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Jonathan JWA, Kabotso DEK, Essumang DK, Bentum JK, Gborgblorvor IR, Kpodo FM, Ofosu-Koranteng F, Lotse CW, Hlorlewu ND. Investigating the levels of organochlorine pesticides in human milk at three lactational stages: an intensive Ghanaian study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:239. [PMID: 38321261 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
During breastfeeding, the human breasts secrete three different kinds of milk. Research indicates that newborns exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) during developmental stages, even at low concentrations, may suffer irreparable harm. The study aimed to ascertain whether OCPs levels in human milk vary across lactational stages. University of Health and Allied Sciences Research Ethics Committee (UHAS- REC) examined and approved the study protocol. 47 volunteers were chosen using purposive sampling. Each participant donated 15 ml of each type of breast milk. Colostrum was taken shortly after delivery up to day 4, transitional milk between day 5 and two weeks postpartum, while mature milk was taken two weeks afterwards. A modified version of QuEChERS was used to process 10.0 g aliquot of each breast milk sample, and the resulting extracts analysed for OCPs employing a Gas Chromatograph, Varian CP 3800, fitted with electron capture detector (ECD). The detection threshold was not reached for any of the six OCPs tested. This implied that none of the breast milk components analysed in this study contained any detectable levels of OCPs that might have posed any serious health risks to the infants through breastfeeding. Aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor were not found in detectable quantities in mothers' milk during the three stages of lactation. Our findings are encouraging. The study's findings likely show that the Stockholm Convention's campaign to remove POPs from the environment seems to be yielding positive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Wiston Amstrong Jonathan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Daniel Elorm Kwame Kabotso
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Fidelis M Kpodo
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Comfort Worna Lotse
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Norkplim Dei Hlorlewu
- Department of Nursing Services, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana
- Labour Ward, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana
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Opuni KF, Kretchy JP, Agyabeng K, Boadu JA, Adanu T, Ankamah S, Appiah A, Amoah GB, Baidoo M, Kretchy IA. Contamination of herbal medicinal products in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19370. [PMID: 37674839 PMCID: PMC10477504 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) has grown significantly across low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Consequently, the safety of these products due to contamination is a significant public health concern. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence, types, and levels of contaminants in HMPs from LMICs. A search was performed in seven online databases, i.e., Africa journal online (AJOL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Health Inter-Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), World Health Organization Global Index Medicus (WHO GIM), Scopus, and PubMed using appropriate search queries and reported as per the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. Ninety-one peer-reviewed articles published from 1982 to 2021 from 28 different countries across four continents were included in the study. Although metals, microbial, mycotoxins, pesticides, and residual solvents were the reported contaminants in the 91 articles, metals (56.0%, 51/91), microbial (27.5%, 25/91), and mycotoxins (18.7%, 17/91) were the most predominant. About 16.4% (1236/7518) of the samples had their contaminant levels above the regulatory limits. Samples tested for microbial contaminants had the highest proportion (46.4%, 482/1039) of contaminants exceeding the regulatory limit, followed by mycotoxins (25.8%, 109/423) and metals (14.3%, 591/4128). The proportion of samples that had their average non-essential metal contaminant levels above the regulatory limit was (57.6%, 377/655), 18.3% (88/480), 10.7% (24/225), and 11.3% (29/257) for Pb, Cd, Hg, and As, respectively. The commonest bacteria species found were Escherichia coli (52.3%, 10/19) and Salmonella species (42.1%, 8/19). This review reported that almost 90% of Candida albicans and more than 80% of moulds exceeded the required regulatory limits. HMP consumption poses profound health implications to consumers and patients. Therefore, designing and/or implementing policies that effectively regulate HMPs to minimize the health hazards related to their consumption while improving the quality of life of persons living in LMICs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F.M. Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James-Paul Kretchy
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box 2305, Miotso, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Agyabeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A. Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theodosia Adanu
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Ankamah
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Appiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Geralda B. Amoah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mariam Baidoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A. Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Abanyie SK, Apea OB, Abagale SA, Amuah EEY, Sunkari ED. Sources and factors influencing groundwater quality and associated health implications: A review. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 2023; 9:100207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.emcon.2023.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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Dwivedi N, Mahdi AA, Deo S. Assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in breast milk: Association with dietary habits and duration of lactation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115216. [PMID: 36608766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess infant safety associated with the presence of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in breast milk, a possible route of transfer of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to newborns in North India. Colostrum and breast milk samples (n = 130) were collected at different stages of lactation. Pesticides analysis was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We observed that of all the samples analysed, OCPs concentration was higher in breast milk than in colostrum, suggesting pesticides contamination increases over lactation period. As far as OCPs are concerned, dieldrin [1196.64 ± 673.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw)], and β-HCH [1107.78 ± 1301.72 ng/g lw], were the predominant OCPs, followed by aldrin [977.09 ± 707.69 ng/g lw], α-HCH [948.04 ± 476.65 ng/g lw] and 1,1'-(2,2-Dichloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene) (p,p'DDE) [790.11 ± 399.35 ng/g lw]. The association between OCPs levels and women dietary habits were also explored, and all the OCPs were grouped and compared to each other by consumption level of fish, meat, sea foods, eggs, and dairy products. We found that women consuming non vegetarian food, like fish and meat, were exposed 3.5 times more to OCPs than women consuming vegetarian food. In addition, we also observed that factors like mother's age was positively (<0.005 - <0.001) correlated while gestational age and infant birth weight were negatively (<0.005) associated with the levels of OCPs in colostrum and breast milk, respectively. Unfortunately, neither any standards nor guidelines are available for the use of pesticides, therefore, it is suggested that careless use of OCPs should be checked and suitable remedial measures be taken to decrease human contamination. Moreover, further studies are warranted to elucidate relationship between pesticide residues in breast milk and the maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sujata Deo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Manimekalai D, Srinivasan A, Padmavathy P, Jawahar P, George R, Arisekar U. Acute and Chronic Toxicity Effects of the Heptachlor Pesticide on Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): Impact to Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses. JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH 2022; 38. [DOI: 10.2112/jcoastres-d-22-00003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Manimekalai
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu 628 008, India
| | - Arasan Srinivasan
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu 611 002, India
| | - Pandurengan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu 628 008, India
| | - Paulraj Jawahar
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu 611 002, India
| | - Rosalind George
- Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) Cochin, Kerala 682 506, India
| | - Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu 628 008, India
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Oyekale AS. Determinants of Cocoa Farmers' Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria. TOXICS 2022; 10:454. [PMID: 36006133 PMCID: PMC9415294 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is one of the major cash crops in Nigeria and its production is directly related to the effective utilization of agrochemicals. This paper analysed the factors influencing cocoa farmers’ compliance with agrochemical safety regulations. The data were collected from 326 cocoa farmers from Ogun and Osun states, using multi-stage sampling procedures. The data were analysed with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and an Endogenous Tobit Regression model. The results showed that majority of the farmers were primarily growing cocoa and average ownership of personal protective equipment (PPE) was less than two. Awareness of manufacturers’ instructions was high for insecticides and fungicides, while majority of the farmers were not eating or drinking while handling agrochemicals. Safety compliance indicators were significantly influenced (p < 0.10) by farmers’ ownership of PPE, education, age, awareness of manufacturers’ safety instructions and health status. It was concluded that utilization of PPE was very low among the farmers and efforts to facilitate safety training on the use of different agrochemicals will facilitate safety compliance through proper understanding of manufacturers’ instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi Samuel Oyekale
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Taha MAI, Badawy MEI, Abdel-Razik RK, Younis HM, Abo-El-Saad MM. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver of male albino rats after exposing to sub-chronic intoxication of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and imidacloprid. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 178:104938. [PMID: 34446205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and imidacloprid on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress biomarkers were studied in rat liver. The liver deficiency was also confirmed by histological analysis and gel electrophoresis. Each insecticide was administered orally with five doses per week for 28 days to male albino rats at 1/50 of the LD50 per insecticide. The results demonstrated that the mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by a significant decrease in NADH dehydrogenase and ATPase activities. Oxidative stress biomarkers include malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were significantly increased. However, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) as antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased in the mitochondria of the rat liver. HPLC analysis showed a significant increase of the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2DG) as a biomarker of the DNA damage in rat liver. In addition, the residue levels of 0.96 and 0.29 μg/mL serum were found for cypermethrin and imidacloprid, respectively. However, chlorpyrifos not detected using the HPLC analysis. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) analysis showed a change in the pattern and sequence of complexions of the electron transport chain in liver mitochondria with treatment by such insecticides. The hepatic histological examination also showed symptoms of abnormalities after exposure to these insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A I Taha
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Membrane Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Reda K Abdel-Razik
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 21616-El-Sabahia, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Younis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Membrane Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Abo-El-Saad
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Membrane Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910236. [PMID: 34639537 PMCID: PMC8508139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.
