1
|
Guo H, Hu WC, Xian H, Shi YX, Liu YY, Ma SB, Pan KQ, Wu SX, Xu LY, Luo C, Xie RG. CCL2 Potentiates Inflammation Pain and Related Anxiety-Like Behavior Through NMDA Signaling in Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4976-4991. [PMID: 38157119 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is widely expressed in the nervous system and involved in regulating the development of chronic pain and related anxiety-like behaviors, but its precise mechanism is still unclear. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the involvement of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) leading to inflammatory pain and its concomitant anxiety-like behaviors by modulation of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Our findings suggest that local bilateral injection of CCR2 antagonist in the ACC inhibits CFA-induced inflammatory pain and anxiety-like behavior. Meanwhile, the expression of CCR2 and CCL2 was significantly increased in ACC after 14 days of intraplantar injection of CFA, and CCR2 was mainly expressed in excitatory neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that the CCR2 inhibitor RS504393 reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) in ACC, and CCL2 was involved in the regulation of NMDAR-induced current in ACC neurons in the pathological state. In addition, local injection of the NR2B inhibitor of NMDAR subunits, Ro 25-6981, attenuated the effects of CCL2-induced hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behavior in the ACC. In summary, CCL2 acts on CCR2 in ACC excitatory neurons and participates in the regulation of CFA-induced pain and related anxiety-like behaviors through upregulation of NR2B. CCR2 in the ACC neuron may be a potential target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and pain-related anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Chao Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hang Xian
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yun-Xin Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Sui-Bin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kun-Qing Pan
- No.19 Cadet Regiment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Ceng Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spagnoli G, Parrella E, Ghazanfar Tehrani S, Mengoni F, Salari V, Nistreanu C, Scambi I, Sbarbati A, Bertini G, Fabene PF. Glial Response and Neuronal Modulation Induced by Epidural Electrode Implant in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Epilepsy. Biomolecules 2024; 14:834. [PMID: 39062548 PMCID: PMC11274793 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal models of epilepsy, cranial surgery is often required to implant electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) recording. However, electrode implants can lead to the activation of glial cells and interfere with physiological neuronal activity. In this study, we evaluated the impact of epidural electrode implants in the pilocarpine mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain neuroinflammation was assessed 1 and 3 weeks after surgery by cytokines quantification, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the effect of pilocarpine, administered two weeks after surgery, on mice mortality rate. The reported results indicate that implanted mice suffer from neuroinflammation, characterized by an early release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, and subsequent astrogliosis, which persists after three weeks. Notably, mice subjected to electrode implants displayed a higher mortality rate following pilocarpine injection 2 weeks after the surgery. Moreover, the analysis of EEGs recorded from implanted mice revealed a high number of single spikes, indicating a possible increased susceptibility to seizures. In conclusion, epidural electrode implant in mice promotes neuroinflammation that could lower the seizure thresholds to pilocarpine and increase the death rate. An improved protocol considering the persistent neuroinflammation induced by electrode implants will address refinement and reduction, two of the 3Rs principles for the ethical use of animals in scientific research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Spagnoli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Sara Ghazanfar Tehrani
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Mengoni
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Salari
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Nistreanu
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy; (G.S.); (E.P.); (S.G.T.); (F.M.); (C.N.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (G.B.)
- Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosenström AH, Ahmed AS, Kultima K, Freyhult E, Berg S, Bersellini Farinotti A, Palada V, Svensson CI, Kosek E. Unraveling the neuroimmune interface in chronic pain-the association between cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid and pain in patients with lumbar disk herniation or degenerative disk disease. Pain 2024; 165:e65-e79. [PMID: 38900144 PMCID: PMC11190896 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent evidence highlights the importance of the neuroimmune interface, including periphery-to-central nervous system (CNS) neuroimmune crosstalk, in chronic pain. Although neuroinflammatory processes have been implicated in central sensitization for a long time, their potential neuroprotective and analgesic effects remain relatively elusive. We have explored the relationships between cytokine expression and symptom severity, and candidates for periphery-to-CNS crosstalk. Patients with degenerative disk disease (DDD) (nociceptive pain) or patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy (predominantly neuropathic pain) completed questionnaires regarding pain and functional disability, underwent quantitative sensory testing, and provided blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Proximity extension assay (PEA) was used to measure the levels of 92 inflammatory proteins in the CSF and serum from a total of 160 patients and controls, and CSF/serum albumin quotients was calculated for patients with DDD and patients with LDH. We found signs of neuroimmune activation, in the absence of systemic inflammation. Regarding periphery-to-CNS neuroimmune crosstalk, there were significant associations between several cytokines and albumin quotient, despite the latter being primarily at subclinical levels. The cytokines CCL11, CD5, IL8, and MMP-10 were elevated in the CSF, had positive correlations between CSF and serum levels, and associated in a nonlinear manner with back, but not leg, pain intensity in the LDH, but not the DDD, group. In conclusion, we found evidence for neuroimmune activation in the CNS of both patient groups in the absence of systemic inflammation and signs of a communication between CSF and serum. Complex and disease-specific associations were found between cytokines in CSF and back pain intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisha Siddiqah Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svante Berg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Bersellini Farinotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vinko Palada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Palada is now with the Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Palada is now with the Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen C, Tang F, Zhu M, Wang C, Zhou H, Zhang C, Feng Y. Role of inflammatory mediators in intracranial aneurysms: A review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 242:108329. [PMID: 38781806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The formation, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) involve hemodynamics, blood pressure, external stimuli, and a series of hormonal changes. In addition, inflammatory response causes the release of a series of inflammatory mediators, such as IL, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMPs, which directly or indirectly promote the development process of IA. However, the specific role of these inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiological process of IA remains unclear. Recently, several anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, hormone-regulating drugs have been found to have a potentially protective effect on reducing IA formation and rupture in the population. These therapeutic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, but we can look for potential therapeutic targets that may interfere with the formation and breakdown of IA by studying the relevant inflammatory response and the mechanism of IA formation and rupture involved in inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Fengjiao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Yugong Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pozzi S, Satchi-Fainaro R. The role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in cancer and inflammation: The next frontier in nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115318. [PMID: 38643840 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The communication between cells and their microenvironment represents an intrinsic and essential attribute that takes place in several biological processes, including tissue homeostasis and tissue repair. Among these interactions, inflammation is certainly a central biological response that occurs through cytokines and the crosstalk with their respective receptors. In particular, the interaction between CCL2 and its main receptor, CCR2, plays a pivotal role in both harmful and protective inflammatory states, including cancer-mediated inflammation. The activation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis was shown to dictate the migration of macrophages with immune-suppressive phenotype and to aggravate the progression of different cancer types. In addition, this interaction mediates metastasis formation, further limiting the potential therapeutic outcome of anti-cancer drugs. Attempts to inhibit pharmacologically the CCL2/CCR2 axis have yet to show its anti-cancer efficacy as a single agent, but it sheds light on its role as a powerful tool to selectively alleviate pro-tumorigenic and anti-repair inflammation. In this review, we will elucidate the role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in promoting cancer inflammation by activating the host pro-tumorigenic phenotype. Moreover, we will provide some insight into the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis for cancer and inflammation using novel delivery systems, aiming to sensitize non-responders to currently approved immunotherapies and offer new combinatory approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ng ACH, Scantlebury MH. Successful treatment of epileptic encephalopathy with spike wave activation in sleep with anakinra. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 27:100678. [PMID: 38881883 PMCID: PMC11177074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with epileptic encephalopathy with spike wave activation in sleep (EE-SWAS) often display drug-resistant epilepsy. The activation of epileptic activity during sleep is associated temporally with neurocognitive impairment and causes a spectrum of disorders within the epilepsy-aphasia syndrome. The prognosis is dependent on promptness of treatment and etiology. However, there is no clear consensus with regards to the optimal management for patients with EE-SWAS. We queried our Pediatric Epilepsy Outcome-Informatics Project (PEOIP) database for all patients treated with anakinra in our centre. We herein report a case of a female with EE-SWAS, who demonstrated remarkable neurocognitive improvement with anakinra. We suggest that a trial of anakinra may be an option for patients with EE-SWAS due to non-structural and possibly inflammatory etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Cheuk-Him Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Zheng J, Zhao S, Wan Y, Wang M, Bosco DB, Kuan CY, Richardson JR, Wu LJ. CCR2 + monocytes replenish border-associated macrophages in the diseased mouse brain. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114120. [PMID: 38625796 PMCID: PMC11105166 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are tissue-resident macrophages that reside at the border of the central nervous system (CNS). Since BAMs originate from yolk sac progenitors that do not persist after birth, the means by which this population of cells is maintained is not well understood. Using two-photon microscopy and multiple lineage-tracing strategies, we determine that CCR2+ monocytes are significant contributors to BAM populations following disruptions of CNS homeostasis in adult mice. After BAM depletion, while the residual BAMs possess partial self-repopulation capability, the CCR2+ monocytes are a critical source of the repopulated BAMs. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of CCR2+ monocyte-derived long-lived BAMs in a brain compression model and in a sepsis model after the initial disruption of homeostasis. Our study reveals that the short-lived CCR2+ monocytes transform into long-lived BAM-like cells at the CNS border and subsequently contribute to BAM populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yushan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Meijie Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rotterman TM, Haley-Johnson Z, Pottorf TS, Chopra T, Chang E, Zhang S, McCallum WM, Fisher S, Franklin H, Alvarez M, Cope TC, Alvarez FJ. Modulation of central synapse remodeling after remote peripheral injuries by the CCL2-CCR2 axis and microglia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113776. [PMID: 38367237 PMCID: PMC10947500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated synaptic plasticity after CNS injury varies depending on injury severity, but the mechanisms that adjust synaptic plasticity according to injury differences are largely unknown. This study investigates differential actions of microglia on essential spinal motor synaptic circuits following different kinds of nerve injuries. Following nerve transection, microglia and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 signaling permanently remove Ia axons and synapses from the ventral horn, degrading proprioceptive feedback during motor actions and abolishing stretch reflexes. However, Ia synapses and reflexes recover after milder injuries (nerve crush). These different outcomes are related to the length of microglia activation, being longer after nerve cuts, with slower motor-axon regeneration and extended expression of colony-stimulating factor type 1 in injured motoneurons. Prolonged microglia activation induces CCL2 expression, and Ia synapses recover after ccl2 is deleted from microglia. Thus, microglia Ia synapse removal requires the induction of specific microglia phenotypes modulated by nerve regeneration efficiencies. However, synapse preservation was not sufficient to restore the stretch-reflex function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Rotterman
