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Dela Rosa JGL, Catral CDM, Reyes NA, Opiso DMS, Ong EP, Ornos EDB, Santos JR, Quebral EPB, Callanta MLJ, Oliva RV, Tantengco OAG. Current status of hypertension care and management in the Philippines. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103008. [PMID: 38640838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In this paper, we discuss the existing data on the burden of hypertension in the Philippines and present the status of management, prevention, and control of hypertension in the country. METHODS A literature review was conducted to synthesize the status of hypertension care in the Philippines. RESULTS Hypertension continues to contribute to the country's leading causes of death. Similar to the global trend, almost half of hypertensive Filipinos are still not aware of their condition, and only 27 % have it under control. The prevalence of hypertension has steadily increased from 22 % in 1993 to 25.15 % in 2013. The 2020 Philippine Society for Hypertension clinical practice guideline defines hypertension as an office BP of 140/90 mm Hg or above following the proper standard BP measurement. During the past decade, monotherapy has been the mode of treatment in more than 80 % of Filipino patients. This could also explain why the BP control rates have been low. The most prevalent complications of hypertension in the Philippines were stroke (11.6 %), ischemic heart disease (7.7 %), chronic kidney disease (6.30 %), and hypertensive retinopathy (2.30 %). Hypertension causes economic tolls on patients, from the cost of drugs to hospitalization and complications. Hospitalization from hypertensive complications can easily wipe out the savings of middle-class families and is catastrophic for lower-income Filipinos. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize the existing data on the burden of hypertension among Filipinos and the risk factors associated with the disease. We present the current screening tools, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention strategies for hypertension in the Philippines. Lastly, we propose solutions to meet the global targets of hypertension management and help relieve the growing burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danna Mae S Opiso
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Erika P Ong
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eric David B Ornos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jerico R Santos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Elgin Paul B Quebral
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Llaine J Callanta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raymond V Oliva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines; Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G Tantengco
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
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2
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Chen XT, Zhi S, Han XY, Jiang JW, Liu GM, Rao ST. A systematic two-sample and bidirectional MR process highlights a unidirectional genetic causal effect of allergic diseases on COVID-19 infection/severity. J Transl Med 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38263182 PMCID: PMC10804553 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases (ADs) such as asthma are presumed risk factors for COVID-19 infection. However, recent observational studies suggest that the assumed correlation contradicts each other. We therefore systematically investigated the genetic causal correlations between various ADs and COVID-19 infection/severity. METHODS We performed a two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study for five types of ADs and the latest round of COVID-19 GWAS meta-analysis datasets (critically ill, hospitalized, and infection cases). We also further validated the significant causal correlations and elucidated the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS With the most suitable MR method, asthma consistently demonstrated causal protective effects on critically ill and hospitalized COVID-19 cases (OR < 0.93, p < 2.01 × 10-2), which were further confirmed by another validated GWAS dataset (OR < 0.92, p < 4.22 × 10-3). In addition, our MR analyses also observed significant causal correlations of food allergies such as shrimp allergy with the risk of COVID-19 infection/severity. However, we did not find any significant causal effect of COVID-19 phenotypes on the risk of ADs. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, not only multiple immune-related cells such as CD4+ T, CD8+ T and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells showed significant causal effects on COVID-19 phenotypes and various ADs, the hematology traits including monocytes were also significantly correlated with them. Conversely, various ADs such as asthma and shrimp allergy may be causally correlated with COVID-19 infection/severity by affecting multiple hematological traits and immune-related cells. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic and bidirectional MR analyses suggest a unidirectional causal effect of various ADs, particularly of asthma on COVID-19 infection/severity, but the reverse is not true. The potential underlying molecular mechanisms of the causal effects call for more attention to clinical monitoring of hematological cells/traits and may be beneficial in developing effective therapeutic strategies for allergic patients following infection with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Precision Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xue-Yuan Rd., University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Shuai Zhi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Precision Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xue-Yuan Rd., University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xin-Yu Han
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Jian-Wei Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Precision Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xue-Yuan Rd., University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Shi-Tao Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Precision Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xue-Yuan Rd., University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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3
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Demeuse J, Huyghebaert L, Determe W, Schoumacher M, Grifnée E, Massonnet P, Dubrowski T, Rechchad M, Segura JF, Peeters S, Cavalier E, Le Goff C. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9) and (1-10) in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123943. [PMID: 38039597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have cast a significant negative impact on the lives of millions worldwide. Over the years, extensive efforts have been dedicated to enhancing diagnostic and prognostic tools for these diseases. A growing body of evidence indicates that the angiotensin convertase enzyme (ACE) and the angiotensin convertase enzyme 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin peptide levels could hold a pivotal role in assisting clinicians with the management of cardiovascular conditions, notably hypertension and heart failure. However, despite the considerable body of knowledge in this domain, a void remains in the field of analytical methodologies for these molecules. In this study, we present a fully validated LC-MS/MS method for the precise quantitation of plasma angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9), and (1-10), following the guidelines set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Our method not only enables the accurate quantification of angiotensin peptides but also provides a means to assess ACE and ACE2 activity. Remarkably, our method achieved a Lower Limit of Measurement Interval (LLMI) as low as 5 pg/mL. This has enabled the detection of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9) and (1-10) and the accurate quantitation of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8) and (1-10) in all analyzed groups, including healthy controls, patients with high blood pressure, and patients with chronic kidney disease. To our knowledge, our method represents the most sensitive approach allowing for simultaneous quantitation of these four angiotensin peptides. A distinct advantage of our method, when compared to immunoassays, is its high sensitivity combined with comprehensive chromatographic separation of all currently known angiotensin peptides. This combination translates to an exceptional level of selectivity, underscoring the value and potential of our methodology in advancing cardiovascular disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Demeuse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Loreen Huyghebaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium.