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Opuni KFM, Asare-Nkansah S, Osei-Fosu P, Akonnor A, Bekoe SO, Dodoo ANO. Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in selected herbal medicinal products in Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:470. [PMID: 34226978 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high patronage of herbal medicinal products in Ghana for the treatment of diverse disease conditions raises concerns about patient safety, given that much of the raw materials for production are obtained from the wild or farmlands potentially exposed to varied agrochemical residues. Therefore, the work sought to investigate the contamination of herbal medicinal products with pesticide residues and assess the potential risk posed to patients. As a result, validated gas chromatography with mass spectrometry as a detector was used to determine forty-two pesticides in thirty herbal medicinal products. The performance parameters of the method such as linearity, accuracy, and precision were found as acceptable. Pesticide residues such as chlorpyrifos and/or bifenthrin were found in 4/30 herbal medicinal products. Specifically, 3/30 herbal medicinal products contained only one pesticide, while 1/30 was contaminated with both pesticide residues. The levels of pesticide residue contamination ranged between 2.5 and 5.0 µg/kg. The acute hazard quotient and chronic hazard quotient for the two pesticide residues were evaluated and ranged between 0.21 and 0.92% and between 8.21 × 10-4 and 5.88 × 10-3%. The detected pesticide residue levels are below the maximum residue limit values, which may not cause acute and chronic health risks due to intake of the selected herbal medicinal product. Nevertheless, patient safety and potential public health risk can be reduced by regular monitoring, and regulation of pesticide residue levels in herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F M Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Osei-Fosu
- Food and Agricultural Department, Ghana Standards Authority, Box MB 245, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham Akonnor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel O Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Abstract
The Ganga basin includes some of the most densely populated areas in the world, in a region characterized by extremely high demographic and economic growth rates. Although anthropogenic pressure in this area is increasing, the pollution status of the Ganga is still poorly studied and understood. In the light of this, we have carried out a systematic literature review of the sources, levels and spatiotemporal distribution of organic pollutants in surface water and sediment of the Ganga basin, including for the first time emerging contaminants (ECs). We have identified 61 publications over the past thirty years, with data on a total of 271 organic compounds, including pesticides, industrial chemicals, and by-products, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs). The most studied organic contaminants are pesticides, whereas knowledge of industrial compounds and PPCPs, among which some of the major ECs, is highly fragmentary. Most studies focus on the main channel of the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gomti, and the deltaic region, while most of the Ganga's major tributaries, and the entire southern part of the catchment, have not been investigated. Hotspots of contamination coincide with major urban agglomerations, including Delhi, Kolkata, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Patna. Pesticides levels have decreased at most of the sites over recent decades, while potentially harmful concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organotin compounds (OTCs), and some PPCPs have been detected in the last ten years. Considering the limited geographical coverage of sampling and number of analyzed compounds, this review highlights the need for a more careful selection of locations, compounds and environmental matrices, prioritizing PPCPs and catchment-scale, source-to-sink studies.
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Anand N, Chakraborty P, Ray S. Human exposure to organochlorine, pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pesticides: Comparison between urban and semi-urban regions of India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116156. [PMID: 33321437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, urban areas may be at greater risk of pesticide exposure compared to semi-urban agricultural regions. To investigate this, concentrations of selected pesticides were measured in 81 human milk samples collected in urban Kolkata and semi-urban Nadia in West Bengal, India. Three classes of pesticides were investigated - legacy organochlorines and emerging pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. The average concentration of the majority of the chemicals (DDT, its metabolites, HCH isomers, bifenthrin, endosulfan), showed a clear urban > semi-urban trend. Compared with previous measurements in other Indian cities and developing nations, current HCH and DDT concentrations in urban Kolkata were high. These chemicals were detected in 100% of the samples in both the urban and the semi-urban region. Also in both regions, the Estimated Daily Intake of DDTs, HCHs, aldrin, dieldrin and the pyrethroid bifenthrin for breastfed infants exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake in a number of samples. Three pyrethroids were detected in human milk samples in India for the first time. This indicates a shift in the usage pattern of pesticides in India from organochlorines to pyrethroids. These findings may be used to drive targeted regulation of pesticides in developing countries with similar histories of pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Anand
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Sujata Ray
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Ickes SB, Oddo VM, Sanders HK, Nduati R, Denno DM, Myhre JA, Kinyua J, Iannotti LL, Singa B, Farquhar C, Walson JL. Formal maternal employment is associated with lower odds of exclusive breastfeeding by 14 weeks postpartum: a cross-sectional survey in Naivasha, Kenya. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:562-573. [PMID: 33515015 PMCID: PMC7948888 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many low- and middle-income countries, improvements in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) have stalled, delaying reductions in child mortality. Maternal employment is a potential barrier to EBF. OBJECTIVES We evaluated associations between maternal employment and breastfeeding (BF) status. We compared formally and non-formally employed mothers in Naivasha, Kenya, where commercial floriculture and hospitality industries employ many women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among mothers (n = 1186) from September 2018 to October 2019 at 4 postpartum time points: at hospital discharge (n = 296) and at 6 wk (n = 298), 14 wk (n = 295), and 36 wk (to estimate BF at 24 wk; n = 297) postpartum. Mothers reported their BF status and reasons for EBF cessation. We used multivariable logistic regression models to test the association between formal maternal employment and 3 outcomes: early BF initiation (within 1 h of birth), EBF at each time point, and continued BF at 9 mo. Models were informed by a directed acyclic graph: a causal diagram used to characterize the relationship among variables that influence the independent (employment) and dependent (BF status) variables. RESULTS EBF did not differ by employment status at hospital discharge or at 6 wk postpartum. However, formally employed mothers were less likely than those not formally employed to report EBF at 14 wk (59.0% compared with 95.4%, respectively; AOR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.34) and at 24 wk (19.0% compared with 49.6%, respectively; AOR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.44). The prevalence of continued BF at 36 wk did not differ by group (98.1% for formally employed compared with 98.5% for non-formally employed women; AOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.10, 6.08). The primary reasons reported for early EBF cessation were returning to work (46.5%), introducing other foods based on the child's age (33.5%), or perceived milk insufficiency (13.7%). CONCLUSIONS As more women engage in formal employment in low- and middle-income countries, additional supports to help prolong the period of EBF may be beneficial for formally employed mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Ickes
- Address correspondence to SBI (e-mail: )
| | - V M Oddo
- University of Washington Department of Health Services, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Illinois Chicago, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H K Sanders
- Wheaton College Department of Applied Health Science, Wheaton, IL, USA
| | - R Nduati
- University of Nairobi Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D M Denno
- University of Washington Department of Health Services, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA,Childhood Acute Illnesses Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J A Myhre
- Naivasha Sub-County Referral Hospital and Serge East Africa, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - J Kinyua
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L L Iannotti
- Washington University in St. Louis Brown School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Singa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Farquhar
- University of Washington Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Medicine (Allergy and Infectious Disease), Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J L Walson
- University of Washington Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA,Childhood Acute Illnesses Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya,University of Washington Department of Medicine (Allergy and Infectious Disease), Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Souza RC, Portella RB, Almeida PVNB, Pinto CO, Gubert P, Santos da Silva JD, Nakamura TC, do Rego EL. Human milk contamination by nine organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:530-538. [PMID: 32525731 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1729630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are widely used around the world as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, and rodenticides. Despite banned in Brazil, the usage remains occurring in many countries. The persistence and extreme mobility of OCPs contribute to the contamination of the environment and the human body. The OCPs bioaccumulation in adipose tissue triggers the excretion into human milk during breastfeeding. Hence, the present study determined eighteen OCPs residues in the breast milk of mothers from the Western Region of Bahia State, Brazil. Nine different residue species were found, including beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (9.24 ± 0.00 ng g-1 fat), delta- Hexachlorocyclohexane (22.15 ± 10.48 ng g-1 fat), Heptachlor (58.08 ± 74.13 ng g-1 fat), Aldrin (142.65 ± 50.65 ng g-1 fat), Dieldrin (774.62 ± 472.68 ng g-1 fat), Endosulfan I (408.44 ± 245.51 ng g-1 fat), Dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (29.17 ± 22.42 ng g-1 fat), Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (28.87 ± 0.00 ng g-1 fat) and Methoxychlor (1699.67 ± 797.43 ng g-1 fat). The Methoxychlor presence in all samples may reveal a recent exposure, while Dieldrin and Endosulfan I analyses can point to distant past exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiane Costa Souza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caroline Oliveira Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enoc Lima do Rego
- Chemistry Institute - IQ, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil
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14
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Md Meftaul I, Venkateswarlu K, Dharmarajan R, Annamalai P, Megharaj M. Pesticides in the urban environment: A potential threat that knocks at the door. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134612. [PMID: 31810707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play a pivotal role in controlling pests and disease infestations not only in urban agriculture but also in non-agricultural settings. Several pesticides like herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc. are applied unintentionally at higher concentrations even in small urban areas such as lawns, gardens and impermeable surfaces. Consequent to their indiscriminate use, both extensively and intensively, in the urban areas, contamination of pesticides poses a serious threat to the environment, living organisms and food safety. Although the fate and ecological effects of pesticides and their residues have been thoroughly understood in agricultural soils, information available in the literature on the impact of these contaminants in the urban environment is very limited and fragmentary. In fact, the fate and behaviour of pesticide residues in the urban environment are distinct from those in other ecosystems since the soils in urban areas greatly vary in their physico-chemical properties. Development of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches for remediation of even urban soils contaminated with pesticides is therefore greatly warranted. Thus, the present critical review is the first single source that provides updated knowledge on the sources, nature and extent of pesticide pollution in the urban environment, and the ecological and human health effects of pesticides and their residues. The potential of nano-encapsulation of pesticides for their application in urban settings has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Md Meftaul