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Zoë Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tana S Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tavishi Chopra
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ethan Chang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Shannon Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Sarah Fisher
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haley Franklin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL 36301, USA
| | - Myriam Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Timothy C Cope
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Achim C, Reyes-Madrigal F, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Peripheral and central biomarkers associated with inflammation in antipsychotic naïve first episode psychosis: Pilot studies. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:39-48. [PMID: 38091871 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum pro-inflammatory molecules have been reported in early psychosis. What is not known is whether peripheral inflammatory biomarkers are associated with CNS biomarkers. In the brain, release of pro-inflammatory molecules by microglial hyperactivity may lead to neuronal apoptosis seen in neurodegenerative disorders and account for loss of brain tissue observed in psychotic disorders. Neurochemical changes, including elevated glutamate levels, are also associated with neuroinflammation, present in early psychosis and change with antipsychotic treatment. METHODS Antipsychotic naïve patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) were studied as part of a collaborative project of neuroinflammation. In Study 1 we explored associations between plasma inflammatory molecules and neurometabolites in the dorsal caudate using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in N = 13 FEP participants. Study 2 examined the relationship between inflammatory molecules in the Plasma and CSF in N = 20 FEP participants. RESULTS In Study 1, the proinflammatory chemokine MDC/CCL22 and IL10 were significantly positively correlated with Glutamate and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) levels in the dorsal caudate. In Study 2, plasma inflammatory molecules (MIP1β/CCL4, MCP1/CCL2, Eotaxin-1/CCL11 and TNFα) were significantly correlated with CSF MIP1β/CCL4, IL10, MCP1/CCL2 and Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and symptoms ratings. DISCUSSION Plasma inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in early psychosis, associated with neurochemical markers as well as CSF inflammatory molecules found in neurodegenerative disorders. Future studies are needed that combine both peripheral and central biomarkers in both FEP and HC to better understand a potential neuroinflammatory subtype of psychosis likely to respond to targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Cadenhead
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Cristian Achim
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Costa HE, Cairrao E. Effect of bisphenol A on the neurological system: a review update. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1-73. [PMID: 37855918 PMCID: PMC10761478 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and one of the most produced synthetic compounds worldwide. BPA can be found in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, which are frequently used in food storage and baby bottles. However, BPA can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with various neurologic functions, its use is a topic of significant concern. Nonetheless, the neurotoxicity of BPA has not been fully understood despite numerous investigations on its disruptive effects. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the neurologic system. Our findings suggest that BPA exposure impairs various structural and molecular brain changes, promoting oxidative stress, changing expression levels of several crucial genes and proteins, destructive effects on neurotransmitters, excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, damaged blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage, apoptosis effects, disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, increase in reactive oxygen species, promoted apoptosis and intracellular lactate dehydrogenase release, a decrease of axon length, microglial DNA damage, astrogliosis, and significantly reduced myelination. Moreover, BPA exposure increases the risk of developing neurologic diseases, including neurovascular (e.g. stroke) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that the adverse effects of BPA on neurodevelopment in children contributed to the emergence of serious neurological diseases like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, emotional problems, anxiety, and cognitive disorders. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of neurologic disorders. More research is required to fully understand how BPA-induced neurotoxicity affects human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Eloi Costa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Netherby-Winslow C, Thompson B, Lotta L, Gallagher M, Van Haute P, Yang R, Hott D, Hasan H, Bachmann K, Bautista J, Gerber S, Cory-Slechta DA, Janelsins M. Effects of mammary cancer and chemotherapy on neuroimmunological markers and memory function in a preclinical mouse model. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100699. [PMID: 38058985 PMCID: PMC10695847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment modalities for breast cancer, including cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, have been associated with the development of cognitive decline (CRCD), which is characterized by impairments in memory, concentration, attention, and executive functions. We and others have identified a link between inflammation and decreased cognitive performance in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. In order to better understand the inflammation-associated molecular changes within the brain related to tumor alone or in combination with chemotherapy, we orthotopically implanted mouse mammary tumors (E0771) into female C57BL/6 mice and administered clinically relevant doses of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin intravenously at weekly intervals for four weeks. We measured serum cytokines and markers of neuroinflammation at 48 h and up to one month post-treatment and tested memory using a reward-based delayed spatial alternation paradigm. We found that breast tumors and chemotherapy altered systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. We further found that the presence of tumor and chemotherapy led to a decline in memory over time at the longest delay, when memory was the most taxed, compared to shorter delay times. These findings in a clinically relevant mouse model shed light on possible biomarkers for CRCD and add to the growing evidence that anti-inflammatory strategies have the potential to mitigate cancer- or treatment-related side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Netherby-Winslow
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bryan Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Louis Lotta
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mark Gallagher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paige Van Haute
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rachel Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Devin Hott
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hamza Hasan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Katherine Bachmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Javier Bautista
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Scott Gerber
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Michelle Janelsins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Supportive Care in Cancer, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jamil Al-Obaidi MM, Desa MNM. A review of the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier disruption during COVID-19 infection. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1687-1698. [PMID: 37462109 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are prevalent in mammals and birds, including humans and bats, and they often spread through airborne droplets. In humans, these droplets then interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), which are the main receptors for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can infect several organs, including the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is designed to maintain the homeostatic neural microenvironment of the brain, which is necessary for healthy neuronal activity, function, and stability. It prevents viruses from entering the brain parenchyma and does not easily allow chemicals to pass into the brain while assisting numerous compounds in exiting the brain. The purpose of this review was to examine how COVID-19 influences the BBB along with the mechanisms that indicate the BBB's deterioration. In addition, the cellular mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 causes BBB destruction by binding to ACE2 was evaluated and addressed. The mechanisms of the immunological reaction that occurs during COVID-19 infection that may contribute to the breakdown of the BBB were also reviewed. It was discovered that the integrity of the tight junction (TJs), basement membrane, and adhesion molecules was damaged during COVID-19 infection, which led to the breakdown of the BBB. Therefore, understanding how the BBB is disrupted by COVID-19 infection will provide an indication of how the SARS-CoV-2 virus is able to reach the central nervous system (CNS). The findings of this research may help in the identification of treatment options for COVID-19 that can control and manage the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Jamil Al-Obaidi
- Biology Unit, Science Department, Rustaq College of Education, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Rustaq, Oman
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bormann D, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Riedl CJ, Testa G, Kühtreiber H, Poreba E, Hametner S, Golabi B, Salek M, Haider C, Endmayr V, Shaw LE, Höftberger R, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Exploring the heterogeneous transcriptional response of the CNS to systemic LPS and Poly(I:C). Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106339. [PMID: 37913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral contact to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) evokes a systemic innate immune response which is rapidly relayed to the central nervous system (CNS). The remarkable cellular heterogeneity of the CNS poses a significant challenge to the study of cell type and stimulus dependent responses of neural cells during acute inflammation. Here we utilized single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), serum proteome profiling and primary cell culture methods to systematically compare the acute response of the mammalian brain to the bacterial PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the viral PAMP polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), at single cell resolution. Our study unveiled convergent transcriptional cytokine and cellular stress responses in brain vascular and ependymal cells and a downregulation of several key mediators of directed blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. In contrast the neuronal response to PAMPs was limited in acute neuroinflammation. Moreover, our study highlighted the dominant role of IFN signalling upon Poly(I:C) challenge, particularly in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Collectively our study unveils heterogeneous, shared and distinct cell type and stimulus dependent acute responses of the CNS to bacterial and viral PAMP challenges. Our findings highlight inflammation induced dysregulations of BBB-transporter gene expression, suggesting potential translational implications on drug pharmacokinetics variability during acute neuroinflammation. The pronounced dependency of oligodendrocytes on IFN stimulation during viral PAMP challenges, emphasizes their limited molecular viral response repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian J Riedl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulia Testa