| | - William Determe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Elodie Grifnée
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Dubrowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marwa Rechchad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Peeters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
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4
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Roth L, Dogan S, Tuna BG, Aranyi T, Benitez S, Borrell-Pages M, Bozaykut P, De Meyer GRY, Duca L, Durmus N, Fonseca D, Fraenkel E, Gillery P, Giudici A, Jaisson S, Johansson M, Julve J, Lucas-Herald AK, Martinet W, Maurice P, McDonnell BJ, Ozbek EN, Pucci G, Pugh CJA, Rochfort KD, Roks AJM, Rotllan N, Shadiow J, Sohrabi Y, Spronck B, Szeri F, Terentes-Printzios D, Tunc Aydin E, Tura-Ceide O, Ucar E, Yetik-Anacak G. Pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing: A review from VascAgeNet. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102122. [PMID: 37956927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular ageing, characterized by structural and functional changes in blood vessels of which arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are key components, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and other age-related diseases. As the global population continues to age, understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic interventions to mitigate vascular ageing becomes crucial for improving cardiovascular health outcomes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing, highlighting key strategies and promising therapeutic targets. Several molecular pathways have been identified as central players in vascular ageing, including oxidative stress and inflammation, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cellular senescence, macroautophagy, extracellular matrix remodelling, calcification, and gasotransmitter-related signalling. Pharmacological and dietary interventions targeting these pathways have shown potential in ameliorating age-related vascular changes. Nevertheless, the development and application of drugs targeting vascular ageing is complicated by various inherent challenges and limitations, such as certain preclinical methodological considerations, interactions with exercise training and sex/gender-related differences, which should be taken into account. Overall, pharmacological modulation of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness as hallmarks of vascular ageing, holds great promise for improving cardiovascular health in the ageing population. Nonetheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize the efficacy and safety of these interventions for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonia Benitez
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Perinur Bozaykut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Nergiz Durmus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Diogo Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Philippe Gillery
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Alessandro Giudici
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Josep Julve
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Barry J McDonnell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emine Nur Ozbek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Disease and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pathophysiology of lipid-related diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Shadiow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Molecular Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Flora Szeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elif Tunc Aydin
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eda Ucar
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gunay Yetik-Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acıbadem Mehmet Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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5
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Ketabi K, Soleimanjahi H, Habibian A, Abroun S. Pregnancy and SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on its vertical transmission, breastfeeding, cord blood banking, and vaccination during COVID-19 infection. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2023; 44:361-380. [PMID: 37794764 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2023.2259454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to a health crisis worldwide. This infection can infect individuals, particularly pregnant women. In this review, we tried to find the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 and investigate the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy, breastfeeding, cord blood banking, and the effects of recommended vaccines on pregnant and lactating women. Keywords include COVID-19, congenital infection, SARS-CoV-2, pregnancy, and COVID-19 vaccines. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was searched in scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The criteria for including studies in this article are the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, and also the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on them. There are several conflicting results in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the maternal-fetal interface. Since many neonates born from COVID-19-infected mothers had no signs of this infection, the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 congenital transmission cannot be confirmed. Also, SARS-CoV-2-infected women can breastfeed their babies if they have mild symptoms. Up till now, no adverse effect of COVID-19 vaccines has been identified on mothers, infants, and the fertility of men or women. Even so, more investigations are needed on the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Ketabi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ala Habibian
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Wiscovitch-Russo R, Ibáñez-Prada ED, Serrano-Mayorga CC, Sievers BL, Engelbride MA, Padmanabhan S, Tan GS, Vashee S, Bustos IG, Pachecho C, Mendez L, Dube PH, Singh H, Reyes LF, Gonzalez-Juarbe N. Major adverse cardiovascular events are associated with necroptosis during severe COVID-19. Crit Care 2023; 27:155. [PMID: 37081485 PMCID: PMC10116454 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms used by SARS-CoV-2 to induce major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 can induce necrotic cell death to promote MACE in patients with severe COVID-19. METHODS This observational prospective cohort study includes experiments with hamsters and human samples from patients with severe COVID-19. Cytokines and serum biomarkers were analysed in human serum. Cardiac transcriptome analyses were performed in hamsters' hearts. RESULTS From a cohort of 70 patients, MACE was documented in 26% (18/70). Those who developed MACE had higher Log copies/mL of SARS-CoV-2, troponin-I, and pro-BNP in serum. Also, the elevation of IP-10 and a major decrease in levels of IL-17ɑ, IL-6, and IL-1rɑ were observed. No differences were found in the ability of serum antibodies to neutralise viral spike proteins in pseudoviruses from variants of concern. In hamster models, we found a stark increase in viral titters in the hearts 4 days post-infection. The cardiac transcriptome evaluation resulted in the differential expression of ~ 9% of the total transcripts. Analysis of transcriptional changes in the effectors of necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL) and pyroptosis (gasdermin D) showed necroptosis, but not pyroptosis, to be elevated. An active form of MLKL (phosphorylated MLKL, pMLKL) was elevated in hamster hearts and, most importantly, in the serum of MACE patients. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 identification in the systemic circulation is associated with MACE and necroptosis activity. The increased pMLKL and Troponin-I indicated the occurrence of necroptosis in the heart and suggested necroptosis effectors could serve as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Wiscovitch-Russo
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Elsa D Ibáñez-Prada
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Cristian C Serrano-Mayorga
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Benjamin L Sievers
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Maeve A Engelbride
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Surya Padmanabhan
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Ingrid G Bustos
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Carlos Pachecho
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Lina Mendez
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Peter H Dube
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Luis Felipe Reyes
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia.
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia.
- Pandemic Science Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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7
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Takase M, Yamada M, Nakamura T, Nakaya N, Kogure M, Hatanaka R, Nakaya K, Chiba I, Kanno I, Nochioka K, Tsuchiya N, Hirata T, Hamanaka Y, Sugawara J, Kobayashi T, Fuse N, Uruno A, Kodama EN, Kuriyama S, Tsuji I, Hozawa A. Association between lung function and hypertension and home hypertension in a Japanese population: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort Study. J Hypertens 2023; 41:443-452. [PMID: 36728612 PMCID: PMC9894142 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have shown an inverse association between lung function and hypertension, few studies have examined the association between lung function and hypertension among never-smokers, and no study has investigated the association between lung function and home hypertension. We investigated the associations between lung function and hypertension in a Japanese population. INDIVIDUALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3728 men and 8795 women aged 20 years or older living in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Lung function was assessed using forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV 1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC), measured by spirometry. Hypertension was defined as a casual blood pressure at least 140/90 mmHg and/or self-reported treatment for hypertension. Home hypertension was defined as morning home blood pressure at least 135/85 mmHg and/or self-reported treatment for hypertension. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to assess the association between lung function and hypertension. RESULTS The mean ages (±SD) of men and women were 60.1 (±14.0) years and 56.2 (±13.4) years, respectively, and 1994 (53.5%) men and 2992 (34.0%) women had hypertension. In the multivariable models, FEV 1 and FVC were inversely associated with hypertension. Inverse associations between lung function and hypertension were observed even among never-smokers. Furthermore, reduced lung function was associated with higher prevalence of home hypertension in men and women. CONCLUSION Reduced lung function was associated with higher prevalence of hypertension, independent of smoking status. Assessment of the lung function or blood pressure may be required in individuals with reduced lung function or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naoki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Mana Kogure
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Rieko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Kumi Nakaya
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Ippei Chiba
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Ikumi Kanno
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Kotaro Nochioka
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
- Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi
| | - Naho Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara
| | | | - Junichi Sugawara
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
- Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi
| | | | | | | | - Eiichi N. Kodama
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsuji
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization
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8
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Wiscovitch-Russo R, Ibáñez-Prada ED, Serrano-Mayorga CC, Sievers BL, Engelbride MA, Padmanabhan S, Tan GS, Vashee S, Bustos IG, Pachecho C, Mendez L, Dube PH, Singh H, Reyes LF, Gonzalez-Juarbe N. Necroptosis Drives Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events During Severe COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2468706. [PMID: 36711834 PMCID: PMC9882644 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2468706/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The mechanisms used by SARS-CoV-2 to induce major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 can infect the heart to kill cardiomyocytes and induce MACE in patients with severe COVID-19. Methods This observational prospective cohort study includes experiments with hamsters and human samples from patients with severe COVID-19. Cytokines and serum biomarkers were analyzed in human serum. Cardiac transcriptome analyses were performed in hamsters' hearts. Results From a cohort of 70 patients, MACE was documented in 26% (18/70). Those who developed MACE had higher Log copies/mL of SARS-CoV-2, troponin-I, and pro-BNP in serum. Also, the elevation of IP-10 and a major decrease in levels of IL-17ɑ, IL-6, and IL-1rɑ were observed. No differences were found in the ability of serum antibodies to neutralize viral spike proteins in pseudoviruses from variants of concern. In hamster models, we found a stark increase in viral titers in the hearts 4 days post-infection. The cardiac transcriptome evaluation resulted in the differential expression of ~ 9% of the total transcripts. Analysis of transcriptional changes of the effectors of necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL) and pyroptosis (gasdermin D) showed necroptosis, but not pyroptosis, to be elevated. Active form of MLKL (phosphorylated MLKL, pMLKL) was elevated in hamster hearts and, most importantly, in the serum of MACE patients. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 can reach the heart during severe COVID-19 and induce necroptosis in the heart of patients with MACE. Thus, pMLKL could be used as a biomarker of cardiac damage and a therapeutic target. Trial registration: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter H. Dube
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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9
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Modulation of the miR-122/Sirt-6/ACE2 axis on experimentally-induced myocardial infarction. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110276. [PMID: 36414029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a progressive myocardial necrosis that can lead to a number of life-threatening complications. MiRNAs have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, miR-122 targets the sirtuin-6 (Sirt-6) gene, which is an essential regulator of cardiovascular function and is considered a partial angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator. Modulation of this axis is supposed to contribute to MI pathogenesis. The current study aims to investigate the cardioprotective effects of xanthenone through targeting the miR-122/Sirt-6/ACE2 axis on experimentally-induced MI in rats. Xanthenone was administered for 14 days and isoprenaline was injected in the last 2 days of the experiment. Xanthenone treatment resulted in a significant downregulation of miR-122, which further upregulated Sirt-6 and thus activated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK increases ACE2 levels and results in a decrease in the level of its substrate angiotensin II resulting in the normalization of the inflammatory cytokines and the cardiac biomarkers. Finally, by targeting the miR-122/Sirt-6/AMPK/ACE2 axis, xanthenone has the potential to be a promising cardioprotective agent against MI.