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Rajarathnam Dharmarajan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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15
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Olisah C, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in biological and environmental matrices in Africa: A two-decade review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03518. [PMID: 32154427 PMCID: PMC7056722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), essentially for the control of insects and the cultivation of food crops, has led to the pollution of ecosystems. Despite being banned several years ago in the developed world, extensive use remains ongoing on the African continent. This review summarizes the occurrence, distributions, sources, and trends of OCPs in seven environmental matrices (atmosphere, water, sediments, soils, biota, human fluids and food products) in Africa. Findings in this review revealed that α-HCH, β-HCH dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), and endosulfans were the most persistent OCP residues in the African environment, particularly DDTs in breast milk samples occurring in levels above the WHO stipulated limits, thus indicating a call for concern. Also, there was paucity of data available on OCP concentrations in ambient air. Future research efforts should prioritize testing these pollutants in the atmosphere, especially in countries where they are used more frequently. While most POP analysis studies used gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector or mass spectrometer, it is recommended that further studies should use more sensitive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), or gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). These instruments allow for the detection of secondary and tertiary metabolites, especially those found in water, biota and food products, which are critical vectors of OCPs to human and animal bodies. Training of farmers and other domestic users on the handling of pesticides is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola O. Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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16
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de Oliveira M, Frihling BEF, Velasques J, Filho FJCM, Cavalheri PS, Migliolo L. Pharmaceuticals residues and xenobiotics contaminants: Occurrence, analytical techniques and sustainable alternatives for wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135568. [PMID: 31846817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are increasingly present in the environment, and their appearance on both the environment and health of living beings are still poorly understood by society. Conventional sewage treatment facilities that are under validity and were designed years ago are not developed to remove pharmaceutical compounds, their main focus is organic and bacteriological removal. Pharmaceutical residues are associated directly with quantitative production aspects as well as inadequate waste management policies. Persistent classes of emerging compounds such as xenobiotics present molecules whose physicochemical properties such as small molecular size, ionizability, water solubility, lipophilicity, polarity and volatility make degradability, identification and quantification of these complex compounds difficult. Based on research results showing that there is a possibility of risk to human and environmental health the presence of these compounds in the environment this article aimed to review the main pharmaceutical and xenobiotic residues present in the environment, as well as to present the most common methodologies used. The most commonly used analytical methods for identifying these compounds were HPLC and Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with potential for characterize complex substances in the environment with low concentrations. An alternative and low-cost technology for emerging compound treatment demonstrated in the literature with a satisfactory performance for several types of sewage such as domestic sewage, wastewater and agroindustrial, was the Wetlands Constructed. The study was able to identify the main compounds that are being found in the environment and identify the most used analytical methods to identify and quantify these compounds, bringing some alternatives combining technologies for the treatment of compounds. Environmental contamination is eminent, since the production of emerging compounds aims to increase along with technological development. This demonstrates the need to explore and aggregate sewage treatment technologies to reduce or prevent the deposition of these compounds into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milina de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Jannaina Velasques
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Fernando Jorge Corrêa Magalhães Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Ludovico Migliolo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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17
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Quansah R, Bend JR, Armah FA, Bonney F, Aseidu J, Yawson DO, Adu MO, Luginaah I, Essumang DK, Abdul-Rahaman A, Cobbina S, Iddi S, Tersigni M, Afful S, Osei-Fosu P, Nketiah-Amponsah E. Respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms associated with pesticide management practices among farmers in Ghana's most important vegetable hub. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:716. [PMID: 31686222 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The data presented here are from the Offinso North District Farm Health Study (ONFAHS), a population-based cross-sectional study among vegetable farmers in Ghana. The paper addresses knowledge, pesticide handling practices, and protective measures related to pesticide use by self-reported symptoms for 310 adult farmers who completed a comprehensive questionnaire on pesticide management practices and health. In addition, an inventory was prepared using information supplied by pesticide sellers/dealers in this district. We report that cough and wheezing (but not breathlessness) are positively associated with stirring pesticide preparations with bare hands/drinking water while mixing/applying pesticides, and stirring pesticide preparations with bare hands/drinking water/smoking cigarettes while mixing/applying pesticides. There is a significant exposure-response association between the number of precautionary measures practiced while handling pesticides and cough and wheezing but not with breathlessness. We also found unsafe practices to be associated with sexual dysfunction, nervousness, and lack of concentration. The results also suggest a negative association between practice of any precautionary measure when mixing/applying pesticides and sexual dysfunction, nervousness, and lack of concentration. We found that in spite of the fact that farmers have adequate knowledge about the environment and health effects of pesticides, several unhygienic practices are in widespread use, indicating that knowledge is not necessarily always translated in action. Further action is necessary to promote the safe use of pesticides and to replace existing poor management practices among these and other farmers in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Quansah
- Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 30, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - John R Bend
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Siebens Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Frederick Ato Armah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Felix Bonney
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology-Africa Institute of Sanitation and Waste Management, East Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joshua Aseidu
- Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 30, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Oscar Yawson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Siebens Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Michael Osei Adu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Siebens Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Geography, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- Environmental Health Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abukari Abdul-Rahaman
- Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 30, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Cobbina
- Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Ghana
| | - Samuel Iddi
- Department of Statistics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Matthew Tersigni
- Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Afful
- Nuclear Chemistry and Envirionmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
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18
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Jobst K, Jones GR, Reiner E, Sandau CD, Clarke E, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. Background levels of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs), polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs & PXDD/Fs) in sera of pregnant women in Accra, Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:631-642. [PMID: 30999104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure data on dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in Ghana are limited. Based on health risks associated with dioxins and DLCs, the impact of maternal body burdens on foetal exposure is significant. This is the first study that assesses polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs) in sera of primiparous Ghanaians. Our sample selection includes 34 participants from two municipalities (Accra and Tema), and explores contributions from environmental and dietary exposures using questionnaire data. Sample preparation involved C18 solid phase extraction, purification with acidified silica and lipid removal cartridges, and detection with gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The calculated average toxic equivalent concentration was 5.3 pg TEQ/g lw, with contributions from dlPCBs (1.25 pg TEQ/g lw), PCDD/Fs (3.10 pg TEQ/g lw), PBDD/Fs (0.49 pg TEQ/g lw) and PXDD/Fs (0.50 pg TEQ/g lw). The calculated total TEQ concentration was lower than background TEQ concentrations reported in sera of pregnant women globally. Positive correlations were obtained for total dioxins and DLC concentrations with age and Body Mass Index (BMI). Dietary intake of seafood and dairy products had a strong influence on PCDD/F and dlPCB concentrations. Statistically significant differences were observed for dioxins and DLCs in participants from Accra (in close proximity to Agbogbloshie e-waste site) and Tema. Given the significant TEQ contribution of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs (~20%), it is essential to explore these classes of dioxins and DLCs in future biomonitoring studies as they may pose health risks, and add extra diagnostic information in source exposure investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; CSIR Water Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Court D Sandau
- Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Edith Clarke
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service, Ghana
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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19
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Mohammed S, Lamoree M, Ansa-Asare OD, de Boer J. Review of the analysis of insecticide residues and their levels in different matrices in Ghana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:361-372. [PMID: 30616153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on how Ghanaian scientists analyse insecticide residues in various matrices in their laboratories as well as the levels of insecticides found in Ghana. It covers different sample preparation methods such as solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction. The main technique used for this analysis was gas chromatography (GC) with various detectors such as electron capture, flame photometric, nitrogen phosphorus, and mass spectrometric detection. Liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometric detection was sometimes used to determine the levels of very polar insecticide residues. From the articles reviewed 74% of the insecticides detected were organochlorines with DDTs, lindanes, and endosulfans as most abundant ones. Levels of the insecticides of interest analysed, varied from below the detection limits to clearly above the safety limits. The lowest detected concentration of insecticide residues reported in fruits and vegetables was δ-lindane in pawpaw (0.06 mg/kg) while the highest was fenvalerate (25.6 mg/kg). Insecticide residues reported in sediment were predominantly organochlorines with concentrations ranging from 9.68 ng/kg to 10.98 µg/kg. Endosulfan and its metabolites were the main insecticides found in water bodies with concentrations ranging from 0.036 µg/L to 62.3 µg/L. DDT and its metabolites were the dominant insecticides found in human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saada Mohammed
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana.