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Kühtreiber
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilia Poreba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Salek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rigg E, Wang J, Xue Z, Lunavat TR, Liu G, Hoang T, Parajuli H, Han M, Bjerkvig R, Nazarov PV, Nicot N, Kreis S, Margue C, Nomigni MT, Utikal J, Miletic H, Sundstrøm T, Ystaas LAR, Li X, Thorsen F. Inhibition of extracellular vesicle-derived miR-146a-5p decreases progression of melanoma brain metastasis via Notch pathway dysregulation in astrocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12363. [PMID: 37759347 PMCID: PMC10533779 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has the highest propensity of all cancers to metastasize to the brain with a large percentage of late-stage patients developing metastases in the central nervous system (CNS). It is well known that metastasis establishment, cell survival, and progression are affected by tumour-host cell interactions where changes in the host cellular compartments likely play an important role. In this context, miRNAs transferred by tumour derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have previously been shown to create a favourable tumour microenvironment. Here, we show that miR-146a-5p is highly expressed in human melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) EVs, both in MBM cell lines as well as in biopsies, thereby modulating the brain metastatic niche. Mechanistically, miR-146a-5p was transferred to astrocytes via EV delivery and inhibited NUMB in the Notch signalling pathway. This resulted in activation of tumour-promoting cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and CXCL1). Brain metastases were significantly reduced following miR-146a-5p knockdown. Corroborating these findings, miR-146a-5p inhibition led to a reduction of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and CXCL1 in astrocytes. Following molecular docking analysis, deserpidine was identified as a functional miR-146a-5p inhibitor, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight the pro-metastatic function of miR-146a-5p in EVs and identifies deserpidine for targeted adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rigg
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function RemodelingJinanChina
| | - Zhiwei Xue
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function RemodelingJinanChina
| | - Taral R. Lunavat
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit‐West, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Guowei Liu
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function RemodelingJinanChina
| | - Tuyen Hoang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Himalaya Parajuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Mingzhi Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function RemodelingJinanChina
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Petr V. Nazarov
- Bioinformatics Platform and Multiomics Data Science Research Group, Department of Cancer ResearchLuxembourg Institute of HealthLuxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- LuxGen Genome Center, Luxembourg Institute of HealthLaboratoire National de SantéDudelangeLuxembourg
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- Department of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Christiane Margue
- Department of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | | | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer UnitGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht‐Karl University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Terje Sundstrøm
- Department of NeurosurgeryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Lars A. R. Ystaas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function RemodelingJinanChina
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain‐Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of NeurosurgeryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang J, Wang Y, Stein TD, Ang TFA, Zhu Y, Tao Q, Lunetta KL, Mez J, Au R, Farrer LA, Qiu WQ, Zhang X. The impact of blood MCP-1 levels on Alzheimer's disease with genetic variation of UNC5C and NAV3 loci. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3376348. [PMID: 37841863 PMCID: PMC10571626 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3376348/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous study shows that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which is implicated in the peripheral proinflammatory cascade and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, modulates the genetic risks of AD in established AD loci. Methods In this study, we hypothesized that blood MCP-1 impacts the AD risk of genetic variants beyond known AD loci. We thus performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the logistic regression via generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the interactive effects between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and blood MCP-1 level on AD in three cohorts: the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP). Results We identified SNPs in two genes, neuron navigator 3 (NAV3, also named Unc-53 Homolog 3, rs696468) (p < 7.55×10- 9) and Unc-5 Netrin Receptor C (UNC5C rs72659964) (p < 1.07×10- 8) that showed an association between increasing levels of blood MCP-1 and AD. Elevating blood MCP-1 concentrations increased AD risk and AD pathology in genotypes of NAV3 (rs696468-CC) and UNC5C (rs72659964-AT + TT), but did not influence the other counterpart genotypes of these variants. Conclusions NAV3 and UNC5C are homologs and may increase AD risk through dysregulating the functions of neurite outgrowth and guidance. Overall, the association of risk alleles of NAV3 and UNC5C with AD is enhanced by peripheral MCP-1 level, suggesting that lowering the level of blood MCP-1 may reduce the risk of developing AD for people with these genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Huang
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | | | - Yibo Zhu
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | | | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Rhoda Au
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | | | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moris JM, Cardona A, Hinckley B, Mendez A, Blades A, Paidisetty VK, Chang CJ, Curtis R, Allen K, Koh Y. A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 5:100183. [PMID: 37745894 PMCID: PMC10514094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity that stimulates neuroplasticity and other key processes of cerebral adaptations that ultimately improve cognitive health. Recent work has focused on utilizing gas-induced exposure to intermittent hypoxia during aerobic exercise to maximize the improvements in cognitive function compared to those seen under normoxic conditions. However, it is postulated that exercising by isolating breathing only to the nasal route may provide a similar effect by stimulating a transient hypercapnic condition that is non-gas dependent. Because nasal breathing prevents hyperventilation during exercise, it promotes an increase in the partial arterial pressure of CO2. The rise in systemic CO2 stimulates hypercapnia and permits the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes. In addition, the rise in systemic CO2 stimulates cerebral vasodilation, promoting a greater increase in CBF than seen during normoxic conditions. While more research is warranted, nasal breathing might also promote benefits related to improved sleep, greater immunity, and body fat loss. Altogether, this narrative review presents a theoretical framework by which exercise-induced hypercapnia by utilizing nasal breathing during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may promote greater health adaptations and cognitive improvements than utilizing oronasal breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Moris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Arturo Cardona
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Brendan Hinckley
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Armando Mendez
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Alexandra Blades
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Vineet K. Paidisetty
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Christian J. Chang
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Ryan Curtis
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Kylie Allen
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Yunsuk Koh
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mohapatra S, Cafiero J, Kashfi K, Mehta P, Banerjee P. Why Don't the Mutant Cells That Evade DNA Repair Cause Cancer More Frequently? Importance of the Innate Immune System in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5026. [PMID: 36902456 PMCID: PMC10002487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for most malignant solid tumors still involves tumor resection followed by chemo- and radiation therapy, hoping to eliminate the residual tumor cells. This strategy has been successful in extending the life of many cancer patients. Still, for primary glioblastoma (GBM), it has not controlled recurrence or increased the life expectancies of patients. Amid such disappointment, attempts to design therapies using the cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have gained ground. Such "immunotherapies" have so far overwhelmingly used genetic modifications of Tc cells (Car-T cell therapy) or blocking of proteins (PD-1 or PD-L1) that inhibit Tc-cell-mediated cancer cell elimination. Despite such advances, GBM has remained a "Kiss of Death" for most patients. Although the use of innate immune cells, such as the microglia, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, has been considered in designing therapies for cancers, such attempts have not reached the clinic yet. We have reported a series of preclinical studies highlighting strategies to "re-educate" GBM-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) so that they assume a tumoricidal status. Such cells then secrete chemokines to recruit activated, GBM-eliminating NK cells and cause the rescue of 50-60% GBM mice in a syngeneic model of GBM. This review discusses a more fundamental question that most biochemists harbor: "since we are generating mutant cells in our body all the time, why don't we get cancer more often?" The review visits publications addressing this question and discusses some published strategies for re-educating the TAMs to take on the "sentry" role they initially maintained in the absence of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasmita Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Jared Cafiero
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Parag Mehta
- Aveta Biomics, Inc., 110 Great Road, Suite 302, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang J, Su B, Karhunen V, Gill D, Zuber V, Ahola-Olli A, Palaniswamy S, Auvinen J, Herzig KH, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Raitakari OT, Matthews PM, Elliott P, Tsilidis KK, Jarvelin MR, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A. Inflammatory Diseases, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Alzheimer Disease: An Observational Analysis and Mendelian Randomization. Neurology 2023; 100:e568-e581. [PMID: 36384659 PMCID: PMC9946179 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Whether chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases causally affect the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) is controversial. We characterized the relationship between inflammatory diseases and risk of AD and explored the role of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in the relationships between inflammatory diseases and AD. METHODS We performed observational analyses for chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases and risk of AD using data from 2,047,513 participants identified in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Using data of a total of more than 1,100,000 individuals from 15 large-scale genome-wide association study data sets, we performed 2-sample Mendelian randomizations (MRs) to investigate the relationships between chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, circulating inflammatory biomarker levels, and risk of AD. RESULTS Cox regression models using CPRD data showed that the overall incidence of AD was higher among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17; 95% CI 1.15-1.19; p = 2.1 × 10-4), other inflammatory polyarthropathies and systematic connective tissue disorders (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.12-1.14; p = 8.6 × 10-5), psoriasis (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.10-1.16; p = 2.6 × 10-4), rheumatoid arthritis (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p = 4.0 × 10-4), and multiple sclerosis (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.04-1.07; p = 2.8 × 10-4) compared with the age (±5 years) and sex-matched comparison groups free from all inflammatory diseases under investigation. Bidirectional MR analysis identified relationships between chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases and circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Particularly, circulating monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) level was suggestively associated with a higher risk of AD (odds ratio from inverse variance weighted [ORIVW] 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.42; p IVW = 0.007) and lower risk of Crohn disease (ORIVW 0.73; 95% CI -0.62 to 0.86; p IVW = 1.3 × 10-4). Colocalization supported a common causal single nucleotide polymorphism for MIG and Crohn disease (posterior probability = 0.74), but not AD (posterior probability = 0.03). Using a 2-sample MR approach, genetically predicted risks of inflammatory diseases were not associated with higher AD risk. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that the association between inflammatory diseases and risk of AD is unlikely to be causal and may be a result of confounding. In support, although inflammatory biomarkers showed evidence for causal associations with inflammatory diseases, evidence was weak that they affected both inflammatory disease and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Bowen Su
