Inulin: Properties, health benefits and food applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;147:444-454. [PMID: 27178951 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.020]

Boosting resistant starch in rice: Bacterial inulin as a metabolic and glucose uptake modulator

Bacillus stercoris PSSR12 (B. stercoris PE), an isolate from rice field soils, was identified via 16s rRNA sequencing. The synthesis of the inulin and inulin producing enzyme (IPE) in B. stercoris PE was verified using SDS-PAGE and FTIR. This study aimed to assess the impact of B. stercoris PE treatment on in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase from traditional and commercial rice varieties of South India. Additionally, the study investigated enzymatic inhibition and mRNA expression of starch synthesis genes (RAmy1a, GBSSIa, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb). Glucose transporter gene expression (GLUT1 and GLUT4) patterns were analyzed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate glucose uptake in B. stercoris PE treated rice varieties. The application of B. stercoris PE enhanced grain quality by imparting starch ultra-structural rigidity, inhibiting starch metabolizing enzymes, and inducing molecular changes in starch synthesis genes. This approach holds promise for managing type II diabetes mellitus and potentially reducing insulin dependence.

Detailed Analysis of Prebiotic Fructo- and Galacto-Oligosaccharides in the Human Small Intestine

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are food ingredients that improve human health, but their degradation throughout the human small intestine is not well understood. We studied the breakdown kinetics of FOS and GOS in the intestines of seven healthy Dutch adults. Subjects were equipped with a catheter in the distal ileum or proximal colon and consumed 5 g of chicory-derived FOS (degree of polymerization (DP) DP2-10), and 5 g of GOS (DP2-6). Postprandially, intestinal content was frequently collected until 350 min and analyzed for mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. FOS and GOS had recoveries of 96 ± 25% and 76 ± 28%, respectively. FOS DP ≥ 2 and GOS DP ≥ 3 abundances in the distal small intestine or proximal colon matched the consumed doses, while GOS dimers (DP2) had lower recoveries, namely 22.8 ± 11.1% for β-D-gal-(1↔1)-α-D-glc+β-D-gal-(1↔1)-β-D-glc, 19.3 ± 19.1% for β-D-gal-(1 → 2)-D-glc+β-D-gal-(1 → 3)-D-glc, 43.7 ± 24.6% for β-D-gal-(1 → 6)-D-gal, and 68.0 ± 38.5% for β-D-gal-(1 → 4)-D-gal. Lactose was still present in the distal small intestine of all of the participants. To conclude, FOS DP ≥ 2 and GOS DP ≥ 3 were not degraded in the small intestine of healthy adults, while most prebiotic GOS DP2 was hydrolyzed in a structure-dependent manner. We provide evidence on the resistances of GOS with specific β-linkages in the human intestine, supporting the development of GOS prebiotics that resist small intestine digestion.

The influence of salt reduction with encapsulated oleoresins on the quality of mayonnaise, mustard, and ketchup

Introduction

Mayonnaise, mustard, and ketchup are table sauces enjoyed worldwide, adding flavour and texture to many dishes. However, these products often contain high sodium content, which contributes to health issues such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. To address these concerns, reducing salt content in the sauces has become a significant goal for both manufacturers and consumers.

Objectives

This study investigates the effects of three formulations of microencapsulated (ME) oleoresins (F1, F2, and F3), derived from aromatic plants and spices, on the mineral content, physical-chemical properties, colour, and sensory profiles of mayonnaise, mustard, and ketchup.

Results

The addition of ME ingredients resulted in significant reductions in salt content across all sauces, with reductions up to 50% in mayonnaise, 45% in mustard, and 52% in ketchup, aligning with EU sodium guidelines and allowing for a "reduced Na/NaCl content" nutrition claim. Potassium levels in mustard and ketchup were sufficient to support health claims related to blood pressure maintenance, while chloride content was reduced in ME formulations, better aligning with dietary reference values. Physical-chemical analysis revealed that ME ingredients had minimal impact on parameters like pH, lipid oxidation, and viscosity, although significant differences were observed in specific areas, such as the consistency of ketchup and chloride content in mustard and ketchup. The use of inulin, as a carrier agent, helped maintain the sauces rheological properties. Mustard showed the most similarity to the control in terms of physical-chemical parameters. Colour analysis indicated minimal changes in mayonnaise, moderate changes in mustard, and significant differences in ketchup, particularly with the ME-F3 formulation, where the light-yellow ME ingredients had a pronounced effect on the darker sauce. Despite these differences, the sensory analysis demonstrated that the overall sensory profiles of the ME formulations were similar the like control for all sauces. Mayonnaise showed the closest resemblance, while mustard had slightly lower scores in flavour and saltiness. Ketchup followed the same trend as mayonnaise, with no significant sensory differences compared to the control.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that ME ingredients can be effectively used in condiment reformulation to achieve significant salt reduction without compromising sensory qualities, while also supporting health-related claims. By incorporating ME-based salt reduction strategies and exploring low-sodium alternatives, consumers can continue to enjoy their favourite sauces while minimising sodium intake. Embracing these changes not only benefits personal health but also aligns with the industry's commitment to offering more nutritious options.

Effect of inulin on structural, physicochemical, and in vitro gastrointestinal tract release properties of core-shell hydrogel beads as a delivery system for vitamin B12

In this study, core-shell hydrogel beads were developed as a controlled-release delivery system for vitamin B12. Vitamin B12-loaded microgels (MG) were prepared using gellan gum (GG). Core-shell hydrogel beads were produced by incorporating MG into pea protein isolate (PPI) and sodium alginate (AL) matrix filled/coated with different concentrations (0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, and 10 %) of inulin (IN). Based on XRD analysis, MG was successfully incorporated into core-shell hydrogel beads. In FE-SEM and FT-IR analyses, the smoother surface and denser structure of the beads were observed as IN concentration increased due to hydrogen bonds between IN and the beads. The encapsulation efficiency increased from 68.64 % to 82.36 % as IN concentration increased from 0 % to 10 %, respectively. After exposure to simulated oral and gastric conditions, core-shell hydrogel beads exhibited a lower cumulative release than MG, and a more sustained release was observed as IN concentration increased in simulated intestinal conditions.

Structural elucidation and functional characteristics of novel potential prebiotics produced from Limosilactobacillus reuteri N1 GtfB-treated maize starches

The recently characterized Limosilactobacillus reuteri N1 GtfB (LrN1 GtfB) from glycoside hydrolase family 70 is a novel 4,6-α-glucanotransferase acting on starch/maltooligosaccharides with high enzyme activity and soluble protein yield (in heterogenous system). In this study, the influence of the treatment by LrN1 GtfB on the fine structure and functional characteristics of three maize starches were furtherly investigated and elucidated. Due to the treatment of LrN1 GtfB, the starch molecules were transformed into reuterans containing linear and branched (α1 → 6) linkages with notably smaller molecular weight and shorter chain length. Moreover, the (α1 → 6) linkage ratios in the GtfB-modified high-amylose maize starch (GHMS)/normal maize starch (GNMS)/waxy maize starch (GWMS) increased by 18.3 %/12.6 %/9.0 % as compared to their corresponding controls. In vitro digestibility experiment revealed that the resistant starch content of GHMS, GNMS and GWMS increased by 16 %, 18 % and 25 % as compared to the starch substrates. Furthermore, the butyric acid yielded from GHMS, GNMS and GWMS in the in vitro fermentation experiments were 1.4, 1.5 and 1.4 times higher than those of commercial galactose oligosaccharides. These results indicated that the highly-branched short-clustered reuteran synthesized by LrN1 GtfB might serve as novel potential prebiotics, and provide insights for the synthesis of promising prebiotic dietary fiber from starch.

Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism

Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota related to an improvement of the metabolic state, counteracting different obesity-related disturbances. However, the specific mechanisms of action, including bacterial changes, are not exactly known. Here, a bibliographic review was carried out to study the main effects of inulin on human metabolic health, with a special focus on the mechanisms of action of this prebiotic. Inulin supplementation contributes to body weight and BMI control, reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces inflammation markers, mainly through the selective favoring of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producer species from the genera Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes. These SCFAs have been shown to ameliorate glucose metabolism and decrease hepatic lipogenesis, reduce inflammation, modulate immune activity, and improve anthropometric parameters such as body weight or BMI. In conclusion, the studies collected suggest that inulin intake produces positive metabolic effects through the improvement of the intestinal microbiota and through the metabolites produced by its fermentation.

Structural and functional properties of whey protein isolate-inulin conjugates prepared with ultrasound or wet heating method

BACKGROUND

Whey protein isolate (WPI) generally represents poor functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity and antioxidant activity near its isoelectric point or high temperatures, which limit its application in the food industry. The preparation of WPI-polysaccharide covalent conjugates based on Maillard reaction is a promising method to improve the physical and chemical stability and functional properties of WPI. In this research, WPI-inulin conjugates were prepared through wet heating method and ultrasound method and their structural and functional properties were examined.

RESULTS

In conjugates, the free amino acid content was reduced, the high molecular bands were emerged at sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), new C-N bonds were formed in Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence intensity was reduced compared with WPI. Furthermore, the result of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy also showed that the secondary structure of conjugates was changed. Conjugates with ultrasound treatment had better structural properties compared with those prepared by wet heating treatment. The functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability (ES) and antioxidant activity of conjugates with wet heating treatment were significantly improved compared with WPI. The EAI and ES of conjugates with ultrasound treatment were the highest, but the thermal stability and antioxidant activity were only close to that of the conjugates with wet heating treatment for 2 h.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that WPI-inulin conjugates prepared with ultrasound or wet heating method not only changed the structural characteristics of WPI but also could promote its functional properties including thermal stability, EAI, ES and antioxidant activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exploring the role of the residues into catalytic cavity of inulosucrase from Leuconostoc citreum CW28

Inulosucrases are enzymes capable of synthesizing inulin polymers using sucrose as the main substrate. The enzymatic activity relies on the catalytic triad within the active site and residues responsible for substrate recognition and orientation, termed carbohydrate-binding subsites. This study investigates the role of specific residues within the catalytic cavity of a truncated version of IslA4 in enzymatic catalysis. Mutants at residues S425, L499, A602, R618, F619, Y676, Y692, and R696 were constructed and characterized. Characterization results, and in silico structural comparison with other fructansucrases, reveal these residues' functional significance in catalysis. Residue S425 belongs to subsite -1; residues R618 and Y692 are part of subsite +1, and residue R696 belongs to subsites +1 and +2. Residues L499 and A602 are support residues; the former favors the formation of the fructosyl-enzyme intermediate, while the latter stabilizes the acid/base catalyst during catalysis. Residues Y676 and F619 may participate in stabilizing residues at -1/+1 subsites. This study represents the first comprehensive exploration of the structural determinants essential for enzymatic function in the inulosucrase of Leuconostoc citreum, and proposes the identity of residues involved in the -1 to +2 subsites.

Multistrategy Engineering of an Inulosucrase to Enhance the Activity and Thermostability for Efficient Production of Microbial Inulin

Inulin has found commercial applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries due to its beneficial health effects. The enzymatic biosynthesis of microbial inulin has garnered increasing attention. In this study, molecular modification was applied to Lactobacillus mulieris UMB7800 inulosucrase, an enzyme that specifically produces high-molecular weight inulin, to enhance its catalytic activity and thermostability. Among the 18 variable regions, R5 was identified as a crucial region significantly impacting enzymatic activity by replacing it with more conserved sequences. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with saturated mutagenesis revealed that the mutant A250 V increased activity by 68%. Additionally, after screening candidate mutants by rational design, four single-point mutants, S344D, H434P, E526D, and G531P, were shown to enhance thermostability. The final combinational mutant, M5, exhibited a 66% increase in activity and a 5-fold enhancement in half-life at 55 °C. These findings are significant for understanding the catalytic activity and thermostability of inulosucrase and are promising for the development of microbial inulin biosynthesis platforms.

Preparation of Complex Polysaccharide Gels with Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil and Their Application in Fish Preservation

In this study, novel functional ZEO-complex gels were prepared using sodium alginate, inulin, grape seed extract (GSE), and Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZEO) as the primary raw materials. The effect of the addition of inulin, GSE, and ZEO on water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (EAB) of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was investigated. A comprehensive score (Y) for evaluating the characteristics of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was established by principal component analysis. MATLAB analysis and box-Behnken design describe each factor's four-dimensional and three-dimensional interactions. It was found that Y could reach the maximum value when the ZEO addition was at a moderate level (C = 2%). The optimum preparation process of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was as follows: the addition of inulin was at 0.84%, the addition of GSE was at 0.04%, and the addition of ZEO was at 2.0785%; in this way, the Y of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels reached the maximum (0.82276). Optical scanning and X-ray diffraction tests confirmed that the prepared ZEO-complex gels have a smooth and continuous microstructure, good water insulation, and mechanical properties. The storage test results show that ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels could play a significant role in the storage and fresh-keeping of grass carp, and the physicochemical properties of complex polysaccharide gels were improved by adding ZEO. In addition, according to the correlation of fish index changes during storage, adding ZEO in complex polysaccharide gels was closely correlated with the changes in fish TBARS and TVB-N oxidation decay indices. In conclusion, the ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels prepared in this study had excellent water insulation, mechanical properties, and outstanding fresh-keeping effects on grass carp.

Inulin enhanced rifaximin-inhibited colon cancer pulmonary metastasis by flora-regulated bile acid pathway

Inulin as a natural polysaccharide regulates intestinal microorganisms, and improves the immune and gastrointestinal function. In order to explore the effect of inulin on pulmonary metastasis of colon cancer, we set up a CT26 injected pulmonary metastatic model. The results showed that inulin used alone did not improve pulmonary metastasis of colon cancer, while inulin combined with rifaximin significantly prolonged the survival time of mice, and inhibited pulmonary metastasis compared with model and inulin groups. Inulin treatment increased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while combined treatment decreased their abundance and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria containing Firmicutes and Eubacterium which belonged to the bile acid-related bacteria. The combination treatment decreased the content of primary bile acids and secondary bile acids in the feces of mice, especial for DCA and LCA which were the agonists of TGR5. Furthermore, the combination treatment reduced the mRNA expression of the TGR5, cyclin dependent kinase 4, cyclin 1 and CDK2, increased the mRNA expression of p21 in the lung, down-regulated the level of NF-κB p65, and up-regulated the level of TNF-α compared with the model group. The above may be the reason for the better use of the combination treatment.