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Müller MHB, Polder A, Brynildsrud OB, Grønnestad R, Karimi M, Lie E, Manyilizu WB, Mdegela RH, Mokiti F, Murtadha M, Nonga HE, Skaare JU, Solhaug A, Lyche JL. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Northern Tanzania and their distribution between breast milk, maternal blood, placenta and cord blood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:433-442. [PMID: 30634139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) begins during pregnancy and may cause adverse health effects in the fetus or later in life. The present study aimed to assess prenatal POPs exposure to Tanzanian infants and evaluate the distribution of POPs between breast milk, maternal blood, placenta and cord blood. For assessment of prenatal exposure, 48 maternal blood samples from Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital (MMRRH), Arusha Tanzania, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), dioxin-like (DL) activity and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). For evaluation of POPs distribution between maternal/infant compartments, breast milk, placenta and cord blood corresponding to the maternal blood were analyzed for OCPs, PCBs and BFRs. In maternal blood, p,p´- DDE was detected in 100% of the samples ranging between 29 and 1890 ng/g lipid weight (lw). PCB-153 was the only PCB detected in maternal blood, with detection rate of 29% and concentrations up to 116 ng/g lw. BDE-47 was detected in 65% of the maternal blood samples, ranging between <LOD and 83.2 ng/g lw. DL activity was measured using Dioxin Responsive CALUX® bioassay. The DL activity was above LOQ in 92% of the samples, ranging from <LOQ to 114 pg CALUX TEQ/g lw. PFASs was dominated by PFOS and PFOA, however, the concentrations were low (range ∑PFASs 0.18-3.14 ng/mL). p,p´-DDE was detected in 100% of the breast milk, placenta and cord blood samples and the concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.89-0.98) between all compartments. Maternal blood (MB) had significantly lower p,p´-DDE concentrations (ng/g lw) than cord blood (CB) and breast milk (BM). The median CB/MB ratio was 1.3 and median MB/BM ratio was 0.8. p,p´-DDE concentrations in breast milk and cord blood did not show significant difference and median CB/BM ratio was 1. In addition, the relative p,p`-DDE transfer from maternal blood to breast milk and to cord blood increased when p,p`-DDE concentrations in maternal blood increased. This study shows that Tanzanian infants are exposed to a wide range of POPs during fetal life, which raise concerns for potential health effects. In addition, this study found that maternal blood concentrations may lead to underestimation of prenatal exposure, while breast milk collected close to delivery may be a more suitable indicator of prenatal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - A Polder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - O B Brynildsrud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Grønnestad
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - M Karimi
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Lie
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - W B Manyilizu
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - R H Mdegela
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - F Mokiti
- Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 3092, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - M Murtadha
- Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 3092, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - H E Nonga
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - J U Skaare
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - J L Lyche
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Reiner EJ, Bradley L, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. The state of POPs in Ghana- A review on persistent organic pollutants: Environmental and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:331-342. [PMID: 30447476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ghana is one of the top pesticide users and highest persistent organic pollutant (POP) emitters in sub-saharan Africa. Despite recent increases in published data, there is limited information on how POP concentrations have changed, post ratification of the Stockholm Convention. As a result, this review aims to address these knowledge gaps by collating available data that reported POPs in Ghanaian environmental matrices, identify spatial and temporal trends, and establish potential health risks. It is worth noting that Ghana has not developed its own regulatory standards for POPs, but adapts United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Results obtained showed concentrations in excess of USEPA regulatory standards for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) in water, polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) in e-waste soils, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic organisms and dairy products. The published studies do not cover major regions nationwide. The inconsistency in methods and analytes measured, along with data scarcity in some regions, makes it challenging to identify temporal trends. However, the data did indicate decreasing concentrations of some legacy POPs in soil/sediment and aquatic organisms, with increasing concentrations of some POPs in water, fish, fruits and vegetables. Studies that performed health risks assessments were limited although the data indicated risks to e-waste workers, some farmers and vulnerable sub-populations. This review identified potential human health risks from POPs in the Ghanaian environment and the need for more consistent and widespread monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Lee Bradley
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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22
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Chen MW, Santos HM, Que DE, Gou YY, Tayo LL, Hsu YC, Chen YB, Chen FA, Chao HR, Huang KL. Association between Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Breast Milk and Their Effects on Female Reproduction in a Taiwanese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050931. [PMID: 29735922 PMCID: PMC5981970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Only few studies have focused on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in breast milk and the related health risks for women in Taiwan. Our goal is to examine breast milk OCPs and their associations with female reproductive function (infertility, gynecological diseases, and menstruation characteristics) as well as their correlation with sociodemographic parameters (age, pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI), annual incomes, population, birth year, and parity) and dietary habit. The breast milk samples were collected in southern Taiwan (n = 68) from 2013 to 2016 and the OCP residues were analyzed using high resolution gas chromatography with low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS). The results show that the most abundant OCP residues in the breast milk was ΣDDT with the geometric mean ± standard deviation of 9.81 ± 7.52 ng−1 lipid−1 followed by ΣHCH (0.539 ± 0.557 ng−1·lipid−1). In the principal component analysis, cis-chlordane (cis-CHL) and γ-HCH were found to be related to participants who received medical treatment for infertility, and 4,4′-DDT was associated with those who received gynecological surgery. The logistic regression showed that the odds ratio (OR) of log γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) was higher for mothers who had received medical treatment for infertility than for the normal group (OR = 25.6, p = 0.035) after adjustments for age, pre-pregnant BMI, annual income, population (i.e., native-born Taiwanese), birth year, and parity. Cow milk and beef consumption as well as menstruation characteristics such as average menstrual period (>5 days), shortest menstrual period (<3 days), and women who had taken hormonal drugs were significantly associated to several OCP residues in the breast milk. In addition, ΣHCH including β-HCH and γ-HCH was correlated with annual family income and gravidity as well as cow milk and beef consumptions. Overall, γ-HCH exhibited a probable association with the infertility diseases of Taiwanese women, and dietary habit might play an important role in the female Taiwanese exposure to OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Wen Chen
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
| | - Harvey M Santos
- School of Chemical Biological, and materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa university, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Danielle E Que
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical Biological, and materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa university, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines.
| | - Yi-Chyun Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan City 710, Taiwan.
| | - Young-Bin Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy & Graduate, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
- Institute of Food Safety Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lin Huang
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
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Sharma N, Garg D, Deb R, Samtani R. Toxicological profile of organochlorines aldrin and dieldrin: an Indian perspective. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 32:361-372. [PMID: 28915126 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested various environmental factors as a possible cause for increased incidence of various abnormalities. Of the various environmental contaminants, the most prevalent and the most discussed are the endocrine disrupting chemicals. Contact of such disruptors with humans has become inevitable today. They are cosmopolitan and present from agriculture to industrial sectors, even in day-to-day consumer products. Aldrin and dieldrin belong to one such class of substances which are known to have a toxic effect on various physiological systems of the human body. Despite an imposed ban on their manufacture and commercial use, these pesticides could still be detected in probable areas of consumption like agriculture. The present review discusses the known possible toxic effects of aldrin and dieldrin and their current existence in the ecosystem across India.