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Karhunen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Dipender Gill
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Zuber
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Saranya Palaniswamy
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Auvinen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Salmi
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Matthews
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Systemic Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020291. [PMID: 36836525 PMCID: PMC9966226 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative vitreoretinal disorder, is the leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Although angiogenic pathways have been the main focus, cytokine-mediated inflammation is also involved in ROP etiology. Herein, we illustrate the characteristics and actions of all cytokines involved in ROP pathogenesis. The two-phase (vaso-obliteration followed by vasoproliferation) theory outlines the evaluation of cytokines in a time-dependent manner. Levels of cytokines may even differ between the blood and the vitreous. Data from animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy are also valuable. Although conventional cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation are well established and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are available, less destructive novel therapeutics that can precisely target the signaling pathways are required. Linking the cytokines involved in ROP to other maternal and neonatal diseases and conditions provides insights into the management of ROP. Suppressing disordered retinal angiogenesis via the modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, supplementation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1/IGF-binding protein 3 complex, erythropoietin, and its derivatives, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inhibition of secretogranin III have attracted the attention of researchers. Recently, gut microbiota modulation, non-coding RNAs, and gene therapies have shown promise in regulating ROP. These emerging therapeutics can be used to treat preterm infants with ROP.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wilson KM, He JJ. HIV Nef Expression Down-modulated GFAP Expression and Altered Glutamate Uptake and Release and Proliferation in Astrocytes. Aging Dis 2023; 14:152-169. [PMID: 36818564 PMCID: PMC9937695 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection of astrocytes leads to restricted gene expression and replication but abundant expression of HIV early genes Tat, Nef and Rev. A great deal of neuroHIV research has so far been focused on Tat protein, its effects on astrocytes, and its roles in neuroHIV. In the current study, we aimed to determine effects of Nef expression on astrocytes and their function. Using transfection or infection of VSVG-pseudotyped HIV viruses, we showed that Nef expression down-modulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. We then showed that Nef expression also led to decreased GFAP mRNA expression. The transcriptional regulation was further confirmed using a GFAP promoter-driven reporter gene assay. We performed transcription factor profiling array to compare the expression of transcription factors between Nef-intact and Nef-deficient HIV-infected cells and identified eight transcription factors with expression changes of 1.5-fold or higher: three up-regulated by Nef (Stat1, Stat5, and TFIID), and five down-regulated by Nef (AR, GAS/ISRE, HIF, Sp1, and p53). We then demonstrated that removal of the Sp1 binding sites from the GFAP promoter resulted in a much lower level of the promoter activity and reversal of Nef effects on the GFAP promoter, confirming important roles of Sp1 in the GFAP promoter activity and for Nef-induced GFAP expression. Lastly, we showed that Nef expression led to increased glutamate uptake and decreased glutamate release by astrocytes and increased astrocyte proliferation. Taken together, these results indicate that Nef leads to down-modulation of GFAP expression and alteration of glutamate metabolism in astrocytes, and astrocyte proliferation and could be an important contributor to neuroHIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sevastre-Berghian AC, Casandra C, Gheban D, Olteanu D, Olanescu Vaida Voevod MC, Rogojan L, Filip GA, Bâldea I. Neurotoxicity of Bisphenol A and the Impact of Melatonin Administration on Oxidative Stress, ERK/NF-kB Signaling Pathway, and Behavior in Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1882-1894. [PMID: 36515867 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure can be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders due to impairment of cell proliferation and synaptic development. Our study evaluated the effects of melatonin (MEL) on ambulatory activity, lipid peroxidation, cytokines, ERK/NF-kB signaling pathway in the hippocampus and frontal lobe, and histopathological changes in the hippocampus of the BPA-treated rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups: control, BPA, BPA + MEL I, and BPA + MEL II. MEL I (20 mg/kg b.w.) and MEL II (40 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered for 28 days. On the 29th day, BPA (1 mg/kg b.w.) was intraperitoneally administered, and, after 24 h, an open field test (OFT) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) were conducted. The results showed that the MEL II group made significantly more entries in the open arms of EPM, traveled significantly greater distance, and spent more time in the central part of OFT. Malondialdehyde levels were diminished by MEL II in the hippocampus and by MEL I in the frontal lobe. In the hippocampus, the MAPK level was significantly lowered by both doses of MEL (p < 0.05) while in the frontal lobe, only MEL II reduced the MAPK activation. MEL I and II significantly decreased the γH2AX and upregulated the NFkB and pNFkB expressions in the hippocampus while MEL II downregulated the MCP1 expression. Both doses of MEL attenuated the BPA-evoked histopathological alterations in the hippocampus. These data indicate that MEL can mediate the neuroprotection against BPA-induced neurotoxicity and improves behavioral changes suggesting a real potential as a protective agent in brain toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Casandra
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Gheban
- Department of Morphopathology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Liliana Rogojan
- Department of Morphopathology, District Hospital, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela A Filip
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Bâldea
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sharma K, Zhang Y, Paudel KR, Kachelmeier A, Hansbro PM, Shi X. The Emerging Role of Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular and Neurological Health. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193108. [PMID: 36231071 PMCID: PMC9563036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs), as a central component of the neurovascular unit, contribute to the regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) by virtue of their role in blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, maintenance of the BBB, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Emerging evidence indicates that PCs also have a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived, micro- to nano-sized vesicles that transport cell constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from a parent originating cell to a recipient cell. PC-derived EVs (PC-EVs) play a crucial homeostatic role in neurovascular disease, as they promote angiogenesis, maintain the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier, and provide neuroprotection. The cargo carried by PC-EVs includes growth factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF), connecting tissue growth factors (CTGFs), fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin 1, and neurotrophic growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF), neuron growth factor (NGF), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), as well as cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1. The PC-EVs also carry miRNA and circular RNA linked to neurovascular health and the progression of several vascular and neuronal diseases. Therapeutic strategies employing PC-EVs have potential in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses current research on the characteristic features of EVs secreted by PCs and their role in neuronal and vascular health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sharma
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yunpei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Allan Kachelmeier
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-494-2997
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Miao L, Peng Q, Fan X, Song W, Yang B, Zhang P, Liu G, Liu J. Parthenolide modulates cerebral ischemia-induced microglial polarization and alleviates neuroinflammatory injury via the RhoA/ROCK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154373. [PMID: 35947899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia can be activated as proinflammatory (M1) phenotypes and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes after stroke. Parthenolide (PTL) has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on neurological diseases, but until now, the exact mechanisms of these processes after stroke have been unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PTL on microglial polarization after stroke and its target for inducing microglial polarization. METHODS Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and neurological evaluation were performed in a focal transient cerebral ischemia rat model. The human microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for in vitro experiments. Microglial polarization was assessed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Inflammatory cytokine assays and western blotting were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying PTL-mediated microglial polarization in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS PTL significantly reduced cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia, reduced the level of inflammatory factors and alleviated neurological deficits. PTL treatment decreased the expression of microglia/macrophage markers in M1 macrophages and increased the expression of microglia/macrophage markers in M2 macrophages after stroke, which induced the transformation of microglia cells from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, PTL significantly reduced RhoA/ROCK-NF-κB pathway activity and downregulated the effects of pentanoic acid (ROCK agonist). CONCLUSIONS PTL has been shown to mediate neuroinflammation and protect against ischemic brain injury by regulating microglial polarization via the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Lan Miao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Qing Peng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China; NICM, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Na HS, Lee SY, Lee DH, Woo JS, Choi SY, Cho KH, Kim SA, Go EJ, Lee AR, Choi JW, Kim SJ, Cho ML. Soluble CCR2 gene therapy controls joint inflammation, cartilage damage, and the progression of osteoarthritis by targeting MCP-1 in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. J Transl Med 2022; 20:428. [PMID: 36138477 PMCID: PMC9503236 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of degenerative arthritis and affects the entire joint, causing pain, joint inflammation, and cartilage damage. Various risk factors are implicated in causing OA, and in recent years, a lot of research and interest have been directed toward chronic low-grade inflammation in OA. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; also called CCL2) acts through C–C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) in monocytes and is a chemotactic factor of monocytes that plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation. The targeting of CCL2–CCR2 is being studied as part of various topics including the treatment of OA. Methods In this study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects the sCCR2 E3 gene may exert on OA. The effects of sCCR2 E3 were investigated in animal experiments consisting of intra-articular injection of sCCR2 E3 in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. The effects after intra-articular injection of sCCR2 E3 (fusion protein encoding 20 amino acids of the E3 domain of the CCL2 receptor) in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA rat model were compared to those in rats treated with empty vector (mock treatment) and full-length sCCR2. Results Pain improved with expression of the sCCR2 gene. Improved bone resorption upon sCCR2 E3 gene activation was confirmed via bone analyses using micro-computed tomography. Histologic analyses showed that the sCCR2 E3 gene exerted protective effects against cartilage damage and anti-inflammatory effects on joints and the intestine. Conclusions These results show that sCCR2 E3 therapy is effective in reducing pain severity, inhibiting cartilage destruction, and suppressing intestinal damage and inflammation. Thus, sCCR2 E3 may be a potential therapy for OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sik Na
