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Białas N, Rosenkranz N, Weber DG, Kostka K, Johnen G, Winter A, Brik A, Loza K, Szafranski K, Brüning T, Bünger J, Westphal G, Epple M. Synthetic silica fibers of different length, diameter and shape: synthesis and interaction with rat (NR8383) and human (THP-1) macrophages in vitro, including chemotaxis and gene expression profile. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:23. [PMID: 38734694 PMCID: PMC11088073 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of biopersistent fibers like asbestos can cause strong chronic inflammatory effects, often resulting in fibrosis or even cancer. The interplay between fiber shape, fiber size and the resulting biological effects is still poorly understood due to the lack of reference materials. RESULTS We investigated how length, diameter, aspect ratio, and shape of synthetic silica fibers influence inflammatory effects at doses up to 250 µg cm-2. Silica nanofibers were prepared with different diameter and shape. Straight (length ca. 6 to 8 µm, thickness ca. 0.25 to 0.35 µm, aspect ratio ca. 17:1 to 32:1) and curly fibers (length ca. 9 µm, thickness ca. 0.13 µm, radius of curvature ca. 0.5 µm, aspect ratio ca. 70:1) were dispersed in water with no apparent change in the fiber shape during up to 28 days. Upon immersion in aqueous saline (DPBS), the fibers released about 5 wt% silica after 7 days irrespectively of their shape. The uptake of the fibers by macrophages (human THP-1 and rat NR8383) was studied by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Some fibers were completely taken up whereas others were only partially internalized, leading to visual damage of the cell wall. The biological effects were assessed by determining cell toxicity, particle-induced chemotaxis, and the induction of gene expression of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Straight fibers were only slightly cytotoxic and caused weak cell migration, regardless of their thickness, while the curly fibers were more toxic and caused significantly stronger chemotaxis. Curly fibers also had the strongest effect on the expression of cytokines and chemokines. This may be due to the different aspect ratio or its twisted shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataniel Białas
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Rosenkranz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Gilbert Weber
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Johnen
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aileen Winter
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Brik
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Szafranski
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Götz Westphal
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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2
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Qian N, Gao X, Lang X, Deng H, Bratu TM, Chen Q, Stapleton P, Yan B, Min W. Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2300582121. [PMID: 38190543 PMCID: PMC10801917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300582121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastics are now omnipresent in our daily lives. The existence of microplastics (1 µm to 5 mm in length) and possibly even nanoplastics (<1 μm) has recently raised health concerns. In particular, nanoplastics are believed to be more toxic since their smaller size renders them much more amenable, compared to microplastics, to enter the human body. However, detecting nanoplastics imposes tremendous analytical challenges on both the nano-level sensitivity and the plastic-identifying specificity, leading to a knowledge gap in this mysterious nanoworld surrounding us. To address these challenges, we developed a hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging platform with an automated plastic identification algorithm that allows micro-nano plastic analysis at the single-particle level with high chemical specificity and throughput. We first validated the sensitivity enhancement of the narrow band of SRS to enable high-speed single nanoplastic detection below 100 nm. We then devised a data-driven spectral matching algorithm to address spectral identification challenges imposed by sensitive narrow-band hyperspectral imaging and achieve robust determination of common plastic polymers. With the established technique, we studied the micro-nano plastics from bottled water as a model system. We successfully detected and identified nanoplastics from major plastic types. Micro-nano plastics concentrations were estimated to be about 2.4 ± 1.3 × 105 particles per liter of bottled water, about 90% of which are nanoplastics. This is orders of magnitude more than the microplastic abundance reported previously in bottled water. High-throughput single-particle counting revealed extraordinary particle heterogeneity and nonorthogonality between plastic composition and morphologies; the resulting multidimensional profiling sheds light on the science of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Xiaoqi Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Huiping Deng
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY10964
| | | | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY10032
| | - Phoebe Stapleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ08854
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY10964
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
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3
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Weber K, Bruer G, Krueger N, Schuster TB, Creutzenberg O, Schaudien D. Regenerative and progressing lesions in lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes from fourteen 90-day inhalation studies with chemically different particulate materials. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)01118-9. [PMID: 38159619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rat lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes from 14 inhalation studies with chemically different particulate materials were histopathologically re-evaluated, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) data and lung burden analyses were compared. All investigated substances caused similar lesions. For most substances, 1 mg/m3 of respirable particulate matter was established as the borderline for adverse morphological changes after the 90-day exposure period, confirmed by the increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils in BALF. Possible reversibility was demonstrated when recovery groups are included in the study especially allowing the differentiation between regeneration or progressing of inflammatory changes during the recovery period. It was concluded, that the major driver of toxicity is not an intrinsic chemical property of the particle but a particle effect. Concerning classification for specific target organ toxicant (STOT) repeated exposure (RE), this paper highlights that merely comparing the lowest concentration, at which adverse effects were observed, with the Classification Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008 guidance values is inappropriate and might lead to a STOT classification under CLP for a large part of the substances discussed in this paper, on the basis of typically mild to moderate findings in rat lung and lung-associated lymph nodes on day 1 after exposure. An in-depth evaluation of the pathologic findings is required and an expert judgement has to be included in the decision on classification and labeling, evaluating the type and severity of effects and comparing these with the classification criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustav Bruer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany
| | - Nils Krueger
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Hanau, Germany
| | | | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany.
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Wollin KM, Batke M, Damm G, Freyberger A, Gundert-Remy U, Mangerich A, Hengstler JG, Partosch F, Schupp T, Sonnenburg A, Foth H. PFASs-restriction proposal commentary on ECHA's Annex XV restriction report, proposal for a restriction, March 2023. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3305-3312. [PMID: 37801158 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are defined as substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl (CF3-) or methylene (-CF2-) carbon atom. The excellent technical properties of members of the PFAS group have led to their use in a wide range of applications. The substance group comprises more than 10,000 individual compounds. A variety of adverse effects has been described for single substances. For the majority of the PFASs, neither toxicokinetic data nor effect data is available. Hence, because of the small number of PFASs for which a full toxicological profile is available, grouping based on the existing data is not feasible. A critical problem of PFASs and their degradation products is the very high persistence, which clearly fulfils the criterion for the substance property Very Persistent (vP) according to Annex XIII of the REACH Regulation. Because of this property the European Commission is planning to take action. Defining suitable subgroups appears to be a scientifically based approach. However, to reach this goal, large data gaps would have to be closed which would take up to centuries, a time-frame, which is not defendable with respect to potential irreversible harm. Because of the time pressure resulting from the potential irreversible harm, the precautionary principle has been selected as an appropriate tool to handle PFASs and in the restriction proposal PFASs are treated as one group. This approach is justified in the view of the advisory committee of the German Society for Toxicology. ECHA's proposal received a lot of attention in the public. However, communication so far has obviously led to the misunderstanding of a proven health hazard for all PFASs. Communication should explain the justification of the broad inclusion of substances as being based on the precautionary principle. Data gaps versus current knowledge need to be clearly communicated; communication should also include the possibility for derogation of essential use. It should address the issue of suitable substitutes to avoid unintended health consequences; and it should mention that existing persistent environmental contamination calls for developing innovation in remediation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Batke
- University of Applied Sciences Hochschule Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexius Freyberger
- Research and Development, Translational Sciences-Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Aswin Mangerich
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schupp
- Chemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Muenster, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Sonnenburg
- Department Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Foth
- Foth: Institute of Environmental Toxicology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany
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5