The impact of high-fat diet consumption and inulin fiber supplementation on anxiety-related behaviors and liver oxidative status in female Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a worldwide public health problem associated with cognitive and mental health problems in both humans and rats. Studies assessing the effect of fiber supplementation on behavioral deficits and oxidative stress caused by high-fat diet (HFD) consumption in female rats are still scarce. We hypothesized that HFD consumption would lead to anxiety-related behavior and hepatic oxidative stress and that inulin would protect against these changes. We analyzed the impact of HFD-induced obesity combined with fiber supplementation (inulin) on anxiety-related defensive behavior and hepatic oxidative stress.

RESULTS

Female rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 45%) for nine weeks to induce obesity. The administration of inulin was found to decrease the adiposity index in both the control and obese groups. The consumption of a HFD combined with inulin supplementation resulted in a reduction in both CAT activity and carbonylated protein levels, leading to a shift in the hepatic redox balance. Interestingly, the behavioral data were conflicting. Specifically, animals that consumed a high-fat diet and received inulin showed signs of impaired learning and memory caused by obesity. The HFD did not impact anxiety-related behaviors in the female rats. However, inulin appears to have an anxiolytic effect, in the ETM, when associated with the HFD. On the other hand, inulin appears to have affected the locomotor activity in the HFD in both open field and light-dark box.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that consumption of a HFD induced obesity in female rats, similar to males. However, HFD consumption did not cause a consistent increase in anxiety-related behaviors in female Wistar rats. Treatment with inulin at the dosage used did not exert consistent changes on the behavior of the animals, but attenuated the abdominal WAT expansion and the hepatic redox imbalance elicited by high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Extraction of Inulin from Ecuadorian Cabuya (Agave americana)

Inulin is a carbohydrate that belongs to fructans; due to its health benefits, it is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this research, cabuya (Agave americana) was employed to obtain inulin by pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEFAE) and FTIR analysis confirmed its presence. The influence of PEFAE operating parameters, namely, electric field strength (1, 3 and 5 kV/cm), pulse duration (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 ms), number of pulses (10,000, 20,000 and 40,000) and work cycle (20, 50 and 80%) on the permeabilization index and energy expenditure were tested. Also, once the operating conditions for PEFAE were set, the temperature for conventional extraction (CE) and PEFAE were defined by comparing extraction kinetics. The cabuya meristem slices were exposed to PEFAE to obtain extracts that were quantified, purified and concentrated. The inulin was isolated by fractional precipitation with ethanol to be characterized. The highest permeabilization index and the lowest energy consumption were reached at 5 kV/cm, 0.5 ms, 10,000 pulses and 20%. The same extraction yield and approximately the same amount of inulin were obtained by PEFAE at 60 °C compared to CE at 80 °C. Despite, the lower amount of inulin obtained by PEFAE in comparison to CE, its quality was better because it is mainly constituted of inulin of high average polymerization degree with more than 38 fructose units. In addition, TGA analyses showed that inulin obtained by PEFAE has a lower thermal degradation rate than the obtained by CE and to the standard.

Gut microbial metabolites in cancer therapy

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting health. A growing number of studies have indicated that gut microbiota can affect cancer development, prognosis, and treatment through their metabolites. By remodeling the tumor microenvironment and regulating tumor immunity, gut microbial metabolites significantly influence the efficacy of anticancer therapies, including chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Several novel therapies that target gut microbial metabolites have shown great promise in cancer models. In this review, we summarize the current research status of gut microbial metabolites in cancer, aiming to provide new directions for future tumor therapy.

Exploitation of Natural By-Products for the Promotion of Healthy Outcomes in Humans: Special Focus on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms and Modulation of the Gut Microbiota

Daily, a lot of food is wasted, and vegetables, fruit, and cereals as well as marine products represent the major sources of unwanted by-products. The sustainability, waste recovery, and revalorization of food by-products have been proposed as the main goals of the so-called circular economy. In fact, food wastes are enriched in by-products endowed with beneficial effects on human health. Grape, olives, vegetables, and rice contain different compounds, such as polyphenols, dietary fibers, polysaccharides, vitamins, and proteins, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting pro-oxidant genes and the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kβ) pathway, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Dietary fibers act upon the gut microbiota, expanding beneficial bacteria, which contribute to healthy outcomes. Furthermore, marine foods, even including microalgae, arthropods, and wastes of fish, are rich in carotenoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and chitooligosaccharides, which afford antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection. The present review will cover the major by-products derived from food wastes, describing the mechanisms of action involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the modulation of the gut microbiota. The effects of some by-products have also been explored in clinical trials, while others, such as marine by-products, need more investigation for their full exploitation as bioactive compounds in humans.

Immobilised Inulinase from Aspergillus niger for Fructose Syrup Production: An Optimisation Model

Fructose is a carbohydrate with essential applications in the food industry, mainly due to its high sweetness and low cost. The present investigation focused on optimising fructose production from commercial inulin using the enzymatic immobilisation method and applying the response surface methodology in a 12-run central composite design. The independent variables evaluated were the pH (-) and temperature (°C). The substrate consisted of a commercial inulin solution at a concentration of 1 g/L, while the catalyst consisted of the enzyme inulinase from Aspergillus niger (EC 232-802-3), immobilised in 2% m/v sodium alginate. A stirred vessel reactor was used for 90 min at 120 rpm, and quantification of reducing sugars was determined using DNS colorimetric and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods at a 540 nm wavelength. After applying the response surface methodology, it was determined that the catalytic activity using the immobilisation method allows for a maximum total productivity of 16.4 mg/h under pH and temperature of 3.9 and 37 °C, respectively, with an efficiency of 96.4%. The immobilised enzymes' reusability and stability compared to free enzymes were evaluated, obtaining activity up to the fifth reuse cycle and showing significant advantages over the free catalyst.

Potential Prebiotic Effect of Inulin-Enriched Pasta after In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Simulated Gut Fermentation

In the current study, the prebiotic potential of an innovative functional pasta enriched with 12% (w/w) inulin was investigated. To this aim, pasta was subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion followed by simulated gut fermentation compared to the control pasta (CTRL) not containing inulin. The incorporation of inulin positively (p < 0.05) affected some organoleptic traits and the cooking quality of the final product, giving an overall score significantly higher than CTRL. The resultant essential amino acid content was similar in both pasta samples while the total protein content was lower in inulin-enriched pasta for the polymer substitution to durum wheat flour. The prebiotic potential of chicory inulin was preliminarily tested in in vitro experiments using seven probiotic strains and among them Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IMPC2.1 was selected for the simulated gut fermentation studies. The positive prebiotic activity score registered with the probiotic strain suggested the suitability of the inulin-enriched pasta with respect to acting as a prebiotic source favoring the growth of the probiotic strain and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. The present study contributes to broadening knowledge on the prebiotic efficacy of inulin when incorporated into a complex food matrix.