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo-Ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Woo
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Cho
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ae Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo-Ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Go
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo-Ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ram Lee
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Choi
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo-Ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pozzi S, Scomparin A, Ben-Shushan D, Yeini E, Ofek P, Nahmad AD, Soffer S, Ionescu A, Ruggiero A, Barzel A, Brem H, Hyde TM, Barshack I, Sinha S, Ruppin E, Weiss T, Madi A, Perlson E, Slutsky I, Florindo HF, Satchi-Fainaro R. MCP-1/CCR2 axis inhibition sensitizes the brain microenvironment against melanoma brain metastasis progression. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154804. [PMID: 35980743 PMCID: PMC9536270 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance to chemo- and immunotherapies often occurs following treatment of melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). The brain microenvironment (BME), particularly astrocytes, cooperate toward MBM progression by upregulating secreted factors, among which we found that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptors, CCR2 and CCR4, were overexpressed in MBM compared with primary lesions. Among other sources of MCP-1 in the brain, we show that melanoma cells altered astrocyte secretome and evoked MCP-1 expression and secretion, which in turn induced CCR2 expression in melanoma cells, enhancing in vitro tumorigenic properties, such as proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. In vivo pharmacological blockade of MCP-1 or molecular knockout of CCR2/CCR4 increased the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and attenuated the immunosuppressive phenotype of the BME as shown by decreased infiltration of Tregs and tumor-associated macrophages/microglia in several models of intracranially injected MBM. These in vivo strategies led to decreased MBM outgrowth and prolonged the overall survival of the mice. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of inhibiting interactions between BME and melanoma cells for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Scomparin
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dikla Ben-Shushan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilam Yeini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paula Ofek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alessio D Nahmad
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shelly Soffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Ionescu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Barzel
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sanju Sinha
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Tomer Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Asaf Madi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chronic Low Dose Morphine Does Not Alter Two In Vitro BBB Models. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070888. [PMID: 35884695 PMCID: PMC9312884 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) mediates cellular and molecular passage between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral circulation. Compromised BBB integrity has been linked to neurocognitive deficits in multiple diseases and various infections, including those associated with HIV-1 infection. Understanding the impact of exposure to pharmaceuticals, such as those utilized for pain management by patients suffering from CNS disease, on BBB regulation and function is clinically important. In this study, we modelled two different BBB systems; a primary human co-culture and a cell line monoculture. These systems were both exposed to three daily repeat doses of morphine and examined for alterations to BBB integrity via permeability, PBMC transmigration, and chemokine gradient changes. We did not find any significant changes to either BBB system with repeat morphine dosing, suggesting that repeat morphine exposure may not play a significant role in BBB changes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Steiner K, Humpel C. Effects of Ischemia on the Migratory Capacity of Microglia Along Collagen Microcontact Prints on Organotypic Mouse Cortex Brain Slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:858802. [PMID: 35783100 PMCID: PMC9243317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.858802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe insult in the brain causing cell death, inflammation, and activation of microglia. Microglia are the immune cells of the brain and play a role in any inflammatory process during neurodegeneration. Microglia are round ameboid and migrate to the lesion site, where they differentiate into ramified forms and activated phagocytic microglia. On the other hand, microglia can also release growth factors to repair degeneration. The aim of the present study is to explore the migratory capacity of microglia after ischemic insults. Organotypic brain slices of the mouse cortex (300 μm) were prepared. In order to study migration, the slices were connected to collagen-loaded microcontact prints (with or without monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) on the membranes. Slices were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for maximal microglial activation. Ischemic insults were simulated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and acidosis (pH 6.5) for 3 days. After 3 weeks in culture, slices were fixed and immunohistochemically stained for the microglial markers Iba1, CD11b and macrophage-like antigen. Our data show that Iba1+ microglia migrated along the microcontact prints, differentiate and phagocyte 1.0 μm fluorescent microbeads. LPS significantly enhanced the number of round ameboid migrating microglia, while OGD and acidosis enhanced the number of ramified activated microglia. The effect was not visible on slices without any μCP and was most potent in μCP with MCP-1. We conclude that OGD and acidosis activate ramification and exhibit a similar mechanism, while LPS only activates round ameboid microglia. Collagen-loaded microcontact prints connected to mouse brain slices are a potent method to study activation and migration of microglia ex vivo.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The vascular hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that brain endothelial dysfunction contributes to brain pathophysiology. This review discusses recent evidence for and against this hypothesis, including data related to blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain endothelium, and brain blood supply, to provide a critical weighed update. RECENT FINDINGS Different studies report a consistent proportion of SZ patients showing increased BBB permeability, reflected by higher levels of albumin in the cerebral spinal fluid. Of note, this was not a result of antipsychotic medication. The high inflammatory profile observed in some SZ patients is strongly associated with increased BBB permeability to circulating immune cells, and with more severe cognitive deficiencies. Also, sex was found to interact with BBB integrity and permeability in SZ. The strongest independent genetic association with SZ has been identified in FZD1, a hypoxia-response gene that is 600-fold higher expressed in early development endothelium as compared to adult brain endothelium. Regarding brain blood supply, there is evidence to suggest alterations in proper brain perfusion in SZ. Nonetheless, ex-vivo experiments suggested that widely used antipsychotics favor vasoconstriction; thus, alterations in cerebral perfusion might be related to the patients' medication. SUMMARY In some patients with SZ, a vulnerable brain endothelium may be interacting with environmental stressors, such as inflammation or hypoxia, converging into a more severe SZ symptomatology. Gene expression and performance of human brain endothelium could vary along with development and the establishment of the BBB; therefore, we encourage to investigate its possible contribution to SZ considering this dynamic context.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jamuna S, Ashokkumar R, Devaraj SN. Amelioration of C-Reactive Protein and Lectin Like Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Complex Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2664-2686. [PMID: 35357665 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established biochemical marker for atherosclerosis. Modification of LDL inside the artery wall favors the elevation of this acute phase protein. Hence, this mechanism is considered an important factor to trigger the monocyte to macrophages differentiation which results in the formation of foam cells. Therefore, this key event should be targeted and focused on how this complex (OxLDL + CRP) proceeds to endothelial dysfunction. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) is a well-known cardioprotective flavon-3-ols. The present study is challenged between the cardioprotective roles of OPC against the deleterious effect of OxLDL + CRP complex upon endothelial cells. Protein-protein docking was carried out between CRP and LOX-1. This docked protein complex was again docked with OPC to show the inhibitory mechanism of CRP binding with LOX-1. OPC showed a promising inhibitory mechanism against OxLDL + CRP complex. Docking studies showed that in the absence of ligands (OPC), binding of CRP and LOX-1 was greater and vice versa in the presence of ligands. Based on these molecular docking results, in vitro studies have been carried out. The monolayer of endothelial cells was incubated with THP-1 monocytes for 48 h, induced with OxLDL (10 μg/ml) + CRP (15 μg/ml) and cotreated with OPC (100 μg/ml). Morphological changes, cell migration assay, and capillary tube forming assay were carried out. Myeloperoxidase levels were estimated to determine the adhesion of monocytes onto EC monolayer. RT-PCR analysis of L-Selectin was also done. The quantification of NO levels and analysis of mRNA expressions of eNOS was to determine the nitric oxide demand caused due to OxLDL + CRP complex. LOX-1, scavenger receptor levels were analyzed by mRNA expression. Proinflammatory markers such as IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-1β were studied. Accumulation of ROS levels was measured fluorimetrically using DCF-DA staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by JC-1 dye and cell cycle analysis was done by FACS analysis. To emphasis the results, the OPC-treated group showed decreased levels of proinflammatory markers, LOX-1 and L-selectin levels. Endothelial nitric oxide levels were increased upon OPC treatment and reduction in the ROS levels was also observed. Endothelial cells apoptosis was prevented by OPC. To conclude, OxLDL + CRP complex inhibitory effects of OPC could maintain the normal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jamuna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Rathinavel Ashokkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Role of CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Treatment: From Animal Experiments to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073485. [PMID: 35408846 PMCID: PMC8998625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a member of the monocyte chemokine protein family, which binds to its receptor CCR2 to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway participates in the transduction of neuroinflammatory information between all types of cells in the central nervous system. Animal studies and clinical trials have shown that CCL2/CCR2 mediate the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and a higher CCL2 level in serum is associated with a higher risk of any form of stroke. In the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the expression of CCL2/CCR2 is increased in the ischemic penumbra, which promotes neuroinflammation and enhances brain injury. In the later phase, it participates in the migration of neuroblasts to the ischemic area and promotes the recovery of neurological function. CCL2/CCR2 gene knockout or activity inhibition can reduce the nerve inflammation and brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting that the development of drugs regulating the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway could be used to prevent and treat the cell injury in the acute phase and promote the recovery of neurological function in the chronic phase in ischemic stroke patients.
