 68:654-664. [PMID: 30523024 PMCID: PMC6385755 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that in rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) induces remission of hyperglycemia that is sustained for weeks. To clarify the peripheral mechanisms underlying this effect, we used the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat model of T2D, which, like human T2D, is characterized by progressive deterioration of pancreatic β-cell function after hyperglycemia onset. We report that although icv FGF1 injection delays the onset of β-cell dysfunction in these animals, it has no effect on either glucose-induced insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. These observations suggest that FGF1 acts in the brain to stimulate insulin-independent glucose clearance. On the basis of our finding that icv FGF1 treatment increases hepatic glucokinase gene expression, we considered the possibility that increased hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) contributes to the insulin-independent glucose-lowering effect of icv FGF1. Consistent with this possibility, we report that icv FGF1 injection increases liver glucokinase activity by approximately twofold. We conclude that sustained remission of hyperglycemia induced by the central action of FGF1 involves both preservation of β-cell function and stimulation of HGU through increased hepatic glucokinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kenjiro Muta
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenny M Brown
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer M Rojas
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nikhil K Acharya
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Francesca Piccinini
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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30
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Marunaka Y. The Proposal of Molecular Mechanisms of Weak Organic Acids Intake-Induced Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Diabetes Mellitus via Elevation of Interstitial Fluid pH. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103244. [PMID: 30347717 PMCID: PMC6214001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood contains powerful pH-buffering molecules such as hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin, while interstitial fluids have little pH-buffering molecules. Thus, even under metabolic disorder conditions except severe cases, arterial blood pH is kept constant within the normal range (7.35~7.45), but the interstitial fluid pH under metabolic disorder conditions becomes lower than the normal level. Insulin resistance is one of the most important key factors in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, nevertheless the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance occurrence is still unclear. Our studies indicate that lowered interstitial fluid pH occurs in diabetes mellitus, causing insulin resistance via reduction of the binding affinity of insulin to its receptor. Therefore, the key point for improvement of insulin resistance occurring in diabetes mellitus is development of methods or techniques elevating the lowered interstitial fluid pH. Intake of weak organic acids is found to improve the insulin resistance by elevating the lowered interstitial fluid pH in diabetes mellitus. One of the molecular mechanisms of the pH elevation is that: (1) the carboxyl group (R-COO−) but not H+ composing weak organic acids in foods is absorbed into the body, and (2) the absorbed the carboxyl group (R-COO−) behaves as a pH buffer material, elevating the interstitial fluid pH. On the other hand, high salt intake has been suggested to cause diabetes mellitus; however, the molecular mechanism is unclear. A possible mechanism of high salt intake-caused diabetes mellitus is proposed from a viewpoint of regulation of the interstitial fluid pH: high salt intake lowers the interstitial fluid pH via high production of H+ associated with ATP synthesis required for the Na+,K+-ATPase to extrude the high leveled intracellular Na+ caused by high salt intake. This review article introduces the molecular mechanism causing the lowered interstitial fluid pH and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus, the improvement of insulin resistance via intake of weak organic acid-containing foods, and a proposal mechanism of high salt intake-caused diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan.
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
- Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, St. Agnes' University, Kyoto 602-8013, Japan.