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11
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Kurumoğlu Incekalan T, Celik U, Tolunay O, Naz Şimdivar GH, Alyamaç Sukgen E. Changes in retinal and choroidal capillary dynamics in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3-12. [PMID: 36036326 PMCID: PMC9421118 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate patients with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) during and after resolution of inflammation to investigate the effect of this entity on the retinal and choroidal circulation. METHODS The study included 38 eyes of 19 patients diagnosed as having MIS-C between March 2021 and June 2021. OCTA measurements of choroidal thickness and vessel density in the radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP), superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) obtained at time of diagnosis and 60 days later were compared. Correlations between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at diagnosis and retinochoroidal involvement were investigated. RESULTS Compared to post-recovery follow-up examinations, patients with active MIS-C showed foveal avascular zone enlargement (p = 0.031), decreased vessel density in the temporal parafoveal SCP (p = 0.047) and all parafoveal areas of the DCP (p < 0.05 for all), and increased choroidal thickness (p = 0.021). Correlation analysis between CRP levels and OCTA changes during MIS-C revealed significant negative correlations with all parafoveal sectors of the SCP and DCP and a significant positive correlation with CT. CONCLUSION There were especially marked effects on the DCP and choroid in MIS-C patients. Our findings also correlate with CRP levels. The use of optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome may have potential future implications for detecting ocular microvascular changes that occur before permanent damage develops. Clinical Trial Registration Number and Date: 77/1340; March 1, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Kurumoğlu Incekalan
- Depertmant of Opthalmology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
| | - Umit Celik
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
| | - Orkun Tolunay
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
| | - Goksu Hande Naz Şimdivar
- Depertmant of Opthalmology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
| | - Emine Alyamaç Sukgen
- Depertmant of Opthalmology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
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12
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Yi W, Chen F, Zhang H, Tang P, Yuan M, Wen J, Wang S, Cai Z. Role of angiotensin II in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002138. [PMID: 36533172 PMCID: PMC9755866 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable progressive decline in physiological organ function that increases the chance of disease and death. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction, fluid homeostasis, cell growth, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In recent years, unprecedented advancement has been made in the RAS study, particularly with the observation that angiotensin II (Ang II), the central product of the RAS, plays a significant role in aging and chronic disease burden with aging. Binding to its receptors (Ang II type 1 receptor - AT1R in particular), Ang II acts as a mediator in the aging process by increasing free radical production and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. In this review, we examine the physiological function of the RAS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources in detail, highlighting how Ang II amplifies or drives mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition underlying each hallmark of aging and contributes to the development of aging and age-linked diseases. Accordingly, the Ang II/AT1R pathway opens a new preventive and therapeutic direction for delaying aging and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yi
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiji Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Department and Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
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13
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Pouremamali A, Babaei A, Malekshahi SS, Abbasi A, Rafiee N. Understanding the pivotal roles of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection: from structure/function to therapeutic implication. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022; 23:103. [PMID: 37521846 PMCID: PMC9206724 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel respiratory tract infection, from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was detected in China that rapidly spread around the world. This virus possesses spike (S) glycoproteins on the surface of mature virions, like other members of coronaviridae. The S glycoprotein is a crucial viral protein for binding, fusion, and entry into the target cells. Binding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), a cell-surface receptor, mediates virus entry into cells; thus, understanding the basics of ACE2 and S protein, their interactions, and ACE2 targeting could be a potent priority for inhibition of virus infection. This review presents current knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 basics and entry mechanism, structure and organ distribution of ACE2, and also its function in SARS-CoV-2 entry and pathogenesis. Furthermore, it highlights ACE2 targeting by recombinant ACE2 (rACE2), ACE2 activators, ACE inhibitor, and angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pouremamali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rafiee
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhou Q. ACE2, B 0AT1, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Structural and functional implications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102388. [PMID: 35584583 PMCID: PMC9108414 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for virus entry, representing the initial step of viral infection. S is one of the major targets for development of the antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. ACE2 is a peptidase that plays a physiologically important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Concurrently, it also forms dimer of heterodimer with the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 to regulate intestinal amino acid metabolism. The symptoms of COVID-19 are closely correlated with the physiological functions of ACE2. In this review, we summarize the functional and structural studies on ACE2, B0AT1, and their complex with S of SARS-CoV-2, providing insights into the various symptoms caused by viral infection and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author: Yan, Renhong
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Corresponding author: Zhou, Qiang
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15
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Erogul O, Gobeka HH, Dogan M, Akdogan M, Balci A, Kasikci M. Retinal microvascular morphology versus COVID-19: What to anticipate? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102920. [PMID: 35597442 PMCID: PMC9116963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate retinal microvascular morphological changes in previously COVID-19 infected patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and compare the findings to age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, OCTA findings (6.0 × 6.0 mm scan size and scan quality index ≥7/10) from previously COVID-19 infected patients (group 1, 32 patients, 64 eyes) with ≥1 month of complete recovery were compared to healthy subjects (group 2, 33 subjects, 66 eyes) with no history of COVID-19 infection. A positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test on a naso-pharyngeal swab sample confirmed the diagnosis. The AngioVueAnalytics, RTVue-XR 2017.1.0.155 software measured and recorded OCTA parameters. RESULTS Group 1 had significantly lower superficial capillary plexus vessel densities in all foveal regions than group 2 (P<0.05). Foveal deep capillary plexus vessel density in group 1 was also significantly lower than in group 2 (P=0.009); however, no significant differences were found in other regions (P>0.05). All foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters were higher in group 1 than in group 2, with significant differences in FAZ area (P=0.019) and foveal vessel density 300 μm area around FAZ (P=0.035), but not FAZ perimeter (P=0.054). The outer retina and choriocapillaris flows were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prior COVID-19 infection seems to be associated with significant changes in retinal microvascular density, as well as FAZ and flow parameters, which may be attributed to different pathogenic mechanisms that lead to SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as thrombotic microangiopathy and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Erogul
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Hamidu Hamisi Gobeka
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY.