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Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Wimmerová S, Lancz K, Patayová H, Koštiaková V, Richterová D, Govarts E, Jusko TA, Trnovec T. Partitioning of hexachlorobenzene between human milk and blood lipid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:994-999. [PMID: 28778790 PMCID: PMC6044446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies on the toxic effects of prenatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), researchers report HCB concentrations, either as wet-weight or per lipid weight basis, in matrices like breast milk, and maternal and cord blood. Conversion of exposures across matrices is needed for comparisons of concentrations and dose effect across cohorts. Using data from a birth cohort study in eastern Slovakia, we derived the maternal blood to cord blood HCB concentration ratio utilizing measured concentrations in 1027 paired maternal and cord blood samples, on a per-lipid basis. In addition to data from the Slovak study, the maternal milk to maternal serum ratio was summarized from 23 published studies on partitioning of HCB between human milk lipid and blood lipid. We identified two distinct groups of milk:blood ratios, those ≤0.45 and those ≥0.85. We assumed that using partition ratios ≤0.45 will underestimate HCB exposure estimates. Taking into account this precautionary measure, we suggest a conversion ratio of 1.21, which is the median of the 16 ratios identified in our literature review. We consider our estimate as conservative and providing appropriate safety in risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kinga Lancz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Patayová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Koštiaková
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Govarts
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine & Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd, CU 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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THOMPSON LA, DARWISH WS, IKENAKA Y, NAKAYAMA SMM, MIZUKAWA H, ISHIZUKA M. Organochlorine pesticide contamination of foods in Africa: incidence and public health significance. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:751-764. [PMID: 28302941 PMCID: PMC5402199 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in Africa, for several decades. Although many are banned, several African countries still use OCPs especially for the prevention and control of malaria. OCPs are characterized by their bio-accumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. Despite no clear epidemiological studies confirming hazardous effects of these chemicals on human health, many studies have reported positive associations between the use of OCPs and neurological and reproductive disorders, and cancer risk. There is a clear gap in published reports on OCPs in Africa and their potential health hazards. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the incidence of OCP contamination in various foods in Africa, to demonstrate the potential transmission of these chemicals to people and to discuss their possible health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa A. THOMPSON
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
| | - Wageh Sobhy DARWISH
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44510, Egypt
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and
Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M. M. NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
| | - Hazuki MIZUKAWA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi ISHIZUKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-0818, Japan
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Müller MHB, Polder A, Brynildsrud OB, Karimi M, Lie E, Manyilizu WB, Mdegela RH, Mokiti F, Murtadha M, Nonga HE, Skaare JU, Lyche JL. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:425-434. [PMID: 28196346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to report organochlorines (OCs), including chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk from Tanzania. The main aims of this study were to assess the level of contamination and the possible health risks related to OC exposure in nursing infants from the Northern parts of Tanzania. Ninety-five healthy mother-infant couples attending Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital (MMRRH), Arusha, Tanzania, were assessed for associations between maternal/infant characteristics, i.e. mother's age, BMI, gestational weight gain, occupation, residence and fetal growth parameters and breast milk levels of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, dieldrin and PCBs. p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT were detected in 100% and 75% of the breast milk samples, respectively, and ranged between 24 and 2400ng/g lipid weight (lw) and <LOD and 133ng/g lw, respectively. Dieldrin was detected in 66% of the samples in levels up to 937ng/g lw. ∑7PCBs ranged between <LOD and 157ng/g lw. Other OCPs were detected in low levels. For assessment of health risks, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated by comparing estimated daily intakes of OCPs and PCBs with health based guidance values. The estimated daily intake (ng/kg body weight/day) of ∑DDTs, dieldrin and nondioxin-like PCBs (∑6PCBs) exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) in two, six and forty-eight of the nursing infants, respectively, suggesting potential health risks. In addition, head circumference were negatively associated with p,p´-DDE in female infants, suggesting that OC exposure during pregnancy may influence fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N- 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - A Polder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N- 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - O B Brynildsrud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Karimi
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N- 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Lie
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N- 0033, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - W B Manyilizu
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - R H Mdegela
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - F Mokiti
- Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 3092, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - M Murtadha
- Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 3092, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - H E Nonga
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - J U Skaare
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - J L Lyche
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N- 0033, Oslo, Norway
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Okoffo ED, Fosu-Mensah BY, Gordon C. Contamination levels of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in cocoa beans from Ghana. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Chaudhary S, Kanwar RK, Sehgal A, Cahill DM, Barrow CJ, Sehgal R, Kanwar JR. Progress on Azadirachta indica Based Biopesticides in Replacing Synthetic Toxic Pesticides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:610. [PMID: 28533783 PMCID: PMC5420583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, extensive use of commercially available synthetic pesticides against phytophagous insects has led to their bioaccumulation in the environment causing increased resistance and reduction in soil biodiversity. Further, 90% of the applied pesticides enter the various environmental resources as a result of run-off, exposing the farmers as well as consumers of the agricultural produce to severe health issues. Therefore, growing attention has been given toward the development of alternate environmentally friendly pesticides/insecticides that would aid an efficient pest management system and also prevent chronic exposures leading to diseases. One such strategy is, the use of neem plant's (Binomial name: Azadirachta indica) active ingredients which exhibit agro-medicinal properties conferring insecticidal as well as immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties. The most prominent constituent of neem is azadirachtin, which has been established as a pivotal insecticidal ingredient. It acts as an antifeedant, repellent, and repugnant agent and induces sterility in insects by preventing oviposition and interrupting sperm production in males. This review discusses, key neem pesticidal components, their active functional ingredients along with recent strategies on employing nanocarriers, to provide controlled release of the active ingredients and to improve their stability and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rupinder K. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Gynecology, Government Medical College and HospitalChandigarh, India
| | - David M. Cahill
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jagat R. Kanwar
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29
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Quansah R, Bend JR, Abdul-Rahaman A, Armah FA, Luginaah I, Essumang DK, Iddi S, Chevrier J, Cobbina SJ, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Adu-Kumi S, Darko G, Afful S. Associations between pesticide use and respiratory symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Southern Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:245-254. [PMID: 27318967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indiscriminate use of pesticides is a common practice amongst farmers in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) across the globe. However, there is little evidence defining whether pesticide use is associated with respiratory symptoms. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 vegetable farmers in southern Ghana (Akumadan). Data on pesticide use was collected with an interviewed-administered questionnaire. The concentration of seven organochlorine pesticides and 3 pyrethroid pesticides was assayed in urine collected from a sub-population of 100 vegetable farmers by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). RESULTS A statistically significant exposure-response relationship of years per day spent mixing/applying fumigant with wheezing [30-60 days/year: prevalence ratio (PR)=1.80 (95% CI 1.30, 2.50); >60days/year: 3.25 (1.70-6.33), p for trend=0.003] and hours per day spent mixing/applying fumigant with wheezing [1-2h/day: 1.20 (1.02-1.41), 3-5h/day: 1.45 (1.05-1.99), >5h/day: 1.74 (1.07-2.81), p for trend=0.0225]; days per year spent mixing/applying fungicide with wheezing [30-60 days/year: 2.04 (1.31-3.17); >60days/year: 4.16 (1.72-10.08), p for trend=0.0017] and h per day spent mixing/applying fungicide with phlegm production [1-2h/day: 1.25 (1.05-1.47), 3-5h/day: 1.55 (1.11-2.17), >5h/day: 1.93 (1.17-3.19), p for trend=0.0028] and with wheezing [1-2h/day: 1.10 (1.00-1.50), 3-5h/day: 1.20 (1.11-1.72), >5h/day: 1.32 (1.09-2.53), p for trend=0.0088]; h per day spent mixing/applying insecticide with phlegm production [1-2h/day: 1.23 (1.09-1.62), 3-5h/day: 1.51 (1.20-2.58), >5h/day: 1.85 (1.31-4.15), p for trend=0.0387] and wheezing [1-2h/day: 1.22 (1.02-1.46), 3-5h/day: 1.49 (1.04-2.12), >5h/day: 1.81 (1.07-3.08), p for trend=0.0185] were observed. Statistically significant exposure-response association was also observed for a combination of activities that exposes farmers to pesticide with all 3 respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, significant exposure-response associations for 3 organochlorine insecticides: beta-HCH, heptachlor and endosulfan sulfate were noted. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, vegetable farmers in Ghana may be at increased risk for respiratory symptoms as a result of exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Quansah
- Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - John R Bend
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Abukari Abdul-Rahaman
- Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederick Ato Armah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Geography, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- Environmental Health Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Iddi
- Department of Statistics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Ghana
| | | | - Samuel Adu-Kumi
- Chemicals Control and Management Centre, Environmental Protection Agency, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Afful
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
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30
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Donkor A, Osei-Fosu P, Dubey B, Kingsford-Adaboh R, Ziwu C, Asante I. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Ghana: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18966-18987. [PMID: 27530198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are known to improve agriculture yield considerably leading to an increase in its application over the years. The use of pesticides has shown varying detrimental effects in humans as well as the environment. Presently, enough evidence is available to suggest their misuse and overuse in the last few decades in most developing nations primarily due to lack of education, endangering the lives of farmers as well as the entire population and environment. However, there is paucity of data especially over long durations in Ghana resulting in the absence of effective monitoring programs regarding pesticide application and subsequent contamination in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, this review discusses comprehensively pesticide type and use, importation, presence in fruits and vegetables, human exposure, and poisoning in Ghana. This is to alert the scientific community in Ghana of the need to further research into the potential implications of pesticide residues in food commodities in order to generate a comprehensive and reliable database which is key in drafting policies simultaneous with food regulation, suitable monitoring initiatives, assessment, and education to minimize their effects thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Donkor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Paul Osei-Fosu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Brajesh Dubey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Management, Indian Institute Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Cephas Ziwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Botany, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
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31
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Kartalović B, Novakov NJ, Mihaljev Ž, Petrović J, Prica N, Babić J, Ćirković MA. Organochlorine pesticides in canned tuna and sardines on the Serbian market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:299-304. [PMID: 27644772 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1234004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the level of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in 57 samples of canned tuna and 31 samples of canned sardines in vegetable oil, collected from supermarkets in Serbia. OC pesticides α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), DDE, DDD, dielderin, endosulfane I, endosulfane II, endosulan sulfate, endrin, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, aldrin, metoxichlor, cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane were determined using a GS-MS method. The highest concentrations (µg kg-1, arithmetic means) in canned tuna were for δ-HCH (60.6 ± 97.0) and p, p´-DDT (55.0 ± 25.1), while the corresponding values in canned sardines were for δ-HCH (90.7 ± 102.7) and endosulfane II (78.0 ± 145.9). Mean level for the sum of endosulfans was above the maximum limit in canned sardines (85.0 µg kg-1). Also, dieldrin (39.7 µg kg-1) was measured above the ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Kartalović
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nikolina J Novakov
- b Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Željko Mihaljev
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrović
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nadežda Prica
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Babić
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Miroslav A Ćirković
- a Department for food and feed quality, Bureau for food safety and drug analysis , Scientific veterinary institute Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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Okoffo ED, Fosu-Mensah BY, Gordon C. Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa beans from Ghana, a concern for public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fosu-Mensah BY, Okoffo ED, Darko G, Gordon C. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and drinking water sources from cocoa farms in Ghana. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:869. [PMID: 27386318 PMCID: PMC4920806 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Residues of organochlorine pesticides were determined in soils and drinking water sources in cocoa growing areas in Ghana. Soil samples analysed showed the presence of four organochlorine pesticide residues namely lindane (0.005–0.05 mg/kg), beta-HCH (<0.01–0.05 mg/kg), dieldrin (0.005–0.02 mg/kg), and p,p′-DDT (0.005–0.04 mg/kg), with dieldrin occurring most frequently. Similarly, organochlorine pesticide residues detected in the water samples were lindane (0.01–0.03 µg/l), alpha-endosulfan (0.01–0.03 µg/l), endosulfan-sulphate (0.01–0.04 µg/l), dieldrin (0.01–0.03 µg/l) and p,p′-DDT (0.01–0.04 µg/l), with heptachlor occurring most frequently. The concentrations of the detected organochlorine residues in the soil samples were below their respective US maximum residues limits (MRLs) for agricultural soils, except for lindane recorded at Kwakuanya (S4) and beta-HCH recorded at Krakrom (S3) and Kwakuanya (S4). Similarly, the organochlorine pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for alpha-endosulfan at Diabaa (S2) and Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0–15 m and Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 16–30 m, endosulfan-sulfate at Nkrankwanta (S1) and Diabaa (S2) at distance 0–15 m and heptachlor at Krakrom (S3) at distance 16–30 m which were above their WHO MRLs. The presence of the banned organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and water samples from the study area indicates that these chemicals are still being used, illegally, on some cocoa farms. Routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the prevention, control and reduction of environmental pollution to minimize health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicta Y Fosu-Mensah
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Xu C, Tang M, Zhang H, Zhang C, Liu W. Levels and patterns of DDTs in maternal colostrum from an island population and exposure of neonates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:132-139. [PMID: 26650085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was heavily used in the past in many regions of the world. The occurrence of DDTs in island populations may be elevated if the island is adjacent to major DDT consumption estuaries, such as the Yangtze River Delta. In this study, colostrum samples were collected from maternal-neonate pairs (n = 106) from the Shengsi Island, located directly downstream from the Yangtze River outlet. DDT isomers and enantiomer compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and GC/MS-MS. The average levels of p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and total DDTs were 1.32, 0.03, 0.09, 0.08, 0.48, and 1.93 μg g(-1) lipid weight, respectively. Maternal age and pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were positively associated with levels of DDTs (p < 0.05). High (DDE+DDD)/DDT and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratios suggested that current DDT residues originated primarily from historical use of DDT products, but new sources may also contribute partially to some high o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratios. Enantiomeric enrichment was found for the (-)-enantiomer of o,p'-DDD and the (+)-enantiomer of o,p'-DDT, suggesting stereoselective attenuation. Based on breast milk consumption, the average daily intake of DDTs by neonates was 8.33 ± 7.34 μg kg(-1)bw per day, which exceeded the WHO's tolerable daily intake guideline of 0.01 mg kg(-1) bw per day by 25%, implying some neonates in the Yangtze River region are potentially at high risk from exposure to DDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengling Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Program of Environmental Science, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Mostafalou S. Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 238:69-89. [PMID: 26670033 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are mostly halogenated compounds tending to persist in the environment, enter into the food chain, and accumulate in fat mass of mammals due to their high lipophilicity. They include some organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these chemicals were widely used in the past so that their residues can be detected in the human body, though their usage has been banned for years. POPs have been shown to perturb the health of biological systems in different ways evidenced by carcinogenicity and disrupting effects on endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. There are many epidemiologic and experimental studies on the association of exposure to POPs with insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Inflammation as a known mechanism accompanying insulin resistance has also been shown to arise in insulin target tissues exposed to POPs. This review addresses the breast milk concentration of POPs in different regions of the world, synthesizes the current information on the association of POPs with insulin resistance related metabolic disorders, and discusses the inflammation as an involved mechanism. Considering high prevalence of insulin resistance related metabolic diseases and their relation with POPs, much need is felt regarding international and regional programs to not only limit their production and usage but eliminate these persistent pollutants from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 5618953141, Ardabil, Iran.