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31
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Pang Y, Hu J, Liu G, Lu S. Comparative medical characteristics of ZDF-T2DM rats during the course of development to late stage disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:203-211. [PMID: 30891566 PMCID: PMC6388085 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on the comparative medical characteristics of type 2 diabetes models in late stage. An analysis of comparative medical characteristics of Zucker diabetic fatty type 2 diabetes mellitus (ZDF-T2DM) rats during the course of development to late stage disease was performed. METHODS In this study, ZDF rats were fed with high-sugar and high-fat diets to raise the fasting blood glucose, and develop of type 2 diabetes. At the late stage of T2DM, the preliminary comparative medical characteristics of the T2DM model were analyzed through the detection of clinical indicators, histopathology, related cytokine levels, and insulin-related signaling molecule expression levels. RESULTS In the T2DM group, the fasting blood glucose was higher than 6.8 mmol/L, the serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were significantly decreased, and glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were measured as clinical indicators. Regarding pathological indicators, a large number of pancreatic islet cells showed the reduction of insulin secretion, resulting in damaged glycogen synthesis and liver steatosis. At the molecular level, the insulin signal transduction pathway was inhibited by decreasing the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), and glycogen synthesis kinase 3β (GSK-3β) expression levels. CONCLUSION The results show that the ZDF/T2DM rats have typical clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics of human T2DM and thus can be used as an effective model for T2DM drug development and treatment of advanced T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Li Pang
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Jing‐Wen Hu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Guang‐Long Liu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Shuai‐Yao Lu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesKunmingChina
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32
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Bryniarski MA, Yee BM, Jaffri I, Chaves LD, Yu JA, Guan X, Ghavam N, Yacoub R, Morris ME. Increased megalin expression in early type 2 diabetes: role of insulin-signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1191-F1207. [PMID: 29949391 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00210.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The megalin/cubilin complex is responsible for the majority of serum protein reclamation in the proximal tubules. The current study examined if decreases in their renal expression, along with the albumin recycling protein neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) could account for proteinuria/albuminuria in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat model of type 2 diabetes. Immunoblots of renal cortex samples obtained at worsening disease stages demonstrated no loss in megalin, cubilin, or FcRn, even when proteinuria was measured. Additionally, early diabetic rats exhibited significantly increased renal megalin expression when compared with controls (adjusted P < 0.01). Based on these results, the ability of insulin to increase megalin was examined in a clonal subpopulation of the opossum kidney proximal tubule cell line. Insulin treatments (24 h, 100 nM) under high glucose conditions significantly increased megalin protein ( P < 0.0001), mRNA ( P < 0.0001), and albumin endocytosis. The effect on megalin expression was prevented with inhibitors against key effectors of insulin intracellular signaling, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Akt. Studies using rapamycin to inhibit the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) resulted in a loss of insulin-induced megalin expression. However, subsequent evaluation demonstrated these effects were independent of initial mTORC1 suppression. The presented results provide insight into the expression of megalin, cubilin, and FcRn in type 2 diabetes, which may be impacted by elevated insulin and glucose. Furthermore, proximal tubule endocytic activity in early diabetics may be enhanced, a process that could have a significant role in proteinuria-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bryniarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Benjamin M Yee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Irum Jaffri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Lee D Chaves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Jin Ah Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Xiaowen Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Nazanin Ghavam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Rabi Yacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , New York
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33
