1
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Mendoza AP, Muñoz-Maceda A, Ghersi BM, De La Puente M, Zariquiey C, Cavero N, Murillo Y, Sebastian M, Ibañez Y, Parker PG, Perez A, Uhart M, Robinson J, Olson SH, Rosenbaum MH. Diversity and prevalence of zoonotic infections at the animal-human interface of primate trafficking in Peru. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287893. [PMID: 38324542 PMCID: PMC10849265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife trafficking creates favorable scenarios for intra- and inter-specific interactions that can lead to parasite spread and disease emergence. Among the fauna affected by this activity, primates are relevant due to their potential to acquire and share zoonoses - infections caused by parasites that can spread between humans and other animals. Though it is known that most primate parasites can affect multiple hosts and that many are zoonotic, comparative studies across different contexts for animal-human interactions are scarce. We conducted a multi-parasite screening targeting the detection of zoonotic infections in wild-caught monkeys in nine Peruvian cities across three contexts: captivity (zoos and rescue centers, n = 187); pet (households, n = 69); and trade (trafficked or recently confiscated, n = 132). We detected 32 parasite taxa including mycobacteria, simian foamyvirus, bacteria, helminths, and protozoa. Monkeys in the trade context had the highest prevalence of hemoparasites (including Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and microfilaria) and enteric helminths and protozoa were less common in pet monkeys. However, parasite communities showed overall low variation between the three contexts. Parasite richness (PR) was best explained by host genus and the city where the animal was sampled. Squirrel (genus Saimiri) and wooly (genus Lagothrix) monkeys had the highest PR, which was ~2.2 times the PR found in tufted capuchins (genus Sapajus) and tamarins (genus Saguinus/Leontocebus) in a multivariable model adjusted for context, sex, and age. Our findings illustrate that the threats of wildlife trafficking to One Health encompass exposure to multiple zoonotic parasites well-known to cause disease in humans, monkeys, and other species. We demonstrate these threats continue beyond the markets where wildlife is initially sold; monkeys trafficked for the pet market remain a reservoir for and contribute to the translocation of zoonotic parasites to households and other captive facilities where contact with humans is frequent. Our results have practical applications for the healthcare of rescued monkeys and call for urgent action against wildlife trafficking and ownership of monkeys as pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Patricia Mendoza
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Peru Program, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation – Perú, Moyobamba, San Martín, Perú
| | - Ana Muñoz-Maceda
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nancy Cavero
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Yovana Murillo
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Yohani Ibañez
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia G. Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alberto Perez
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Uhart
- One Health Institute, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Janine Robinson
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marieke H. Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2
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Adhikari A, Koju NP, Maharjan B, Khanal L, Upreti M, Kyes RC. Gastro-intestinal parasites of urban rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:175-183. [PMID: 37915770 PMCID: PMC10615899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections such as amoebiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection, and trichuriasis are the most common infections among non-human primates (NHPs). There are always the possibilities of transmission these parasites between humans and NHPs. Multiple groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) live in the urban area of Kathmandu Valley near human settlements, however the gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections in those macaques are understudied. This study aimed to explore the GI parasites in free-ranging macaques from Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Tripureshwor, Nilbarahi temples and a group of captive rhesus macaques in the Central Zoo, Kathmandu. Fecal samples were collected from the macaques between October 2021 to September 2022 and assessed for parasites by the both wet mount method and concentration technique. There is high prevalence of GI parasite infection; out of 121 fecal samples examined, 87.6% of samples were positive. Six species of protozoans and eight species of helminths were identified from the fecal samples including the first report of Iodamoeba butschlii in monkeys of Nepal. Among the protozoan parasites, Entamoeba coli (54.71%) showed the highest prevalence followed by Balantioides coli (44.33%), E. histolytica (19.81%), and Iodamoeba butschlii (10%). Among the helminths, Trichuris spp. (31.13%) and Strongyloides spp. (31.13%) showed the highest prevalence followed by Hookworm (24.52%), and Strongyle spp. (23.58%). The likelihood ratio test suggested that the prevalence differed significantly with the seasons for Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia spp., Strongyles spp., Hookworm, and Trichostrongylus spp. The prevalence of E. histolytica, E. coli, Iodamoeba. butschlii, Trichuris spp., Trichostrongylus spp., and Unknown spp.1 differed with sampling localities. The high prevalence of GI parasites found in the macaques living in the densely urbanized Kathmandu presents a potential threat to humans and warrants further study as well as increased education of the public and management of the human-macaque interface in the urban landscape of the Valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Adhikari
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Narayan Prasad Koju
- Center for Postgraduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Nepal
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington. Guthrie Hall (GTH), 119A 98195-1525, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | | | - Laxman Khanal
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
| | - Milan Upreti
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Randall C. Kyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington. Guthrie Hall (GTH), 119A 98195-1525, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Departments of Global Health and Anthropology, Center for Global Field Study, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington. 3018 Western Ave, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
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3
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Trillo PA, Bernal XE, Hall RJ. Mixed-species assemblages and disease: the importance of differential vector and parasite attraction in transmission dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220109. [PMID: 37066659 PMCID: PMC10107280 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals from multiple species often aggregate at resources, group to facilitate defense and foraging, or are brought together by human activity. While it is well-documented that host-seeking disease vectors and parasites show biases in their responses to cues from different hosts, the influence of mixed-species assemblages on disease dynamics has received limited attention. Here, we synthesize relevant research in host-specific vector and parasite bias. To better understand how vector and parasite biases influence infection, we provide a conceptual framework describing cue-oriented vector and parasite host-seeking behaviour as a two-stage process that encompasses attraction of these enemies to the assemblage and their choice of hosts once at the assemblage. We illustrate this framework, developing a case study of mixed-species frog assemblages, where frog-biting midges transmit trypanosomes. Finally, we present a mathematical model that investigates how host species composition and asymmetries in vector attraction modulate transmission dynamics in mixed-species assemblages. We argue that differential attraction of vectors by hosts can have important consequences for disease transmission within mixed-species assemblages, with implications for wildlife conservation and zoonotic disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Trillo
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama, República de Panama
| | - Richard J. Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Jahan M, Calvignac-Spencer S, Chapman CA, Kalbitzer U, Leendertz FH, Omeja PA, Sarkar D, Ulrich M, Gogarten JF. The Movement of Pathogen Carrying Flies at the Human-Wildlife Interface. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:450-457. [PMID: 36629957 PMCID: PMC9833016 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flies form high-density associations with human settlements and groups of nonhuman primates and are implicated in transmitting pathogens. We investigate the movement of nonhuman primate-associated flies across landscapes surrounding Kibale National Park, Uganda, using a mark-recapture experiment. Flies were marked in nine nonhuman primate groups at the forest edge ([Formula: see text] = 929 flies per group), and we then attempted to recapture them in more anthropized areas (50 m, 200 m and 500 m from where marked; 2-21 days after marking). Flies marked in nonhuman primate groups were recaptured in human areas (19/28,615 recaptured). Metabarcoding of the flies in nonhuman primate groups revealed the DNA of multiple eukaryotic primate parasites. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of flies to serve as vectors between nonhuman primates, livestock and humans at this biodiverse interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueena Jahan
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Wilson Center, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick A Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Dipto Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Markus Ulrich
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany.