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Reichstein J, Müssig S, Wintzheimer S, Mandel K. Communicating Supraparticles to Enable Perceptual, Information-Providing Matter. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306728. [PMID: 37786273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials are the fundament of the physical world, whereas information and its exchange are the centerpieces of the digital world. Their fruitful synergy offers countless opportunities for realizing desired digital transformation processes in the physical world of materials. Yet, to date, a perfect connection between these worlds is missing. From the perspective, this can be achieved by overcoming the paradigm of considering materials as passive objects and turning them into perceptual, information-providing matter. This matter is capable of communicating associated digitally stored information, for example, its origin, fate, and material type as well as its intactness on demand. Herein, the concept of realizing perceptual, information-providing matter by integrating customizable (sub-)micrometer-sized communicating supraparticles (CSPs) is presented. They are assembled from individual nanoparticulate and/or (macro)molecular building blocks with spectrally differentiable signals that are either robust or stimuli-susceptible. Their combination yields functional signal characteristics that provide an identification signature and one or multiple stimuli-recorder features. This enables CSPs to communicate associated digital information on the tagged material and its encountered stimuli histories upon signal readout anywhere across its life cycle. Ultimately, CSPs link the materials and digital worlds with numerous use cases thereof, in particular fostering the transition into an age of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Reichstein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Müssig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Bosch A, Bott J, Warfving N, Nolde J. Investigation on the skin penetration of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) used in cosmetic products. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00236-9. [PMID: 37541533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is used as additive in a variety of industrial applications for many decades and has been approved to be used in food, food contact materials, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Due its internal structure, SAS is considered as a nanomaterial, thus it is affected by a general safety discussion. Based on the production process, SAS for cosmetic application is a nanomaterial by the EU Recommendation, although it was not considered as such, because the solely size-dependent definitions of the term "nanomaterial" emerged in recent times first in Recommendation 2011/696/EU. Therefore, former physicochemical and toxicological evaluations of SAS were already performed on nanomaterials, however, without being addressed as such. Safety concerns can only emerge if two criteria, (toxicological) hazard and exposure towards the substance is fulfilled at the same time. In case of SAS, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) challenged provided data to be insufficient to draw a conclusion regarding the safety of SAS and thus, requested further investigations, in particular by exploring skin penetration of particulate SAS.Investigation of specific particulate substances in skin penetration tests is an analytical challenge. The number of available analytical techniques that are capable to detect nanomaterials in complex matrices, like receptor fluids from skin penetration testing, are limited and still emerging. In the new studies, a comprehensive set of analytical techniques were used to investigate the skin penetration potential of SAS. Particle-sensitive, element and particle-specific combinations of techniques and different sample preparation procedures, that respected the particulate nature of SAS, were used to detect SAS in receptor fluids directly. In addition, electron microscopic techniques were used to examine different layers of skin to detect adsorbed SAS.The combination of Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) in combination with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for examination of receptor fluids and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) for examination of skin itself, were identified as suitable techniques for the detection of SAS in skin penetration tests. Data from literature was used to compare the results of the studies with the outcome of other test systems (other particles, other techniques). Both, the test results, and literature evaluation led to the conclusion, that SAS does not penetrate skin. Based on this outcome and local and systemic dermal toxicity review of SAS, it can be concluded that dermal application of SAS in cosmetic formulations is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Bosch
- Consultant Toxicology, 84503 Altötting, Germany
| | - Johannes Bott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nils Warfving
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Buchsweg 4, 4625 Oberbuchsiten, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Nolde
- Grace Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany.
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7
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Leibe R, Fritsch-Decker S, Gussmann F, Wagbo AM, Wadhwani P, Diabaté S, Wenzel W, Ulrich AS, Weiss C. Key Role of Choline Head Groups in Large Unilamellar Phospholipid Vesicles for the Interaction with and Rupture by Silica Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207593. [PMID: 37098631 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
For highly abundant silica nanomaterials, detrimental effects on proteins and phospholipids are postulated as critical molecular initiating events that involve hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic, and/or hydrophilic interactions. Here, large unilamellar vesicles with various well-defined phospholipid compositions are used as biomimetic models to recapitulate membranolysis, a process known to be induced by silica nanoparticles in human cells. Differential analysis of the dominant phospholipids determined in membranes of alveolar lung epithelial cells demonstrates that the quaternary ammonium head groups of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin play a critical and dose-dependent role in vesicle binding and rupture by amorphous colloidal silica nanoparticles. Surface modification by either protein adsorption or by covalent coupling of carboxyl groups suppresses the disintegration of these lipid vesicles, as well as membranolysis in human A549 lung epithelial cells by the silica nanoparticles. Furthermore, molecular modeling suggests a preferential affinity of silanol groups for choline head groups, which is also modulated by the pH value. Biomimetic lipid vesicles can thus be used to better understand specific phospholipid-nanoparticle interactions at the molecular level to support the rational design of safe advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Leibe
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Florian Gussmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ane Marit Wagbo
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Bragato C, Mostoni S, D’Abramo C, Gualtieri M, Pomilla FR, Scotti R, Mantecca P. On the In Vitro and In Vivo Hazard Assessment of a Novel Nanomaterial to Reduce the Use of Zinc Oxide in the Rubber Vulcanization Process. TOXICS 2022; 10:781. [PMID: 36548614 PMCID: PMC9787408 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most efficient curing activator employed in the industrial rubber production. However, ZnO and Zn(II) ions are largely recognized as an environmental hazard being toxic to aquatic organisms, especially considering Zn(II) release during tire lifecycle. In this context, aiming at reducing the amount of microcrystalline ZnO, a novel activator was recently synthetized, constituted by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to silica NPs (ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP). The objective of this work is to define the possible hazards deriving from the use of ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP compared to ZnO and SiO2 NPs traditionally used in the tire industry. The safety of the novel activators was assessed by in vitro testing, using human lung epithelial (A549) and immune (THP-1) cells, and by the in vivo model zebrafish (Danio rerio). The novel manufactured nanomaterial was characterized morphologically and structurally, and its effects evaluated in vitro by the measurement of the cell viability and the release of inflammatory mediators, while in vivo by the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test. Resulting data demonstrated that ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP, despite presenting some subtoxic events, exhibits the lack of acute effects both in vitro and in vivo, supporting the safe-by-design development of this novel material for the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Bragato
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian D’Abramo
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Pomilla
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
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9
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Visser M, Gosens I, Bard D, van Broekhuizen P, Janer G, Kuempel E, Riediker M, Vogel U, Dekkers S. Towards health-based nano reference values (HNRVs) for occupational exposure: Recommendations from an expert panel. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100396. [PMID: 35560294 PMCID: PMC10617652 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unique physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) suggest the need for nanomaterial-specific occupational exposure limits (OELs). Setting these limits remains a challenge. Therefore, the aim of this study was to set out a framework to evaluate the feasibility of deriving advisory health-based occupational limit values for groups of ENMs, based on scientific knowledge. We have used an expert panel approach to address three questions: 1) What ENM-categories should be distinguished to derive advisory health-based occupational limit values (or health-based Nano Reference Values, HNRVs) for groups of ENMs? 2) What evidence would be needed to define values for these categories? And 3) How much effort would it take to achieve this? The panel experts distinguished six possible categories of HNRVs: A) WHO-fiber-like high aspect ratio ENMs (HARNs), B) Non-WHO-fiber-like HARNs and other non-spheroidal ENMs, C) readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, D) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with unknown toxicity, E) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with substance-specific toxicity and F) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with relatively low substance-specific toxicity. For category A, the WHO-fiber-like HARNs, agreement was reached on criteria defining this category and the approach of using health-based risk estimates for asbestos to derive the HNRV. For category B, a quite heterogeneous category, more toxicity data are needed to set an HNRV. For category C, readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, using the OEL of their molecular or ionic counterpart would be a good starting point. For the biopersistent ENMs with unknown toxicity, HNRVs cannot be applied as case-by-case testing is required. For the other biopersistent ENMs in category E and F, we make several recommendations that can facilitate the derivation of these HNRVs. The proposed categories and recommendations as outlined by this expert panel can serve as a reference point for derivation of HNRVs when health-based OELs for ENMs are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Delphine Bard
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Science and Research Centre, Buxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eileen Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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10
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Weiss C, Diabaté S. Toxicology and Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113110. [PMID: 34835875 PMCID: PMC8625553 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Nanosystems in Cosmetic Products: A Brief Overview of Functional, Market, Regulatory and Safety Concerns. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091408. [PMID: 34575484 PMCID: PMC8470546 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosystems exhibit various innovative physico-chemical properties as well as a range of cosmetic functions, including increased skin retention for loaded compounds. The worldwide nano-market has therefore been consistently extensive in recent decades. This review summarizes the most important properties of nanosystems that are employed in cosmetics, including composition, functions and interactions with skin, with particular attention being paid to marketed products. Moreover, the worldwide regulatory landscape of nanomaterials used as cosmetic ingredients is considered, and the main safety concerns are indicated. In general, advanced physico-chemical characterization is preliminarily needed to assess the safety of nanomaterials for human health and the environment. However, there is currently a shortfall in global legislation as a universally accepted and unambiguous definition of a nanomaterial is still lacking. Therefore, each country follows its own regulations. Anyhow, the main safety concerns arise from the European context, which is the most restrictive. Accordingly, the poor dermal permeation of nanomaterials generally limits their potential toxic effects, which should be mainly ascribed to unwanted or accidental exposure routes.