Collapse
|
31
|
Retinopathy of prematurity: contribution of inflammatory and genetic factors. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1739-1763. [PMID: 35262882 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vasoproliferative disorder that represents an important cause of childhood visual impairment and blindness. Although oxidative stress has long been implicated in ROP etiology, other prenatal and perinatal factors are also involved. This review focuses on current research involving inflammation and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of ROP. Increasing evidence suggests that perinatal inflammation or infection contributes to ROP pathogenesis. Cytokines and chemokines with a fundamental role in inflammatory responses and that significantly contributing to angiogenesis are analyzed. Microglia cells, the retinal-resident macrophages, are crucial for retinal homeostasis, however, under sustained pathological stimuli release exaggerated amounts of inflammatory mediators and can promote pathological neovascularization. Current modulation of angiogenic cytokines, such as treatment with antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), has shown efficacy in the treatment of ocular neovascularization; however, some patients are refractory to anti-VEGF agents, suggesting that other angiogenic or anti-angiogenic cytokines need to be identified. Much evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute to the phenotypic variability of ROP. Several studies have implicated the involvement of candidate genes from different signaling pathways in the development of ROP. However, a genetic component with a major impact on ROP has not yet been discovered. Most studies have limitations and did not replicate results. Future research involving bioinformatics, genomics, and proteomics may contribute to finding more genes associated with ROP and may allow discovering better solutions in the management and treatment of ROP.
Collapse
|
32
|
Generation of an hiPSC-Derived Co-Culture System to Assess the Effects of Neuroinflammation on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030419. [PMID: 35159229 PMCID: PMC8834542 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) regulates the interaction between the highly vulnerable central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral parts of the body. Disruption of the BBB has been associated with multiple neurological disorders, in which immune pathways in microglia are suggested to play a key role. Currently, many in vitro BBB model systems lack a physiologically relevant microglia component in order to address questions related to the mechanism of BBB integrity or the transport of molecules between the periphery and the CNS. To bridge this gap, we redefined a serum-free medium in order to allow for the successful co-culturing of human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia and hiPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial-like cells (BMECs) without influencing barrier properties as assessed by electrical resistance. We demonstrate that hiPSC-derived microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) weaken the barrier integrity, which is associated with the secretion of several cytokines relevant in neuroinflammation. Consequently, here we provide a simplistic humanised BBB model of neuroinflammation that can be further extended (e.g., by addition of other cell types in a more complex 3D architecture) and applied for mechanistic studies and therapeutic compound profiling.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sasaki S, Negishi T, Tsuzuki T, Yukawa K. Diphenylarsinic acid induced activation of MAP kinases, transcription factors, and oxidative stress-responsive factors and hypersecretion of cytokines in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:196-207. [PMID: 34883095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a non-natural pentavalent organic arsenic and was detected in well water in Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan in 2003. Individuals that had consumed this arsenic-contaminated water developed cerebellar symptoms such as myoclonus. We previously revealed that DPAA exposure in rats in vitro and in vivo specifically affected astrocytes rather than neurons among cerebellar cells. Here, we evaluated adverse effects of DPAA in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes (NHA), which were compared with those in normal rat cerebellar astrocytes (NRA) exposed to DPAA at 10 μM for 96 h, focusing on aberrant activation of astrocytes; increase in cell viability, activation of MAP kinases (ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK) and transcription factors (CREB, c-Jun, and c-Fos), upregulation of oxidative stress-responsive factors (Nrf2, HO-1, and Hsp70), and also hypersecretion of brain cytokines (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6) as reported in NRA. While DPAA exposure at 10 μM for 96 h had little effect on NHA, a higher concentration (50 μM for 96 h) and longer exposure (10 μM for 288 h) induced similar aberrant activation. Moreover, exposure to DPAA at 50 μM for 96 h or 10 μM for 288 h in NHA induced hypersecretion of cytokines induced in DPAA-exposed NRA (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6), and IL-8 besides into culture medium. These results suggested that aberrantly activated human astrocytes by DPAA exposure might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cerebellar symptoms, affecting adjacent neurons, microglia, brain blood vessels, or astrocyte itself through these brain cytokines in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoto Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Negishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hazelgrove K. The role of the immune system in postpartum psychosis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100359. [PMID: 34704078 PMCID: PMC8521124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum psychosis is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth. The risk is particularly high for women with a history of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder, or those who have suffered a previous episode of postpartum psychosis. However, the aetiology of the illness remains unclear. Pregnancy and the early postpartum are times of significant immunological change. Furthermore, alterations to the immune system have been implicated in the onset and course of various psychopathologies, both related and unrelated to childbirth. Emerging evidence, from studies on immune related disorders, immune cells and inflammatory markers, suggests that the immune system might also be involved in the pathophysiology of postpartum psychosis. Furthermore, recent research has also begun to explore the potential mechanisms underlying immune dysfunction in postpartum psychosis (e.g., disturbances in the Treg-CCN3 protein-(re)myelination axis). Nevertheless, more research is required to understand whether immune dysfunction is a cause or consequence of postpartum psychosis and to clarify the exact mechanisms involved. The aim of this short review is to present the current findings on immune system dysregulation in postpartum psychosis, discuss possible mechanisms underlying the association, highlight potential challenges and confounders and provide suggestions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hazelgrove
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Palomino-Antolin A, Narros-Fernández P, Farré-Alins V, Sevilla-Montero J, Decouty-Pérez C, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Fernández N, Monge L, Casas AI, Calzada MJ, Egea J. Time-dependent dual effect of NLRP3 inflammasome in brain ischemia. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1395-1410. [PMID: 34773639 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-ischemic inflammation contributes to worsening of ischemic brain injury and in this process, the inflammasomes play a key role. Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes which upon assembly activate the maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. However, participation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke remains controversial. Our aims were to determine the role of NLRP3 in ischemia and to explore the mechanism involved in the potential protective effect of the neurovascular unit. METHODS WT and NLRP3 knock-out mice were subjected to ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (60 minutes) with or without treatment with MCC950 at different time points post-stroke. Brain injury was measured histologically with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. RESULTS We identified a time-dependent dual effect of NLRP3. While neither the pre-treatment with MCC950 nor the genetic approach (NLRP3 KO) proved to be neuroprotective, post-reperfusion treatment with MCC950 significantly reduced the infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, MCC950 improved the neuro-motor function and reduced the expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, pro-caspase-1), protease expression (MMP9) and endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM). We observed a marked protection of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which was also reflected in the recovery of the tight junctions proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5). Additionally, MCC950 produced a reduction of the CCL2 chemokine in blood serum and in brain tissue, which lead to a reduction in the immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that post-reperfusion NLRP3 inhibition may be an effective acute therapy for protecting the blood-brain barrier in cerebral ischemia with potential clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Palomino-Antolin
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Narros-Fernández
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Farré-Alins
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sevilla-Montero
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma of Madrid, Spain
| | - Celine Decouty-Pérez
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Monge
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Casas
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MHeNs, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, University Clinics Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - María José Calzada
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma of Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu Q, Wang Q, Yang J, Martens JW, Mills EA, Saad A, Chilukuri P, Dowling CA, Mao-Draayer Y. Elevated sCD40L in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in Comparison to Non-progressive Benign and Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211050712. [PMID: 34720605 PMCID: PMC8552403 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The long-term prognosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is usually unfavorable as most patients transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with accumulative disability. A rare form of non-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) also exists, known as benign MS (BMS or NPMS), which lacks disease progression defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 after 15 years of disease onset without treatment. Purpose Our study aims to identify soluble plasma factors predicting disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Research Design and Study Sample We utilized Luminex multiplex to analyze plasma levels of 33 soluble factors, comparing 32 SPMS patients to age-, sex-, and disease duration-matched non-progressive BMS patients, as well as to RRMS patients and healthy controls. Results Plasma levels of EGF, sCD40L, MCP1/CCL2, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-13, Eotaxin, TNFβ/LTα, and IL-12p40 were significantly different between the various types of MS. Plasma sCD40L was significantly elevated in SPMS compared to BMS and RRMS. The combination of MCP1/CCL2 and sCD40L discriminated between RRMS and SPMS. MCP1/CCL2 was found to be the most effective classifier between BMS and RRMS, while BMS was most effectively distinguished from SPMS by the combination of sCD40L and IFNγ levels. Conclusions These differences may facilitate personalized precision medicine and aid in the discovery of new therapeutic targets for disease progression through the improvement of patient stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Ws Martens
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aiya Saad
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavani Chilukuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine A Dowling