Engineered plants provide a photosynthetic platform for the production of diverse human milk oligosaccharides

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a diverse class of carbohydrates which support the health and development of infants. The vast health benefits of HMOs have made them a commercial target for microbial production; however, producing the approximately 200 structurally diverse HMOs at scale has proved difficult. Here we produce a diversity of HMOs by leveraging the robust carbohydrate anabolism of plants. This diversity includes high-value and complex HMOs, such as lacto-N-fucopentaose I. HMOs produced in transgenic plants provided strong bifidogenic properties, indicating their ability to serve as a prebiotic supplement with potential applications in adult and infant health. Technoeconomic analyses demonstrate that producing HMOs in plants provides a path to the large-scale production of specific HMOs at lower prices than microbial production platforms. Our work demonstrates the promise in leveraging plants for the low-cost and sustainable production of HMOs.

Production, modification and degradation of fructans and fructooligosacharides by enzymes originated from plants

Non-starch polysaccharides exhibit numerous beneficial health effects but compounds belonging to FODMAP (Fermentable Oligo- Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols) has been recently connected to several gastrointestinal disorders. This review presents integrated literature data on the occurrence and types of fructans and fructooligosaccharids (classified as FODMAPs) as well as their degrading enzymes present in plants. Plants from the family Asteraceae and many monocotyledones, including families Poaceae and Liliaceae, are the most abundant sources of both fructans and fructan-degrading enzymes. So far, vast majority of publications concerning the application of these specific plants in production of bakery products is related to increase of dietary fibre content in these products. However, there is limited research on their effect on FODMAP content and fibre balance. The authors emphasize the possibility of application of enzyme rich plant extract in food production casting light on the new scientific approach to fibre modification.

Management of Cardiovascular Diseases by Short-Chain Fatty Acid Postbiotics

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Global health concerns persist in the realm of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), necessitating innovative strategies for both prevention and treatment. This narrative review aims to explore the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-namely, acetate, propionate, and butyrate-as agents in the realm of postbiotics for the management of CVDs.

RECENT FINDINGS

We commence our discussion by elucidating the concept of postbiotics and their pivotal significance in mitigating various aspects of cardiovascular diseases. This review centers on a comprehensive examination of diverse SCFAs and their associated receptors, notably GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a. In addition, we delve into the intricate cellular and pharmacological mechanisms through which these receptors operate, providing insights into their specific roles in managing cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. The integration of current information in our analysis highlights the potential of both SCFAs and their receptors as a promising path for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field of cardiovascular health. The idea of postbiotics arises as an optimistic and inventive method, presenting new opportunities for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.

Progress in the Preparation and Application of Inulin-Based Hydrogels

Inulin, a natural polysaccharide, has emerged as a promising precursor for the preparation of hydrogels due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the preparation, characterization, and diverse applications of inulin-based hydrogels. Different synthesis strategies, including physical methods (thermal induction and non-thermal induction), chemical methods (free-radical polymerization and chemical crosslinking), and enzymatic approaches, are discussed in detail. The unique properties of inulin-based hydrogels, such as stimuli-responsiveness, antibacterial activity, and their potential as fat replacers, are highlighted. Special emphasis is given to their promising applications in drug delivery systems, especially for colon-targeted delivery, due to the selective degradation of inulin via colonic microflora. The ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs further expands their therapeutic potential. In addition, the applications of inulin-based hydrogels in responsive materials, the food industry, wound dressings, and tissue engineering are discussed. While significant progress has been achieved, challenges and prospects in optimizing synthesis, improving mechanical properties, and exploring new functionalities are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the remarkable properties of inulin-based hydrogels as a promising class of biomaterials with immense potential in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and materials science fields.

Quality characteristics of cereal-based foods enriched with different degree of polymerization inulin: A review

Vegetables, cereals and fruit are foods rich in fibre with beneficial and nutritional effects as their consumption reduces the onset of degenerative diseases, especially cardiovascular ones. Among fibres, inulin, oligofructose or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) are the best-studied. Inulin is a generic term to cover all linear β(2-1) fructans, with a variable degree of polymerization. In this review a better understanding of the importance of the degree of polymerization of inulin as a dietary fibre, functions, health benefits, classifications, types and its applications in the food industry was considered in different fortified foods. Inulin has been used to increase the nutritional and healthy properties of the product as a sweetener and as a substitute for fats and carbohydrates, improving the nutritional value and decreasing the glycemic index, with the advantage of not compromising taste and consistency of the product. Bifidogenic and prebiotic effects of inulin have been well established, inulin-type fructans are fermented by the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, with important local and systemic actions. Addition of inulin with different degrees of polymerization to daily foods for the production of fortified pasta and bread was reviewed, and the impact on sensorial, technological and organoleptic characteristics even of gluten-free bread was also reported.

Soy sauce-like seasoning enhances the growth of Agathobacter rectalis and the production of butyrate, propionate, and lactate

The short-chain fatty acids responsible for gut homeostasis are volatile fatty acids produced by commensal bacteria in the gut as fermentation products from undigested food components. Among the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate is important for maintaining intestinal tract anaerobic conditions, promoting epithelial barrier functions, and inducing regulatory T cells that suppress inflammatory bowel disease and allergic diarrhea. However, the type of food-derived molecular components and mechanisms by which they regulate the growth and butyrate production of butyrate-producing bacteria are not clearly understood. Agathobacter rectalis is a butyrate-producing bacterium highly colonized in the gut of the Japanese population. In this study, we investigated the effects on A. rectalis of a soy sauce-like seasoning made by brewing with a low salt concentration. The soy sauce-like seasoning promoted the growth of A. rectalis 2.6-fold. An ethanol precipitate prepared from the soy sauce-like seasoning was critical for promoting the growth of A. rectalis and the production of butyrate, propionate, and lactate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis suggested that polysaccharides were active ingredients in the ethanol precipitate of the soy sauce-like seasoning. Inulin, a representative prebiotic with effects against butyrate-producing bacteria, had a limited effect on the growth of A. rectalis compared with the soy sauce-like seasoning. Our results indicate that polysaccharides in a soy sauce-like seasoning contributed to the growth of A. rectalis and enhanced production of butyrate, propionate, and lactate.

The Role of Prebiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota: Implications for Human Health

The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as a key modulator of this complex microbial community. This review article explores the evolution of the prebiotic concept, delineates various types of prebiotics, including fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and polyphenols, and elucidates their impact on the gut microbiota composition. We delve into the mechanisms through which prebiotics exert their effects, particularly focusing on producing short-chain fatty acids and modulating the gut microbiota towards a health-promoting composition. The implications of prebiotics on human health are extensively reviewed, focusing on conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, immune function, and mental health. The review further discusses the emerging concept of synbiotics-combinations of prebiotics and probiotics that synergistically enhance gut health-and highlights the market potential of prebiotics in response to a growing demand for functional foods. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to enhance understanding of prebiotics' role in health and disease, underscoring their importance in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and overall well-being.