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12
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Olejnik M, Breisch M, Sokolova V, Loza K, Prymak O, Rosenkranz N, Westphal G, Bünger J, Köller M, Sengstock C, Epple M. The effect of short silica fibers (0.3 μm 3.2 μm) on macrophages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144575. [PMID: 33486165 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silica fibers with a dimension of 0.3 μm ∙ 3.2 μm2 nm were prepared by a modified Stöber synthesis as model particles. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry and X-ray powder diffraction. Their uptake by macrophages (THP-1 cells and NR8383 cells) was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The uptake by cells was very high, but the silica fibers were not harmful to NR8383 cells in concentrations up to 100 μg mL-1. Only above 100 μg mL-1, significant cell toxic effects were observed, probably induced by a high dose of particles that had sedimented on the cells and led to the adverse effects. The chemotactic response as assessed by the particle-induced migration assay (PICMA) was weak in comparison to a control of agglomerated silica particles. The as-prepared fibers were fully X-ray amorphous but crystallized to β-cristobalite after heating to 1000 °C and converted to α-cristobalite upon cooling to ambient temperature. The fibers had sintered to larger aggregates but retained their elongated primary shape. The particle cytotoxicity towards THP-1 cells was not significantly enhanced by the crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olejnik
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marina Breisch
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Surgical Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Sokolova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Rosenkranz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Götz Westphal
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Köller
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Surgical Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Sengstock
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Surgical Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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13
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Ma-Hock L, Sauer UG, Ruggiero E, Keller JG, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. The Use of Nanomaterial In Vivo Organ Burden Data for In Vitro Dose Setting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005725. [PMID: 33586349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of nanomaterials are usually observed at higher concentrations in vitro compared to animal studies. This is pointing to differences between in vivo situations and generally less complex in vitro models. These differences concern toxicodynamics and the internal exposure (at the target cells of the in vitro and in vivo test system). The latter can be minimized by appropriate in vivo to in vitro dose extrapolations (IVIVE). An IVIVE six-step procedure is proposed here: 1) determine in vivo exposure; 2) identify in vivo organ burden at lowest observed adverse effect concentration; 3) extrapolate in vivo organ burden to in vitro effective dose; 4) extrapolate in vitro effective dose to nominal concentration; 5) set dose ranges to establish dose-response relationships; and 6) consider uncertainties and specificities of in vitro test system. Assessing the results of in vitro studies needs careful consideration of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo models: apart from different endpoints (usually cellular responses in vitro and adverse effects on organs or organisms in vivo), nanomaterials can also have a different potency in relatively simple in vitro models and the more complex corresponding organ in vivo. IVIVE can, nonetheless, reduce the differences in exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ruggiero
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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14
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Air-Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010065. [PMID: 33383962 PMCID: PMC7823463 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.
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15
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Oksel Karakus C, Bilgi E, Winkler DA. Biomedical nanomaterials: applications, toxicological concerns, and regulatory needs. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:331-351. [PMID: 33337941 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1860265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cutting-edge technologies such as nano- and biotechnology have created an opportunity for re-engineering existing materials and generating new nano-scale products that can function beyond the limits of conventional ones. While the step change in the properties and functionalities of these new materials opens up new possibilities for a broad range of applications, it also calls for structural modifications to existing safety assessment processes that are primarily focused on bulk material properties. Decades after the need to modify existing risk management practices to include nano-specific behaviors and exposure pathways was recognized, relevant policies for evaluating, and controlling health risks of nano-enabled materials is still lacking. This review provides an overview of current progress in the field of nanobiotechnology rather than intentions and aspirations, summarizes long-recognized but still unresolved issues surrounding materials safety at the nanoscale, and discusses key barriers preventing generation and integration of reliable data in bio/nano-safety domain. Particular attention is given to nanostructured materials that are commonly used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyup Bilgi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - David A Winkler
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia.,Latrobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,CSIRO Data61, Pullenvale, Australia
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16
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Saleemi MA, Hosseini Fouladi M, Yong PVC, Chinna K, Palanisamy NK, Wong EH. Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Mechanisms, Signaling Cascades, and Remedies in Biomedical Applications. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:24-46. [PMID: 33319996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most studied allotropic form of carbon. They can be used in various biomedical applications due to their novel physicochemical properties. In particular, the small size of CNTs, with a large surface area per unit volume, has a considerable impact on their toxicity. Despite of the use of CNTs in various applications, toxicity is a big problem that requires more research. In this Review, we discuss the toxicity of CNTs and the associated mechanisms. Physicochemical factors, such as metal impurities, length, size, solubilizing agents, CNTs functionalization, and agglomeration, that may lead to oxidative stress, toxic signaling pathways, and potential ways to control these mechanisms are also discussed. Moreover, with the latest mechanistic evidence described in this Review, we expect to give new insights into CNTs' toxicological effects at the molecular level and provide new clues for the mitigation of harmful effects emerging from exposure to CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansab Ali Saleemi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Hosseini Fouladi
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Phelim Voon Chen Yong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Navindra Kumari Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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17
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Isigonis P, Afantitis A, Antunes D, Bartonova A, Beitollahi A, Bohmer N, Bouman E, Chaudhry Q, Cimpan MR, Cimpan E, Doak S, Dupin D, Fedrigo D, Fessard V, Gromelski M, Gutleb AC, Halappanavar S, Hoet P, Jeliazkova N, Jomini S, Lindner S, Linkov I, Longhin EM, Lynch I, Malsch I, Marcomini A, Mariussen E, de la Fuente JM, Melagraki G, Murphy F, Neaves M, Packroff R, Pfuhler S, Puzyn T, Rahman Q, Pran ER, Semenzin E, Serchi T, Steinbach C, Trump B, Vrček IV, Warheit D, Wiesner MR, Willighagen E, Dusinska M. Risk Governance of Emerging Technologies Demonstrated in Terms of its Applicability to Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003303. [PMID: 32700469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have reached maturity and market penetration that require nano-specific changes in legislation and harmonization among legislation domains, such as the amendments to REACH for nanomaterials (NMs) which came into force in 2020. Thus, an assessment of the components and regulatory boundaries of NMs risk governance is timely, alongside related methods and tools, as part of the global efforts to optimise nanosafety and integrate it into product design processes, via Safe(r)-by-Design (SbD) concepts. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding risk governance of NMs and lays out the theoretical basis for the development and implementation of an effective, trustworthy and transparent risk governance framework for NMs. The proposed framework enables continuous integration of the evolving state of the science, leverages best practice from contiguous disciplines and facilitates responsive re-thinking of nanosafety governance to meet future needs. To achieve and operationalise such framework, a science-based Risk Governance Council (RGC) for NMs is being developed. The framework will provide a toolkit for independent NMs' risk governance and integrates needs and views of stakeholders. An extension of this framework to relevant advanced materials and emerging technologies is also envisaged, in view of future foundations of risk research in Europe and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Isigonis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | | | | | - Alena Bartonova
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Ali Beitollahi
- INIC, Iran Nanotechnology Initiate Council, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nils Bohmer
- Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DECHEMA), Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60486, Germany
| | - Evert Bouman
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Emil Cimpan
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen, 5063, Norway
| | - Shareen Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC, Paseo Miramón 196, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Doreen Fedrigo