- Department of Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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5
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Leifels M, Khalilur Rahman O, Sam IC, Cheng D, Chua FJD, Nainani D, Kim SY, Ng WJ, Kwok WC, Sirikanchana K, Wuertz S, Thompson J, Chan YF. The one health perspective to improve environmental surveillance of zoonotic viruses: lessons from COVID-19 and outlook beyond. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:107. [PMID: 36338866 PMCID: PMC9618154 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human population has doubled in the last 50 years from about 3.7 billion to approximately 7.8 billion. With this rapid expansion, more people live in close contact with wildlife, livestock, and pets, which in turn creates increasing opportunities for zoonotic diseases to pass between animals and people. At present an estimated 75% of all emerging virus-associated infectious diseases possess a zoonotic origin, and outbreaks of Zika, Ebola and COVID-19 in the past decade showed their huge disruptive potential on the global economy. Here, we describe how One Health inspired environmental surveillance campaigns have emerged as the preferred tools to monitor human-adjacent environments for known and yet to be discovered infectious diseases, and how they can complement classical clinical diagnostics. We highlight the importance of environmental factors concerning interactions between animals, pathogens and/or humans that drive the emergence of zoonoses, and the methodologies currently proposed to monitor them-the surveillance of wastewater, for example, was identified as one of the main tools to assess the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by public health professionals and policy makers during the COVID-19 pandemic. One-Health driven approaches that facilitate surveillance, thus harbour the potential of preparing humanity for future pandemics caused by aetiological agents with environmental reservoirs. Via the example of COVID-19 and other viral diseases, we propose that wastewater surveillance is a useful complement to clinical diagnosis as it is centralized, robust, cost-effective, and relatively easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leifels
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Omar Khalilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dan Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Jun Desmond Chua
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dhiraj Nainani
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Se Yeon Kim
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Ng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chiew Kwok
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janelle Thompson
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Jacquot M, Wallace MA, Streicker DG, Biek R. Geographic Range Overlap Rather than Phylogenetic Distance Explains Rabies Virus Transmission among Closely Related Bat Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112399. [PMID: 36366496 PMCID: PMC9697534 DOI: 10.3390/v14112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-species transmission (CST) of pathogens can have dramatic consequences, as highlighted by recent disease emergence events affecting human, animal and plant health. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that increase the likelihood of disease agents infecting and establishing in a novel host is therefore an important research area. Previous work across different pathogens, including rabies virus (RABV), found that increased evolutionary distance between hosts reduces the frequency of cross-species transmission and of permanent host shifts. However, whether this effect of host relatedness still holds for transmission among recently diverged hosts is not well understood. We aimed to ask if high host relatedness can still increase the probability of a host shift between more recently diverged hosts, and the importance of this effect relative to ecological predictors. We first addressed this question by quantifying the CST frequency of RABV between North American bat species within the genus Myotis, using a multi-decade data set containing 128 nucleoprotein (N) RABV sequences from ten host species. We compared RABV CST frequency within Myotis to the rates of CST between nine genera of North American bat species. We then examined whether host relatedness or host range overlap better explains the frequency of CST seen between Myotis species. We found that at the within genus scale, host range overlap, rather than host relatedness best explains the frequency of CST events. Moreover, we found evidence of CST occurring among a higher proportion of species, and CST more frequently resulting in sustained transmission in the novel host in the Myotis dataset compared to the multi-genus dataset. Our results suggest that among recently diverged species, the ability to infect a novel host is no longer restricted by physiological barriers but instead is limited by physical contact. Our results improve predictions of where future CST events for RABV might occur and clarify the relationship between host divergence and pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Jacquot
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Megan A. Wallace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Roman Biek
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.B.)
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7
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Reviewing the Past, Present, and Future Risks of Pathogens in Ghana and What This Means for Rethinking Infectious Disease Surveillance for Sub-Saharan Africa. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:4589007. [PMID: 35846072 PMCID: PMC9284326 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4589007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current epidemiological transition makes us wonder how the parallel of infectious diseases (IDs) might be at the end of each passing year. Yet, the surveillance of these IDs continues to focus on high-profile diseases of public health importance without keeping track of the broad spectrum of the IDs we face. Here, we presented the prevalence of the broad spectrum of IDs in Ghana. Data from the annual reports on Gold Coast now Ghana, Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON), and the District Health Information Management System II (DHIMS2) databases were examined for records of ID prevalence in Ghana. Using the IDs from these databases, the paper assessed the epidemiological transition, pathogen-host interactions, spatiotemporal distribution, transmission routes, and their potential areas of impact in Ghana. The topmost ID recorded in health facilities in Ghana transitioned from yaws in the 1890s to malaria in the 1950s through 2020. We then presented the hosts of a pathogen and the pathogens of a host, the administrative districts where a pathogen was found, and the pathogens found in each district of Ghana. The highest modes of transmission routes were through direct contact for bacteria and airborne or droplet-borne for viral pathogens. From GIDEON, 226 IDs were identified as endemic or potentially endemic in Ghana, with 42% cited in peer-reviewed articles from 2000 to 2020. From the extent of risk of endemic or potentially endemic IDs, Ghana faces a high risk of ID burden that we should be mindful of their changing patterns and should keep track of the state of each of them.
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8
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Ross N, Bansal S. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022; 607:555-562. [PMID: 35483403 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.24.918755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans but, at present, the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals1,2. However, changes in climate and land use will lead to opportunities for viral sharing among previously geographically isolated species of wildlife3,4. In some cases, this will facilitate zoonotic spillover-a mechanistic link between global environmental change and disease emergence. Here we simulate potential hotspots of future viral sharing, using a phylogeographical model of the mammal-virus network, and projections of geographical range shifts for 3,139 mammal species under climate-change and land-use scenarios for the year 2070. We predict that species will aggregate in new combinations at high elevations, in biodiversity hotspots, and in areas of high human population density in Asia and Africa, causing the cross-species transmission of their associated viruses an estimated 4,000 times. Owing to their unique dispersal ability, bats account for the majority of novel viral sharing and are likely to share viruses along evolutionary pathways that will facilitate future emergence in humans. Notably, we find that this ecological transition may already be underway, and holding warming under 2 °C within the twenty-first century will not reduce future viral sharing. Our findings highlight an urgent need to pair viral surveillance and discovery efforts with biodiversity surveys tracking the range shifts of species, especially in tropical regions that contain the most zoonoses and are experiencing rapid warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- Center for Global Health Science & Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Ross N, Bansal S. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022; 607:555-562. [PMID: 35483403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans but, at present, the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals1,2. However, changes in climate and land use will lead to opportunities for viral sharing among previously geographically isolated species of wildlife3,4. In some cases, this will facilitate zoonotic spillover-a mechanistic link between global environmental change and disease emergence. Here we simulate potential hotspots of future viral sharing, using a phylogeographical model of the mammal-virus network, and projections of geographical range shifts for 3,139 mammal species under climate-change and land-use scenarios for the year 2070. We predict that species will aggregate in new combinations at high elevations, in biodiversity hotspots, and in areas of high human population density in Asia and Africa, causing the cross-species transmission of their associated viruses an estimated 4,000 times. Owing to their unique dispersal ability, bats account for the majority of novel viral sharing and are likely to share viruses along evolutionary pathways that will facilitate future emergence in humans. Notably, we find that this ecological transition may already be underway, and holding warming under 2 °C within the twenty-first century will not reduce future viral sharing. Our findings highlight an urgent need to pair viral surveillance and discovery efforts with biodiversity surveys tracking the range shifts of species, especially in tropical regions that contain the most zoonoses and are experiencing rapid warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Center for Global Health Science & Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Bornbusch SL, Greene LK, Rahobilalaina S, Calkins S, Rothman RS, Clarke TA, LaFleur M, Drea CM. Gut microbiota of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) vary across natural and captive populations and correlate with environmental microbiota. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:29. [PMID: 35484581 PMCID: PMC9052671 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inter-population variation in host-associated microbiota reflects differences in the hosts' environments, but this characterization is typically based on studies comparing few populations. The diversity of natural habitats and captivity conditions occupied by any given host species has not been captured in these comparisons. Moreover, intraspecific variation in gut microbiota, generally attributed to diet, may also stem from differential acquisition of environmental microbes-an understudied mechanism by which host microbiomes are directly shaped by environmental microbes. To more comprehensively characterize gut microbiota in an ecologically flexible host, the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta; n = 209), while also investigating the role of environmental acquisition, we used 16S rRNA sequencing of lemur gut and soil microbiota sampled from up to 13 settings, eight in the wilderness of Madagascar and five in captivity in Madagascar or the U.S. Based on matched fecal and soil samples, we used microbial source tracking to examine covariation between the two types of consortia. RESULTS The diversity of lemur gut microbes varied markedly within and between settings. Microbial diversity was not consistently greater in wild than in captive lemurs, indicating that this metric is not necessarily an indicator of host habitat or environmental condition. Variation in microbial composition was inconsistent both with a single, representative gut community for wild conspecifics and with a universal 'signal of captivity' that homogenizes the gut consortia of captive animals. Despite the similar, commercial diets of captive lemurs on both continents, lemur gut microbiomes within Madagascar were compositionally most similar, suggesting that non-dietary factors govern some of the variability. In particular, soil microbial communities varied across geographic locations, with the few samples from different continents being the most distinct, and there was significant and context-specific covariation between gut and soil microbiota. CONCLUSIONS As one of the broadest, single-species investigations of primate microbiota, our study highlights that gut consortia are sensitive to multiple scales of environmental differences. This finding begs a reevaluation of the simple 'captive vs. wild' dichotomy. Beyond the important implications for animal care, health, and conservation, our finding that environmental acquisition may mediate aspects of host-associated consortia further expands the framework for how host-associated and environmental microbes interact across different microbial landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Bornbusch
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Calkins
- Department of Psychology, Program in Animal Behavior and Conservation, Hunter College, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan S. Rothman
- Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environments, Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Tara A. Clarke
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Marni LaFleur
- Department of Anthropology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Christine M. Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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11
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Mubemba B, Mburu MM, Changula K, Muleya W, Moonga LC, Chambaro HM, Kajihara M, Qiu Y, Orba Y, Hayashida K, Sutcliffe CG, Norris DE, Thuma PE, Ndubani P, Chitanga S, Sawa H, Takada A, Simulundu E. Current knowledge of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in Zambia: A clarion call to scaling-up "One Health" research in the wake of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010193. [PMID: 35120135 PMCID: PMC8849493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although vector-borne zoonotic diseases are a major public health threat globally, they are usually neglected, especially among resource-constrained countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa. This scoping review examined the current knowledge and identified research gaps of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in Zambia. Methods and findings Major scientific databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, CABI, Scientific Information Database (SID)) were searched for articles describing vector-borne (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and tsetse flies) zoonotic pathogens in Zambia. Several mosquito-borne arboviruses have been reported including Yellow fever, Ntaya, Mayaro, Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Chikungunya, Sindbis, and Rift Valley fever viruses. Flea-borne zoonotic pathogens reported include Yersinia pestis and Rickettsia felis. Trypanosoma sp. was the only tsetse fly-borne pathogen identified. Further, tick-borne zoonotic pathogens reported included Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever virus, Rickettsia sp., Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia sp., Borrelia sp., and Coxiella burnetii. Conclusions This study revealed the presence of many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens circulating in vectors and animals in Zambia. Though reports of human clinical cases were limited, several serological studies provided considerable evidence of zoonotic transmission of vector-borne pathogens in humans. However, the disease burden in humans attributable to vector-borne zoonotic infections could not be ascertained from the available reports and this precludes the formulation of national policies that could help in the control and mitigation of the impact of these diseases in Zambia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to scale-up “One Health” research in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases to enable the country to prepare for future epidemics, including pandemics. Despite vector-borne zoonoses being a major public health threat globally, they are often overlooked, particularly among resource-constrained countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Zambia. Therefore, we reviewed the current knowledge and identified research gaps of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in Zambia. We focussed on mosquito-, tick-, flea- and tsetse fly-borne zoonotic pathogens reported in the country. Although we found evidence of circulation of several vector-borne zoonotic pathogens among vectors, animals and humans, clinical cases in humans were rarely reported. This suggests sparse capacity for diagnosis of vector-borne pathogens in healthcare facilities in the country and possibly limited awareness and knowledge of the local epidemiology of these infectious agents. Establishment of facility-based surveillance of vector-borne zoonoses in health facilities could provide valuable insights on morbidity, disease severity, and mortalities associated with infections as well as immune responses. In addition, there is also need for increased genomic surveillance of vector-borne pathogens in vectors and animals and humans for a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of these diseases in Zambia. Furthermore, vector ecology studies aimed at understanding the drivers of vector abundance, pathogen host range (i.e., including the range of vectors and reservoirs), parasite-host interactions and factors influencing frequency of human-vector contacts should be prioritized. The study revealed the need for Zambia to scale-up One Health research in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases to enable the country to be better prepared for future epidemics, including pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mubemba
- Department of Wildlife Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lavel C. Moonga
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Herman M. Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Division of International Research Promotion, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Catherine G. Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail: (AT); (ES)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail: (AT); (ES)
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12
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Bačnik K, Kutnjak D, Černi S, Bielen A, Hudina S. Virome Analysis of Signal Crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus) along Its Invasion Range Reveals Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2259. [PMID: 34835065 PMCID: PMC8624288 DOI: 10.3390/v13112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crayfish are a keystone species of freshwater ecosystems and a successful invasive species. However, their pathogens, including viruses, remain understudied. The aim of this study was to analyze the virome of the invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and to elucidate the potential differences in viral composition and abundance along its invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia. By the high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal RNA, depleted total RNA isolated from the crayfish hepatopancreas, and subsequent sequence data analysis, we identified novel and divergent RNA viruses, including signal crayfish-associated reo-like, hepe-like, toti-like, and picorna-like viruses, phylogenetically related to viruses previously associated with crustacean hosts. The patterns of reads abundance and calculated nucleotide diversities of the detected viral sequences varied along the invasion range. This could indicate the possible influence of different factors and processes on signal crayfish virome composition: e.g., the differences in signal crayfish population density, the non-random dispersal of host individuals from the core to the invasion fronts, and the transfer of viruses from the native co-occurring and phylogenetically related crayfish species. The study reveals a high, previously undiscovered diversity of divergent RNA viruses associated with signal crayfish, and sets foundations for understanding the potential risk of virus transmissions as a result of this invader's dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bačnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Silvija Černi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Bielen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sandra Hudina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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13
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Morales-Castilla I, Pappalardo P, Farrell MJ, Aguirre AA, Huang S, Gehman ALM, Dallas T, Gravel D, Davies TJ. Forecasting parasite sharing under climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200360. [PMID: 34538143 PMCID: PMC8450630 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change. This geographic reshuffling may result in novel co-occurrences among species, which could lead to unseen biotic interactions, including the exchange of parasites between previously isolated hosts. Identifying potential new host-parasite interactions would improve forecasting of disease emergence and inform proactive disease surveillance. However, accurate predictions of future cross-species disease transmission have been hampered by the lack of a generalized approach and data availability. Here, we propose a framework to predict novel host-parasite interactions based on a combination of niche modelling of future host distributions and parasite sharing models. Using the North American ungulates as a proof of concept, we show this approach has high cross-validation accuracy in over 85% of modelled parasites and find that more than 34% of the host-parasite associations forecasted by our models have already been recorded in the literature. We discuss potential sources of uncertainty and bias that may affect our results and similar forecasting approaches, and propose pathways to generate increasingly accurate predictions. Our results indicate that forecasting parasite sharing in response to shifts in host geographic distributions allow for the identification of regions and taxa most susceptible to emergent pathogens under climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, GloCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pappalardo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A. Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4400, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Alyssa-Lois M. Gehman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, end of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, Canada
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbroke, Canada J1K2R1
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany and Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Liu ZJ, Qian XK, Hong MH, Zhang JL, Li DY, Wang TH, Yang ZM, Zhang LY, Wang ZM, Nie HJ, Fan KY, Zhang XF, Chen MM, Sha WL, Roos C, Li M. Global view on virus infection in non-human primates and implications for public health and wildlife conservation. Zool Res 2021; 42:626-632. [PMID: 34410047 PMCID: PMC8455461 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can be transmitted from animals to humans (and vice versa) and across animal species. As such, host-virus interactions and transmission have attracted considerable attention. Non-human primates (NHPs), our closest evolutionary relatives, are susceptible to human viruses and certain pathogens are known to circulate between humans and NHPs. Here, we generated global statistics on virus infections in NHPs (VI-NHPs) based on a literature search and public data mining. In total, 140 NHP species from 12 families are reported to be infected by 186 DNA and RNA virus species, 68.8% of which are also found in humans, indicating high potential for crossing species boundaries. The top 10 NHP species with high centrality in the NHP-virus network include two great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus) and eight Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus ascanius, C. erythrotis, Chlorocebus aethiops, and Allochrocebus lhoesti). Given the wide distribution of Old World monkeys and their frequent contact with humans, there is a high risk of virus circulation between humans and such species. Thus, we suggest recurring epidemiological surveillance of NHPs, specifically Old World monkeys that are in frequent contact with humans, and other effective measures to prevent potential circulation and transmission of viruses. Avoidance of false positives and sampling bias should also be a focus in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:/
| | - Xue-Kun Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min-Heng Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da-Yong Li
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Tian-Han Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zuo-Min Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273100, China
| | - Li-Ye Zhang
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Zi-Ming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua-Jian Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ke-Yue Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Lai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen 37077, Germany.,Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.E-mail:
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15
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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16
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Wilcox JJS, Lopez-Cotto JJ, Hollocher H. Historical contingency, geography and anthropogenic patterns of exposure drive the evolution of host switching in the Blastocystis species-complex. Parasitology 2021; 148:985-993. [PMID: 33775262 PMCID: PMC11010051 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasites have the power to impose significant regulatory pressures on host populations, making evolutionary patterns of host switching by parasites salient to a range of contemporary ecological issues. However, relatively little is known about the colonization of new hosts by parasitic, commensal and mutualistic eukaryotes of metazoans. As ubiquitous symbionts of coelomate animals, Blastocystis spp. represent excellent candidate organisms for the study of evolutionary patterns of host switching by protists. Here, we apply a big-data phylogenetic approach using archival sequence data to assess the relative roles of several host-associated traits in shaping the evolutionary history of the Blastocystis species-complex within an ecological framework. Patterns of host usage were principally determined by geographic location and shared environments of hosts, suggesting that weight of exposure (i.e. propagule pressure) represents the primary force for colonization of new hosts within the Blastocystis species-complex. While Blastocystis lineages showed a propensity to recolonize the same host taxa, these taxa were often evolutionarily unrelated, suggesting that historical contingency and retention of previous adaptions by the parasite were more important to host switching than host phylogeny. Ultimately, our findings highlight the ability of ecological theory (i.e. ‘ecological fitting’) to explain host switching and host specificity within the Blastocystis species-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. S. Wilcox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - John J. Lopez-Cotto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Hope Hollocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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17