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Ae-Ngibise KA, Kinney PL, Asante KP, Jack D, Boamah EA, Whyatt R, Mujtaba M, Manu A, Owusu-Agyei S, Wylie BJ. Pesticide exposures in a malarious and predominantly farming area in Central Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:655-661. [PMID: 27239261 PMCID: PMC4879974 DOI: 10.5897/ajest2015.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In areas where malaria is endemic, pesticides are widely deployed for vector control, which has contributed to reductions in malaria deaths. Pesticide use for agrarian purposes reduces pest populations, thus improving crop production and post-harvest losses. However, adverse health effects have been associated with pesticide exposure, ranging from skin irritation to neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Though misuse of these pesticides can lead to widespread potential dangers, the debilitating effects are usually underappreciated in many developing countries. To evaluate the pattern of pesticide usage among rural communities in the Kintampo area of Ghana, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1455 heads of households randomly sampled from among 29,073 households in the Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System area of Ghana to estimate the prevalence of pesticide use and indications for use among this rural populace. Seventy-one percent (1040/1455) of household heads reported having used pesticides on either their farms or homes, most commonly for control of weeds (96.4%, 1003/1040) or insects (85.4%, 888/1040). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used by 22.9% (238/1040) of respondents. The majority of households who reported use of pesticides said women in their households assisted in the spraying efforts (69.3%, 721/1040); of these women, 50.8% (366/721) did so while carrying their babies on their backs. Only 28.9% (301/1040) of the study participants wore protective devices during pesticide applications. Frequent symptoms that were reported after spraying, included cough (32.3%; 336/1040), difficulty in breathing (26.7%; 278/1040) and skin irritation (39.0%; 406/1040). Pesticide use among community members in the Kintampo area of Ghana is common and its potential health impacts warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Darby Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Abrafi Boamah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Robin Whyatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Alexander Manu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Blair J Wylie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fång J, Nyberg E, Winnberg U, Bignert A, Bergman Å. Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers' milk -- a global review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8989-9041. [PMID: 25913228 PMCID: PMC4473027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been of environmental and health concern for more than half a century and have their own intergovernmental regulation through the Stockholm Convention, from 2001. One major concern is the nursing child's exposure to POPs, a concern that has led to a very large number of scientific studies on POPs in mothers' milk. The present review is a report on the assessment on worldwide spatial distributions of POPs and of their temporal trends. The data presented herein is a compilation based on scientific publications between 1995 and 2011. It is evident that the concentrations in mothers' milk depend on the use of pesticides and industrial chemicals defined as POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and "dioxins" are higher in the more industrialized areas, Europe and Northern America, whereas pesticides are higher in Africa and Asia and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in higher concentrations in the USA. POPs are consequently distributed to women in all parts of the world and are thus delivered to the nursing child. The review points out several major problems in the reporting of data, which are crucial to enable high quality comparisons. Even though the data set is large, the comparability is hampered by differences in reporting. In conclusion, much more detailed instructions are needed for reporting POPs in mothers' milk. Temporal trend data for POPs in mothers' milk is scarce and is of interest when studying longer time series. The only two countries with long temporal trend studies are Japan and Sweden. In most cases, the trends show decreasing concentrations of POPs in mothers' milk. However, hexabromocyclododecane is showing increasing temporal concentration trends in both Japan and Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fång
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Syed JH, Cheng Z, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: a comprehensive review of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:123-37. [PMID: 25540847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Though the use of pesticides has offered significant economic benefits by enhancing the production and yield of food and fibers and the prevention of vector-borne diseases, evidence suggests that their use has adversely affected the health of human populations and the environment. Pesticides have been widely distributed and their traces can be detected in all areas of the environment (air, water and soil). Despite the ban of DDT and HCH in India, they are still in use, both in domestic and agricultural settings. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the production and consumption of persistent organic pesticides, their maximum residual limit (MRL) and the presence of persistent organic pesticides in multicomponent environmental samples (air, water and soil) from India. In order to highlight the global distribution of persistent organic pesticides and their impact on neighboring countries and regions, the role of persistent organic pesticides in Indian region is reviewed. Based on a review of research papers and modeling simulations, it can be concluded that India is one of the major contributors of global persistent organic pesticide distribution. This review also considers the health impacts of persistent organic pesticides, the regulatory measures for persistent organic pesticides, and the status of India's commitment towards the elimination of persistent organic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | | | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Tang M, Chen K, Yang F, Liu W. Exposure to organochlorine pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85556. [PMID: 25329153 PMCID: PMC4198076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Though exposure to organochlorine pollutants (OCPs) is considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), epidemiological evidence for the association remains controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis was applied to quantitatively evaluate the association between exposure to OCPs and incidence of T2DM and pool the inconsistent evidence. Design and Methods Publications in English were searched in MEDLINE and WEB OF SCIENCE databases and related reference lists up to August 2013. Quantitative estimates and information regarding study characteristics were extracted from 23 original studies. Quality assessments of external validity, bias, exposure measurement and confounding were performed, and subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the heterogeneity sources. Results We retrieved 23 eligible articles to conduct this meta-analysis. OR (odds ratio) or RR (risk ratio) estimates in each subgroup were discussed, and the strong associations were observed in PCB-153 (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.19–1.94), PCBs (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.53–2.99), and p,p′-DDE (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.15–1.54) based on a random-effects model. Conclusions This meta-analysis provides quantitative evidence supporting the conclusion that exposure to organochlorine pollutants is associated with an increased risk of incidence of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Azandjeme CS, Delisle H, Fayomi B, Ayotte P, Djrolo F, Houinato D, Bouchard M. High serum organochlorine pesticide concentrations in diabetics of a cotton producing area of the Benin Republic (West Africa). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:1-8. [PMID: 24769438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Borgou region of northern Benin is a major cotton producing area and consistently uses higher amounts of pesticides than other areas of the country. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), poorly handled, have been widely used and are still illegally present. We therefore hypothesized that serum OCP levels would be high in Borgou. As part of a case-control study on diabetes status and pesticide exposure, we measured the distribution of serum concentrations of 14 OCPs by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. A sample of 118 diabetic subjects was selected using a four-stage cluster sampling with 54.2% of men and 45.8% of women; 43% lived in urban areas, 14.4% were obese and 39.8% had high economic status. The four detected OCPs were p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, β-HCH and trans-nonachlor with respective geometric means (geometric standard deviation) of 497.1 (4.5), 20.6 (7.9), 2.9 (3.4), and 2.0 (2.3) ng/g of total serum lipids. OCP levels were significantly higher in obese, wealthier and more educated subjects and in those living in urban areas as compared to the other groups, particularly for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and β-HCH. Levels of DDT and DDE were higher than reported in other countries where DDT is no longer permitted. The low DDT/DDE ratio of 0.05 suggests past human exposure through food contamination. There is thus a need to reinforce governmental regulations for a more responsible use of pesticides in the country, in order to reduce health risks associated with persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette S Azandjeme
- TRANSNUT, WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition, Lilian-Stewart Building, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal (QC), Canada H3C 3J7; Regional Institute for Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Hélène Delisle
- TRANSNUT, WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition, Lilian-Stewart Building, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal (QC), Canada H3C 3J7.
| | - Benjamin Fayomi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 188 Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Toxicology Laboratory, National Public Health Institute of Quebec, Quebec (QC), Canada G1V 5B3; Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 2M2.
| | - Francois Djrolo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 188 Cotonou, Benin; National University Hospital CNHU-HKM, Center of Diabetes Care, Benin
| | - Dismand Houinato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 188 Cotonou, Benin; Benin Republic National Program of Non Communicable Diseases, Benin
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal (QC), Canada H3C 3J7.