- ECOS - European Environmental Citizens Organization for Standardization, Rue d'Edimbourg, 26, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, Contaminant Toxicology Unit and Risk Management Support, Unit of Chemicals Assessment, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex 94701, France
| | - Maciej Gromelski
- QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o., al. Grunwaldzka 190/102, Gdańsk, 80-266, Poland
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- LIST, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Hoet
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nina Jeliazkova
- IDEA Ideaconsult Limited Liability Company, Angel Kanchev 4, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Stéphane Jomini
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, Contaminant Toxicology Unit and Risk Management Support, Unit of Chemicals Assessment, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex 94701, France
| | - Sabine Lindner
- Plastics Europe Deutschland e. V., Mainzer Landstrasse 55, Frankfurt am Main, 60329, Germany
| | - Igor Linkov
- Factor Social Lda., Lisbon, Portugal
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center and Carnegie Mellon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ineke Malsch
- Malsch TechnoValuation, PO Box 455, Utrecht, AL, 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | | | | | - Michael Neaves
- ECOS - European Environmental Citizens Organization for Standardization, Rue d'Edimbourg, 26, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rolf Packroff
- Division of 'Hazardous chemicals and biological agents', BAuA - Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble Co., Miami Valley Innovation Center, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45239 8707, USA
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o., al. Grunwaldzka 190/102, Gdańsk, 80-266, Poland
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Group of Environmental Chemometrics, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | | | | | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- LIST, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DECHEMA), Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60486, Germany
| | - Benjamin Trump
- Factor Social Lda., Lisbon, Portugal
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center and University of Michigan, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia
| | | | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT) Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708-0287, USA
| | - Egon Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics, BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, ER 6229, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
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18
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Schupp T, Damm G, Foth H, Freyberger A, Gebel T, Gundert-Remy U, Hengstler JG, Mangerich A, Partosch F, Röhl C, Wollin KM. Long-term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2319-2329. [PMID: 32372210 PMCID: PMC7367917 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure of consumers and the environment has been reduced over the past decades. Despite all measures taken, immission of Pb onto agricultural soils still occurs, with fertilizer application, lead shot from hunting activities, and Pb from air deposition representing major sources. Little is known about the intermediate and long-term consequences of these emissions. To gain more insight, we established a mathematical model that considers input from fertilizer, ammunition, deposition from air, uptake of Pb by crops, and wash-out to simulate the resulting Pb concentrations in soil over extended periods. In a further step, human oral exposure by crop-based food was simulated and blood concentrations were derived to estimate the margin of exposure to Pb-induced toxic effects. Simulating current farming scenarios, a new equilibrium concentration of Pb in soil would be established after several centuries. Developmental neurotoxicity represents the most critical toxicological effect of Pb for humans. According to our model, a Pb concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg in agricultural soil leads to an intake of approximately 10 µg Pb per person per day by the consumption of agricultural products, the dose corresponding to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Therefore, 5 mg Pb/kg represents a critical concentration in soil that should not be exceeded. Starting with a soil concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, the current control level for crop fields, our simulation predicts periods of ~ 50 and ~ 175 years for two Pb immission scenarios for mass of Pb per area and year [scenario 1: ~ 400 g Pb/(ha × a); scenario 2: ~ 175 g Pb/(ha × a)], until the critical concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg Pb in soil would be reached. The two scenarios, which differ in their Pb input via fertilizer, represent relatively high but not unrealistic Pb immissions. From these scenarios, we calculated that the annual deposition of Pb onto soil should remain below ~ 100 g/(ha × a) in order not to exceed the critical soil level of 5 mg/kg. We propose as efficient measures to reduce Pb input into agricultural soil to lower the Pb content of compost and to use alternatives to Pb ammunition for hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schupp
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Muenster University of Applied Science, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department für Hepatobiliäre Chirurgie und Viszerale Transplantation, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi Foth
- Institut für Umwelttoxikologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle, Franzosenweg 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexius Freyberger
- Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Aprather Weg 18a, 421113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Gebel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Charité, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Box 628, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Falko Partosch
- Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Waldweg 37b, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Röhl
- Department of Environmental Health Protection, Schleswig-Holstein State Agency for Social Services, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Bannuscher A, Hellack B, Bahl A, Laloy J, Herman H, Stan MS, Dinischiotu A, Giusti A, Krause BC, Tentschert J, Roșu M, Balta C, Hermenean A, Wiemann M, Luch A, Haase A. Metabolomics profiling to investigate nanomaterial toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:807-826. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1764123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bannuscher
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, Duisburg, Germany
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau, Germany
| | - Aileen Bahl
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie Laloy
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Nanosafety Centre, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Hildegard Herman
- Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Miruna S. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Giusti
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin-Christoph Krause
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Roșu
- Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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20
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Abstract
The remarkable advances coming about through nanotechnology promise to revolutionize many aspects of modern life; however, these advances come with a responsibility for due diligence to ensure that they are not accompanied by adverse consequences for human health or the environment. Many novel nanomaterials (having at least one dimension <100 nm) could be highly mobile if released into the environment and are also very reactive, which has raised concerns for potential adverse impacts including, among others, the potential for neurotoxicity. Several lines of evidence led to concerns for neurotoxicity, but perhaps none more than observations that inhaled nanoparticles impinging on the mucosal surface of the nasal epithelium could be internalized into olfactory receptor neurons and transported by axoplasmic transport into the olfactory bulbs without crossing the blood-brain barrier. From the olfactory bulb, there is concern that nanomaterials may be transported deeper into the brain and affect other brain structures. Of course, people will not be exposed to only engineered nanomaterials, but rather such exposures will occur in a complex mixture of environmental materials, some of which are incidentally generated particles of a similar inhalable size range to engineered nanomaterials. To date, most experimental studies of potential neurotoxicity of nanomaterials have not considered the potential exposure sources and pathways that could lead to exposure, and most studies of nanomaterial exposure have not considered potential neurotoxicity. Here, we present a review of potential sources of exposures to nanoparticles, along with a review of the literature on potential neurotoxicity of nanomaterials. We employ the linked concepts of an aggregate exposure pathway (AEP) and an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) to organize and present the material. The AEP includes a sequence of key events progressing from material sources, release to environmental media, external exposure, internal exposure, and distribution to the target site. The AOP begins with toxicant at the target site causing a molecular initiating event and, like the AEP, progress sequentially to actions at the level of the cell, organ, individual, and population. Reports of nanomaterial actions are described at every key event along the AEP and AOP, except for changes in exposed populations that have not yet been observed. At this last stage, however, there is ample evidence of population level effects from exposure to ambient air particles that may act similarly to engineered nanomaterials. The data give an overall impression that current exposure levels may be considerably lower than those reported experimentally to be neurotoxic. This impression, however, is tempered by the absence of long-term exposure studies with realistic routes and levels of exposure to address concerns for chronic accumulation of materials or damage. Further, missing across the board are "key event relationships", which are quantitative expressions linking the key events of either the AEP or the AOP, making it impossible to quantitatively project the likelihood of adverse neurotoxic effects from exposure to nanomaterials or to estimate margins of exposure for such relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Boyes
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA 27711