Drug repurposing for cancer therapy

Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents a significant challenge to global health. Despite significant advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic and immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues to serve as a key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of drug therapy is often constrained by drug resistance and severe toxic side effects, and thus there remains a critical need to develop novel cancer therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention in recent years is drug repurposing: the identification of new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages in the context of cancer treatment since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven to be safe, and can significantly expedite the drug development process due to their already established safety profiles. In light of this, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of the various methods employed in drug repurposing, specifically focusing on the repurposing of drugs to treat cancer. We describe the antitumor properties of candidate drugs, and discuss in detail how they target both the hallmarks of cancer in tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In addition, we examine the innovative strategy of integrating drug repurposing with nanotechnology to enhance topical drug delivery. We also emphasize the critical role that repurposed drugs can play when used as part of a combination therapy regimen. To conclude, we outline the challenges associated with repurposing drugs and consider the future prospects of these repurposed drugs transitioning into clinical application.

Exploration and Improvement of Acid Hydrolysis Conditions for Inulin-Type Fructans Monosaccharide Composition Analysis: Monosaccharide Recovery and By-Product Identification

Acid hydrolysis serves as the primary method for determining the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides. However, inappropriate acid hydrolysis conditions may catalyze the breakdown of monosaccharides such as fructans (Fru), generating non-sugar by-products that affect the accuracy of monosaccharide composition analysis. In this study, we determined the monosaccharide recovery rate and non-sugar by-product formation of inulin-type fructan (ITF) and Fru under varied acid hydrolysis conditions using HPAEC-PAD and UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS, respectively. The results revealed significant variations in the recovery rate of Fru within ITF under different hydrolysis conditions, while glucose remained relatively stable. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for achieving a relatively high monosaccharide recovery rate for ITF entailed 80 °C, 2 h, and 1 M sulfuric acid. Furthermore, we validated the stability of Fru during acid hydrolysis. The results indicated that Fru experienced significant degradation with an increasing temperature and acid concentration, with a pronounced decrease observed when the temperature exceeds 100 °C or the H2SO4 concentration surpasses 2 M. Finally, three common by-products associated with Fru degradation, namely 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, and furfural, were identified in both Fru and ITF hydrolysis processes. These findings revealed that the degradation of Fru under acidic conditions was a vital factor leading to inaccuracies in determining the Fru content during ITF monosaccharide analysis.

Revealing the mechanism of fiber promoting sow embryo implantation by altering the abundance of uterine fluid proteins: A proteomic perspective

Many studies have shown that fiber in the diet plays an important role in improving the reproductive performance of sows, but there is rarely research on the impact of fiber on early embryo implantation. This study used 4D-Label free technology to identify and analyze the effect of the fiber composition in the diet on the protein in the early pregnancy uterine fluid (UF) of sows. The results indicate that ratio of insoluble fibers to soluble fibers (ISF/SF) 4.89 can increase the concentration of progesterone (PROG) and reduce tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) concentration in sow UF. In addition, through 4D-Label free, we identified a total of 4248 proteins, 38 proteins abundance upregulated and 283 proteins abundance downregulated in UF. Through enrichment analysis of these differential abundance proteins (DAPs), it was found that these differential proteins are mainly related to the docking of extracellular vesicles, vesicular transport, inflammatory response, and insulin resistance. Therefore, the results of this study reveal the possible mechanism by which fiber improves the reproductive performance of sows, laying a theoretical foundation for future research on the effects of diet on reproduction. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the importance of dietary fiber for early embryo implantation in sows. The effect of dietary ISF/SF on early embryo implantation in sows was elucidated from a proteomic perspective through 4D-Label free technology. This study not only has significant implications for improving sow reproductive efficiency, but also provides important theoretical references for studying early miscarriage and reproductive nutrition in human pregnancy.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of honey stabilized inulin nanoparticles as colon targeting drug delivery carrier

Inulin (INU) is a versatile natural polysaccharide primarily derived from chicory roots. INU possesses the unique quality of evading digestion or fermentation in the early stages of the human digestive tract, instead reaching the lower colon directly. Exploiting on this distinctive attribute, INU finds application in the creation of targeted carrier systems for delivering drugs tailored to colon-related diseases. This study presents a novel method for synthesizing highly stable and non-aggregatory inulin nanoparticles (INU NPs) by ionotropic gelation method, using calcium chloride as crosslinker and natural honey as a stabilizing agent. Different formulation and process parameters were optimized for the synthesis of monodispersed INU NPs. These INU NPs efficiently encapsulated a hydrophilic drug irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (IHT) and drug loaded formulation (IINPs) demonstrated excellent colloidal and storage stabilities. Notably, these IINPs exhibited pH-dependent drug release, suggesting potential for colon-specific drug delivery. Anticancer activity of the NPs was found significantly higher in comparison to IHT through cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies against human colorectal carcinoma cells. Overall, this study revealed that the INU NPs synthesized by ionotropic gelation will be an efficient nanocarrier system for colon-targeted drug delivery due to their exceptional biocompatibility and stability in stomach and upper intestinal conditions.

Vitamin D and prebiotics for intestinal health in cystic fibrosis: Rationale and design for a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2 x 2 trial of administration of prebiotics and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) (Pre-D trial) in adults with cystic fibrosis

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have dysfunctional intestinal microbiota and increased gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation also known as GI dysbiosis. It is hypothesized that administration of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) together with a prebiotic (inulin) will be effective, and possibly additive or synergistic, in reducing CF-related GI and airway dysbiosis. Thus, a 2 x 2 factorial design, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, pilot and feasibility, clinical trial was proposed to test this hypothesis. Forty adult participants with CF were block-randomized into one of four groups: 1) high-dose oral vitamin D3 (50,000 IU weekly) plus oral prebiotic placebo daily; 2) oral prebiotic (12 g inulin daily) plus oral placebo vitamin D3 weekly; 3) combined oral vitamin D3 weekly and oral prebiotic inulin daily; and 4) oral vitamin D3 placebo weekly and oral prebiotic placebo. The primary endpoints included 12-week changes in the microbial bacterial communities, gut and airway microbiota richness and diversity before and after the intervention. This pilot study examined whether vitamin D3 with or without prebiotics supplementation was feasible, changed airway and gut microbiota, and reduced dysbiosis, which in turn, may improve health outcomes and quality of life of patients with CF.

Production, effects, and applications of fructans with various molecular weights

Fructan, a widespread functional polysaccharide, has been used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and material production fields because of its versatile physicochemical properties and biological activities. Inulin from plants and levan from microorganisms are two of the most extensively studied fructans. Fructans from different plants or microorganisms have inconsistent molecular weights, and the molecular weight of fructan affects its properties, functions, and applications. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the production and application of fructans having various molecular weights, and biotechnological processes have been explored to produce tailor-made fructans from sucrose. This review encompasses the introduction of extraction, enzymatic transformation, and fermentation production processes for fructans with diverse molecular weights. Notably, it highlights the enzymes involved in fructan biosynthesis and underscores their physiological effects, with a special emphasis on their prebiotic properties. Moreover, the applications of fructans with varying molecular weights are also emphasized.