| | - Mustafa Dogan
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Muberra Akdogan
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Aydin Balci
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Murat Kasikci
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Education and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Mugla-TURKEY
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16
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Lata S, Mishra R, Arya RP, Arora P, Lahon A, Banerjea AC, Sood V. Where all the Roads Meet? A Crossover Perspective on Host Factors Regulating SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167403. [PMID: 34914966 PMCID: PMC8666384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the latest pandemic which has thrown the world into an unprecedented social and economic uncertainties along with huge loss to humanity. Identification of the host factors regulating the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human host may help in the development of novel anti-viral therapies to combat the viral infection and spread. Recently, some research groups used genome-wide CRISPR/Cas screening to identify the host factors critical for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and infection. A comparative analysis of these significant host factors (p < 0.05) identified fifteen proteins common in these studies. Apart from ACE2 (receptor for SARS-CoV-2 attachment), other common host factors were CSNK2B, GDI2, SLC35B2, DDX51, VPS26A, ARPP-19, C1QTNF7, ALG6, LIMA1, COG3, COG8, BCOR, LRRN2 and TLR9. Additionally, viral interactome of these host factors revealed that many of them were associated with several SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well. Interestingly, some of these host factors have already been shown to be critical for the pathogenesis of other viruses suggesting their crucial role in virus-host interactions. Here, we review the functions of these host factors and their role in other diseases with special emphasis on viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Lata
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi P. Arya
- KSBS, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Arora
- Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Akhil C. Banerjea
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala, India,Corresponding authors
| | - Vikas Sood
- Biochemistry Department, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India,Corresponding authors
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17
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Klhůfek J. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19: the villain or the hero? Acta Clin Belg 2022; 77:211-218. [PMID: 32597377 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1786324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) is the entry receptor for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19. At the same time, ACE 2 expression decreases during COVID-19. Two seemingly contradictory relationships between the expression of ACE 2 and COVID-19 have been reported. Increased level of expression of ACE 2 may be a risk factor for the development of COVID-19 infection, while reduced ACE 2 expression during COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive overview of available scientific knowledge about the role of ACE 2 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, which is available up to current day. Also, it discusses unknown factors that we will have to reveal in order to understand the whole role of ACE 2 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Klhůfek
- Department of Pharmacy, T. Bata Regional Hospital, Zlín, Czech Republic
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18
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Arthurs AL, Jankovic-Karasoulos T, Roberts CT. COVID-19 in pregnancy: What we know from the first year of the pandemic. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166248. [PMID: 34461257 PMCID: PMC8397492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has infected nearly 178 million people and claimed the lives of over 3.8 million in less than 15 months. This has prompted a flurry of research studies into the mechanisms and effects of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection in humans. However, studies examining the effects of COVID-19 in pregnant women, their placentae and their babies remain limited. Furthermore, reports of safety and efficacy of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy are limited. This review concisely summarises the case studies and research on COVID-19 in pregnancy, to date. It also reviews the mechanism of infection with SARS-CoV-2, and its reliance and effects upon the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Overall, the data suggest that infection during pregnancy can be dangerous at any time, but this risk to both the mother and fetus, as well as placental damage, increases during the third trimester. The possibility of vertical transmission, which is explored in this review, remains contentious. However, maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 can increase risk of miscarriage, preterm birth and stillbirth, which is likely due to damage to the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Lara Arthurs
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | | | - Claire Trelford Roberts
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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19
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Abrishami M, Daneshvar R, Emamverdian Z, Shoeibi N, Sedighi S, Rezvani TS, Saeedian N, Eslami S. Optic Nerve Head Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings after Coronavirus Disease. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:592-601. [PMID: 34840682 PMCID: PMC8593550 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the microvasculature density of the optic nerve head (ONH) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis in patients recovered from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In a comparative cross-sectional, observational study, patients recovered from COVID-19 whose initial diagnosis was confirmed by a rRT-PCR of a nasopharyngeal sample were included in this study. OCTA of ONH was performed in included patients and normal controls. Vascular density (VD) of the all vessels (AV) and small vessels (SV) inside the disc and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network density were measured in COVID-19 recovered patients and compared with similar parameters in an age-matched group of normal controls. Results Twenty-five COVID-19 patients and twenty-two age-matched normal controls were enrolled in the study and one eye per participant was evaluated. The mean whole image SV VD in the COVID-19 group (49.31 ± 1.93) was not statistically significantly different from that in the control group (49.94 ±. 2.22; P = 0.308). A decrease in RPC VD was found in all AV and SV VD measured, which became statistically significant in whole peripapillary SV VD, peripapillary inferior nasal SV VD, peripapillary inferior temporal SV VD, peripapillary superior nasal SV VD, and grid-based AV VD inferior sector (P< 0.05). Inside disc SV VD in the COVID-19 group (49.43 ± 4.96) was higher than in the control group (45.46 ± 6.22) which was statistically significant (P = 0.021). Conclusion Unremarkable decrease was found in ONH microvasculature in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. These patients may be at risk of ONH vascular complications. Increase in inner disc SV VD may be an indicator of ONH hyperemia and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamverdian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasser Shoeibi
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Sedighi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Talieh Saeidi Rezvani
- Department of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Saeedian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Eslami
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Rath S, Perikala V, Jena AB, Dandapat J. Factors regulating dynamics of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the gateway of SARS-CoV-2: Epigenetic modifications and therapeutic interventions by epidrugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112095. [PMID: 34479017 PMCID: PMC8403698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is one of the major components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and participates in the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system and lungs. Recent studies identified ACE2 as the receptor for the S-protein of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and thus acts as the gateway for viral entry into the human body. Virus infection causes an imbalance in the RAS axis and induces acute lungs injury and fibrosis. Various factors regulate ACE2 expression patterns as well as control its epigenetic status at both transcription and translational levels. This review is mainly focused on the impact of environmental toxicants, drugs, endocrine disruptors, and hypoxia as controlling parameters for ACE2 expression and its possible modulation by epigenetic changes which are marked by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) profile. Furthermore, we have emphasized on interventions of various phytochemicals and bioactive compounds as epidrugs that regulate ACE2-S-protein interaction and thereby curb viral infection. Since ACE2 is an important component of the RAAS axis and a crucial entry point of SARS-CoV-2, the dynamics of ACE2 expression in response to various extrinsic and intrinsic factors are of contemporary relevance. We have collated updated information on ACE2 expression modulated by epidrugs, and urge to take over further studies on these important physiological regulators to unravel many more systemic linkages related to both metabolic and infectious diseases, in general and SARS-CoV-2 in particular for further development of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasmita Rath
- Centre of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Perikala
- Centre of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Atala Bihari Jena
- Centre of Excellence in Integrated Omics and Computational Biology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Jagneshwar Dandapat
- Centre of Excellence in Integrated Omics and Computational Biology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India; Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India.
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21
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Rowland R, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Analysis of the Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Cell Surface Expression, Function, and Binding Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0119921. [PMID: 34494876 PMCID: PMC8557876 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01199-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as the major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The viral spike (S) protein is required for the attachment to ACE2 and subsequent virus-host cell membrane fusion. Previous work has demonstrated the presence of N-linked glycans in ACE2. N-glycosylation is implicated in many biological activities, including protein folding, protein activity, and cell surface expression of biomolecules. However, the contribution of N-glycosylation to ACE2 function is poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of N-glycosylation in the activity and localization of two species with different susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, porcine ACE2 (pACE2) and hACE2. The elimination of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin (TM) treatment, or mutagenesis, showed that N-glycosylation is critical for the proper cell surface expression of ACE2 but not for its carboxiprotease activity. Furthermore, nonglycosylable ACE2 was localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and not at the cell surface. Our data also revealed that binding of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 S protein to porcine or human ACE2 was not affected by deglycosylation of ACE2 or S proteins, suggesting that N-glycosylation does not play a role in the interaction between SARS coronaviruses and the ACE2 receptor. Impairment of hACE2 N-glycosylation decreased cell-to-cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV S protein but not that mediated by SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Finally, we found that hACE2 N-glycosylation is required for an efficient viral entry of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses, which may be the result of low cell surface expression of the deglycosylated ACE2 receptor. IMPORTANCE Understanding the role of glycosylation in the virus-receptor interaction is important for developing approaches that disrupt infection. In this study, we showed that deglycosylation of both ACE2 and S had a minimal effect on the spike-ACE2 interaction. In addition, we found that the removal of N-glycans of ACE2 impaired its ability to support an efficient transduction of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses. Our data suggest that the role of deglycosylation of ACE2 on reducing infection is likely due to a reduced expression of the viral receptor on the cell surface. These findings offer insight into the glycan structure and function of ACE2 and potentially suggest that future antiviral therapies against coronaviruses and other coronavirus-related illnesses involving inhibition of ACE2 recruitment to the cell membrane could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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22