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Wollin KM, Damm G, Foth H, Freyberger A, Gebel T, Mangerich A, Gundert-Remy U, Partosch F, Röhl C, Schupp T, Hengstler JG. Critical evaluation of human health risks due to hydraulic fracturing in natural gas and petroleum production. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:967-1016. [PMID: 32385535 PMCID: PMC7225182 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) to extract oil and natural gas has increased, along with intensive discussions on the associated risks to human health. Three technical processes should be differentiated when evaluating human health risks, namely (1) drilling of the borehole, (2) hydraulic stimulation, and (3) gas or oil production. During the drilling phase, emissions such as NOx, NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds) as precursors for tropospheric ozone formation, and SOx have been shown to be higher compared to the subsequent phases. In relation to hydraulic stimulation, the toxicity of frac fluids is of relevance. More than 1100 compounds have been identified as components. A trend is to use fewer, less hazardous and more biodegradable substances; however, the use of hydrocarbons, such as kerosene and diesel, is still allowed in the USA. Methane in drinking water is of low toxicological relevance but may indicate inadequate integrity of the gas well. There is a great concern regarding the contamination of ground- and surface water during the production phase. Water that flows to the surface from oil and gas wells, so-called 'produced water', represents a mixture of flow-back, the injected frac fluid returning to the surface, and the reservoir water present in natural oil and gas deposits. Among numerous hazardous compounds, produced water may contain bromide, arsenic, strontium, mercury, barium, radioactive isotopes and organic compounds, particularly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). The sewage outflow, even from specialized treatment plants, may still contain critical concentrations of barium, strontium and arsenic. Evidence suggests that the quality of groundwater and surface water may be compromised by disposal of produced water. Particularly critical is the use of produced water for watering of agricultural areas, where persistent compounds may accumulate. Air contamination can occur as a result of several HF-associated activities. In addition to BTEX, 20 HF-associated air contaminants are group 1A or 1B carcinogens according to the IARC. In the U.S., oil and gas production (including conventional production) represents the second largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions. High-quality epidemiological studies are required, especially in light of recent observations of an association between childhood leukemia and multiple myeloma in the neighborhood of oil and gas production sites. In conclusion, (1) strong evidence supports the conclusion that frac fluids can lead to local environmental contamination; (2) while changes in the chemical composition of soil, water and air are likely to occur, the increased levels are still often below threshold values for safety; (3) point source pollution due to poor maintenance of wells and pipelines can be monitored and remedied; (4) risk assessment should be based on both hazard and exposure evaluation; (5) while the concentrations of frac fluid chemicals are low, some are known carcinogens; therefore, thorough, well-designed studies are needed to assess the risk to human health with high certainty; (6) HF can represent a health risk via long-lasting contamination of soil and water, when strict safety measures are not rigorously applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Foth
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - A Freyberger
- Research and Development, Translational Sciences-Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Gebel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - U Gundert-Remy
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Partosch
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Röhl
- Department of Environmental Health Protection, Schleswig-Holstein State Agency for Social Services, Kiel, Germany
| | - T Schupp
- Chemical Engineering, University of Applied Science Muenster, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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22
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Micronuclei Detection by Flow Cytometry as a High-Throughput Approach for the Genotoxicity Testing of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121677. [PMID: 31771274 PMCID: PMC6956333 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of nanomaterials (NMs)-containing products are currently under development or incorporated in the consumer market, despite our very limited understanding of their genotoxic potential. Taking into account that the toxicity and genotoxicity of NMs strongly depend on their physicochemical characteristics, many variables must be considered in the safety evaluation of each given NM. In this scenario, the challenge is to establish high-throughput methodologies able to generate rapid and robust genotoxicity data that can be used to critically assess and/or predict the biological effects associated with those NMs being under development or already present in the market. In this study, we have evaluated the advantages of using a flow cytometry-based approach testing micronucleus (MNs) induction (FCMN assay). In the frame of the EU NANoREG project, we have tested six different NMs—namely NM100 and NM101 (TiO2NPs), NM110 (ZnONPs), NM212 (CeO2NPs), NM300K (AgNPs) and NM401 (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)). The obtained results confirm the ability of AgNPs and MWCNTs to induce MN in the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line, whereas the other tested NMs retrieved non-significant increases in the MN frequency. Based on the alignment of the results with the data reported in the literature and the performance of the FCMN assay, we strongly recommend this assay as a reference method to systematically evaluate the potential genotoxicity of NMs.
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Karkossa I, Bannuscher A, Hellack B, Bahl A, Buhs S, Nollau P, Luch A, Schubert K, von Bergen M, Haase A. An in-depth multi-omics analysis in RLE-6TN rat alveolar epithelial cells allows for nanomaterial categorization. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31653258 PMCID: PMC6814995 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanomaterials (NMs) can be fine-tuned in their properties resulting in a high number of variants, each requiring a thorough safety assessment. Grouping and categorization approaches that would reduce the amount of testing are in principle existing for NMs but are still mostly conceptual. One drawback is the limited mechanistic understanding of NM toxicity. Thus, we conducted a multi-omics in vitro study in RLE-6TN rat alveolar epithelial cells involving 12 NMs covering different materials and including a systematic variation of particle size, surface charge and hydrophobicity for SiO2 NMs. Cellular responses were analyzed by global proteomics, targeted metabolomics and SH2 profiling. Results were integrated using Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS Cluster analyses involving all data sets separated Graphene Oxide, TiO2_NM105, SiO2_40 and Phthalocyanine Blue from the other NMs as their cellular responses showed a high degree of similarities, although apical in vivo results may differ. SiO2_7 behaved differently but still induced significant changes. In contrast, the remaining NMs were more similar to untreated controls. WGCNA revealed correlations of specific physico-chemical properties such as agglomerate size and redox potential to cellular responses. A key driver analysis could identify biomolecules being highly correlated to the observed effects, which might be representative biomarker candidates. Key drivers in our study were mainly related to oxidative stress responses and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics approach involving proteomics, metabolomics and SH2 profiling proved useful to obtain insights into NMs Mode of Actions. Integrating results allowed for a more robust NM categorization. Moreover, key physico-chemical properties strongly correlating with NM toxicity were identified. Finally, we suggest several key drivers of toxicity that bear the potential to improve future testing and assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, Bliersheimerstraße 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.,German Environment Agency, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Aileen Bahl
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Buhs
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Tegenaw A, Sorial GA, Sahle-Demessie E, Han C. Characterization of colloid-size copper-based pesticide and its potential ecological implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:278-287. [PMID: 31323610 PMCID: PMC7384304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of Cu-based pesticides in agriculture could have an unintended impact on the ecosystems and human health via different exposure pathways. This paper presents the results of experiments involving colloidal stability, aggregation, and dissolution of Cu2O commercial pesticide under various environmental conditions in view of ecological implications. The investigated pesticide contains ∼750 g kg-1 Cu (75% weight of product), Cu2O particles with sizes < 1 μm, and nominal size fraction of Cu2O nanoparticles. The co-presence of Ca2+ (20 mM) and humic acid (HA, 15 mg L-1) significantly modulates (p < 0.001) the colloidal stability and mobility of particles. The dissolution of Cu at pH 5.5 was about 85%, 90%, and 75% weight more than the dissolution of Cu at pH 7.0, pH 8.5, and pH 7.0 and pH 8.5 combined, respectively in all dispersions. However, increasing HA content from 0 to 15 mg L-1 reduced the dissolution of Cu by 56%, 50%, and 40% weight at pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5, respectively. Thus, pH below 7.0 is a critical factor to control the dissolution and bioavailability of Cu that may pose ecotoxicity and environmental pollution, whereas pH above 7.0 and the presence of HA attenuate the pH effect. These findings provide insight into how the potential mobility and bioavailability of Cu is modulated by the water chemistry under various environmental scenarios and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayenachew Tegenaw
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 701 Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive P.O. Box 210012, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, United States
| | - George A Sorial
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 701 Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive P.O. Box 210012, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, United States.
| | - Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Changseok Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, INHA University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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25
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Zhao X, Shan S, Li J, Cao L, Lv J, Tan M. Assessment of potential toxicity of foodborne fluorescent nanoparticles from roasted pork. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1310-1323. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1652943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihui Shan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education of China, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Schmitz C, Welck J, Tavernaro I, Grinberg M, Rahnenführer J, Kiemer AK, van Thriel C, Hengstler JG, Kraegeloh A. Mechanical strain mimicking breathing amplifies alterations in gene expression induced by SiO 2 NPs in lung epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1227-1243. [PMID: 31418614 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1650971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of engineered nanomaterials on human health are still intensively studied in order to facilitate their safe application. However, relatively little is known how mechanical strain as induced in alveolar epithelial cells by breathing movements modifies biological responses to nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, A549 cells as a model for alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to 25 nm amorphous colloidal silica NPs under dynamic and static culture conditions. Gene array data, qPCR, and ELISA revealed an amplified effect of NPs when cells were mechanically stretched in order to model the physiological mechanical deformation during breathing. In contrast, treatment of cells with either strain or NPs alone only led to minor changes in gene expression or interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. Confocal microscopy revealed that stretching does not lead to an increased internalization of NPs, indicating that elevated intracellular NP accumulation is not responsible for the observed effect. Gene expression alterations induced by combined exposure to NPs and mechanical strain showed a high similarity to those known to be induced by TNF-α. This study suggests that the inclusion of mechanical strain into in vitro models of the human lung may have a strong influence on the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schmitz
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Saarbrücken , Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Jennifer Welck
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | | | - Marianna Grinberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , Dortmund , Germany
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27
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Fritsch-Decker S, An Z, Yan J, Hansjosten I, Al-Rawi M, Peravali R, Diabaté S, Weiss C. Silica Nanoparticles Provoke Cell Death Independent of p53 and BAX in Human Colon Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1172. [PMID: 31426331 PMCID: PMC6724124 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have suggested that silica nanoparticles (NPs) might induce adverse effects in gut cells. Here, we used the human colon cancer epithelial cell line HCT116 to study the potential cytotoxic effects of ingested silica NPs in the presence or absence of serum. Furthermore, we evaluated different physico-chemical parameters important for the assessment of nanoparticle safety, including primary particle size (12, 70, 200, and 500 nm) and surface modification (-NH2 and -COOH). Silica NPs triggered cytotoxicity, as evidenced by reduced metabolism and enhanced membrane leakage. Automated microscopy revealed that the silica NPs promoted apoptosis and necrosis proportional to the administered specific surface area dose. Cytotoxicity of silica NPs was suppressed by increasing amount of serum and surface modification. Furthermore, inhibition of caspases partially prevented silica NP-induced cytotoxicity. In order to investigate the role of specific cell death pathways in more detail, we used isogenic derivatives of HCT116 cells which lack the pro-apoptotic proteins p53 or BAX. In contrast to the anticancer drug cisplatin, silica NPs induced cell death independent of the p53-BAX axis. In conclusion, silica NPs initiated cell death in colon cancer cells dependent on the specific surface area and presence of serum. Further studies in vivo are warranted to address potential cytotoxic actions in the gut epithelium. The unintended toxicity of silica NPs as observed here could also be beneficial. As loss of p53 in colon cancer cells contributes to resistance against anticancer drugs, and thus to reoccurrence of colon cancer, targeted delivery of silica NPs could be envisioned to also deplete p53 deficient tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhen An
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jin Yan
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Iris Hansjosten
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marco Al-Rawi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ravindra Peravali
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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28
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Wagener S, Jungnickel H, Dommershausen N, Fischer T, Laux P, Luch A. Determination of Nanoparticle Uptake, Distribution, and Characterization in Plant Root Tissue after Realistic Long-Term Exposure to Sewage Sludge Using Information from Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5416-5426. [PMID: 30964664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in numerous products and their potential accumulation causes major concern for humans and the environment. Until now, the uptake of NPs in plant tissue was mostly shown under greenhouse conditions at high doses and short exposure periods. Here, we present results on the uptake of particulate silver (Ag) and cerium dioxide (CeO2) in the tissues of Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Hordeum vulgare, after exposure to sewage sludge treated with nano-Ag (NM300 K at 1.8 and 7.0 mg/kg sludge per dm soil) and nano-CeO2 (NM212 at 10 and 50 mg/kg sludge per dm soil). All plants were cultivated in a rural area near the German town Schmallenberg according to the common regional crop rotation on outdoor lysimeters. The highest concentrations measured were 86.4 mg/kg for Ag ( Hordeum vulgare) and 94 mg/kg for Ce ( Triticum sativum). Analysis of plant samples revealed the presence of Ag mainly in its ionic form. However, the occurrence of nano- and larger sized particles of Ag and CeO2 was observed as well. Quantitative shares of the particulate fraction of the total element concentration were estimated up to 22.4% for Ag and up to 85.1% for CeO2. A high abundance of particle agglomerates in the phloem suggests upward transport of the nanoparticles to other plant parts. A small number of agglomerates in the xylem suggests a downward transport and subsequent accumulation in the root phloem. Exemplary investigations of Brassica napus root exposed to nano-CeO2 revealed no accumulation of the pristine material in the cell nucleus; however, CePO4 was found. The presence of this substance points to a dissolution of the low soluble CeO2 in planta and subsequent precipitation. Furthermore, for the first time, mixed NP-salt agglomerates, composed of Ca3PO4+ and K3SO4+ NPs, could be observed within Brassica napus root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wagener
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Nils Dommershausen
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , D-10589 , Berlin , Germany
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29
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Leibe R, Hsiao IL, Fritsch-Decker S, Kielmeier U, Wagbo AM, Voss B, Schmidt A, Hessman SD, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ, Diabaté S, Weiss C. The protein corona suppresses the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and macrophages upon exposure to nanosilica. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:871-885. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Hsiao IL, Fritsch-Decker S, Leidner A, Al-Rawi M, Hug V, Diabaté S, Grage SL, Meffert M, Stoeger T, Gerthsen D, Ulrich AS, Niemeyer CM, Weiss C. Biocompatibility of Amine-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles: The Role of Surface Coverage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805400. [PMID: 30721573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs), one of the most abundant nanomaterials, are used as an example to illustrate the utmost importance of surface coverage by functional groups which critically determines biocompatibility. Silica NPs are functionalized with increasing amounts of amino groups, and the number of surface exposed groups is quantified and characterized by detailed NMR and fluorescamine binding studies. Subsequent biocompatibility studies in the absence of serum demonstrate that, irrespective of surface modification, both plain and amine-modified silica NPs trigger cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The in vitro results can be confirmed in vivo and are predictive for the inflammatory potential in murine lungs. In the presence of serum proteins, on the other hand, a replacement of only 10% of surface-active silanol groups by amines is sufficient to suppress cytotoxicity, emphasizing the relevance of exposure conditions. Mechanistic investigations identify a key role of lysosomal injury for cytotoxicity only in the presence, but not in the absence, of serum proteins. In conclusion, this work shows the critical need to rigorously characterize the surface coverage of NPs by their constituent functional groups, as well as the impact of serum, to reliably establish quantitative nanostructure activity relationships and develop safe nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lun Hsiao
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Arnold Leidner
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marco Al-Rawi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hug
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephan L Grage
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Meffert
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus South, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus South, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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31
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Gómez Garzón M. Usos terapéuticos de nanomateriales y nanopartículas. REPERTORIO DE MEDICINA Y CIRUGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.31260/repertmedcir.v28.n1.2019.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
La síntesis de nanomateriales y nanopartículas para usos médicos ha llevado a la generación de la nanomedicina, rama de la nanotecnología que permite diagnosticar, tratar y prevenir enfermedades y traumatismos, aliviar el dolor, preservar y mejorar la salud humana utilizando herramientas y conocimientos moleculares del cuerpo humano. Este artículo revisa las aplicaciones actuales y futuras de los nanomateriales en áreas biomédicas y presenta los riesgos de toxicidad que se podrían generar por su usoindiscriminado.