Application of inulin for the formulation and delivery of bioactive molecules and live cells

Inulin is a fructan biosynthesized mainly in plants of the Asteraceae family. It is also found in edible vegetables and fruits such as onion, garlic, leek, and banana. For the industrial production of inulin, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke are the main raw material. Inulin is used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic as well biotechnological industries. It has a GRAS status and exhibits prebiotic properties. Inulin can be used as a wall material in the encapsulation process of drugs and other bioactive compounds and the development of their delivery systems. In the review, the use of inulin for the encapsulation of probiotics, essential and fatty oils, antioxidant compounds, natural colorant and other bioactive compounds is presented. The encapsulation techniques, materials and the properties of final products suitable for the delivery into food are discussed. Research limitations are also highlighted.

Rheological and Micro-Rheological Properties of Chicory Inulin Gels

As a soluble fiber, inulin is present in many plants and has many applications in food and non-food products. In this work, we investigated the rheological properties of inulin dispersions at seven concentrations. The linear viscoelastic properties of inulin were determined using a conventional mechanical rheometer. At 25 wt%, inulin exhibited fluid-like viscoelastic liquid behavior. However, when concentrations were ≥27.5 wt%, inulin exhibited gel-like viscoelastic properties. The viscoelastic properties (moduli and viscosities) increased with increasing inulin concentration. The high-frequency linear rheological properties of inulin were also investigated using the modern light scattering technique, diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS). The diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS) measurements showed the amplitude of complex moduli (|G*(ω)|) of inulin gels (≥27.5 wt%) to be proportional to ½ power law of the frequency, which suggests inulin gels behave similarly to flexible polymers. The non-linear steady shear experiments demonstrated that inulin exhibited shear-thinning behavior that was well fitted by a power law constitutive model. The trend of the power law exponent from the experiments indicated that the shear-thinning extent for inulin was greater as the inulin concentration increased. The results of this work indicated that the properties of inulin gel can be manipulated by altering its concentration. Therefore, the desired inulin product can be designed accordingly. These results can be used to direct further food and non-food applications, such as wound healing materials for inulin gels.

Effects of Oat β-Glucan and Inulin on Alleviation of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Aggravated by Circadian Disruption in C57BL/6J Mice

This was the first study that examined the effects of oat β-glucan and inulin on diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in circadian-disrupted (CD)-male C57BL/6J mice. CD intensified NASH, significantly increasing alanine aminotransferase and upregulating hepatic tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1). However, these observations were significantly alleviated by oat β-glucan and inulin treatments. Compared to CD NASH mice, oat β-glucan significantly decreased the liver index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and insulin. In prebiotic-treated and CD NASH mice, significant negative correlations were found between enrichment of Muribaculaceae bacterium Isolate-036 (Harlan), Muribaculaceae bacterium Isolate-001 (NCI), and Bacteroides ovatus after oat β-glucan supplementation with TNFα and TGFβ1 levels; and enrichment of Muribaculaceae bacterium Isolate-110 (HZI) after inulin supplementation with AST level. In conclusion, oat β-glucan and inulin exhibited similar antiliver injury, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities but had no effect on cecal short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota diversity in CD NASH mice.

Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review

Cancer stands as the second leading cause of death in the United States (US). Most chemotherapeutic agents exhibit severe adverse effects that are attributed to exposure of drugs to off-target tissues, posing a significant challenge in cancer therapy management. In recent years, inulin, a naturally occurring prebiotic fiber has gained substantial attention for its potential in cancer treatment owing to its multitudinous health values. Its distinctive structure, stability, and nutritional properties position it as an effective adjuvant and carrier for drug delivery in cancer therapy. To address some of the above unmet clinical issues, this review summarizes the recent efforts towards the development of inulin-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for healthcare applications with special emphasis on the multifunctional role of inulin in cancer therapy as a synergist, signaling molecule, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic molecule. Furthermore, the review provides a concise overview of ongoing clinical trials and observational studies associated with inulin-based therapy. In conclusion, the current review offers insights on the significant role of inulin interventions in exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.

In vitro study of potential prebiotic properties of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils

Olive oil, essential ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, is attracting a growing interest due to increasing evidence on its beneficial effects on human health. This study investigated whether extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) possess prebiotic properties. Twenty different monovarietal EVOO samples from 5 Marche region cultivars (Italy) were studied. The prebiotic activity of EVOOs was assessed monitoring the selective stimulation of gut bacterial species and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, using an in vitro fermentation system. All EVOOs selectively stimulated Lactobacillus spp., with a stronger activity than that observed in the inulin fermentation (positive control). Also, the bifidobacteria population increased; this bifidogenic stimulation was of EVOOs from Raggia cultivar. SCFAs appeared significantly higher after 24 h in all EVOO fermentations than in the control. Acetic and propionic acids production was particularly stimulated. Overall, most of the investigated EVOOs had a potential prebiotic activity, similar or stronger than inulin.

Inulin alleviates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced intestinal injury in mice by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widely used industrial compound that has been found to induce intestinal toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified and effective interventions are rarely developed. Inulin, a prebiotic, has been used as a supplement in human daily life as well as in gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic disorders. In this study, male mice were exposed to PFOA with or without inulin supplementation to investigate the enterotoxicity and potential intervention effects of inulin. Mice were administered PFOA at 1 mg/kg/day, PFOA with inulin at 5 g/kg/day, or Milli-Q water for 12 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed that PFOA caused colon shortening, goblet cell reduction, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin and claudin5 significantly decreased, indicating impaired barrier function. According to the RNA-sequencing analysis, PFOA exposure resulted in 917 differentially expressed genes, involving 39 significant pathways, such as TNF signaling and cell cycle pathways. In addition, the protein expression of TNF-α, IRG-47, cyclinB1, and cyclinB2 increased, while Gadd45γ, Lzip, and Jam2 decreased, suggesting the involvement of the TNF signaling pathway, cell cycle, and cell adhesion molecules in PFOA-associated intestinal injury. Inulin intervention alleviated PFOA-induced enterotoxicity by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and increasing the protein expression of Wnt1, β-catenin, PI3K, Akt3, and p62, while suppressing MAP LC3β, TNF-α, and CyclinE expression. These findings suggested that PFOA-induced intestinal injury, including inflammation and tight junction disruption, was mitigated by inulin through modifying the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Our study provides valuable insights into the enterotoxic effects of PFOA and highlights the potential therapeutic role of inulin.

Optimization of preparation conditions of medium and highly substituted carboxymethyl inulin through response surface methodology

This article introduces the synthesis optimization of carboxymethyl inulin using response surface methodology. The important factors affecting the degree of substitution (DS) were determined by Plackett-Burman design, including sodium hydroxide concentration, monochloroacetic concentration, and etherification temperature. Further optimization was conducted using the Box-Behnken response surface design. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the response surface model was 0.9827, and the adjusted R2 value was 0.9516, which proved the significance of the model. The optimized results of the predicted response showed that the molar ratios of sodium hydroxide to monochloroacetic acid and fructose to furan were 3.67 and 2.21, respectively. The maximum DS of 1.67 was obtained at 30 °C alkalization for 30 min and 50.30 °C etherification for 4 h, and the reaction efficiency (RE) reached 76.01 %. Under the optimized conditions, the Experimental DS was 1.68, suggesting that the experimental and predicted values of DS were in good agreement. The characterization results confirmed the synthesis of CMI. In this work, we have provided an effective method for the preparation of moderately to highly substituted CMI in 95 % ethanol.