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Elrobaa IH, New KJ. COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations. Front Public Health 2021; 9:711616. [PMID: 34650947 PMCID: PMC8505777 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.711616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the most significant event in 2020, with ~86.8 million cases and 1.88 million deaths worldwide. It is a highly infectious disease, wherein the virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) rapidly multiplies and spreads to all parts of the body. Therefore, COVID-19 is not only respiratory disease but also a multisystem disease. Many people, including physicians, incorrectly believe that the disease affects only the respiratory tract. In this study, we aimed to describe COVID-19 manifestations and the underlying pathophysiology to provide the readers with a better understanding of this disease to achieve good management and to control the spread of this disease. Methods: Secondary data were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The keywords used for the search were as follows: COVID-19, COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations, COVID-19 extra pulmonary manifestations, and pathophysiology of COVID-19. We collected secondary data from systemic reviews, metaanalyses, case series, and case reports in the form of public data that was published on websites of the government, medical corporations, medical peer-reviewed journals, and medical academies, all of which were indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, or Scopus. Our questions were as follows: Is COVID-19 a respiratory disease only? and What are the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19? Results: From our data, we found that a patient with COVID-19 may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic. Symptomatic cases may have either pulmonary or extrapulmonary manifestations. Pulmonary manifestations occur as mild, moderate, or severe cases. In mild and moderate cases, extrapulmonary manifestations such as gastroenteritis, fever, or vomiting may present alone. Some of these cases may be missed for diagnosis, and the patient may receive symptomatic treatment without a COVID-19 diagnosis, leading to increased spread of the infection. Extrapulmonary manifestations may occur in severe and critical cases as complications of severe infections (high viral overload) or the cytokine storm, such as in acute kidney injury (AKI), heart failure (HF), and venous thromboembolic (VTE) manifestation. Conclusion: COVID-19 is not a respiratory disease alone; rather, it is a multisystem disease. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations should be considered for early diagnosis and to control the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam H. Elrobaa
- Emergency Medicine Specialist in Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar and Lecturer in Clinical Education Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karl J. New
- Clinical Physiology, School of Health, Sport, and Professional Practice, Faculty of Life Science and Education, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom
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23
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Zaman R, Hamidzada H, Kantores C, Wong A, Dick SA, Wang Y, Momen A, Aronoff L, Lin J, Razani B, Mital S, Billia F, Lavine KJ, Nejat S, Epelman S. Selective loss of resident macrophage-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 abolishes adaptive cardiac growth to stress. Immunity 2021; 54:2057-2071.e6. [PMID: 34363749 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension affects one-third of the world's population, leading to cardiac dysfunction that is modulated by resident and recruited immune cells. Cardiomyocyte growth and increased cardiac mass are essential to withstand hypertensive stress; however, whether immune cells are involved in this compensatory cardioprotective process is unclear. In normotensive animals, single-cell transcriptomics of fate-mapped self-renewing cardiac resident macrophages (RMs) revealed transcriptionally diverse cell states with a core repertoire of reparative gene programs, including high expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1). Hypertension drove selective in situ proliferation and transcriptional activation of some cardiac RM states, directly correlating with increased cardiomyocyte growth. During hypertension, inducible ablation of RMs or selective deletion of RM-derived Igf1 prevented adaptive cardiomyocyte growth, and cardiac mass failed to increase, which led to cardiac dysfunction. Single-cell transcriptomics identified a conserved IGF1-expressing macrophage subpopulation in human cardiomyopathy. Here we defined the absolute requirement of RM-produced IGF-1 in cardiac adaptation to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rysa Zaman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Homaira Hamidzada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal Kantores
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Wong
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Dick
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yiming Wang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdul Momen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Aronoff
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Lin
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Babak Razani
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seema Mital
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Nejat
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in COVID-19-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8671713. [PMID: 34457119 PMCID: PMC8397545 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8671713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic represents an ongoing healthcare emergency responsible for more than 3.4 million deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus that targets not only the lungs but also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 can manifest with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild symptoms to severe forms of the disease, characterized by respiratory failure due to severe alveolar damage. Several studies investigated the underlying mechanisms of the severe lung damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and revealed that the respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 is the consequence not only of acute respiratory distress syndrome but also of macro- and microvascular involvement. New observations show that COVID-19 is an endothelial disease, and the consequent endotheliopathy is responsible for inflammation, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and coagulopathy. In this review, we show the central role of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the COVID-19 pathogenesis and present the therapeutic targets deriving from this endotheliopathy.
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25
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Lai A, Chang ML, O'Donnell RP, Zhou C, Sumner JA, Hsiai TK. Association of COVID-19 transmission with high levels of ambient pollutants: Initiation and impact of the inflammatory response on cardiopulmonary disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146464. [PMID: 33961545 PMCID: PMC7960028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution contributes to 7 million premature deaths annually. Concurrently, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, complicated with S-protein mutations and other variants, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 2.5 million deaths globally. Chronic air pollution-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases have been associated with an increased incidence of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation following COVID-19 transmission. While the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association remain elusive, air pollutant-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses have been implicated in amplifying COVID-19-mediated cytokine release and vascular thrombosis. In addition, prolonged exposure to certain types of particulate matter (PM2.5, d < 2.5 μm) has also been correlated with increased lung epithelial and vascular endothelial expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors to which the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S) bind for fusion and internalization into host cells. Emerging literature has linked high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection to regions with elevated levels of PM2.5, suggesting that COVID-19 lockdowns have been implicated in regional reductions in air pollutant-mediated cardiopulmonary effects. Taken together, an increased incidence of SARS-CoV-2-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases seems to overlap with highly polluted regions. To this end, we will review the redox-active components of air pollutants, the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and the key oxidative mechanisms and ACE2 overexpression underlying air pollution-exacerbated SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Megan L Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan P O'Donnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, College of Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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26
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Yalcin HC, Sukumaran V, Al-Ruweidi MKAA, Shurbaji S. Do Changes in ACE-2 Expression Affect SARS-CoV-2 Virulence and Related Complications: A Closer Look into Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6703. [PMID: 34201415 PMCID: PMC8269184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) for cell entry and infection. This enzyme has important functions in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to preserve cardiovascular function. In addition to the heart, it is expressed in many tissues including the lung, intestines, brain, and kidney, however, its functions in these organs are mostly unknown. ACE-2 has membrane-bound and soluble forms. Its expression levels are altered in disease states and by a variety of medications. Currently, it is not clear how altered ACE-2 levels influence ACE-2 virulence and relevant complications. In addition, membrane-bound and soluble forms are thought to have different effects. Most work on this topic in the literature is on the SARS-CoV virus that has a high genetic resemblance to SARS-Co-V-2 and also uses ACE-2 enzyme to enter the cell, but with much lower affinity. More recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 are mainly clinical studies aiming at relating the effect of medications that are thought to influence ACE-2 levels, with COVID-19 outcomes for patients under these medications. This review paper aims to summarize what is known about the relationship between ACE-2 levels and SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 virulence under altered ACE-2 expression states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Samar Shurbaji
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
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27