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Edhager AV, Povlsen JA, Løfgren B, Bøtker HE, Palmfeldt J. Proteomics of the Rat Myocardium during Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Reveals Progressive Alterations in Major Metabolic Pathways. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2521-2532. [PMID: 29847139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure and poor clinical outcome after myocardial infarction are known complications in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Protein alterations may be involved in the mechanisms underlying these disarrays in the diabetic heart. Here we map proteins involved in intracellular metabolic pathways in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat heart as T2DM develops using MS based proteomics. The prediabetic state only induced minor pathway changes, whereas onset and late T2DM caused pronounced perturbations. Two actin-associated proteins, ARPC2 and TPM3, were up-regulated at the prediabetic state indicating increased actin dynamics. All differentially regulated proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism, both peroxisomal and mitochondrial, were up-regulated at late T2DM, whereas enzymes of branched chain amino acid degradation were all down-regulated. At both onset and late T2DM, two members of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, SERPINA3K and SERPINA3L, were down-regulated. Furthermore, we found alterations in proteins involved in clearance of advanced glycation end-products and lipotoxicity, DCXR and CBR1, at both onset and late T2DM. These proteins deserve elucidation with regard to their role in T2DM pathogenesis and their respective role in the deterioration of the diabetic heart. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD009538, PXD009554, and PXD009555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Valdemar Edhager
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital , 8200 , Aarhus N , Denmark
| | | | - Bo Løfgren
- Department of Cardiology , Aarhus University Hospital , 8200 , Aarhus N , Denmark.,Institute for Experimental Clinical Research , Aarhus University , 8000 , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology , Aarhus University Hospital , 8200 , Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital , 8200 , Aarhus N , Denmark
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Daniels LJ, Wallace RS, Nicholson OM, Wilson GA, McDonald FJ, Jones PP, Baldi JC, Lamberts RR, Erickson JR. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II restores contraction and relaxation in isolated cardiac muscle from type 2 diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:89. [PMID: 29903013 PMCID: PMC6001139 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-delta (CaMKIIδ) activity is enhanced during hyperglycemia and has been shown to alter intracellular calcium handling in cardiomyocytes, ultimately leading to reduced cardiac performance. However, the effects of CaMKIIδ on cardiac contractility during type 2 diabetes are undefined. METHODS We examined the expression and activation of CaMKIIδ in right atrial appendages from non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients (n = 7 patients per group) with preserved ejection fraction, and also in right ventricular tissue from Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (ZDF) (n = 5-10 animals per group) during early diabetic cardiac dysfunction, using immunoblot. We also measured whole heart function of ZDF and control rats using echocardiography. Then we measured contraction and relaxation parameters of isolated trabeculae from ZDF to control rats in the presence and absence of CaMKII inhibitors. RESULTS CaMKIIδ phosphorylation (at Thr287) was increased in both the diabetic human and animal tissue, indicating increased CaMKIIδ activation in the type 2 diabetic heart. Basal cardiac contractility and relaxation were impaired in the cardiac muscles from the diabetic rats, and CaMKII inhibition with KN93 partially restored contractility and relaxation. Autocamtide-2-related-inhibitor peptide (AIP), another CaMKII inhibitor that acts via a different mechanism than KN93, fully restored cardiac contractility and relaxation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CaMKIIδ plays a key role in modulating performance of the diabetic heart, and moreover, suggest a potential therapeutic role for CaMKII inhibitors in improving myocardial function during type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Rachel S Wallace
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Olivia M Nicholson
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Genevieve A Wilson
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J McDonald
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Peter P Jones
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - J Chris Baldi
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Regis R Lamberts
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey R Erickson
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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35
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Morze CV, Allu PKR, Chang GY, Marco-Rius I, Milshteyn E, Wang ZJ, Ohliger MA, Gleason CE, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Pearce D. Non-invasive detection of divergent metabolic signals in insulin deficiency vs. insulin resistance in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2088. [PMID: 29391429 PMCID: PMC5794967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 diabetic phenotype results from mixed effects of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, but the relative contributions of these two distinct factors remain poorly characterized, as do the respective roles of the gluconeogenic organs. The purpose of this study was to investigate localized in vivo metabolic changes in liver and kidneys of contrasting models of diabetes mellitus (DM): streptozotocin (STZ)-treated wild-type Zucker rats (T1DM) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (T2DM). Intermediary metabolism was probed using hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate MRI of the liver and kidneys. These data were correlated with gene expression data for key mediators, assessed using rtPCR. Increased HP [1-13C]lactate was detected in both models, in association with elevated gluconeogenesis as reflected by increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In contrast, HP [1-13C]alanine diverged between the two models, increasing in ZDF rats, while decreasing in the STZ-treated rats. The differences in liver alanine paralleled differences in key lipogenic mediators. Thus, HP [1-13C]alanine is a marker that can identify phenotypic differences in kidneys and liver of rats with T1DM vs. T2DM, non-invasively in vivo. This approach could provide a powerful diagnostic tool for characterizing tissue metabolic defects and responses to treatment in diabetic patients with ambiguous systemic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gene Y Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Catherine E Gleason