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Bruns EL, Antonovics J, Hood ME. From generalist to specialists: Variation in the host range and performance of anther-smut pathogens on Dianthus. Evolution 2021; 75:2494-2508. [PMID: 33983636 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining the processes that drive the evolution of pathogen host range can inform our understanding of disease dynamics and the potential for host shifts. In natural populations, patterns of host range could be driven by genetically based differences in pathogen infectivity or ecological differences in host availability. In northwestern Italy, four reproductively isolated lineages of the fungal plant-pathogen Microbotryum have been shown to co-occur on several species in the genus Dianthus. We carried out cross-inoculation experiments to determine whether patterns of realized host range in these four lineages were driven by differences in infectivity and to test whether there was evidence of a trade-off between host range and within-host reproduction. We found strong concordance between field patterns of host range and pathogen infectivity on different Dianthus species using experimental inoculation, indicating that infection ability is a major driving force of host range. However, we found no evidence of a trade-off between the ability to infect a wider range of host species and spore production on a shared host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Bruns
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002
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18
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Schatz AM, Park AW. Host and parasite traits predict cross-species parasite acquisition by introduced mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210341. [PMID: 33947240 PMCID: PMC8097221 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species invasions and range shifts can lead to novel host-parasite communities, but we lack general rules on which new associations are likely to form. While many studies examine parasite sharing among host species, the directionality of transmission is typically overlooked, impeding our ability to derive principles of parasite acquisition. Consequently, we analysed parasite records from the non-native ranges of 11 carnivore and ungulate species. Using boosted regression trees, we modelled parasite acquisition within each zoogeographic realm of a focal host's non-native range, using a suite of predictors characterizing the parasites themselves and the host community in which they live. We found that higher parasite prevalence among established hosts increases the likelihood of acquisition, particularly for generalist parasites. Non-native host species are also more likely to acquire parasites from established host species to which they are closely related; however, the acquisition of several parasite groups is biased to phylogenetically specialist parasites, indicating potential costs of parasite generalism. Statistical models incorporating these features provide an accurate prediction of parasite acquisition, indicating that measurable host and parasite traits can be used to estimate the likelihood of new host-parasite associations forming. This work provides general rules to help anticipate novel host-parasite associations created by climate change and other anthropogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annakate M. Schatz
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew W. Park
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Ul-Rahman A, Ishaq HM, Raza MA, Shabbir MZ. Zoonotic potential of Newcastle disease virus: Old and novel perspectives related to public health. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2246. [PMID: 33971048 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and neurologic symptoms with profound immunosuppression. Mild systemic Newcastle disease (ND) infection restricted to the respiratory and neurological systems can be observed in humans and other non-avian hosts. Evidence of ND infection and its genome-based detection have been reported in Bovidae (cattle and sheep), Mustelidae (mink), Cercetidae (hamster), Muridae (mice), Leporidae (rabbit), Camelidae (camel), Suidae (pig), Cercophithecidae (monkeys) and Hominidae (humans). Owing to frequent ND outbreaks in poultry workers, individuals engaged in the veterinary field, including poultry production or evisceration and vaccine production units have constantly been at a much higher risk than the general population. A lethal form of infection has been described in immunocompromised humans and non-avian species including mink, pig and cattle demonstrating the capability of NDV to cross species barriers. Therefore, contact with infectious material and/or affected birds can pose a risk of zoonosis and raise public health concerns. The broad and expanding host range of NDV and its maintenance within non-avian species hampers disease control, particularly in disease-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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20
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Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens that are shared between humans and other vertebrate animals. Previously, pristine natural areas with high biodiversity were seen as likely sources of new zoonotic pathogens, suggesting that biodiversity could have negative impacts on human health. At the same time, biodiversity has been recognized as potentially benefiting human health by reducing the transmission of some pathogens that have already established themselves in human populations. These apparently opposing effects of biodiversity in human health may now be reconcilable. Recent research demonstrates that some taxa are much more likely to be zoonotic hosts than others are, and that these animals often proliferate in human-dominated landscapes, increasing the likelihood of spillover. In less-disturbed areas, however, these zoonotic reservoir hosts are less abundant and nonreservoirs predominate. Thus, biodiversity loss appears to increase the risk of human exposure to both new and established zoonotic pathogens. This new synthesis of the effects of biodiversity on zoonotic diseases presents an opportunity to articulate the next generation of research questions that can inform management and policy. Future studies should focus on collecting and analyzing data on the diversity, abundance, and capacity to transmit of the taxa that actually share zoonotic pathogens with us. To predict and prevent future epidemics, researchers should also focus on how these metrics change in response to human impacts on the environment, and how human behaviors can mitigate these effects. Restoration of biodiversity is an important frontier in the management of zoonotic disease risk.
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21
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Mitman S, Rosenbaum M, Bello R, Knapp C, Nutter F, Mendoza P. Challenges to IUCN Guideline Implementation in the Rehabilitation and Release of Trafficked Primates in Peru. PRIMATE CONSERVATION : THE NEWSLETTER AND JOURNAL OF THE IUCN/SSC PRIMATE SPECIALIST GROUP 2021; 35:87-102. [PMID: 35250169 PMCID: PMC8896897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rehabilitation and release of nonhuman primates after confiscation, surrender, or abandonment during illegal wildlife trafficking has implications for conservation, animal welfare, and public health. Risks associated with primate release include ecosystem disruption, inability of released primates to engage in normal foraging and social behaviors, and pathogen spillover. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has several guidelines for the rehabilitation and release of trafficked primates intended to minimize such risks, though little is known about the use of these guidelines during primate confiscation, rehabilitation, and release or about the challenges faced by those who attempt to implement such guidelines in specific contexts. As one of the leading sources of Neotropical primate trade in the world, Peru has a primate population particularly vulnerable to the negative consequences of trafficked primate release. This study used semi-structured interviews and structured questionnaires of 19 people involved in primate confiscation, rehabilitation, and/or release in Peru and found that awareness and implementation of the IUCN guidelines are minimal. Opportunities to increase guideline implementation in Peru include expanding government involvement and support, adapting guidelines to specific contexts and locations, and establishing a platform for increased communication, cooperation, and research amongst those performing this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena Mitman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Marieke Rosenbaum
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Raul Bello
- Kawsay Biological Station, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Cambrey Knapp
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Felicia Nutter
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Mendoza
- University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Moyobamba, San Martín, Peru
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22
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Mubemba B, Gogarten JF, Schuenemann VJ, Düx A, Lang A, Nowak K, Pléh K, Reiter E, Ulrich M, Agbor A, Brazzola G, Deschner T, Dieguez P, Granjon AC, Jones S, Junker J, Wessling E, Arandjelovic M, Kuehl H, Wittig RM, Leendertz FH, Calvignac-Spencer S. Geographically structured genomic diversity of non-human primate-infecting Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000463. [PMID: 33125317 PMCID: PMC7725339 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many non-human primate species in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue, the bacterium causing yaws in humans. In humans, yaws is often characterized by lesions of the extremities and face, while T. pallidum subsp. pallidum causes venereal syphilis and is typically characterized by primary lesions on the genital, anal or oral mucosae. It remains unclear whether other T. pallidum subspecies found in humans also occur in non-human primates and how the genomic diversity of non-human primate T. pallidum subsp. pertenue lineages is distributed across hosts and space. We observed orofacial and genital lesions in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire and collected swabs and biopsies from symptomatic animals. We also collected non-human primate bones from 8 species in Taï National Park and 16 species from 11 other sites across sub-Saharan Africa. Samples were screened for T. pallidum DNA using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and we used in-solution hybridization capture to sequence T. pallidum genomes. We generated three nearly complete T. pallidum genomes from biopsies and swabs and detected treponemal DNA in bones of six non-human primate species in five countries, allowing us to reconstruct three partial genomes. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that both orofacial and genital lesions in sooty mangabeys from Taï National Park were caused by T. pallidum subsp. pertenue. We showed that T. pallidum subsp. pertenue has infected non-human primates in Taï National Park for at least 28 years and has been present in two non-human primate species that had not been described as T. pallidum subsp. pertenue hosts in this ecosystem, western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), complementing clinical evidence that started accumulating in Taï National Park in 2014. More broadly, simian T. pallidum subsp. pertenue strains did not form monophyletic clades based on host species or the symptoms caused, but rather clustered based on geography. Geographical clustering of T. pallidum subsp. pertenue genomes might be compatible with cross-species transmission of T. pallidum subsp. pertenue within ecosystems or environmental exposure, leading to the acquisition of closely related strains. Finally, we found no evidence for mutations that confer antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mubemba
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Wildlife Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Jan F. Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena J. Schuenemann
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nowak
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamilla Pléh
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ella Reiter
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Ulrich
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Junker
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erin Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kuehl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Huffman MA, Kumara R, Kawamoto Y, Jayaweera PM, Bardi M, Nahallage CAD. What makes a long tail short? Testing Allen's rule in the toque macaques of Sri Lanka. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23113. [PMID: 32096278 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Allen's rule (1877) predicts ecogeographical anatomical variation in appendage proportions as a function of body temperature regulation. This phenomenon has been tested in a variety of animal species. In macaques, relative tail length (RTL) is one of the most frequently measured appendages to test Allen's rule. These studies have relied on museum specimens or the invasive and time-consuming capturing of free-ranging individuals. To augment sample size and lessen these logistical limitations, we designed and validated a novel noninvasive technique using digitalized photographs processed using LibreCAD, an open-source 2D-computer-aided design (CAD) application. This was used to generate pixelated measurements to calculate an RTL equivalent, the Tail to Trunk Index (TTI) = (tail [tail base to anterior tip] pixel count/trunk [neck to tail base] pixel count). The TTI of 259 adult free-ranging toque macaques (Macaca sinica) from 36 locations between 7 and 2,087 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.) was used in the analysis. Samples were collected from all three putative subspecies (M. s. sinica, aurifrons, and opisthomelas), at locations representing all altitudinal climatic zones where they are naturally distributed. These data were used to test whether toque macaque tail length variation across elevation follows Allen's rule, predicting that RTL decreases with increasing elevation and lower temperature. Our results strongly supported this prediction. There was also a statistically significant, negative correlation between elevation and annual average temperature. The best predictor for the TTI index was elevation. Significant subspecies differences in RTL are linked in part to their ecological and altitudinal niche separation, but overall the variation is seen as the species' adaptation to climate. The method developed for the quick morphometric assessment of relative body proportions, applicable for use on unhabituated free-ranging animals, widens the range of materials available for research studying morphological characteristics and their evolution in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Huffman
- Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Raveendra Kumara
- Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Prasad M Jayaweera
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Mason College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Charmalie A D Nahallage
- Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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24
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Abstract
While many viruses of wild mammals are capable of infecting humans, our understanding of zoonotic potential is incomplete. Viruses vary in their degree of generalism, characterized by the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts. Among the dimensions of this phylogenetic landscape, phylogenetic aggregation, which is largely overlooked in studies of parasite host range, emerges in this study as a key predictor of zoonotic status of viruses. Plausibly, viruses that exhibit aggregation, typified by discrete clusters of related host species, may (i) have been able to close the phylogenetic distance to humans, (ii) have subsequently acquired an epidemiologically relevant host and (iii) exhibit relatively high fitness in realized host communities, which are frequently phylogenetically aggregated. These mechanisms associated with phylogenetic aggregation may help explain why correlated fundamental traits, such as the ability of viruses to replicate in the cytoplasm, are associated with zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Park
- Odum School of Ecology, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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Brierley L, Pedersen AB, Woolhouse MEJ. Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000206. [PMID: 31770368 PMCID: PMC6879112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel infectious diseases continue to emerge within human populations. Predictive studies have begun to identify pathogen traits associated with emergence. However, emerging pathogens vary widely in virulence, a key determinant of their ultimate risk to public health. Here, we use structured literature searches to review the virulence of each of the 214 known human-infective RNA virus species. We then use a machine learning framework to determine whether viral virulence can be predicted by ecological traits, including human-to-human transmissibility, transmission routes, tissue tropisms, and host range. Using severity of clinical disease as a measurement of virulence, we identified potential risk factors using predictive classification tree and random forest ensemble models. The random forest approach predicted literature-assigned disease severity of test data with mean accuracy of 89.4% compared to a null accuracy of 74.2%. In addition to viral taxonomy, the ability to cause systemic infection was the strongest predictor of severe disease. Further notable predictors of severe disease included having neural and/or renal tropism, direct contact or respiratory transmission, and limited (0 < R0 ≤ 1) human-to-human transmissibility. We present a novel, to our knowledge, comparative perspective on the virulence of all currently known human RNA virus species. The risk factors identified may provide novel perspectives in understanding the evolution of virulence and elucidating molecular virulence mechanisms. These risk factors could also improve planning and preparedness in public health strategies as part of a predictive framework for novel human infections. Comparative analysis using machine learning shows that specificity of tissue tropism and transmission biology can act as predictive risk factors for the virulence of human RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Brierley
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Orkin JD, Webb SE, Melin AD. Small to modest impact of social group on the gut microbiome of wild Costa Rican capuchins in a seasonal forest. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22985. [PMID: 31081233 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The horizontal transmission of pathogenic and beneficial microbes has implications for health and development of socially living animals. Social group is repeatedly implicated as an important predictor of gut microbiome structure among primates, with individuals in neighboring social groups exhibiting distinct microbiomes. Here we examine whether group membership is a predictor of gut microbiome structure and diversity across three groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) inhabiting a seasonal Costa Rican forest. We collected 62 fecal samples from 18 adult females during four sampling bouts. Sampling bouts spanned the dry-to-wet-to-dry seasonal transitions. To investigate gut microbial composition, we sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. We used the DADA2 pipeline to assign amplicon sequence variants and the RDP database to classify taxa. Our findings are: 1) gut microbiomes of capuchins clustered by social group in the late dry season, but this pattern was less evident in other sampling bouts; 2) social group was a significant variable in a PERMANOVA test of beta diversity, but it accounted for less variation than season; 3) social group was not an important predictor of abundance for the ten most abundant microbial taxa in capuchins; 4) when examining log2-fold abundances of microbes between social groups, there were significant differences in some pairwise comparisons. While this is suggestive of group-wide differences, individual variation may have a strong impact and should be assessed in future studies. Overall, we found a minor impact of social group membership on the gut microbiota of wild white-faced capuchins. Future research including home range overlap and resource use, as well as fine-scale investigation of individual variation, will further elucidate patterns of socially structured microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Daniel Orkin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Shasta Ellen Webb
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Amanda Dawn Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
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27
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Stephens PR, Altizer S, Ezenwa VO, Gittleman JL, Moan E, Han B, Huang S, Pappalardo P. Parasite sharing in wild ungulates and their predators: Effects of phylogeny, range overlap, and trophic links. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1017-1028. [PMID: 30921468 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding factors that facilitate interspecific pathogen transmission is a central issue for conservation, agriculture, and human health. Past work showed that host phylogenetic relatedness and geographical proximity can increase cross-species transmission, but further work is needed to examine the importance of host traits, and species interactions such as predation, in determining the degree to which parasites are shared between hosts. Here we consider the factors that predict patterns of parasite sharing across a diverse assemblage of 116 wild ungulates (i.e., hoofed mammals in the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla) and nearly 900 species of micro- and macroparasites, controlling for differences in total parasite richness and host sampling effort. We also consider the effects of trophic links on parasite sharing between ungulates and carnivores. We tested for the relative influence of range overlap, phylogenetic distance, body mass, and ecological dissimilarity (i.e., the distance separating species in a Euclidean distance matrix based on standardized traits) on parasite sharing. We also tested for the effects of variation in study effort as a potential source of bias in our data, and tested whether carnivores reported to feed on ungulates have more ungulate parasites than those that use other resources. As in other groups, geographical range overlap and phylogenetic similarity predicted greater parasite community similarity in ungulates. Ecological dissimilarity showed a weak negative relationship with parasite sharing. Counter to our expectations, differences, not similarity, in host body mass predicted greater parasite sharing between pairs of ungulate hosts. Pairs of well-studied host species showed higher overlap than poorly studied species, although including sampling effort did not reduce the importance of biological traits in our models. Finally, carnivores that feed on ungulates harboured a greater richness of ungulate helminths. Overall, we show that the factors that predict parasite sharing in wild ungulates are similar to those known for other mammal groups, and demonstrate the importance of controlling for heterogeneity in host sampling effort in future analyses of parasite sharing. We also show that ecological interactions, in this case trophic links via predation, can allow sharing of some parasite species among distantly related host species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Emili Moan
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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28
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McKee CD, Krawczyk AI, Sándor AD, Görföl T, Földvári M, Földvári G, Dekeukeleire D, Haarsma AJ, Kosoy MY, Webb CT, Sprong H. Host Phylogeny, Geographic Overlap, and Roost Sharing Shape Parasite Communities in European Bats. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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29
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Molina CV, Heinemann MB, Kierulff C, Pissinatti A, da Silva TF, de Freitas DG, de Souza GO, Miotto BA, Cortez A, Semensato BDP, Moreno LZ, Catão-Dias JL, Bueno MG. Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22961. [PMID: 30828830 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V Molina
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo G de Freitas
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Miotto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica (VCM), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Laboratório de Sanidade Suína, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Presidência, Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Poirotte C, Sarabian C, Ngoubangoye B, MacIntosh AJ, Charpentier M. Faecal avoidance differs between the sexes but not with nematode infection risk in mandrills. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Guy C, Thiagavel J, Mideo N, Ratcliffe JM. Phylogeny matters: revisiting 'a comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses'. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181182. [PMID: 30891262 PMCID: PMC6408376 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diseases emerging from wildlife have been the source of many major human outbreaks. Predicting key sources of these outbreaks requires an understanding of the factors that explain pathogen diversity in reservoir species. Comparative methods are powerful tools for understanding variation in pathogen diversity and rely on correcting for phylogenetic relatedness among reservoir species. We reanalysed a previously published dataset, examining the relative effects of species' traits on patterns of viral diversity in bats and rodents. We expanded on prior work by using more highly resolved phylogenies for bats and rodents and incorporating a phylogenetically controlled principal components analysis. For rodents, sympatry and torpor use were important predictors of viral richness and, as previously reported, phylogeny had minimal impact in models. For bats, in contrast to prior work, we find that phylogeny does have an effect in models. Patterns of viral diversity in bats were related to geographical distribution (i.e. latitude and range size) and life history (i.e. lifespan, body size and birthing frequency). However, the effects of these predictors were marginal relative to citation count, emphasizing that the ability to accurately assess reservoir status largely depends on sampling effort and highlighting the need for additional data in future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cylita Guy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Jeneni Thiagavel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - John M. Ratcliffe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
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32
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Wisely SM, Sayler KA, Anderson CJ, Boyce CL, Klegarth AR, Johnson SA. Macacine Herpesvirus 1 Antibody Prevalence and DNA Shedding among Invasive Rhesus Macaques, Silver Springs State Park, Florida, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:345-351. [PMID: 29350146 PMCID: PMC5782895 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compiled records on macacine herpesvirus 1 (McHV-1) seroprevalence and, during 2015–2016, collected saliva and fecal samples from the free-ranging rhesus macaques of Silver Springs State Park, a popular public park in central Florida, USA, to determine viral DNA shedding and perform sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the US5 and US5-US6 intragenic sequence from free-ranging and laboratory McHV-1 variants did not reveal genomic differences. In animals captured during 2000–2012, average annual seroprevalence was 25% ± 9 (mean ± SD). We found 4%–14% (95% CI 2%–29%) of macaques passively sampled during the fall 2015 mating season shed McHV-1 DNA orally. We did not observe viral shedding during the spring or summer or from fecal samples. We conclude that these macaques can shed McHV-1, putting humans at risk for exposure to this potentially fatal pathogen. Management plans should be put in place to limit transmission of McHV-1 from these macaques.