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Ameratunga R, Woon ST, Steele R, Snell R, Medlicott N, Mears E, Leung E, Lehnert K, Jordan A, Das S, Abbott W, Longhurst H, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Perspective: the nose and the stomach play a critical role in the NZACE2-Pātari* (modified ACE2) drug treatment project of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:553-560. [PMID: 33792473 PMCID: PMC8127172 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1912596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has caused calamitous health, economic and societal consequences globally. Currently, there is no effective treatment for the infection. Areas covered: We have recently described the NZACE2-Pātari project, which seeks to administer modified Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) molecules early in the infection to intercept and block SARS-CoV-2 binding to the pulmonary epithelium. Expert opinion: Since the nasopharyngeal mucosa is infected in the first asymptomatic phase of the infection, treatment of the nose is likely to be safe and potentially effective. The intercepted virus will be swallowed and destroyed in the stomach. There is however a limited window of opportunity to alter the trajectory of the infection in an individual patient, which requires access to rapid testing for SARS-CoV-2. The proposed strategy is analogous to passive immunization of viral infections such as measles and may be of particular benefit to immunodeficient and unvaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland New Zealand.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Russell Snell
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Emily Mears
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Jordan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Shyamal Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Abbott
- Department of Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Longhurst
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland New Zealand
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28
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Umeoguaju FU, Ephraim-Emmanuel BC, Uba JO, Bekibele GE, Chigozie N, Orisakwe OE. Immunomodulatory and Mechanistic Considerations of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) in Dysfunctional Immune Responses: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:550670. [PMID: 34040600 PMCID: PMC8141557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.550670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HS) water decoction extract is a commonly consumed beverage with various pharmacological properties. This systematic review examines the possible effect of HS intake on immune mediators. The Scopus and PUBMED databases were searched for all human and animal studies that investigated the effect of HS administration on immune related biomarkers. For each of the immune biomarkers, the mean, standard deviation and number of subjects were extracted for both the HS treated and untreated group. These values were used in the computation of standardized mean difference (SMD). Statistical analysis and forest plot were done with R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Twenty seven (27) studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty two (22) of the studies were used for the meta-analysis which included a total of 1211 subjects. The meta-analysis showed that HS administration significantly lowered the levels of TNF-α (n=10; pooled SMD: -1.55; 95% CI: -2.43, -0.67; P < 0.01), IL-6 (n=11; pooled SMD:-1.09; 95% CI: -1.77, -0.40; P < 0.01), IL-1β (n=7; pooled SMD:-0.62; 95% CI: -1.25, 0.00; P = 0.05), Edema formation (n=4; pooled SMD: -2.29; 95% CI: -4.47, -0.11; P = 0.04), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 (n=4; pooled SMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -1.78, -0.57; P < 0.01) and Angiotensin converting enzyme cascade (n=6; pooled SMD: -0.91; 95% CI: -1.57, -0.25; P < 0.01). The levels of IL-10 (n=4; pooled SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -1.67, 0.91; P = 0.56), Interleukin 8 (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.12; 95% CI: -0.76, 0.51; P = 0.71), iNOS (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.69; 95% CI: -1.60, 0.23 P = 0.14) and C- Reactive Protein (n=4; pooled SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.26, 0.36; P = 0.75), were not significantly changed by HS administration. Some of the results had high statistical heterogeneity. HS may be promising in the management of disorders involving hyperactive immune system or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis U. Umeoguaju
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benson C. Ephraim-Emmanuel
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Dental Health Sciences, Ogbia, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otakeme, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Uba
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Grace E. Bekibele
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Nwondah Chigozie
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourtt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects cells by docking the spike protein at its surface to a receptor protein exposed on human cells. Both receptor and spike are covered by sugars. With molecular dynamics simulations, we show that sugars attached to the N90 site of the human receptor interfere with binding to the virus, explaining reports of increased susceptibility to infection if N90 glycosylation is lost. By contrast, sugars at the human receptor N322 site strengthen the binding to spike by latching onto a site on spike that is targeted also by neutralizing antibodies. By characterizing the contrasting roles of sugars in the interaction between virus and host cells, we aid in the targeted development of neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors. Binding of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor triggers translocation of the virus into cells. Both the ACE2 receptor and the spike protein are heavily glycosylated, including at sites near their binding interface. We built fully glycosylated models of the ACE2 receptor bound to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we found that the glycosylation of the human ACE2 receptor contributes substantially to the binding of the virus. Interestingly, the glycans at two glycosylation sites, N90 and N322, have opposite effects on spike protein binding. The glycan at the N90 site partly covers the binding interface of the spike RBD. Therefore, this glycan can interfere with the binding of the spike protein and protect against docking of the virus to the cell. By contrast, the glycan at the N322 site interacts tightly with the RBD of the ACE2-bound spike protein and strengthens the complex. Remarkably, the N322 glycan binds to a conserved region of the spike protein identified previously as a cryptic epitope for a neutralizing antibody. By mapping the glycan binding sites, our MD simulations aid in the targeted development of neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors.
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Suh JS, Kim HS, Kim TJ. Development of a SARS-CoV-2-derived receptor-binding domain-based ACE2 biosensor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 334:129663. [PMID: 33612970 PMCID: PMC7885701 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease and rapid spread of the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represent a significant threat to human health. A key mechanism of human SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by the combination of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2-derived spike glycoprotein. Despite the importance of these protein interactions, there are still insufficient detection methods to observe their activity at the cellular level. Herein, we developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based hACE2 biosensor to monitor the interaction between hACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD. This biosensor facilitated the visualization of hACE2-RBD activity with high spatiotemporal resolutions at the single-cell level. Further studies revealed that the FRET-based hACE2 biosensors were sensitive to both exogenous and endogenous hACE2 expression, suggesting that they might be safely applied to the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection without direct virus use. Therefore, our novel biosensor could potentially help develop drugs that target SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting hACE2-RBD interaction.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- Biosensor
- CQ, chloroquine
- FRET
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- Live-cell imaging
- NA, numerical aperture
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- ROI, region of interest
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- bg, background
- hACE2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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31
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Suciu-Petrescu M, Truta A, Suciu MD, Trifa AP, Petrescu D, Roșianu HȘ, Sabin O, Popa DE, Macarie AE, Vesa ȘC, Buzoianu AD. Clinical impact of echocardiography parameters and molecular biomarkers in heart failure: Correlation of ACE2 and MCP-1 polymorphisms with echocardiography parameters: A comparative study. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:686. [PMID: 33986851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is still the leading cause of hospitalization in patients over 65 years of age and is defined as a multifactorial pathology which involves environmental factors and also genetic predispositions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) genes and cardiac remodeling in Caucasian patients diagnosed with heart failure. Our comparative translational research study included 116 patients diagnosed with heart failure and was carried out in Cluj-Napoca, Romania between September 2017 and March 2019. Three SNPs, namely rs4646156, rs4646174 and rs1024611, were genotyped using a Taqman real-time PCR technique. Our results showed that carriers of the AA genotype for ACE2 rs4646156 had a significant dilatation of the left ventricle (LV) with signs of LV hypertrophy (LVH), while TT carriers had a significant left atrial dilatation. For ACE2 rs4646174, homozygotes for the C allele presented a dilated LV with signs of LVH with statistical significance and had a tendency towards a lower ejection fraction. MCP-1 rs1024611 AA variant carriers had a significant LVH in the dominant model. In conclusion, our study showed a strong association between echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and SNPs rs4646156, rs4646174 of ACE2 and rs1024611 of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mălina Suciu-Petrescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Cardiology, 'Regina Maria' Hospital, 400117 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anamaria Truta
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Domnutiu Suciu
- Department of Urology, Clinical Institute of Urology and Kidney Transplant, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400066 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Pavel Trifa
- Department of Medical Genetics, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Denisa Petrescu
- Department of Endocrinology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horia Ștefan Roșianu
- Department of Cardiology, 'Niculae Stăncioiu' Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Octavia Sabin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daciana Elena Popa
- Department of Cardiology, 'Niculae Stăncioiu' Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonia Eugenia Macarie
- Department of Geriatrics-Gerontology, 'Iuliu Haţieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan Cristian Vesa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Shukla AK, Banerjee M. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19: An Update. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2021; 28:129-139. [PMID: 33635533 PMCID: PMC7908946 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-021-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its outbreak, Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 26 million individuals in more than 200 countries. Although the mortality rate of COVID-19 is low, but several clinical studies showed, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or other major complication at high risk of COVID-19 and reported more severe disease and increased fatality. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of renin-angiotensin-system (RAS); acts on ACE/Ang-II/AT1recptor axis, and regulates pathological processes like hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) etc. The progression of T2DM and hypertension show decreased expression and activity of ACE2. There are several treatment strategies for controlling diabetes, hypertension, etc; like ACE2 gene therapies, endogenous ACE2 activators, human recombinant ACE2 (hrACE2), Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEi) medications. ACE2, the receptors for SARS-CoV2, facilitates virus entry inside host cell. Clinicians are using two classes of medications for the treatment of COVID-19; one targets the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction, while other targets human immune system. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of ACE2 in diabetes and in COVID-19 and to provide an analysis of data proposing harm and benefit of RAS inhibitor treatment in COVID-19 infection as well as showing no association whatsoever. This review also highlights some candidate vaccines which are undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Shukla