Vitamin D and Prebiotics for Intestinal Health in Cystic Fibrosis: Rationale and design for a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2 × 2 trial of administration of prebiotics and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) (Pre-D Trial) in adults with cystic fibrosis

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have dysfunctional intestinal microbiota and increased gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation also known as GI dysbiosis. It is hypothesized that administration of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) together with a prebiotic (inulin) will be effective, and possibly additive or synergistic, in reducing CF-related GI dysbiosis and improving intestinal functions. Thus, a 2 × 2 factorial design, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial was proposed to test this hypothesis. Forty adult participants with CF will be block-randomized into one of four groups: 1) high-dose oral vitamin D3 (50,000 IU weekly) plus oral prebiotic placebo daily; 2) oral prebiotic (12 g inulin daily) plus oral placebo vitamin D3 weekly; 3) combined oral vitamin D3 weekly and oral prebiotic inulin daily; and 4) oral vitamin D3 placebo weekly and oral prebiotic placebo. The primary endpoints will include 12-week changes in the reduced relative abundance of gammaproteobacteria, and gut microbiota richness and diversity before and after the intervention. This clinical study will examine whether vitamin D3 with or without prebiotics will improve intestinal health and reduce GI dysbiosis, which in turn, should improve health outcomes and quality of life of patients with CF.

Simple procedure to enhance pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) response stability for inulin-type fructans analysis. Application to a case study with chicory taproot

A new electrode management, within the HPAEC-PAD systems, was proposed to measure inulin-type fructans in chicory roots, grown under two lighting periods: 12 h (T-12 h) and 24 h continuous lighting (T-24 h-CL), with the same daily light integral (DLI). The amperometric cell turn-off (PAD-Off) after elution of carbohydrate of interest, allowed the stabilization of the PAD response, avoiding excessive electrode surface oxidation. The enhanced signal stability allowed the application of fucose as internal standard (ISTD) for data normalization, improving the correctness of linear calibration curves and the quantification of fructans in the case study of chicory plants. T-24 h-CL decreased FW and DW of chicory leaves while increasing these parameters in roots. Fructans amount in chicory roots was significantly higher in the T-24-CL photoperiod. The accuracy of prebiotics quantification by PAD-Off emphasized significant differences between light treatments. CL can improve the yield and quality of chicory roots.

Optimized acid hydrolysis conditions for better characterization the structure of inulin-type fructan from Polygonatum sibiricum

Polygonatum sibiricum is an edible plant species in China known for its abundant polysaccharides. However, correlations between its analytical methods and fine structure have not been established. This is usually due to incomplete cleavage of the glycosidic linkages and instability of hydrolysis. In this study, a new optimal acid hydrolysis method for monosaccharide composition (2 M H2SO4 for 1 h) and methylation analysis (2 mol TFA hydrolysis at 100 °C for 1 h) was developed for characterization of inulin-type fructans, resulting in significantly improved monosaccharide recovery and providing more reliable methylation data. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated through its application to the study of polysaccharide from P. sibiricum (IPS-70S). The results showed that IPS-70S with a molecular weight of 3.6 kDa is an inulin-type fructans consisting of fructose and glucose in a molar ratio of 27:1. Methylation and NMR analysis indicated that IPS-70S contains →2)-Fruf-(6 → or →2)-Fruf-(1 → with branching →1,6)-Fruf-(2 → and terminates in Glcp-(1 → or Fruf-(2→. In conclusion, optimal acid hydrolysis applicable to the specific polysaccharides contribute to its structurally characterized. The newly optimized acid hydrolysis method for monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis offers a reliable and effective approach to the structural characterization of inulin-type fructans from P. sibiricum. Providing reliable basis for the overall work of NMR analysis and structural analysis, which have potential significance in the field of polysaccharides structural characterization.

Construction of intelligent drug delivery system based on polysaccharide-derived polymer micelles: A review

Micelles are nanostructures developed via the spontaneous assembly of amphiphilic polymers in aqueous systems, which possess the advantages of high drug stability or active-ingredient solubilization, targeted transport, controlled release, high bioactivity, and stability. Polysaccharides have excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, and degradability, and can be modified to achieve a hydrophobic core to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, improve drug biocompatibility, and achieve regulated delivery of the loaded drug. Micelles drug delivery systems based on polysaccharides and their derivatives show great potential in the biomedical field. This review discusses the principles of self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers and the formation of micelles; the preparation of amphiphilic polysaccharides is described in detail, and an overview of common polysaccharides and their modifications is provided. We focus on the review of strategies for encapsulating drugs in polysaccharide-derived polymer micelles (PDPMs) and building intelligent drug delivery systems. This review provides new research directions that will help promote future research and development of PDPMs in the field of drug carriers.

Fecal fermentation behavior and immunomodulatory activity of arabinoxylan from wheat bran

Arabinoxylan (AX) is the predominant non-starch polysaccharide in wheat bran, known for its significant immunomodulatory activity. However, existing literature lacks comprehensive studies on AX fermentation by gut microbiota and its subsequent immunomodulatory mechanisms. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of AX on the composition of gut microbiota and the characteristics of its immunomodulatory activity. For this purpose, an in vitro fermentation system and a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mouse model were established to explore both the in vitro and in vivo effects of AX on gut microbiota and immune modulation. The results demonstrated that AX was metabolized by gut microbes and in turn to promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which concurrently led to a significant decrease in pH. Furthermore, AX treatment significantly changed the microbial composition, elevated the relative abundance of Actinobacteria while reducing that of Bacteroidetes. In the immunosuppressed mice, AX administration improved the thymus and spleen indices, mitigated spleen injury, and bolstered overall immunity. Moreover, AX altered the gut microbiota structure, increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing that of Firmicutes. These findings suggest that wheat bran-derived AX can modulate intestinal microbial composition, improve gut microecology, and enhance host immunity by targeting gut microbiota.

Fructan-type prebiotic dietary fibers: Clinical studies reporting health impacts and recent advances in their technological application in bakery, dairy, meat products and beverages

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin are the most used fructans in food manufacturing, including bakery, dairy, meat products and beverages. In this context, this review investigated the recent findings concerning health claims associated with a diet supplemented with fructans according to human trial results. Fructans have been applied in different food classes due to their proven benefits to human health. Human clinical trials have revealed several effects of fructans supplementation on health such as improved glycemic control, growth of beneficial gut bacteria, weight management, positive influence on immune function, and others. These dietary fibers have a wide range of compounds with different molecular sizes, implying a great variety of technological properties depending on the food application of interest. Inulin has been mainly applied as a fat substitute and prebiotic ingredient. In general, inulin reduces the energy content and improves the structure, viscosity, emulsion, and water retention parameters of food products. Meanwhile, FOS have been more successful when used as a sucrose substitute and prebiotic ingredient. However, overall, FOS and inulin are promising alternatives for the development of structured systems dedicated to increase the functionality of foods and beverages besides reducing fat in bakery, dairy, and meat products.