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - David Pearce
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Schneider EL, Hearn BR, Pfaff SJ, Reid R, Parkes DG, Vrang N, Ashley GW, Santi DV. A Hydrogel-Microsphere Drug Delivery System That Supports Once-Monthly Administration of a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2107-2116. [PMID: 28605180 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a chemically controlled very long-acting delivery system to support once-monthly administration of a peptidic GLP-1R agonist. Initially, the prototypical GLP-1R agonist exenatide was covalently attached to hydrogel microspheres by a self-cleaving β-eliminative linker; after subcutaneous injection in rats, the peptide was slowly released into the systemic circulation. However, the short serum exenatide half-life suggested its degradation in the subcutaneous depot. We found that exenatide undergoes deamidation at Asn28 with an in vitro and in vivo half-life of approximately 2 weeks. The [Gln28]exenatide variant and exenatide showed indistinguishable GLP-1R agonist activities as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in rodents; however, unlike exenatide, [Gln28]exenatide is stable for long periods. Two different hydrogel-[Gln28]exenatide conjugates were prepared using β-eliminative linkers with different cleavage rates. After subcutaneous injection in rodents, the serum half-lives for the released [Gln28]exenatide from the two conjugates were about 2 weeks and one month. Two monthly injections of the latter in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat showed pharmacodynamic effects indistinguishable from two months of continuously infused exenatide. Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate that the delivery system should serve well as a once-monthly GLP-1R agonist for treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Schneider
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Brian R. Hearn
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Samuel J. Pfaff
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ralph Reid
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David G. Parkes
- DGP Scientific Inc., Del Mar, California 92014, United States
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra ApS, Horsholm Kongevej
11B, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark
| | - Gary W. Ashley
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Suite
145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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37
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O'Brien TP, Jenkins EC, Estes SK, Castaneda AV, Ueta K, Farmer TD, Puglisi AE, Swift LL, Printz RL, Shiota M. Correcting Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats With an SGLT2 Inhibitor Restores Glucose Effectiveness in the Liver and Reduces Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes 2017; 66:1172-1184. [PMID: 28246292 PMCID: PMC5399614 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ten-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats at an early stage of diabetes embody metabolic characteristics of obese human patients with type 2 diabetes, such as severe insulin and glucose intolerance in muscle and the liver, excessive postprandial excursion of plasma glucose and insulin, and a loss of metabolic flexibility with decreased lipid oxidation. Metabolic flexibility and glucose flux were examined in ZDF rats during fasting and near-normal postprandial insulinemia and glycemia after correcting excessive postprandial hyperglycemia using treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-I) for 7 days. Preprandial lipid oxidation was normalized, and with fasting, endogenous glucose production (EGP) increased by 30% and endogenous glucose disposal (E-Rd) decreased by 40%. During a postprandial hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp after SGLT2-I treatment, E-Rd increased by normalizing glucose effectiveness to suppress EGP and stimulate hepatic glucose uptake; activation of glucokinase was restored and insulin action was improved, stimulating muscle glucose uptake in association with decreased intracellular triglyceride content. In conclusion, SGLT2-I treatment improves impaired glucose effectiveness in the liver and insulin sensitivity in muscle by eliminating glucotoxicity, which reinstates metabolic flexibility with restored preprandial lipid oxidation and postprandial glucose flux in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy P O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Erin C Jenkins
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Shanea K Estes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio V Castaneda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Kiichiro Ueta
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Tiffany D Farmer
- Diabetes Research Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison E Puglisi