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhang L, Zetter MA, Guerra EC, Hernández VS, Mahata SK, Eiden LE. ACE2 in the second act of COVID-19 syndrome: Peptide dysregulation and possible correction with oestrogen. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12935. [PMID: 33462852 PMCID: PMC7995212 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the most critical pandemic of the 21st Century and the most severe since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects the host by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a topic of debate, with clinical and experimental evidence indicating a multifaceted relationship between ACE2 activity and disease severity. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the peptidergic substrates and products of ACE and ACE2 contribute to physiological and pathophysiological processes and hypothesise how down-regulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry disrupts homeostasis. A better understanding of the endocrinology of the disease, in particular the neuroendocrinology of ACE2 during COVID-19, may contribute to the timely design of new therapeutic strategies, including the regulation of ACE2 itself by steroid hormones, to ameliorate the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Dept. PhysiologyLaboratory of Systems NeuroscienceSchool of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mario A. Zetter
- Dept. PhysiologyLaboratory of Systems NeuroscienceSchool of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Enrique C. Guerra
- Dept. PhysiologyLaboratory of Systems NeuroscienceSchool of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
- MD–PhD Program (PECEM)Faculty of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Vito S. Hernández
- Dept. PhysiologyLaboratory of Systems NeuroscienceSchool of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology LaboratoryVA San Diego Healthcare SystemUniversity California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular NeuroscienceNational Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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35
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Thankam FG, Agrawal DK. Molecular chronicles of cytokine burst in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with cardiovascular diseases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 161:e217-e226. [PMID: 32631657 PMCID: PMC7834736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Address for reprints: Devendra K. Agrawal, PhD (Biochem), PhD (Med Sci), MBA, Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA 91766
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36
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Katsi V, Pavlidis G, Charalambous G, Tousoulis D, Toutouzas K. COVID-19, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition: Implications for Practice. Curr Hypertens Rev 2021; 18:3-10. [PMID: 33475077 DOI: 10.2174/1573402117666210121100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggested that patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who use renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors have an increased risk of respiratory failure and death. The hypothesis was that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs) may up-regulate ACE2 expression that is used as receptor for viral entry into cells. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to discuss the existing evidence on the interaction between COVID-19 infection, ACE2 and ACEIs or ARBs and to examine the main implications for clinical practice. In addition, novel therapeutic strategies for blocking ACE2-mediated COVID-19 infection will be displayed. METHODS We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to identify data from clinical and experimental studies for the association between COVID-19 infection, ACE2 and RAS inhibition. RESULTS The current clinical and experimental evidence for ACEIs or ARBs to facilitate severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is insufficient to suggest discontinuing these drugs. Several observational studies arrive at the conclusion that the continued use of RAS inhibitors is unlike to be harmful in COVID-19-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Further randomized trials are needed to answer definitely the question of whether RAS inhibitors are harmful or beneficial to patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Katsi
- 1 st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens. Greece
| | - George Pavlidis
- Emergency Department, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, Athens. Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1 st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens. Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- 1 st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens. Greece
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37
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Rahman MM, Hasan M, Ahmed A. Potential detrimental role of soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19 comorbid patients. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-12. [PMID: 33426683 PMCID: PMC8014495 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Other important proteins involved in this process include disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17) also known as tumour necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme and transmembrane serine protease 2. ACE2 converts angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin (1-7), to balance the renin angiotensin system. Membrane-bound ACE2 ectodomain shedding is mediated by ADAM17 upon viral spike binding, Ang II overproduction and in several diseases. The shed soluble ACE2 (sACE2) retains its catalytic activity, but its precise role in viral entry is still unclear. Therapeutic sACE2 is claimed to exert dual effects; reduction of excess Ang II and blocking viral entry by masking the spike protein. Nevertheless, the paradox is why SARS-CoV-2 comorbid patients struggle to attain such benefit in viral infection despite having a high amount of sACE2. In this review, we discuss the possible detrimental role of sACE2 and speculate on a series of events where protease primed or non-primed virus-sACE2 complex might enter the host cell. As extracellular virus can bind many sACE2 molecules, sACE2 level could be reduced drastically upon endocytosis by the host cell. A consequential rapid rise in Ang II level could potentially aggravate disease severity through Ang II-angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis in comorbid patients. Hence, monitoring sACE2 and Ang II level in coronavirus disease 2019 comorbid patients are crucial to ensure safe and efficient intervention using therapeutic sACE2 and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Ahmed
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Askari H, Sanadgol N, Azarnezhad A, Tajbakhsh A, Rafiei H, Safarpour AR, Gheibihayat SM, Raeis-Abdollahi E, Savardashtaki A, Ghanbariasad A, Omidifar N. Kidney diseases and COVID-19 infection: causes and effect, supportive therapeutics and nutritional perspectives. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06008. [PMID: 33495739 PMCID: PMC7817396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has attracted the attention of scientists where it has a high mortality rate among older adults and individuals suffering from chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD). It is important to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which COVID-19 affects the kidneys and accordingly develop proper nutritional and pharmacological strategies. Although numerous studies have recently recommended several approaches for the management of COVID-19 in CKD, its impact on patients with renal diseases remains the biggest challenge worldwide. In this paper, we review the most recent evidence regarding causality, potential nutritional supplements, therapeutic options, and management of COVID-19 infection in vulnerable individuals and patients with CKD. To date, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19-induced kidney dysfunction, and current treatments are yet limited to anti-inflammatory (e.g. ibuprofen) and anti-viral medications (e.g. Remdesivir, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine) that may increase the chance of treatment. In conclusion, the knowledge about kidney damage in COVID-19 is very limited, and this review improves our ability to introduce novel approaches for future clinical trials for this contiguous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Askari
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Van Vo G, Bagyinszky E, Park YS, Hulme J, An SSA. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Beginning to Understand a New Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:3-19. [PMID: 33656709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, several members of the Coronaviridae family demonstrated epidemic potential. In late 2019, an unnamed genetic relative, later named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), erupted in the highly populous neighborhoods of Wuhan, China. Unchecked, COVID-19 spread rapidly among interconnected communities and related households before containment measures could be enacted. At present, the mortality rate of COVID-19 infection worldwide is 6.6%. In order to mitigate the number of infections, restrictions or recommendations on the number of people that can gather in a given area have been employed by governments worldwide. For governments to confidently lift these restrictions as well as counter a potential secondary wave of infections, alternative medications and diagnostic strategies against COVID-19 are urgently required. This review has focused on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giau Van Vo
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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Geranii Herba as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Main 3CL pro, Spike RBD, and Regulation of Unfolded Protein Response: An In Silico Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120863. [PMID: 33287311 PMCID: PMC7761775 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the first patient identified with SARS-CoV-2 symptoms in December 2019, the trend of a spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has remained to date. As for now, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs or vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods: Polyphenolic compounds have potential as drug candidates for various diseases, including viral infections. In this study, polyphenolic compounds contained in Geranii Herba were chosen for an in silico approach. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), 3CLpro (Replicase polyprotein 1ab), and the cell surface receptor glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were chosen as target proteins. Results: Based on the molecular docking analysis, ellagic acid, gallic acid, geraniin, kaempferitrin, kaempferol, and quercetin showed significant binding interactions with the target proteins. Besides, the molecular dynamic simulation studies support Geranii Herba’s inhibition efficiency on the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. We assume that the active compounds in Geranii Herba might inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell entry through the ACE2 receptor and inhibit the proteolytic process. Besides, these compounds may help to regulate the cell signaling under the unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum stress through the binding with GRP78 and avoid the SARS-CoV-2 interaction. Conclusions: Hence, the compounds present in Geranii Herba could be used as possible drug candidates for the prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Abstract
In 2019, a novel coronavirus infection was detected in humans. As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread around the world, often confusing and contradictory information about the disease proliferated rapidly. This article reviews what is currently known about COVID-19, including transmission, epidemiology, immunologic responses, clinical manifestations, and disease management. In 2019, a novel coronavirus infection was detected in humans. As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread around the world, often confusing and contradictory information about the disease proliferated rapidly. This article reviews what is currently known about COVID-19, including transmission, epidemiology, immunologic responses, clinical manifestations, and disease management.