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Dasmahapatra AK, Dasari TPS, Tchounwou PB. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Toxicity in Fish. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 247:1-58. [PMID: 30413975 PMCID: PMC6481941 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-based nanoparticles (GPNs) constitute one of the most promising types of nanomaterials used in biomedical research. GPNs have been used as polymeric conduits for nerve regeneration and carriers for targeted drug delivery and in the treatment of cancer via photothermal therapy. Moreover, they have been used as tracers to study the distribution of bioactive compounds used in healthcare. Due to their extensive use, GPN released into the environment would probably pose a threat to living organisms and ultimately to human health. Their accumulation in the aquatic environment creates problems to aquatic habitats as well as to food chains. Until now the potential toxic effects of GPN are not properly understood. Despite agglomeration and long persistence in the environment, GPNs are able to cross the cellular barriers successfully, entered into the cells, and are able to interact with almost all the cellular sites including the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, and nucleus. Their interaction with DNA creates more potential threats to both the genome and epigenome. In this brief review, we focused on fish, mainly zebrafish (Danio rerio), as a potential target animal of GPN toxicity in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asok K Dasmahapatra
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions, Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Thabitha P S Dasari
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions, Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions, Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Kowoll T, Fritsch-Decker S, Diabaté S, Nienhaus GU, Gerthsen D, Weiss C. Assessment of in vitro particle dosimetry models at the single cell and particle level by scanning electron microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:100. [PMID: 30526603 PMCID: PMC6284276 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Particokinetic models are important to predict the effective cellular dose, which is key to understanding the interactions of particles with biological systems. For the reliable establishment of dose–response curves in, e.g., the field of pharmacology and toxicology, mostly the In vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry (ISDD) and Distorted Grid (DG) models have been employed. Here, we used high resolution scanning electron microscopy to quantify deposited numbers of particles on cellular and intercellular surfaces and compare experimental findings with results predicted by the ISDD and DG models. Results Exposure of human lung epithelial A549 cells to various concentrations of differently sized silica particles (100, 200 and 500 nm) revealed a remarkably higher dose deposited on intercellular regions compared to cellular surfaces. The ISDD and DG models correctly predicted the areal densities of particles in the intercellular space when a high adsorption (“stickiness”) to the surface was emulated. In contrast, the lower dose on cells was accurately inferred by the DG model in the case of “non-sticky” boundary conditions. Finally, the presence of cells seemed to enhance particle deposition, as aerial densities on cell-free substrates were clearly reduced. Conclusions Our results further validate the use of particokinetic models but also demonstrate their limitations, specifically, with respect to the spatial distribution of particles on heterogeneous surfaces. Consideration of surface properties with respect to adhesion and desorption should advance modelling approaches to ultimately predict the cellular dose with higher precision. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0426-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kowoll
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Engesserstr. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Engesserstr. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Wright ZM, Arnold AM, Holt BD, Eckhart KE, Sydlik SA. Functional Graphenic Materials, Graphene Oxide, and Graphene as Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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The MAK-commission: finding solutions to society's future challenges. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3247-3249. [PMID: 30251053 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lamon L, Aschberger K, Asturiol D, Richarz A, Worth A. Grouping of nanomaterials to read-across hazard endpoints: a review. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:100-118. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1506060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Lamon
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - K. Aschberger
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - D. Asturiol
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - A. Richarz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - A. Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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37
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Siegrist S, Cörek E, Detampel P, Sandström J, Wick P, Huwyler J. Preclinical hazard evaluation strategy for nanomedicines. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:73-99. [PMID: 30182784 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1505000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing nanomedicine usage has raised concerns about their possible impact on human health. Present evaluation strategies for nanomaterials rely on a case-by-case hazard assessment. They take into account material properties, biological interactions, and toxicological responses. Authorities have also emphasized that exposure route and intended use should be considered in the safety assessment of nanotherapeutics. In contrast to an individual assessment of nanomaterial hazards, we propose in the present work a novel and unique evaluation strategy designed to uncover potential adverse effects of such materials. We specifically focus on spherical engineered nanoparticles used as parenterally administered nanomedicines. Standardized assay protocols from the US Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory as well as the EU Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory can be used for experimental data generation. We focus on both cellular uptake and intracellular persistence as main indicators for nanoparticle hazard potentials. Based on existing regulatory specifications defined by authorities such as the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration, we provide a robust framework for application-oriented classification paired with intuitive decision making. The Hazard Evaluation Strategy (HES) for injectable nanoparticles is a three-tiered concept covering physicochemical characterization, nanoparticle (bio)interactions, and hazard assessment. It is cost-effective and can assist in the design and optimization of nanoparticles intended for therapeutic use. Furthermore, this concept is designed to be adaptable for alternative exposure and application scenarios. To the knowledge of the authors, the HES is unique in its methodology based on exclusion criteria. It is the first hazard evaluation strategy designed for nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Siegrist
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Emre Cörek
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jenny Sandström
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- c Laboratory for Patricles-Biology Interactions , Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Gubala V, Johnston LJ, Krug HF, Moore CJ, Ober CK, Schwenk M, Vert M. Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 2. Applications and nanotoxicology (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has progressed rapidly from the very early stages of studying their unique, size-dependent physicochemical properties and commercial exploration to the development of products that influence our everyday lives. We have previously reviewed various methods for synthesis, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization of ENM in a publication titled ‘Engineered Nanomaterials: Preparation, Functionalization and Characterization’. In this second, inter-linked document, we first provide an overview of important applications of ENM in products relevant to human healthcare and consumer goods, such as food, textiles, and cosmetics. We then highlight the challenges for the design and development of new ENM for bio-applications, particularly in the rapidly developing nanomedicine sector. The second part of this document is dedicated to nanotoxicology studies of ENM in consumer products. We describe the various biological targets where toxicity may occur, summarize the four nanotoxicology principles, and discuss the need for careful consideration of the biodistribution, degradation, and elimination routes of nanosized materials before they can be safely used. Finally, we review expert opinions on the risk, regulation, and ethical aspects of using engineered nanomaterials in applications that may have direct or indirect impact on human health or our environment.
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Guarnieri D, Sánchez-Moreno P, Del Rio Castillo AE, Bonaccorso F, Gatto F, Bardi G, Martín C, Vázquez E, Catelani T, Sabella S, Pompa PP. Biotransformation and Biological Interaction of Graphene and Graphene Oxide during Simulated Oral Ingestion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800227. [PMID: 29756263 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation and biological impact of few layer graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO) are studied, following ingestion as exposure route. An in vitro digestion assay based on a standardized operating procedure (SOP) is exploited. The assay simulates the human ingestion of nanomaterials during their dynamic passage through the different environments of the gastrointestinal tract (salivary, gastric, intestinal). Physical-chemical changes of FLG and GO during digestion are assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of chronic exposure to digested nanomaterials on integrity and functionality of an in vitro model of intestinal barrier is also determined according to a second SOP. These results show a modulation of the aggregation state of FLG and GO nanoflakes after experiencing the complex environments of the different digestive compartments. In particular, chemical doping effects are observed due to FLG and GO interaction with digestive juice components. No structural changes/degradation of the nanomaterials are detected, suggesting that they are biopersistent when administered by oral route. Chronic exposure to digested graphene does not affect intestinal barrier integrity and is not associated with inflammation and cytotoxicity, though possible long-term adverse effects cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarnieri
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Sánchez-Moreno
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16136, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatto
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16136, Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
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Landvik NE, Skaug V, Mohr B, Verbeek J, Zienolddiny S. Criteria for grouping of manufactured nanomaterials to facilitate hazard and risk assessment, a systematic review of expert opinions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fritsch-Decker S, Marquardt C, Stoeger T, Diabaté S, Weiss C. Revisiting the stress paradigm for silica nanoparticles: decoupling of the anti-oxidative defense, pro-inflammatory response and cytotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2163-2174. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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Park MV, Catalán J, Ferraz N, Cabellos J, Vanhauten R, Vázquez-Campos S, Janer G. Development of a systematic method to assess similarity between nanomaterials for human hazard evaluation purposes - lessons learnt. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:652-676. [PMID: 29732939 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1465142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the EU FP-7 GUIDEnano project, a methodology was developed to systematically quantify the similarity between a nanomaterial (NM) that has been tested in toxicity studies and the NM for which risk needs to be evaluated, for the purpose of extrapolating toxicity data between the two materials. The methodology is a first attempt to use current knowledge on NM property-hazard relationships to develop a series of pragmatic and systematic rules for assessing NM similarity. Moreover, the methodology takes into account the practical feasibility, in that it is based on generally available NM characterization information. In addition to presenting this methodology, the lessons learnt and the challenges faced during its development are reported here. We conclude that there is a large gap between the information that is ideally needed and its application to real cases. The current database on property-hazard relationships is still very limited, which hinders the agreement on the key NM properties constituting the basis of the similarity assessment and the development of associated science-based and unequivocal rules. Currently, one of the most challenging NM properties to systematically assess in terms of similarity between two NMs is surface coating and functionalization, which lacks standardized parameters for description and characterization methodology. Standardization of characterization methods that lead to quantitative, unambiguous, and measurable parameters describing NM properties are necessary in order to build a sufficiently robust property-hazard database that allows for evidence-based refinement of our methodology, or any other attempt to systematically assess the similarity of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet Vdz Park