- Diabetes Research Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Larry L Swift
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard L Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Diabetes Research Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Shi J, Jiang K, Li Z. Involvement of spinal glutamate transporter-1 in the development of mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with type 2 diabetes. J Pain Res 2016; 9:1121-1129. [PMID: 27932896 PMCID: PMC5135479 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s118412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of the development of type 2 diabetes on glutamate homeostasis in the spinal cord. Therefore, we quantified the extracellular levels of glutamate in the spinal cord of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats using in vivo microdialysis. In addition, protein levels of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the spinal cord of ZDF rats were measured using Western blot. Finally, the effects of repeated intrathecal injections of ceftriaxone, which was previously shown to enhance GLT-1 expression, on the development of mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as on basal extracellular level of glutamate and the expression of GLT-1 in the spinal cord of ZDF rats were evaluated. It was found that ZDF rats developed mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, which were associated with increased basal extracellular levels of glutamate and attenuated levels of GLT-1 expression in the spinal cord, particularly in the dorsal horn. Furthermore, repeated intrathecal administrations of ceftriaxone dose-dependently prevented the development of mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in ZDF rats, which were correlated with enhanced GLT-1 expression without altering the basal glutamate levels in the spinal cord of ZDF rats. Overall, the results suggested that impaired glutamate reuptake in the spinal cord may contribute to the development of neuropathic pains in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang
| | - Zhaoduan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Kitada M, Ogura Y, Koya D. Rodent models of diabetic nephropathy: their utility and limitations. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9:279-290. [PMID: 27881924 PMCID: PMC5115690 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. Therefore, novel therapies for the suppression of diabetic nephropathy must be developed. Rodent models are useful for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases and testing novel therapies, and many type 1 and type 2 diabetic rodent models have been established for the study of diabetes and diabetic complications. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals are widely used as a model of type 1 diabetes. Akita diabetic mice that have an Ins2+/C96Y mutation and OVE26 mice that overexpress calmodulin in pancreatic β-cells serve as a genetic model of type 1 diabetes. In addition, db/db mice, KK-Ay mice, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Wistar fatty rats, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats and Goto-Kakizaki rats serve as rodent models of type 2 diabetes. An animal model of diabetic nephropathy should exhibit progressive albuminuria and a decrease in renal function, as well as the characteristic histological changes in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitial lesions that are observed in cases of human diabetic nephropathy. A rodent model that strongly exhibits all these features of human diabetic nephropathy has not yet been developed. However, the currently available rodent models of diabetes can be useful in the study of diabetic nephropathy by increasing our understanding of the features of each diabetic rodent model. Furthermore, the genetic background and strain of each mouse model result in differences in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria and the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the validation of an animal model reproducing human diabetic nephropathy will significantly facilitate our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we focus on rodent models of diabetes and discuss the utility and limitations of these models for the study of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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40
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Pal A, Rhoads DB, Tavakkoli A. Effect of Portal Glucose Sensing on Systemic Glucose Levels in SD and ZDF Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165592. [PMID: 27806092 PMCID: PMC5091783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global epidemic of Type-2-Diabetes (T2D) highlights the need for novel therapeutic targets and agents. Roux-en-Y-Gastric-Bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment. Studies investigating the mechanisms of RYGB suggest a role for post-operative changes in portal glucose levels. We investigate the impact of stimulating portal glucose sensors on systemic glucose levels in health and T2D, and evaluated the role of sodium-glucose-cotransporter-3 (SGLT3) as the possible sensor. Methods Systemic glucose and hormone responses to portal stimulation were measured. In Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, post-prandial state was simulated by infusing glucose into the portal vein. The SGLT3 agonist, alpha-methyl-glucopyranoside (αMG), was then added to further stimulate the portal sensor. To elucidate the neural pathway, vagotomy or portal denervation was followed by αMG+glucose co-infusion. The therapeutic potential of portal glucose sensor stimulation was