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Klein A, Zimmermann E, Radespiel U, Schaarschmidt F, Springer A, Strube C. Ectoparasite communities of small-bodied Malagasy primates: seasonal and socioecological influences on tick, mite and lice infestation of Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis in northwestern Madagascar. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:459. [PMID: 30089527 PMCID: PMC6083607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasitic infections are of particular interest for endangered wildlife, as ectoparasites are potential vectors for inter- and intraspecific pathogen transmission and may be indicators to assess the health status of endangered populations. Here, ectoparasite dynamics in sympatric populations of two Malagasy mouse lemur species, Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis, were investigated over an 11-month period. Furthermore, the animals' body mass was determined as an indicator of body condition, reflecting seasonal and environmental challenges. Living in sympatry, the two study species experience the same environmental conditions, but show distinct differences in socioecology: Microcebus murinus sleeps in tree holes, either solitarily (males) or sometimes in groups (females only), whereas M. ravelobensis sleeps in mixed-sex groups in more open vegetation. RESULTS Both mouse lemur species hosted ticks (Haemaphysalis sp.), lice (Lemurpediculus sp.) and mites (Trombiculidae gen. sp. and Laelaptidae gen. sp.). Host species, as well as temporal variations (month and year), were identified as the main factors influencing infestation. Tick infestation peaked in the late dry season and was significantly more often observed in M. murinus (P = 0.011), while lice infestation was more likely in M. ravelobensis (P < 0.001) and showed a continuous increase over the course of the dry season. Genetic analyses identified Lemurpediculus sp. infesting both mouse lemur species. Ticks morphologically conform to H. lemuris, but genetic analysis showed a clear differentiation of the specimens collected in this study, suggesting a potentially new tick species. Host body mass decreased from the early to the late dry season, indicating nutritional stress during this period, which may render individuals more susceptible to parasitic infections. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal differences and species-specific variations in sleeping site ecology in terms of sleeping site type and sociality were determined as key factors influencing ectoparasitism in M. murinus and M. ravelobensis. This needs to be taken into account when evaluating ectoparasite infestations at a given time point. The detection of the same parasite species on two closely related and sympatric host species furthermore indicates a potential pathway for disease transmission, not only within but also between lemur species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Klein
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Frank Schaarschmidt
- Institute of Biostatistics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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Wells K, Gibson DI, Clark NJ, Ribas A, Morand S, McCallum HI. Global spread of helminth parasites at the human-domestic animal-wildlife interface. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3254-3265. [PMID: 29436086 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in species distributions open novel parasite transmission routes at the human-wildlife interface, yet the strength of biotic and biogeographical factors that prevent or facilitate parasite host shifting are not well understood. We investigated global patterns of helminth parasite (Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda) sharing between mammalian wildlife species and domestic mammal hosts (including humans) using >24,000 unique country-level records of host-parasite associations. We used hierarchical modelling and species trait data to determine possible drivers of the level of parasite sharing between wildlife species and either humans or domestic animal hosts. We found the diet of wildlife species to be a strong predictor of levels of helminth parasite sharing with humans and domestic animals, followed by a moderate effect of zoogeographical region and minor effects of species' habitat and climatic niches. Combining model predictions with the distribution and ecological profile data of wildlife species, we projected global risk maps that uncovered strikingly similar patterns of wildlife parasite sharing across geographical areas for the different domestic host species (including humans). These similarities are largely explained by the fact that widespread parasites are commonly recorded infecting several domestic species. If the dietary profile and position in the trophic chain of a wildlife species largely drives its level of helminth parasite sharing with humans/domestic animals, future range shifts of host species that result in novel trophic interactions may likely increase parasite host shifting and have important ramifications for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstans Wells
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - David I Gibson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serge Morand
- CIRAD ASTRE, CNRS ISEM, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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35
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McLeish MJ, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Ecological Complexity in Plant Virus Host Range Evolution. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:293-339. [PMID: 29908592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The host range of a plant virus is the number of species in which it can reproduce. Most studies of plant virus host range evolution have focused on the genetics of host-pathogen interactions. However, the distribution and abundance of plant viruses and their hosts do not always overlap, and these spatial and temporal discontinuities in plant virus-host interactions can result in various ecological processes that shape host range evolution. Recent work shows that the distributions of pathogenic and resistant genotypes, vectors, and other resources supporting transmission vary widely in the environment, producing both expected and unanticipated patterns. The distributions of all of these factors are influenced further by competitive effects, natural enemies, anthropogenic disturbance, the abiotic environment, and herbivory to mention some. We suggest the need for further development of approaches that (i) explicitly consider resource use and the abiotic and biotic factors that affect the strategies by which viruses exploit resources; and (ii) are sensitive across scales. Host range and habitat specificity will largely determine which phyla are most likely to be new hosts, but predicting which host and when it is likely to be infected is enormously challenging because it is unclear how environmental heterogeneity affects the interactions of viruses and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Frias L, Stark DJ, Lynn MS, Nathan SK, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. Lurking in the dark: Cryptic Strongyloides in a Bornean slow loris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:141-146. [PMID: 29988792 PMCID: PMC6031959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Within host communities, related species are more likely to share common parasitic agents, and as a result, morphological similarities have led researchers to conclude that parasites infecting closely related hosts within a community represent a single species. However, genetic diversity within parasite genera and host range remain poorly investigated in most systems. Strongyloides is a genus of soil-transmitted nematode that has been reported from several primate species in Africa and Asia, and has been estimated to infect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, although no precise estimates are available. Here we describe a case of infection with a cryptic species of Strongyloides in a Bornean (Philippine) slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) living within a diverse community of several primate species in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Malaysian Borneo. Fresh fecal samples were collected from five primate species and nematode larvae cultured from these samples were selected for phylogenetic analyses. Sequences obtained for most larvae were identified as S. fuelleborni, grouping into three different clusters and showing no aggregation within specific hosts or geographic location. In contrast, a set of parasite sequences obtained from a slow loris clustered closely with S. stercoralis into a different group, being genetically distinct to sequences reported from other primate hosts, humans included. Our results suggest that although S. fuelleborni infects all haplorrhines sampled in this primate community, a different species might be infecting the slow loris, the only strepsirrhine in Borneo and one of the least studied primates in the region. Although more data are needed to support this conclusion, we propose that Strongyloides species in primates might be more diverse than previously thought, with potential implications for ecological and evolutionary host-parasite associations, as well as epidemiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Frias
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Danica J Stark
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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37
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Clark NJ, Seddon JM, Šlapeta J, Wells K. Parasite spread at the domestic animal - wildlife interface: anthropogenic habitat use, phylogeny and body mass drive risk of cat and dog flea (Ctenocephalides spp.) infestation in wild mammals. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:8. [PMID: 29307305 PMCID: PMC5757300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spillover of parasites at the domestic animal - wildlife interface is a pervasive threat to animal health. Cat and dog fleas (Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis) are among the world's most invasive and economically important ectoparasites. Although both species are presumed to infest a diversity of host species across the globe, knowledge on their distributions in wildlife is poor. We built a global dataset of wild mammal host associations for cat and dog fleas, and used Bayesian hierarchical models to identify traits that predict wildlife infestation probability. We complemented this by calculating functional-phylogenetic host specificity to assess whether fleas are restricted to hosts with similar evolutionary histories, diet or habitat niches. RESULTS Over 130 wildlife species have been found to harbour cat fleas, representing nearly 20% of all mammal species sampled for fleas. Phylogenetic models indicate cat fleas are capable of infesting a broad diversity of wild mammal species through ecological fitting. Those that use anthropogenic habitats are at highest risk. Dog fleas, by contrast, have been recorded in 31 mammal species that are primarily restricted to certain phylogenetic clades, including canids, felids and murids. Both flea species are commonly reported infesting mammals that are feral (free-roaming cats and dogs) or introduced (red foxes, black rats and brown rats), suggesting the breakdown of barriers between wildlife and invasive reservoir species will increase spillover at the domestic animal - wildlife interface. CONCLUSIONS Our empirical evidence shows that cat fleas are incredibly host-generalist, likely exhibiting a host range that is among the broadest of all ectoparasites. Reducing wild species' contact rates with domestic animals across natural and anthropogenic habitats, together with mitigating impacts of invasive reservoir hosts, will be crucial for reducing invasive flea infestations in wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Konstans Wells
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
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38