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health Protection , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Julia Catalán
- b Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- d Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Janer
- e Leitat Technological Center , Terrassa , Spain
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Wiemann M, Sauer UG, Vennemann A, Bäcker S, Keller JG, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. In Vitro and In Vivo Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity of Differently Sized Colloidal Amorphous SiO₂. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29534009 PMCID: PMC5869651 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro prediction of inflammatory lung effects of well-dispersed nanomaterials is challenging. Here, the in vitro effects of four colloidal amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials that differed only by their primary particle size (9, 15, 30, and 55 nm) were analyzed using the rat NR8383 alveolar macrophage (AM) assay. Data were compared to effects of single doses of 15 nm and 55 nm SiO2 intratracheally instilled in rat lungs. In vitro, all four elicited the release of concentration-dependent lactate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the two smaller materials also released H2O2. All effects were size-dependent. Since the colloidal SiO2 remained well-dispersed in serum-free in vitro conditions, effective particle concentrations reaching the cells were estimated using different models. Evaluating the effective concentration–based in vitro effects using the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials, all four nanomaterials were assigned as “active.” This assignment and the size dependency of effects were consistent with the outcomes of intratracheal instillation studies and available short-term rat inhalation data for 15 nm SiO2. The study confirms the applicability of the NR8383 AM assay to assessing colloidal SiO2 but underlines the need to estimate and consider the effective concentration of such well-dispersed test materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- BASF SE, Human Biomonitoring and Industrial Hygiene, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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45
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Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Mech A, Riego Sintes J, Gilliland D, González M, Kearns P, Moss K, Visser M, Groenewold M, Bleeker EAJ. Physico-chemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials - Characterisation and relevant methods. An outlook based on the OECD Testing Programme. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:8-28. [PMID: 29074277 PMCID: PMC5817049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and characterising nanomaterials require additional information on physico-chemical properties and test methods, compared to chemicals in general. Furthermore, regulatory decisions for chemicals are usually based upon certain toxicological properties, and these effects may not be equivalent to those for nanomaterials. However, regulatory agencies lack an authoritative decision framework for nanomaterials that links the relevance of certain physico-chemical endpoints to toxicological effects. This paper investigates various physico-chemical endpoints and available test methods that could be used to produce such a decision framework for nanomaterials. It presents an overview of regulatory relevance and methods used for testing fifteen proposed physico-chemical properties of eleven nanomaterials in the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing Programme, complemented with methods from literature, and assesses the methods' adequacy and applications limits. Most endpoints are of regulatory relevance, though the specific parameters depend on the nanomaterial and type of assessment. Size (distribution) is the common characteristic of all nanomaterials and is decisive information for classifying a material as a nanomaterial. Shape is an important particle descriptor. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient is undefined for particulate nanomaterials. Methods, including sample preparation, need to be further standardised, and some new methods are needed. The current work of OECD's Test Guidelines Programme regarding physico-chemical properties is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Agnieszka Mech
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Juan Riego Sintes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mar González
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Peter Kearns
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Kenneth Moss
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (7405M), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20460 United States.
| | - Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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46
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Laux P, Tentschert J, Riebeling C, Braeuning A, Creutzenberg O, Epp A, Fessard V, Haas KH, Haase A, Hund-Rinke K, Jakubowski N, Kearns P, Lampen A, Rauscher H, Schoonjans R, Störmer A, Thielmann A, Mühle U, Luch A. Nanomaterials: certain aspects of application, risk assessment and risk communication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:121-141. [PMID: 29273819 PMCID: PMC5773666 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development and market introduction of new nanomaterials trigger the need for an adequate risk assessment of such products alongside suitable risk communication measures. Current application of classical and new nanomaterials is analyzed in context of regulatory requirements and standardization for chemicals, food and consumer products. The challenges of nanomaterial characterization as the main bottleneck of risk assessment and regulation are presented. In some areas, e.g., quantification of nanomaterials within complex matrices, the establishment and adaptation of analytical techniques such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and others are potentially suited to meet the requirements. As an example, we here provide an approach for the reliable characterization of human exposure to nanomaterials resulting from food packaging. Furthermore, results of nanomaterial toxicity and ecotoxicity testing are discussed, with concluding key criteria such as solubility and fiber rigidity as important parameters to be considered in material development and regulation. Although an analysis of the public opinion has revealed a distinguished rating depending on the particular field of application, a rather positive perception of nanotechnology could be ascertained for the German public in general. An improvement of material characterization in both toxicological testing as well as end-product control was concluded as being the main obstacle to ensure not only safe use of materials, but also wide acceptance of this and any novel technology in the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Epp
- Department of Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Laboratoire de Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf Dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kearns
- OECD Environment, Health and Safety Division 2, rue Andre-Pascal, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Reinhilde Schoonjans
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno 1a, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Störmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Axel Thielmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Breslauer Strasse 48, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Mühle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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47
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Microscopy-based high-throughput assays enable multi-parametric analysis to assess adverse effects of nanomaterials in various cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:633-649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Drew NM, Kuempel ED, Pei Y, Yang F. A quantitative framework to group nanoscale and microscale particles by hazard potency to derive occupational exposure limits: Proof of concept evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:253-267. [PMID: 28789940 PMCID: PMC5875420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The large and rapidly growing number of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) presents a challenge to assessing the potential occupational health risks. An initial database of 25 rodent studies including 1929 animals across various experimental designs and material types was constructed to identify materials that are similar with respect to their potency in eliciting neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation, a response relevant to workers. Doses were normalized across rodent species, strain, and sex as the estimated deposited particle mass dose per gram of lung. Doses associated with specific measures of pulmonary inflammation were estimated by modeling the continuous dose-response relationships using benchmark dose modeling. Hierarchical clustering was used to identify similar materials. The 18 nanoscale and microscale particles were classified into four potency groups, which varied by factors of approximately two to 100. Benchmark particles microscale TiO2 and crystalline silica were in the lowest and highest potency groups, respectively. Random forest methods were used to identify the important physicochemical predictors of pulmonary toxicity, and group assignments were correctly predicted for five of six new ENMs. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated for this framework. More comprehensive data are needed for further development and validation for use in deriving categorical occupational exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Drew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
| | - Eileen D Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Ying Pei
- West Virginia University, Department of Industrial and Management System Engineering, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- West Virginia University, Department of Industrial and Management System Engineering, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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49
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Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials: Impact on DNA Repair Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071515. [PMID: 28703770 PMCID: PMC5536005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may have the potential to cause damage to the genetic material in living systems. The mechanistic machinery functioning at the cellular/molecular level, in the form of DNA repair processes, has evolved to help circumvent DNA damage caused by exposure to a variety of foreign substances. Recent studies have contributed to our understanding of the various DNA damage repair pathways involved in the processing of DNA damage. However, the vast array of ENMs may present a relatively new challenge to the integrity of the human genome; therefore, the potential hazard posed by some ENMs necessitates the evaluation and understanding of ENM-induced DNA damage repair pathways. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting the differential regulation of DNA repair pathways, in response to a variety of ENMs, and discusses the various factors that dictate aberrant repair processes, including intracellular signalling, spatial interactions and ENM-specific responses.
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50
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Hu X, Sun A, Kang W, Zhou Q. Strategies and knowledge gaps for improving nanomaterial biocompatibility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:177-189. [PMID: 28318601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With rapid development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, nanosafety has attracted wide attention in all fields related to nanotechnology. As well known, a grand challenge in nanomaterial applications is their biocompatibility. It is urgent to explore effective strategies to control the unintentional effects. Although many novel methods for the synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials are reported, the control strategy of nanotoxicity remains in its infancy. It is urgent to review the archived strategies for improving nanomaterial biocompatibility to clarify what we have done and where we should be. In this review, the achievements and challenges in nanomaterial structure/surface modifications and size/shape controls were analyzed. Moreover, the chemical and biological strategies to make nanomaterial more biocompatible and biodegradable were compared. Finally, the concerns that have not been studied well were prospected, involving unintended releases, life-cycle, occupational exposure and methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Anqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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