investigated by αMG-only infusion (vs. saline) in SD and Zucker-Diabetic-Fatty (ZDF) rats. Hepatic mRNA expression was also measured. Results αMG+glucose co-infusion reduced peak systemic glucose (vs. glucose alone), and lowered hepatic G6Pase expression. Portal denervation, but not vagotomy, abolished this effect. αMG-only infusion lowered systemic glucose levels. This glucose-lowering effect was more pronounced in ZDF rats, where portal αMG infusion increased insulin, C-peptide and GIP levels compared to saline infusions. Conclusions The portal vein is capable of sensing its glucose levels, and responds by altering hepatic glucose handling. The enhanced effect in T2D, mediated through increased GIP and insulin, highlights a therapeutic target that could be amenable to pharmacological modulation or minimally-invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - David B. Rhoads
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States of America
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Center for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Thorup AC, Gregersen S, Jeppesen PB. Ancient Wheat Diet Delays Diabetes Development in a Type 2 Diabetes Animal Model. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 11:245-57. [PMID: 26177485 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The main objective was to investigate the physiological effects of ancient wheat whole grain flour diets on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, and specifically to look at the acute glycemic responses. METHODS An intervention study was conducted, involving 40 ZDF rats consuming one of 5 different diets (emmer, einkorn, spelt, rye and refined wheat) for 9 weeks. Refined wheat flour and whole grain rye flour were included as negative and positive controls, respectively. RESULTS After 9 weeks of intervention, a downregulation of the hepatic genes PPAR-α, GLUT2, and SREBP-1c was observed in the emmer group compared to the control wheat group. Likewise, expression of hepatic SREBP-2 was lower for emmer, einkorn, and rye compared with the control group. Furthermore, spelt and rye induced a low acute glycemic response. The wheat group had higher HDL- and total cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Ancient wheat diets caused a downregulation of key regulatory genes involved in glucose and fat metabolism, equivalent to a prevention or delay of diabetes development. Spelt and rye induced a low acute glycemic response compared to wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Thorup
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark
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42
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Špolcová A, Mikulášková B, Kršková K, Gajdošechová L, Zórad Š, Olszanecki R, Suski M, Bujak-Giżycka B, Železná B, Maletínská L. Deficient hippocampal insulin signaling and augmented Tau phosphorylation is related to obesity- and age-induced peripheral insulin resistance: a study in Zucker rats. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:111. [PMID: 25257559 PMCID: PMC4261609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin signaling and Tau protein phosphorylation in the hippocampi of young and old obese Zucker fa/fa rats and their lean controls were assessed to determine whether obesity-induced peripheral insulin resistance and aging are risk factors for central insulin resistance and whether central insulin resistance is related to the pathologic phosphorylation of the Tau protein. Results Aging and obesity significantly attenuated the phosphorylation of the insulin cascade kinases Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) in the hippocampi of the fa/fa rats. Furthermore, the hyperphosphorylation of Tau Ser396 alone and both Tau Ser396 and Thr231 was significantly augmented by aging and obesity, respectively, in the hippocampi of these rats. Conclusions Both age-induced and obesity-induced peripheral insulin resistance are associated with central insulin resistance that is linked to hyperTau phosphorylation. Peripheral hyperinsulinemia, rather than hyperglycemia, appears to promote central insulin resistance and the Tau pathology in fa/fa rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic.
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43
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Ueta K, O'Brien TP, McCoy GA, Kim K, Healey EC, Farmer TD, Donahue EP, Condren AB, Printz RL, Shiota M. Glucotoxicity targets hepatic glucokinase in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model of type 2 diabetes associated with obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1225-38. [PMID: 24714398 PMCID: PMC4042096 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00507.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A loss of glucose effectiveness to suppress hepatic glucose production as well as increase hepatic glucose uptake and storage as glycogen is associated with a defective increase in glucose phosphorylation catalyzed by glucokinase (GK) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. We extended these observations by investigating the role of persistent hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) in the development of impaired hepatic GK activity in ZDF rats. We measured expression and localization of GK and GK regulatory protein (GKRP), translocation of GK, and hepatic glucose flux in response to a gastric mixed meal load (MMT) and hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp after 1 or 6 wk of treatment with the sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (canaglifrozin) that was used to correct the persistent hyperglycemia of ZDF rats. Defective augmentation of glucose