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Kumari K, Chainy GB, Subudhi U. Prospective role of thyroid disorders in monitoring COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05712. [PMID: 33344794 PMCID: PMC7733548 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 200 countries and 1.3 million individuals have deceased within eleven months. Intense research on COVID-19 occurrence and prevalence enable us to understand that comorbidities play a crucial role in spread and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases and hypertension are among the various morbidities that are prevalent in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. However, the effect of altered thyroid-driven disorders cannot be ignored. Since thyroid hormone critically coordinate and regulate the major metabolism and biochemical pathways, this review is on the potential role of prevailing thyroid disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Direct link of thyroid hormone with several disorders such as diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, kidney and liver disorders etc. suggests that the prevailing thyroid conditions may affect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further, we discuss the oxidative stress-induced aging is associated with the degree of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, ACE2 protein which facilitates the host-cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 using the spike protein, are highly expressed in individuals with abnormal level of thyroid hormone. Altogether, we report that the malfunction of thyroid hormone synthesis may aggravate SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus monitoring the thyroid hormone may help in understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Sweden
| | - Gagan B.N. Chainy
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Umakanta Subudhi
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
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Amini Pouya M, Afshani SM, Maghsoudi AS, Hassani S, Mirnia K. Classification of the present pharmaceutical agents based on the possible effective mechanism on the COVID-19 infection. Daru 2020; 28:745-764. [PMID: 32734518 PMCID: PMC7391927 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are several types of research on the COVID-19 disease which have been conducting. It seems that prevailing over the pandemic would be achieved only by mastering over the virus pathophysiology. We tried to categorize the massive amount of available information for useful interpretation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched databases with different keywords and search strategies that focus on virulence and pathophysiology of COVID-19. The present review has aimed to gather and categorize all implemented drugs based on the susceptible virulence mechanisms, and the pathophysiological events in the host cells, discussing and suggesting treatments. RESULTS As a result, the COVID-19 lifecycle were categorized as following steps: "Host Cell Attachment" which is mainly conducted with ACE2 receptors and TMPRSS2 from the host cell and Spike (S) protein, "Endocytosis Pathway" which is performed mainly by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and "Viral Replication" which contains translation and replication of RNA viral genome. The virus pathogenicity is continued by "Inflammatory Reactions" which mainly caused moderate to severe COVID-19 disease. Besides, the possible effective therapeutics' mechanism and the pharmaceutical agents that had at least one experience as a preclinical or clinical study on COVID-19 were clearly defined. CONCLUSION The treatment protocol would be occasional based on the stage of the infection and the patient situation. The cocktail of medicines, which could affect almost all mentioned stages of COVID-19 disease, might be vital for patients with severe phenomena. The classification of the possible mechanism of medicines based on COVID-19 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amini Pouya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Maryam Afshani
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Salek Maghsoudi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kayvan Mirnia
- Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abrishami M, Emamverdian Z, Shoeibi N, Omidtabrizi A, Daneshvar R, Saeidi Rezvani T, Saeedian N, Eslami S, Mazloumi M, Sadda S, Sarraf D. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of the retina in patients recovered from COVID-19: a case-control study. Can J Ophthalmol 2020; 56:24-30. [PMID: 33249111 PMCID: PMC7666612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To quantify the density of the macular microvasculature and the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in patients recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis. Methods In a comparative cross-sectional, observational study, patients recovered from COVID-19 were included in this study. All included subjects exhibited a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction—confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Spectral domain macular OCTA was performed at least 2 weeks after recovery from systemic COVID-19. Vessel density (VD) of the superficial (SCP) and deep retinal capillary plexus (DCP) and the area of the FAZ were measured in COVID-19 recovered patients versus age-matched normal controls. Results Thirty-one recovered COVID-19 patients and 23 healthy normal controls were studied. Mean quality scan index was 7.64 ± 0.66 in the COVID cases and 8.34 ± 0.71 in the normal controls (p = 0.001). Mean SCP VD and DCP VD of the COVID cohort were significantly lower than the SCP VD and DCP VD of the control group in the foveal and parafoveal regions. FAZ area was greater in the COVID cohort, but this difference was not statistically significant. In addition, in the COVID cohort, VD of the SCP was lower in patients with a history of COVID-19 hospitalization versus those without such a history, but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Patients recovered from COVID-19 displayed alterations in the retinal microvasculature, including a significantly lower VD in the SCP and DCP. Patients with coronavirus infection may be at risk of retinal vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zahra Emamverdian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Shoeibi
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Omidtabrizi
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Talieh Saeidi Rezvani
- Department of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Saeedian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Eslami
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mazloumi
- Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - SriniVas Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Sarraf
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Festa M, Sansone C, Brunet C, Crocetta F, Di Paola L, Lombardo M, Bruno A, Noonan DM, Albini A. Cardiovascular Active Peptides of Marine Origin with ACE Inhibitory Activities: Potential Role as Anti-Hypertensive Drugs and in Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8364. [PMID: 33171852 PMCID: PMC7664667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in hypertension-one of the main factors characterizing the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS)-and anti-hypertensive drugs raised from the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID19 pandemic. The virus SARS-CoV-2 employs the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) system, as a receptor for entry into the cells. Several classes of synthetic drugs are available for hypertension, rarely associated with severe or mild adverse effects. New natural compounds, such as peptides, might be useful to treat some hypertensive patients. The main feature of ACE inhibitory peptides is the location of the hydrophobic residue, usually Proline, at the C-terminus. Some already known bioactive peptides derived from marine resources have potential ACE inhibitory activity and can be considered therapeutic agents to treat hypertension. Peptides isolated from marine vertebrates, invertebrates, seaweeds, or sea microorganisms displayed important biological activities to treat hypertensive patients. Here, we reviewed the anti-hypertensive activities of bioactive molecules isolated/extracted from marine organisms and discussed the associated molecular mechanisms involved. We also examined ACE2 modulation in sight of SARS2-Cov infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Festa
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 30138 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L); (D.M.N.)
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Fabio Crocetta
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luisa Di Paola
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Antonino Bruno
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 30138 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L); (D.M.N.)
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 30138 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L); (D.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 30138 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L); (D.M.N.)
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Aghili R, Honardoost M, Khamseh ME. COVID-19: Case fatality and ACE2 inhibitors treatment concerns in patients with comorbidities. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:147. [PMID: 33437743 PMCID: PMC7787016 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is becoming pandemic with the highest mortality in patients with associated comorbidities. These RNA viruses containing 4 structural proteins usually use spike protein to enter the host cell. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as a host receptor for the virus. Therefore, medications acting on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can lead to serious complications, especially in patients with diabetes and hypertension. To avoid this, other potential treatment modalities should be used in COVID-19 patients with associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Aghili
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Honardoost
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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47
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Stein RA, Young LM. From ACE2 to COVID-19: A multiorgan endothelial disease. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:425-430. [PMID: 32896660 PMCID: PMC7832810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; LaGuardia Community College, Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, New York, NY 11101, USA.
| | - Lauren M Young
- University of Chicago, Department of Internal Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Silva TF, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sanfelice RA, Gonçalves MD, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Detoni MB, Rodrigues ACJ, Carloto ACM, Concato VM, Siqueira EDS, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM. A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:562264. [PMID: 33193331 PMCID: PMC7652766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.562264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Elaine da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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49
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Chen L, Hao G. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in coronaviruses/influenza viruses and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1932-1936. [PMID: 32267499 PMCID: PMC7184394 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a key regulator of the renin–angiotensin system in cardiovascular (CV) disease and plays a pivotal role in infections by coronaviruses and influenza viruses. The present review is primarily focused on the findings to indicate the role of ACE2 in the relationship of coronaviruses and influenza viruses to CV disease. It is postulated that the risk of coronavirus or influenza virus infection is high, at least partly due to high ACE2 expression in populations with a high CV risk. Coronavirus and influenza virus vaccine usage in high CV risk populations could be a potential strategy to prevent both CV disease and coronavirus/influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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50
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Khalaf K, Papp N, Chou JTT, Hana D, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570927. [PMID: 33123144 PMCID: PMC7573101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV, this novel betacoronavirus presents a global threat due to its high transmission rate, ability to invade multiple tissues, and ability to trigger immunological hyperactivation. The identification of the animal reservoir and intermediate host were important steps toward slowing the spread of disease, and its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV has helped to determine pathogenesis and direct treatment strategies. The exponential increase in cases has necessitated fast and reliable testing procedures. Although RT-PCR remains the gold standard, it is a time-consuming procedure, paving the way for newer techniques such as serologic tests and enzyme immunoassays. Various clinical trials using broad antiviral agents in addition to novel medications have produced controversial results; however, the advancement of immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies and immune modulators is showing great promise in clinical trials. Non-orthodox medications such as anti-malarials have been tested in multiple institutions but definitive conclusions are yet to be made. Adjuvant therapies have also proven to be effective in decreasing mortality in the disease course. While no formal guidelines have been established, the multitude of ongoing clinical trials as a result of unprecedented access to research data brings us closer to halting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khalaf
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Papp
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Doris Hana
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
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