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1542. [PMID: 34683835 PMCID: PMC8538549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rong Y, Ji C, Wang Z, Ge X, Wang J, Ye W, Tang P, Jiang D, Fan J, Yin G, Liu W, Cai W. Small extracellular vesicles encapsulating CCL2 from activated astrocytes induce microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:196. [PMID: 34511129 PMCID: PMC8436564 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease which causes high disability and mortality rates. The molecular pathological features after spinal cord injury mainly involve the inflammatory response, microglial and neuronal apoptosis, abnormal proliferation of astrocytes, and the formation of glial scars. However, the microenvironmental changes after spinal cord injury are complex, and the interactions between glial cells and nerve cells remain unclear. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may play a key role in cell communication by transporting RNA, proteins, and bioactive lipids between cells. Few studies have examined the intercellular communication of astrocytes through sEVs after SCI. The inflammatory signal released from astrocytes is known to initiate microglial activation, but its effects on neurons after SCI remain to be further clarified. Methods Electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting were applied to characterize sEVs. We examined microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis mediated by astrocyte activation in an experimental model of acute spinal cord injury and in cell culture in vitro. Results Our results indicated that astrocytes activated after spinal cord injury release CCL2, act on microglia and neuronal cells through the sEV pathway, and promote neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation after binding the CCR2. Subsequently, the activated microglia release IL-1β, which acts on neuronal cells, thereby further aggravating their apoptosis. Conclusion This study elucidates that astrocytes interact with microglia and neurons through the sEV pathway after SCI, enriching the mechanism of CCL2 in neuroinflammation and spinal neurodegeneration, and providing a new theoretical basis of CCL2 as a therapeutic target for SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02268-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baidoo JNE, Mukherjee S, Kashfi K, Banerjee P. A New Perspective on Cancer Therapy: Changing the Treaded Path? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189836. [PMID: 34575998 PMCID: PMC8466953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, we have persistently addressed the question, “how can the innate immune system be used as a therapeutic tool to eliminate cancer?” A cancerous tumor harbors innate immune cells such as macrophages, which are held in the tumor-promoting M2 state by tumor-cell-released cytokines. We have discovered that these tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are repolarized into the nitric oxide (NO)-generating tumoricidal M1 state by the dietary agent curcumin (CC), which also causes recruitment of activated natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells into the tumor, thereby eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells. Indications are that this process may be NO-dependent. Intriguingly, the maximum blood concentration of CC in mice never exceeds nanomolar levels. Thus, our results submit that even low, transient levels of curcumin in vivo are enough to cause repolarization of the TAM and recruitment NK cells as well as Tc cells to eliminate the tumor. We have observed this phenomenon in two cancer models, glioblastoma and cervical cancer. Therefore, this approach may yield a general strategy to fight cancer. Our mechanistic studies have so far implicated induction of STAT-1 in this M2→M1 switch, but further studies are needed to understand the involvement of other factors such as the lipid metabolites resolvins in the CC-evoked anticancer pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet N. E. Baidoo
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(718)-982-3938; Fax: +1-(718)-982-3953
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen S, Shao L, Ma L. Cerebral Edema Formation After Stroke: Emphasis on Blood-Brain Barrier and the Lymphatic Drainage System of the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716825. [PMID: 34483842 PMCID: PMC8415457 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a severe stroke complication that is associated with prolonged hospitalization and poor outcomes. Swollen tissues in the brain compromise cerebral perfusion and may also result in transtentorial herniation. As a physical and biochemical barrier between the peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the stable microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the dysfunction of the BBB results in increased paracellular permeability, directly contributing to the extravasation of blood components into the brain and causing cerebral vasogenic edema. Recent studies have led to the discovery of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, which provide a channel for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to enter the brain and drain to nearby lymph nodes and communicate with the peripheral immune system, modulating immune surveillance and brain responses. A deeper understanding of the function of the cerebral lymphatic system calls into question the known mechanisms of cerebral edema after stroke. In this review, we first discuss how BBB disruption after stroke can cause or contribute to cerebral edema from the perspective of molecular and cellular pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss how the cerebral lymphatic system participates in the formation of cerebral edema after stroke and summarize the pathophysiological process of cerebral edema formation after stroke from the two directions of the BBB and cerebral lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqian Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jin Z, Liang J, Kolattukudy PE. Tetramethylpyrazine Preserves the Integrity of Blood-Brain Barrier Associated With Upregulation of MCPIP1 in a Murine Model of Focal Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710358. [PMID: 34393790 PMCID: PMC8355423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a prominent ingredient of Chinese herb Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, is known to suppress neuroinflammation and protect blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. We investigated whether monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1, also known as Regnase-1), a newly identified zinc-finger protein, plays a role in TMP-mediated anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. TMP (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally 12 h before and post MCAO. The TMP significantly upregulated MCPIP1 in the ischemic brain tissues and effectively inhibited extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, resulting in attenuation of brain edema. These effects of the TMP were associated with a significant reduction in levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and MMP-9 in the ischemic brain tissues. The TMP upregulated the expression of MCPIP1 in primary cultures of neurons and protected against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuron death, while this neuroprotective effect of TMP was abolished by knockdown of MCPIP1 using MCPIP1-specific siRNA. These results suggest that preservation of BBB integrity by TMP is associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. The effect of TMP is mediated, at least in part, via upregulation of MCPIP1 in the ischemic brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jian Liang
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Pappachan E Kolattukudy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oh DJ, Bae JB, Kim TH, Kwak KP, Kim BJ, Kim SG, Kim JL, Moon SW, Park JH, Ryu SH, Youn JC, Lee DY, Lee DW, Lee SB, Lee JJ, Jhoo JH, Han JW, Kim KW. Association between plasma monocyte trafficking-related molecules and future risk of depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:1803-1809. [PMID: 34228804 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recruitment of monocytes to the brain plays an important role in the development of depression. However, the association between plasma biomarkers of monocyte trafficking and depression is unclear. This study is aimed to examine the effects of plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the risk of depression. METHODS Data were acquired from an ongoing prospective cohort study involving randomly sampled, community-dwelling Korean older adults, which has been followed every two years. We included 1,539 euthymic older adults (age = 68.2 [5.6] years; 51.7% were women) without a history of major psychiatric disorders, and dementia and neurological diseases. Geriatric psychiatrists diagnosed incident depression through a structured interview using the Korean version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS Depression had developed in 134 (8.7 %) participants during the follow-up period of 5.7 (0.8) years. The high plasma MCP-1 tertile group showed two-fold higher risk of depression than the low plasma MCP-1 tertile group (hazards ratio [HR] = 2.00, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.27 - 3.13, p = 0.003). The association between high levels of plasma MCP-1 and future risk of depression was significant in the middle plasma ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 tertile groups; the high plasma MCP-1 tertile group showed about four-fold higher risk of depression than the low plasma MCP-1 tertile group. CONCLUSIONS Molecules involved in monocyte trafficking may be good candidates as diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for late life depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jong Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Bin Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Tae Hui Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyung Phil Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Bong Jo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Shin Gyeom Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Lan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Chul Youn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyunggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Bum Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeong Jhoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggido, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105243. [PMID: 34063496 PMCID: PMC8155827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully understood, but a maladaptive cross-talk between neurons and surrounding microglial is likely to be a contributing factor. Functional and anatomical connections between microglia and hypothalamic neuronal cells are at the core of how the brain orchestrates changes in the body's metabolic needs. However, such a melodious interaction may become maladaptive in response to prolonged diet-induced metabolic stress, thereby causing overfeeding, body weight gain, and systemic metabolic perturbations. From this perspective, we critically discuss emerging molecular and cellular underpinnings of microglia-neuron communication in the hypothalamic neuronal circuits implicated in energy balance regulation. We explore whether changes in this intercellular dialogue induced by metabolic stress may serve as a protective neuronal mechanism or contribute to disease establishment and progression. Our analysis provides a framework for future mechanistic studies that will facilitate progress into both the etiology and treatments of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