Advances in polysaccharides for probiotic delivery: Properties, methods, and applications

Probiotics are essential to improve the health of the host, whereas maintaining the viability of probiotics in harsh environments remains a challenge. Polysaccharides have non-toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding biodegradability, which can protect probiotics by forming a physical barrier and show a promising prospect for probiotic delivery. In this review, we summarize polysaccharides commonly used for probiotic microencapsulation and introduce the microencapsulation technologies, including extrusion, emulsion, spray drying, freeze drying, and electrohydrodynamics. We discuss strategies for better protection of probiotics and introduce the applications of polysaccharides-encapsulated probiotics in functional food, oral formulation, and animal feed. Finally, we propose the challenges of polysaccharides-based delivery systems in industrial production and application. This review will help provide insight into the advances and challenges of polysaccharides in probiotic delivery.

Comprehensive evaluation of the prebiotic properties of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides, β-glucan, and inulin during in vitro fermentation via multi-omics analysis

Dietary fiber is crucial for human health mainly due to its impact on gut microbiota structure and metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) and two common fibers (β-glucan and inulin) on the gut microbiome structure and metabolic profile in vitro. Fecal samples were obtained from 30 healthy volunteers, which were then individually subjected to fermentation with each type of fiber. The results revealed that all fibers were efficiently degraded by gut microbiota, with DOP exhibiting a slower fermentation rate compared to β-glucan and inulin. The fermentation of all fibers led to a significant increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and a reduction in branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), sulfides, phenols, and indole. Moreover, the abundance of unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, which was positively correlated with sulfide, phenols, and indole levels, was significantly reduced by all fibers. Additionally, DOP specifically promoted the growth of Parabacteroides, while β-glucan and inulin promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the role of DOP, β-glucan, and inulin in modulating gut microbiota and metabolites, where the fermentation with fecal bacteria from different volunteers could provide valuable insights for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Evaluation of Olive Leaf Phenolic Compounds' Gastrointestinal Stability Based on Co-Administration and Microencapsulation with Non-Digestible Carbohydrates

The large generation of olive by-products has motivated their revalorization into high-added-value products. In this regard, olive leaves pose as an interesting source of bioactive compounds, due to their phenolic content with commonly known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, with potential application in non-communicable diseases. However, their effectiveness and applicability into functional foods is limited by their instability under gastrointestinal conditions. Thus, the development of protective formulations is essential. In this study, the spray-drying encapsulation of a phenolic-rich olive leaf extract with inulin as the encapsulating agent was optimized. Then, the behavior of the free extract under gastrointestinal conditions, its co-administration with the encapsulating agent, and the optimized microencapsulated formulation were studied through an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process following the INFOGEST protocol. Digestion of the free extract resulted in the degradation of most compounds, whereas this was minimized in the co-administration of the non-encapsulated extract with the encapsulating agent. This protective effect, related to its interaction with inulin, was similar to the microencapsulated formulation. Thus, both approaches, co-administration and microencapsulation with inulin, could be promising strategies for the improvement of the stability of these anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory compounds under gastrointestinal conditions, enhancing their beneficial effect.

Utilizing protein nanofibrils as a scaffold for enhancing nutritional value in toned milk

Toned milk is a lower-fat, healthier alternative to whole milk that still contains all essential nutrients. A number of methods have been developed to improve the functionality of toned milk and make it more appealing to the consumers. However, these methods often involve extensive processing techniques and can be expensive. Therefore, alternative methods are needed. Proteins are well known for their ability to form well-defined nanofibril materials that can be used as a scaffold for various applications. In this article, a straightforward self-assembly process was used to load inulin into protein nanofibrils, creating unique composite nanofibrils. Characterization using AFM and SEM revealed well-defined composite nanofibrils with an average diameter of 4-6 nm and lengths ranging from 0.25 μm up to 10 μm. FT-IR and in-vitro release assays show that inulin was successfully attached to prepared protein nanofibrils. The composite nanofibrils were tested on toned milk to enhance the physico/chemical properties and nutritional values. The findings can be applied to the food industry to create a number of novel functional food products cost-effectively.

The probiotic effects of host-associated Bacillus velezensis in diets for hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂)

This study was to evaluate the potential of a host-associated Bacillus velezensis as a probiotic for hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂). Diets (B0 to B5) containing 0, 0.90 × 108, 0.80 × 109, 0.85 × 1010, 0.90 × 1011, 0.83 × 1012 CFU/kg B. velezensis YFI-E109 were fed to the fish with initial weight (3.07 ± 0.08 g) in a recirculating aquaculture system for six weeks with three replicates, respectively. Probiotic effects were analyzed based on growth, body composition, liver and gut morphology, gut microbiome, and liver metabolome. Analysis of the bacterial genome has shown that the most abundant genes in B. velezensis YFI-E109 were distributed in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Fish in groups B3 and B4 had better growth performance, and higher intestinal amylase (AMS) and lipase (LPS) activities compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Fish in groups B0 and B5 showed significant liver damage, while this status improved in group B3. The liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content in group B3 was lower than that in other groups (P < 0.05). The abundance of Mycoplasma, Ralstonia and Acinetobacter was significantly reduced in B3 and B5 compared to B0. The amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were enriched in group B3 compared with group B0. In conclusion, dietary B. velezensis YFI-E109 supplementation has the potential to improve growth, liver metabolism, and liver and gut health, and reshape the gut microbiome of hybrid yellow catfish. Excessive B. velezensis YFI-E109 reduced the prebiotic effects. The recommended dietary supplementation of B. velezensis YFI-E109 is 0.31 × 1010 to 0.77 × 1011 CFU/kg for hybrid yellow catfish according to the quadratic regression method by plotting specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), MDA and activities of AMS against dietary B. velezensis YFI-E109 levels.

Using dietary fiber as stabilizer in dairy products: β-glucan and inulin-type fructans

β-glucan and inulin-type fructans, considering their beneficial effects on health, are the favorite dietary fibers in recent years. This review firstly gives information on the health-promoting effects of these two fibers, and then, using them in dairy products. They can be used in different dairy products, depending on their properties. However, their effect levels and forms may be different. Especially in probiotic products, these fibers can be used as a multi-functional additive because of their satisfactory stability in dairy products. The stabilizer effect can change in dairy products (e.g., ice cream, beverage) with variable composition/formulation. β-glucan and inulin-type fructans develop textural or rheological properties of dairy products that have relatively more standard composition (such as yogurt, cheese), at varying degrees depending on the proportion. Since the additives used to increase the stability of foods or to extend their shelf life are compounds that are beneficial for health, their usage areas should be increased, and their different potential effects should be known. For this reason, in this review, current information about health effects and usage areas of these components discussed in detail. Consequently, the texture improver effect of these two dietary fibers on dairy products is crucial and has no effect (positive/negative) on physicochemical or flavor properties. Although individual studies have reported a reduction in the amount of acetaldehyde in yogurt or effects that may cause undesirable functional properties in mozzarella cheese, most studies have proven that fiber addition does not have an adverse effect on the properties other than texture.