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Webber QMR, Fletcher QE, Willis CKR. Viral Richness is Positively Related to Group Size, but Not Mating System, in Bats. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:652-661. [PMID: 29030788 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing host traits that influence viral richness and diversification is important for understanding wildlife pathogens affecting conservation and/or human health. Behaviors that affect contact rates among hosts could be important for viral diversification because more frequent intra- and inter-specific contacts among hosts should increase the potential for viral diversification within host populations. We used published data on bats to test the contact-rate hypothesis. We predicted that species forming large conspecific groups, that share their range with more heterospecifics (i.e., sympatry), and with mating systems characterized by high contact rates (polygynandry: multi-male/multi-female), would host higher viral richness than species with small group sizes, lower sympatry, or low contact-rate mating systems (polygyny: single male/multi-female). Consistent with our hypothesis and previous research, viral richness was positively correlated with conspecific group size although the relationship plateaued at group sizes of approximately several hundred thousand bats. This pattern supports epidemiological theory that, up to a point, larger groups have higher contact rates, greater likelihood of acquiring and transmitting viruses, and ultimately greater potential for viral diversification. However, contrary to our hypothesis, there was no effect of sympatry on viral richness and no difference in viral richness between mating systems. We also found no residual effect of host phylogeny on viral richness, suggesting that closely related species do not necessarily host similar numbers of viruses. Our results support the contact-rate hypothesis that intra-specific viral transmission can enhance viral diversification within species and highlight the influence of host group size on the potential of viruses to propagate within host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn M R Webber
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology (CABE) Interdisciplinary Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Quinn E Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Craig K R Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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39
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Fountain-Jones NM, Pearse WD, Escobar LE, Alba-Casals A, Carver S, Davies TJ, Kraberger S, Papeş M, Vandegrift K, Worsley-Tonks K, Craft ME. Towards an eco-phylogenetic framework for infectious disease ecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:950-970. [PMID: 29114986 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns and drivers of infectious disease dynamics across multiple scales is a fundamental challenge for modern science. There is growing awareness that it is necessary to incorporate multi-host and/or multi-parasite interactions to understand and predict current and future disease threats better, and new tools are needed to help address this task. Eco-phylogenetics (phylogenetic community ecology) provides one avenue for exploring multi-host multi-parasite systems, yet the incorporation of eco-phylogenetic concepts and methods into studies of host pathogen dynamics has lagged behind. Eco-phylogenetics is a transformative approach that uses evolutionary history to infer present-day dynamics. Here, we present an eco-phylogenetic framework to reveal insights into parasite communities and infectious disease dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. We illustrate how eco-phylogenetic methods can help untangle the mechanisms of host-parasite dynamics from individual (e.g. co-infection) to landscape scales (e.g. parasite/host community structure). An improved ecological understanding of multi-host and multi-pathogen dynamics across scales will increase our ability to predict disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, U.S.A
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A.,Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Simona Kraberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, U.S.A
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Worsley-Tonks
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
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40
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Helenbrook WD, Stehman SV, Shields WM, Whipps CM. Association of Anthropogenic Disturbances and Intestinal Parasitism in Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkeys, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:307-322. [PMID: 28957800 DOI: 10.1159/000479687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forest disturbance and human encroachment have the potential to influence intestinal parasite communities in animal hosts by modifying nutritional health, physiological stress, host densities, contact rates, and ranging patterns. Anthropogenic disturbances also have the ability to affect the ecological landscape of parasitic disease, potentially impacting the health of both wildlife and people. Our research investigated the association of forest disturbance and human encroachment on intestinal parasite communities in mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis. We found that individual parasite species prevalence was associated with group size and forest disturbance. Proximity to people was not a direct factor influencing intestinal parasitism; rather, several human proximity indices were related to group size, which was in turn related to overall species richness and the presence of specific parasite species. These results, coupled with previous findings, suggest that anthropogenic disturbances are likely influencing intestinal parasite communities. Though no single study has definitively explained all relationships between anthropogenic disturbances and intestinal parasitism, we propose that our models are appropriate for meta-analysis testing across other species and environments.
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Lessler J, Azman AS, McKay HS, Moore SM. What is a Hotspot Anyway? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1270-1273. [PMID: 28719289 PMCID: PMC5462559 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe importance of spatial clusters, or "hotspots," in infectious disease epidemiology has been increasingly recognized, and targeting hotspots is often seen as an important component of disease-control strategies. However, the precise meaning of "hotspot" varies widely in current research and policy documents. Hotspots have been variously described as areas of elevated incidence or prevalence, higher transmission efficiency or risk, or higher probability of disease emergence. This ambiguity has led to confusion and may result in mistaken inferences regarding the best way to target interventions. We surveyed the literature on epidemiologic hotspots, examining the multitude of ways in which the term is used; and highlight the difference in the geographic scale of hotspots and the properties they are supposed to have. In response to the diversity in the term's usage, we advocate the use of more precise terms, such as "burden hotspot," "transmission hotspot," and "emergence hotspot," as well as explicit specification of the spatiotemporal scale of interest. Increased precision in terminology is needed to ensure clear and effective policies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Medecins Sans Frontieres, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heather S. McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean M. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Webster JP, Borlase A, Rudge JW. Who acquires infection from whom and how? Disentangling multi-host and multi-mode transmission dynamics in the 'elimination' era. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160091. [PMID: 28289259 PMCID: PMC5352818 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-host infectious agents challenge our abilities to understand, predict and manage disease dynamics. Within this, many infectious agents are also able to use, simultaneously or sequentially, multiple modes of transmission. Furthermore, the relative importance of different host species and modes can itself be dynamic, with potential for switches and shifts in host range and/or transmission mode in response to changing selective pressures, such as those imposed by disease control interventions. The epidemiology of such multi-host, multi-mode infectious agents thereby can involve a multi-faceted community of definitive and intermediate/secondary hosts or vectors, often together with infectious stages in the environment, all of which may represent potential targets, as well as specific challenges, particularly where disease elimination is proposed. Here, we explore, focusing on examples from both human and animal pathogen systems, why and how we should aim to disentangle and quantify the relative importance of multi-host multi-mode infectious agent transmission dynamics under contrasting conditions, and ultimately, how this can be used to help achieve efficient and effective disease control.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna Borlase
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - James W Rudge
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajavithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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43
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Evans JK, Buchanan KL, Griffith SC, Klasing KC, Addison B. Ecoimmunology and microbial ecology: Contributions to avian behavior, physiology, and life history. Horm Behav 2017; 88:112-121. [PMID: 28065710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have had a fundamental impact on vertebrate evolution not only by affecting the evolution of the immune system, but also generating complex interactions with behavior and physiology. Advances in molecular techniques have started to reveal the intricate ways in which bacteria and vertebrates have coevolved. Here, we focus on birds as an example system for understanding the fundamental impact bacteria have had on the evolution of avian immune defenses, behavior, physiology, reproduction and life histories. The avian egg has multiple characteristics that have evolved to enable effective defense against pathogenic attack. Microbial risk of pathogenic infection is hypothesized to vary with life stage, with early life risk being maximal at either hatching or fledging. For adult birds, microbial infection risk is also proposed to vary with habitat and life stage, with molt inducing a period of increased vulnerability. Bacteria not only play an important role in shaping the immune system as well as trade-offs with other physiological systems, but also for determining digestive efficiency and nutrient uptake. The relevance of avian microbiomes for avian ecology, physiology and behavior is highly topical and will likely impact on our understanding of avian welfare, conservation, captive breeding as well as for our understanding of the nature of host-microbe coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Evans
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2122, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine L Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2122, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirk C Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - BriAnne Addison
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
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44
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Bueno MG, Martinez N, Abdalla L, Duarte dos Santos CN, Chame M. Animals in the Zika Virus Life Cycle: What to Expect from Megadiverse Latin American Countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005073. [PMID: 28005902 PMCID: PMC5179043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in primates in Uganda, West Africa. The virus remained confined to the equatorial regions of Africa and Asia, cycling between infecting monkeys, arboreal mosquitoes, and occasionally humans. The ZIKV Asiatic strain was probably introduced into Brazil in or around late 2013. Presently, ZIKV is in contact with the rich biodiversity in all Brazilian biomes, bordering on other Latin American countries. Infections in Brazilian primates have been reported recently, but the overall impact of this virus on wildlife in the Americas is still unknown. The current epidemic in the Americas requires knowledge on the role of mammals, especially nonhuman primates (NHPs), in ZIKV transmission to humans. The article discusses the available data on ZIKV in host animals and issues of biodiversity, rapid environmental change, and impact on human health in megadiverse Latin American countries. The authors reviewed scientific articles and recent news stories on ZIKV in animals, showing that 47 animal species from three orders (mammals, reptiles, and birds) have been investigated for the potential to establish a sylvatic cycle. The review aims to contribute to epidemiological studies and the knowledge on the natural history of ZIKV. The article concludes with questions that require urgent attention in epidemiological studies involving wildlife in order to understand their role as ZIKV hosts and to effectively control the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galvão Bueno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGB); (MC)