phosphorylation in response to a rise in plasma glucose in ZDF rats was associated with the coresidency of GKRP with GK in the cytoplasm in the midstage of diabetes, which was followed by a decrease in GK protein levels due to impaired posttranscriptional processing in the late stage of diabetes. Correcting hyperglycemia from the middle diabetic stage normalized the rate of glucose phosphorylation by maintaining GK protein levels, restoring normal nuclear residency of GK and GKRP under basal conditions and normalizing translocation of GK from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, with GKRP remaining in the nucleus in response to a rise in plasma glucose. This improved the liver's metabolic ability to respond to hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Glucotoxicity is responsible for loss of glucose effectiveness and is associated with altered GK regulation in the ZDF rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Ueta
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and
| | | | | | - Kuikwon Kim
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and
| | - Erin C Healey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and
| | - Tiffany D Farmer
- Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Patrick Donahue
- Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Richard L Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Jin J, Machado E, Yu H, Zhang X, Lu Z, Li Y, Lopes-Virella M, Kirkwood K, Huang Y. Simvastatin inhibits LPS-induced alveolar bone loss during metabolic syndrome. J Dent Res 2014; 93:294-9. [PMID: 24352501 PMCID: PMC3929976 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513516980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in recent years have shown a positive relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and periodontal disease (PD). Given that patients with MS take statins to reduce cholesterol, and statins also have anti-inflammatory effects, it is important to determine if statin intake hinders the progression of MS-associated PD. In this study, PD was induced in Zucker fat rats (ZFRs), an animal model for MS, and in control lean rats by periodontal injection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while simvastatin was given to some of the rats via gavage. After 4 wk of treatment, alveolar bone loss was determined by micro-computed tomography. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we determined the effect of simvastatin on tissue inflammation and the expression of molecules involved in osteoclastogenesis. Results showed that while bone loss was increased by LPS in both ZFRs and the control lean rats, it was significantly more in the former than the latter. Simvastatin effectively alleviated bone loss in both ZFRs and the control rats. Results also showed that LPS stimulated leukocyte tissue infiltration and expression of molecules for osteoclastogenesis, but simvastatin significantly modulated the stimulation. This study demonstrated that simvastatin inhibited LPS-induced alveolar bone loss and periodontal tissue inflammation in rats with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - E.R. Machado
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - H. Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - X. Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Z. Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Y. Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M.F. Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K.L. Kirkwood
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Y. Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Brader L, Overgaard A, Christensen LP, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K. Polyphenol-rich bilberry ameliorates total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol when implemented in the diet of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 10:270-82. [PMID: 24841880 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2013.10.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilberries and blackcurrants are nutrient sources rich in bioactive components, including dietary fibers, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, which possess potent cardiovascular protective properties. Few studies investigating the cardio-protective effects of natural components have focused on whole bilberries or blackcurrants. OBJECTIVE The aim of this trial was to investigate whether a diet enriched with bilberries or blackcurrants has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, blood pressure, and expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism. METHODS Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats (n = 48) were randomly assigned to either a control, bilberry-enriched, blackcurrant-enriched, or fiber-enriched diet for 8 weeks ad libitum. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed on liver, adipose, and muscle tissue. Berry polyphenol content was determined by HPLC and LC-MS analysis. RESULTS Bilberry enrichment reduced total (-21%, p = 0.0132) and LDL-cholesterol (-60%, p = 0.0229) levels, but increased HDL-cholesterol to a lesser extent than in controls. This may partly be due to the altered hepatic liver X receptor-α expression (-24%, p < 0.001). Neither bilberries nor blackcurrants influenced glucose metabolism or blood pressure. Nevertheless, transcriptional analysis implied a better conservation of hepatic and adipocyte insulin sensitivity by bilberry enrichment. Anthocyanins constituted 91% and 87% of total polyphenol content in bilberries and blackcurrants, respectively. However, total anthocyanin content (3441 mg/100 g) was 4-fold higher in bilberries than in blackcurrants (871 mg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS Bilberry consumption ameliorated total and LDL-cholesterol levels, but not HDL-cholesterol levels in ZDF rats. Neither bilberry nor blackcurrant enrichment delayed the development of diabetes or hypertension. Thus, in rats, bilberries may be valuable as a dietary preventive agent against hypercholesterolemia, probably by virtue of their high anthocyanin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Brader