Blood-brain barrier opening by intracarotid artery hyperosmolar mannitol induces sterile inflammatory and innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021915118. [PMID: 33906946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021915118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracarotid arterial hyperosmolar mannitol (ICAHM) blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is effective and safe for delivery of therapeutics for central nervous system malignancies. ICAHM osmotically alters endothelial cells and tight junction integrity to achieve BBBD. However, occurrence of neuroinflammation following hemispheric BBBD by ICAHM remains unknown. Temporal proteomic changes in rat brains following ICAHM included increased damage-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, chemokines, trophic factors, and cell adhesion molecules, indicative of a sterile inflammatory response (SIR). Proteomic changes occurred within 5 min of ICAHM infusion and returned to baseline by 96 h. Transcriptomic analyses following ICAHM BBBD further supported an SIR. Immunohistochemistry revealed activated astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. Moreover, proinflammatory proteins were elevated in serum, and proteomic and histological findings from the contralateral hemisphere demonstrated a less pronounced SIR, suggesting neuroinflammation beyond regions of ICAHM infusion. Collectively, these results demonstrate ICAHM induces a transient SIR that could potentially be harnessed for neuroimmunomodulation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Poelaert KCK, Williams RM, Matullo CM, Rall GF. Noncanonical Transmission of a Measles Virus Vaccine Strain from Neurons to Astrocytes. mBio 2021; 12:e00288-21. [PMID: 33758092 PMCID: PMC8092232 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00288-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including members of the herpes-, entero-, and morbillivirus families, are the most common cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide. During most instances of acute viral encephalitis, neurons are typically the initial cell type that is infected. However, as replication and spread ensue, other parenchymal cells can become viral targets, especially in chronic infections. Consequently, to ascertain how neurotropic viruses trigger neuropathology, it is crucial to identify which central nervous system (CNS) cell populations are susceptible and permissive throughout the course of infection, and to define how viruses spread between distinct cell types. Using a measles virus (MV) transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD46 (hCD46), the MV vaccine strain receptor, under the control of a neuron-specific enolase promoter (NSE-hCD46+ mice), a novel mode of viral spread between neurons and astrocytes was identified. Although hCD46 is required for initial neuronal infection, it is dispensable for heterotypic spread to astrocytes, which instead depends on glutamate transporters and direct neuron-astrocyte contact. Moreover, in the presence of RNase A, astrocyte infection is reduced, suggesting that nonenveloped ribonucleoproteins (RNP) may cross the neuron-astrocyte synaptic cleft. The characterization of this novel mode of intercellular transport offers insights into the unique interaction of neurons and glia and may reveal therapeutic targets to mitigate the life-threatening consequences of measles encephalitis.IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most important cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide; several thousand people, primarily the very young and the elderly, are impacted annually, and few therapies are reliably successful once neuroinvasion has occurred. To understand how viruses contribute to neuropathology, and to develop tools to prevent or ameliorate such infections, it is crucial to define if and how viruses disseminate among the different cell populations within the highly complex central nervous system. This study defines a noncanonical mode of viral transmission between neurons and astrocytes within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C K Poelaert
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riley M Williams
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Matullo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hepburn M, Mullaguri N, George P, Hantus S, Punia V, Bhimraj A, Newey CR. Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: Is There an Association? Neurocrit Care 2021; 34:139-143. [PMID: 32462412 PMCID: PMC7253233 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global pandemic. Historically, the group of human coronaviruses can also affect the central nervous system leading to neurological symptoms; however, the causative mechanisms of the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 disease are not well known. Seizures have not been directly reported as a part of COVID-19 outside of patients with previously known brain injury or epilepsy. We report two cases of acute symptomatic seizures, in non-epileptic patients, associated with severe COVID-19 disease. Case Presentations Two advanced-age, non-epileptic, male patients presented to our northeast Ohio-based health system with concern for infection in Mid-March 2020. Both had a history of lung disease and during their hospitalization tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. They developed acute encephalopathy days into their hospitalization with clinical and electrographic seizures. Resolution of seizures was achieved with levetiracetam. Discussion Patients with COVID-19 disease are at an elevated risk for seizures, and the mechanism of these seizures is likely multifactorial. Clinical (motor) seizures may not be readily detected in this population due to the expansive utilization of sedatives and paralytics for respiratory optimization strategies. Many of these patients are also not electrographically monitored for seizures due to limited resources, multifactorial risk for acute encephalopathy, and the risk of cross-contamination. Previously, several neurological symptoms were seen in patients with more advanced COVID-19 disease, and these were thought to be secondary to multi-system organ failure and/or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy-related brain injury. However, these patients may also have an advanced breakdown of the blood–brain barrier precipitated by pro-inflammatory cytokine reactions. The neurotropic effect and neuroinvasiveness of SARS-Coronavirus-2 have not been directly established. Conclusions Acute symptomatic seizures are possible in patients with COVID-19 disease. These seizures are likely multifactorial in origin, including cortical irritation due to blood–brain barrier breakdown, precipitated by the cytokine reaction as a part of the viral infection. Patients with clinical signs of seizures or otherwise unexplained encephalopathy may benefit from electroencephalography monitoring and/or empiric anti-epileptic therapy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the risk of seizures and benefit of monitoring in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madihah Hepburn
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Naresh Mullaguri
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Pravin George
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Stephen Hantus
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Vineet Punia
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Adarsh Bhimraj
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Neurological Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Christopher R. Newey
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aquino GV, Dabi A, Odom GJ, Zhang F, Bruce ED. Evaluating the endothelial-microglial interaction and comprehensive inflammatory marker profiles under acute exposure to ultrafine diesel exhaust particles in vitro. Toxicology 2021; 454:152748. [PMID: 33727093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is a public health concern because people in urban areas are continuously exposed, and once inhaled, fine and ultrafine DEP may reach the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells (EC) and the perivascular microglia protect the brain from circulating pathogens and neurotoxic molecules like DEP. While the BBB-microglial interaction is critical for maintaining homeostasis, no study has previously evaluated the endothelial-microglial interaction nor comprehensively characterized these cells' inflammatory marker profiles under ultrafine DEP exposures in vitro. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro rat EC-microglial co-culture under acute (24 h.) exposure to ultrafine DEP (0.002-20 μg/mL), by evaluating key mechanisms associated with PM toxicity: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell metabolic activity (CMA) changes, and production of 27 inflammatory markers. These parameters were also evaluated in rat microglial and endothelial monocultures to determine whether the EC-microglial co-culture responded differently than the cerebrovasculature and microglia alone. While results indicated that ultrafine DEP exposure caused concentration-dependent increases in LDH leakage and ROS production in all groups, as expected, exposure also caused mixed responses in CMA and atypical cytokine/chemokine profiles in all groups, which was not expected. The inflammation assay results further suggested that the microglia were not classically activated under this exposure scenario, despite previous in vitro studies showing microglial activation (priming) at similar concentrations of ultrafine DEP. Additionally, compared to the cerebrovasculature alone, the EC-microglia interaction in the co-culture did not appear to cause changes in any parameter save in pro-inflammatory marker production, where the interaction appeared to cause an overall downregulation in cytokine/chemokine levels after ultrafine DEP exposure. Finally, to our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the influence of microglia on the BBB's ultrafine DEP-induced cytotoxic and inflammatory responses, which are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of PM-related cerebrovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace V Aquino
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Amjad Dabi
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Gabriel J Odom
- Department of Biostatistics Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, AHC4-470, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, The University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave. 1140, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Erica D Bruce
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Weber CM, Clyne AM. Sex differences in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:011509. [PMID: 33758788 PMCID: PMC7968933 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Many of these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neuron disease, demonstrate clear sexual dimorphisms. While sex as a biological variable must now be included in animal studies, sex is rarely included in in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. In this Review, we describe these sex-related differences in neurodegenerative diseases and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whose dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative disease development and progression. We explain potential mechanisms by which sex and sex hormones affect BBB integrity. Finally, we summarize current in vitro BBB bioengineered models and highlight their potential to study sex differences in BBB integrity and neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Weber
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Balan I, Aurelian L, Schleicher R, Boero G, O'Buckley T, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-THP) inhibits inflammatory signals induced by activated MyD88-dependent toll-like receptors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:145. [PMID: 33637705 PMCID: PMC7909379 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that endogenous neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and 3α,5α-THP inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal activation in mouse macrophages and the brain of alcohol-preferring (P) rat, which exhibits innate TLR4 signal activation. The current studies were designed to examine whether other activated TLR signals are similarly inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. We report that 3α,5α-THP inhibits selective agonist-mediated activation of TLR2 and TLR7, but not TLR3 signaling in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line. The TLR4 and TLR7 signals are innately activated in the amygdala and NAc from P rat brains and inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. The TLR2 and TLR3 signals are not activated in P rat brain and they are not affected by 3α,5α-THP. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits the binding of MyD88 with TLR4 or TLR7 in P rat brain, but the levels of TLR4 co-precipitating with TRIF are not altered by 3α,5α-THP treatment. Collectively, the data indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits MyD88- but not TRIF-dependent TLR signal activation and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through its ability to block TLR-MyD88 binding. These results have applicability to many conditions involving pro-inflammatory TLR activation of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons and support the use of 3α,5α-THP as a therapeutic for inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Riana Schleicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Todd O'Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Palada V, Ahmed AS, Freyhult E, Hugo A, Kultima K, Svensson CI, Kosek E. Elevated inflammatory proteins in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with painful knee osteoarthritis are associated with reduced symptom severity. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577391. [PMID: 32987275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and periphery-to-CNS neuroimmune cross-talk in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly understood. We utilized proximity extension assay to measure the level of 91 inflammatory proteins in CSF and serum from OA patients and controls. The patients had elevated levels of 48 proteins in CSF indicating neuroinflammation. Ten proteins were correlated between CSF and serum and potentially involved in periphery-to-CNS neuroimmune cross-talk. Seven CSF proteins, all with previously reported neuroprotective effects, were associated with lower pain intensity and milder knee-related symptoms. Our findings indicate that neuroinflammation in OA could be protective and associated with less severe symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Palada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Aisha Siddiqah Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Anders Hugo
- Ortho Center Stockholm, 194 89 Upplands Väsby, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|