| | - Nádia Martinez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Abdalla
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Chame
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGB); (MC)
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45
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Salmier A, de Thoisy B, Crouau-Roy B, Lacoste V, Lavergne A. Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:229. [PMID: 27782798 PMCID: PMC5080761 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although bats are natural reservoirs of many pathogens, few studies have been conducted on the genetic variation and detection of selection in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. These genes are critical for resistance and susceptibility to diseases, and host–pathogen interactions are major determinants of their extensive polymorphism. Here we examined spatial patterns of diversity of the expressed MHC class II DRB gene of three sympatric Neotropical bats, Carollia perspicillata and Desmodus rotundus (Phyllostomidae), and Molossus molossus (Molossidae), all of which use the same environments (e.g., forests, edge habitats, urban areas). Comparison with neutral marker (mtDNA D-loop) diversity was performed at the same time. Results Twenty-three DRB alleles were identified in 19 C. perspicillata, 30 alleles in 35 D. rotundus and 20 alleles in 28 M. molossus. The occurrence of multiple DRB loci was found for the two Phyllostomidae species. The DRB polymorphism was high in all sampling sites and different signatures of positive selection were detected depending on the environment. The patterns of DRB diversity were similar to those of neutral markers for C. perspicillata and M. molossus. In contrast, these patterns were different for D. rotundus for which a geographical structure was highlighted. A heterozygote advantage was also identified for this species. No recombination or gene conversion event was found and phylogenetic relationships showed a trans-species mode of evolution in the Phyllostomids. Conclusions This study of MHC diversity demonstrated the strength of the environment and contrasting pathogen pressures in shaping DRB diversity. Differences between positively selected sites identified in bat species highlighted the potential role of gut microbiota in shaping immune responses. Furthermore, multiple geographic origins and/or population admixtures observed in C. perspicillata and M. molossus populations acted as an additional force in shaping DRB diversity. In contrast, DRB diversity of D. rotundus was shaped by environment rather than demographic history. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0802-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Salmier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Benoit de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Brigitte Crouau-Roy
- CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 UPS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana.
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Abstract
Understanding pathogen exchange among human, wildlife, and livestock populations, and the varying ecological and cultural contexts in which this exchange takes place, is a major challenge. The present review contextualizes the risk factors that result from human interactions with livestock, companion animals, animal exhibits, wildlife through nature-based tourism, and wildlife through consumption. Given their phylogenetic relatedness to humans, primates are emphasized in this discussion; primates serve as reservoirs for several human pathogens, and some human pathogens can decimate wild primate populations. Anthropologists must play a central role in understanding cultural variation in attitudes toward other species as well as perceived risks when interacting with animals. I argue that the remediation of emerging infectious diseases will be accomplished primarily through human behavioral changes rather than through efforts in pathogen discovery. Given the history of human interactions with wildlife, candid discussions on zoonotic diseases will be increasingly important for our combined survival.
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47
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Stephens PR, Altizer S, Smith KF, Alonso Aguirre A, Brown JH, Budischak SA, Byers JE, Dallas TA, Jonathan Davies T, Drake JM, Ezenwa VO, Farrell MJ, Gittleman JL, Han BA, Huang S, Hutchinson RA, Johnson P, Nunn CL, Onstad D, Park A, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Schmidt JP, Poulin R. The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global-scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1159-71. [PMID: 27353433 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Identifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science, yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease distribution and emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Katherine F Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 0291, USA
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sarah A Budischak
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - John L Gittleman
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca A Hutchinson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Pieter Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Biological Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Onstad
- ITD Data Analysis and Modelling, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Experimental Station E353/317, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Andrew Park
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - John P Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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48
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Han BA, Kramer AM, Drake JM. Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:565-577. [PMID: 27316904 PMCID: PMC4921293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, investigating how mammal host distributions determine patterns of human disease and predicting which regions are at greatest risk for future zoonotic disease emergence are two goals which both require better understanding of the current distributions of zoonotic hosts and pathogens. We review here the existing data about mammalian host species, comparing and contrasting these patterns against global maps of zoonotic hosts from all 27 orders of terrestrial mammals. We discuss the zoonotic potential of host species from the top six most species-rich mammal groups, and review the literature to identify analytical and conceptual gaps that must be addressed to improve our ability to generate testable predictions about zoonotic diseases originating from wild mammals. Predicting zoonotic disease events remains a prominent scientific challenge. In response to increasing frequency of emerging infectious disease events caused by animal-borne (zoonotic) pathogens, recent advances assess the biogeographic patterns of human infectious diseases. A disproportionate representation of mammal-borne zoonoses among emerging human disease has sparked research emphasis on mammal reservoirs because improved understanding of mammal host distributions may lead to improved predictions of future hotspots for zoonotic disease emergence. In addition to spatial distributions of animal hosts and human disease, the concept of ‘disease risk’ is a topic of intense analysis, and has been quantified on the basis of hindsight where regions undergoing frequent or intense human disease events are categorized as possessing numerous factors that interact to increase disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.
| | - Andrew M Kramer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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49
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Clarke C, Van Helden P, Miller M, Parsons S. Animal-adapted members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex endemic to the southern African subregion. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2016; 87:1322. [PMID: 27246904 PMCID: PMC6138107 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) cause tuberculosis (TB) in both animals and humans. In this article, three animal-adapted MTC strains that are endemic to the southern African subregion – that is, Mycobacterium suricattae, Mycobacterium mungi, and the dassie bacillus – are reviewed with a focus on clinical and pathological presentations, geographic distribution, genotyping methods, diagnostic tools and evolution. Moreover, factors influencing the transmission and establishment of TB pathogens in novel host populations, including ecological, immunological and genetic factors of both the host and pathogen, are discussed. The risks associated with these infections are currently unknown and further studies will be required for greater understanding of this disease in the context of the southern African ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sven Parsons
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University.
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50
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Webster JP, Gower CM, Knowles SCL, Molyneux DH, Fenton A. One health - an ecological and evolutionary framework for tackling Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Evol Appl 2016; 9:313-33. [PMID: 26834828 PMCID: PMC4721077 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex population biology and transmission ecology of multihost parasites has been declared as one of the major challenges of biomedical sciences for the 21st century and the Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs) are perhaps the most neglected of all the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Here we consider how multihost parasite transmission and evolutionary dynamics may affect the success of human and animal disease control programmes, particularly neglected diseases of the developing world. We review the different types of zoonotic interactions that occur, both ecological and evolutionary, their potential relevance for current human control activities, and make suggestions for the development of an empirical evidence base and theoretical framework to better understand and predict the outcome of such interactions. In particular, we consider whether preventive chemotherapy, the current mainstay of NTD control, can be successful without a One Health approach. Transmission within and between animal reservoirs and humans can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences, driving the evolution and establishment of drug resistance, as well as providing selective pressures for spill-over, host switching, hybridizations and introgressions between animal and human parasites. Our aim here is to highlight the importance of both elucidating disease ecology, including identifying key hosts and tailoring control effort accordingly, and understanding parasite evolution, such as precisely how infectious agents may respond and adapt to anthropogenic change. Both elements are essential if we are to alleviate disease risks from NZDs in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyCentre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED)Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
| | - Charlotte M. Gower
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyCentre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED)Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
| | | | - David H. Molyneux
- Department of ParasitologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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