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ann Overgaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per B Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Salley TN, Mishra M, Tiwari S, Jadhav A, Ndisang JF. The heme oxygenase system rescues hepatic deterioration in the condition of obesity co-morbid with type-2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79270. [PMID: 24260182 PMCID: PMC3829851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing globally. NAFLD is a spectrum of related liver diseases that progressive from simple steatosis to serious complications like cirrhosis. The major pathophysiological driving of NAFLD includes elevated hepatic adiposity, increased hepatic triglycerides/cholesterol, excessive hepatic inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning injury is a common histo-pathological denominator. Although heme-oxygenase (HO) is cytoprotective, its effects on hepatocyte ballooning injury have not been reported. We investigated the effects of upregulating HO with hemin or inhibiting it with stannous-mesoporphyrin (SnMP) on hepatocyte ballooning injury, hepatic adiposity and inflammation in Zucker-diabetic-fatty rats (ZDFs), an obese type-2-diabetic model. Hemin administration to ZDFs abated hepatic/plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, and suppressed several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, macrophage-inflammatory-protein-1α (MIP-1α) and macrophage-chemoattractant-protein-1 (MCP-1), with corresponding reduction of the pro-inflammatory M1-phenotype marker, ED1 and hepatic macrophage infiltration. Correspondingly, hemin concomitantly potentiated the protein expression of several markers of the anti-inflammatory macrophage-M2-phenotype including ED2, IL-10 and CD-206, alongside components of the HO-system including HO-1, HO-activity and cGMP, whereas the HO-inhibitor, SnMP abolished the effects. Furthermore, hemin attenuated liver histo-pathological lesions like hepatocyte ballooning injury and fibrosis, and reduced extracellular-matrix/profibrotic proteins implicated in liver injury such as osteopontin, TGF-β1, fibronectin and collagen-IV. We conclude that hemin restore hepatic morphology by abating hepatic adiposity, suppressing macrophage infiltration, inflammation and fibrosis. The selective enhancement of anti-inflammatory macrophage-M2-phenotype with parallel reduction of pro-inflammatory macrophage-M1-phenotype and related chemokines/cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-1α and MCP-1 are among the multifaceted mechanisms by which hemin restore hepatic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ntube Salley
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shuchita Tiwari
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ashok Jadhav
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph Fomusi Ndisang
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Sharifi F, Jaberi Y, Mirzamohammadi F, Mirzamohammadi H, Mousavinasab N. Determinants of developing diabetes mellitus and vascular complications in patients with impaired fasting glucose. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17:899-905. [PMID: 24083174 PMCID: PMC3784876 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.117240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To detect the risk factors of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular complications in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty three subjects with proved IFG in Zanjan Healthy Heart Study (2002-2003) were recalled and participated in this study (2009-2010). Demographic and laboratoryinformation of the participants were collected.Ischemic heart disease (IHD) was assessed by the exercise tolerance test (ETT). All the subjects with abnormal ETT or documented past history of IHD confirmed by angiographic evaluation. Ophthalmic complications including cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy were estimated by an ophthalmologist. RESULTS Incidence of DM was 19.5%. All the diabetic and pre-diabetic patients had at least one of the other components of metabolic syndrome. Obesity (P: 0.04, OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-9) and low physical activity (P < 0.001, OR: 9.6, 95%CI: 3.4-32) were the only independent prognostic risk factors for progression to DM in patients with IFG. Total incidence of IHD was 14.6% and had a strong correlation with sex (P: 0.01, OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-1.5), age (P < 0.001, OR: 23, 95%CI: 2.1-67) and cigarette smoking (P < 0.001, OR: 36.5, 95%CI: 3.9-337). Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was shown in 2 (1.6%) subjects who were all women. CONCLUSION Obesity and low physical activity are the main factors of developing DM and its macrovascular complications in subjects with IFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Sharifi
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yahya Jaberi
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzamohammadi
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamid Mirzamohammadi
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nouraddin Mousavinasab
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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