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Movellan J, Rocher F, Chikh Z, Marivingt-Mounir C, Bonnemain JL, Chollet JF. Synthesis and evaluation as biodegradable herbicides of halogenated analogs of L-meta-tyrosine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4861-70. [PMID: 23224500 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
L-meta-tyrosine is an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid isolated some years ago from fine fescue grasses and characterized by its almost immediate microbial degradation in soil (half-life <24 h). Nine monohalogenated or dihalogenated analogs of this allelochemical have been obtained through a seven-step stereoselective synthesis from commercial halogenated phenols. Bioassays showed a large range of biological responses, from a growth root inhibition of lettuce seedling similar to that noted with m-tyrosine [2-amino-3-(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid or compound 8b] to an increase of the primary root growth concomitant with a delay of secondary root initiation [2-amino-3-[2-fluoro-5-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid or compound 8h]. Compound 8b was slightly less degraded than m-tyrosine in the nonsterilized nutritive solution used for lettuce development, while the concentration of compound 8h remained unchanged for at least 2 weeks. These data indicate that it is possible to manipulate both biological properties and degradation of m-tyrosine by halogen addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Movellan
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
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Deikumah JP, McAlpine CA, Maron M. Matrix intensification alters avian functional group composition in adjacent rainforest fragments. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74852. [PMID: 24058634 PMCID: PMC3772896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of farmland land-use matrices to surface mining is an increasing threat to the habitat quality of forest remnants and their constituent biota, with consequences for ecosystem functionality. We evaluated the effects of matrix type on bird community composition and the abundance and evenness within avian functional groups in south-west Ghana. We hypothesized that surface mining near remnants may result in a shift in functional composition of avifaunal communities, potentially disrupting ecological processes within tropical forest ecosystems. Matrix intensification and proximity to the remnant edge strongly influenced the abundance of members of several functional guilds. Obligate frugivores, strict terrestrial insectivores, lower and upper strata birds, and insect gleaners were most negatively affected by adjacent mining matrices, suggesting certain ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal may be disrupted by landscape change in this region. Evenness of these functional guilds was also lower in remnants adjacent to surface mining, regardless of the distance from remnant edge, with the exception of strict terrestrial insectivores. These shifts suggest matrix intensification can influence avian functional group composition and related ecosystem-level processes in adjacent forest remnants. The management of matrix habitat quality near and within mine concessions is important for improving efforts to preserveavian biodiversity in landscapes undergoing intensification such as through increased surface mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus P. Deikumah
- Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Clive A. McAlpine
- Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mannetje A', Coakley J, Mueller JF, Harden F, Toms LM, Douwes J. Partitioning of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between human serum and breast milk: a literature review. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:911-8. [PMID: 22868196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The literature was reviewed to assess the relationship between the lipid adjusted concentration in human serum and breast milk (expressed as the serum/milk ratio) of a broad range of POPs in paired samples. Thirteen studies were identified, including seven studies that reported serum/milk ratios for polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs), ten for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), five for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and five for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Mean serum/milk ratios ranged between 0.7 and 25 depending on the compound and congener. For PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs, a clear trend of increasing mean serum/milk ratio by increasing molar volume, hydrophobicity and number of halogen substitutes was observed. The mean serum/milk ratios reported by the 13 studies summarized here will aid comparison between human POPs exposure studies using either serum or milk samples. More studies are needed to allow a valid comparison between data obtained from analysis of breast milk and serum samples for a broader range of POPs. Furthermore such studies may shed light on compound specific factors as well as other determinants that may affect the partitioning and partition kinetics of POPs between serum and breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Zhou J, Zeng X, Zheng K, Zhu X, Ma L, Xu Q, Zhang X, Yu Y, Sheng G, Fu J. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:325-333. [PMID: 22921253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of musks (polycyclic musks and nitro musks) and traditional organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDT, DDE, DDD, and total DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in breast milk collected in Shanghai, China during the period 2006-2010, were determined. The total concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 276.2 (median: 58.4) ng/glipid weight (lw) for musks and from 88.3 to 2532.9 (median: 1003.8) ng/glw for OCPs. 4,4'-DDE (median: 655.4 ng/glw) was the predominant OCP, followed by β-HCH (median: 172.5 ng/g lw), and HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) (median: 17.7 ng/g lw) was the dominant musk. There was no statistical correlation between total musk concentrations, and HCB, HCHs, DDTs or total OCP concentrations, indicating their different exposure routes and metabolism in humans (p=0.182-0.325). Clear reductions in temporal trends in the levels of DDTs and HCB, especially HCHs (p<0.01) were observed during the sampling period, and the high DDE/DDT ratios in the samples indicated past exposure to DDTs. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCB and HHCB-lactone in 2010 suggested a probably increasing tendency. There were statistically significant influences regarding maternal age and parity on OCP accumulation (p=0.001-0.002), but no significant effect on musks was found (p=0.542-0.919). Musk exposure in neonates via breast milk was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than suggested provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDI). The estimated daily intakes for HCB and DDTs were below the PTDI in Canada, however, 56% of those for HCHs exceeded the Canadian PTDI. OCP contamination of breast milk requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Rai S, Dua VK, Chopra AK. Bio-monitoring of persistent organochlorines in human milk and blood samples from sub-Himalayan region of India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:592-597. [PMID: 22885541 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues viz. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) in human breast milk and human blood samples, collected from several high altitude regions of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India viz. Devprayag, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Joshimath, Bhatwari and Gangnani (altitude ranging from 472 to 1,982 m above sea level) were determined. Mean concentrations of HCH and DDT in human milk samples ranged from 4.53 to 34.32 mg/kg and 6.09 to 12.98 mg/kg, respectively. While the human blood showed mean values ranging from 6.64 to 281.7 μg/L and 12.37 to 104.10 μg/L for HCH and DDT, respectively. The study showed much higher concentrations of organochlorine residue contamination in the Garhwal region as compared to other parts of India. Risk assessments for infants were also calculated and were found within WHO limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Rai
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Sec-3, Health Centre, BHEL, Haridwar, India.
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Mishra K, Sharma RC. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in human milk and risk exposure to infants from North-East India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4939-4949. [PMID: 21917296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide ban on use of persistent organochlorine pesticides, their usage continued until recently in India, for vector-borne disease eradication programs and agricultural purposes. The concentrations of organochlorine contaminants, DDT and HCH, have been determined in human breast milk from Dibrugarh and Nagaon districts of Assam state, North-East India. The results demonstrated that the mean levels of total DDT were 3210 ng/g lipid wt. and 2870 ng/g lipid wt. and total HCH were 2720 ng/g lipid wt. and 2330 ng/g lipid wt. in Nagaon and Dibrugarh respectively. There was no significant difference in the levels of investigated pollutants between the two districts. Significant differences in ADI (Average daily intake) for total DDT were found between the two districts. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between OCP levels in breast milk and age of mothers. Based on OCP levels in human breast milk, the ADI by the infants has been estimated. It has been found that high daily intake of DDTs and HCHs by the infants exceeded the TDI (Tolerable daily intake) which implied that infants of the region are potentially at high risk by these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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Olivero-Verbel J, Guerrero-Castilla A, Ramos NR. Biochemical effects induced by the hexachlorocyclohexanes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 212:1-28. [PMID: 21432053 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are synthetic compounds that have been widely used for the control of pests. The most common HCH isomers are the α-, β-, δ-, and γ-HCH. Although the have the same chlorine substitution pattern, the spatial orientation of chlorine atoms is different on each one of them, resulting in unique structures that have distinct molecular properties. Humans are exposed to individual HCH isomers through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated water or food, absorbed through the skin or by inhalation, and because of their liposolubility, these chemicals are mostly stored in fat-containing tissues. The isomer-specific spectrum of biochemical actions for these compounds has been wee characterized for different endpoints such as enzyme activation, calcium homeostasis, gap junctional intercellular communication, endocrine disruption, and cancer, among others. The interaction with the GABA reception has been one of the most extensively studied properties of the HCHs. For instance, γ-HCH acts as a GABAA channel blocker, whereas α- and δ-HCH potentiate currents , all working as allosteric modulators of the receptor. The changes in calcium homeostasis elicited by HCHs are both isomer and cell type specific. For example, in neurons, both the δ- and γ-isomers of HCH stimulate Ca²+ influx through different voltage-gated Ca²+ channels. In human neutrophils, α-,δ-, and γ-HCH, but not β-HCH, increase intracellular Ca²+ concentrations. This isomer-dependent behavior is also similar to that observed for phospholipase A2 activation and also correlates with oxidative stress generation. On the other hand, there are several lines of evidence suggesting that HCHs alter genomic integrity, and, therefore, these compounds have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans . Finally, HCHs have been reported to be endocrine disrupters. In fact, γ- and β-HCH have been shown to have weak estrogenic activity, and together with the α- and the δ-isomer, also interfere with steroidogenesis. In short, the HCH isomers are good examples of structurally related chemicals, for which the geometrical patterns present in each one of the different conformers create structures that possess specific mechanisms of action and toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Campus of Zaragocilla, Cartagena, Colombia.
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Tebourbi O, Hallègue D, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Rhouma KB. Subacute toxicity of p,p'-DDT on rat thyroid: Hormonal and histopathological changes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:271-279. [PMID: 21787613 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of p,p'-DDT on thyroid activity of male Wistar rats. Pesticide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 10 consecutive days at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg/day. At the end of the treatment, the endpoints examined included serum total levels of triiodothyronine (T(3)), total thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid gland histopathology and tissue metabolism of thyroid hormone (T(4) UDP-glucuronyltransferase UDP-GT and 5'-deiodinases) were determined. DDT treatment altered thyroid function namely by increasing hepatic excretion of T(4) glucuronide. At the dose of 50mg/kg it decreased T(4) circulating levels and increased thyroid 5'-deiodinase type I (5'-D-I) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) 5'-deiodinase type II (5'-D-II) activities but it did not affect liver 5'-D-I activity which might contribute to the maintenance of the serum T(3) level. Treatment with 100mgDDT/kg decreased serum thyroid hormone concentration and tissue 5'-D-I activity without affecting BAT 5'-D-II activity. Gland histomorphological analysis showed hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia with abundant colloid. These observations associated to the elevated serum TSH levels and gland hypertrophy suggest that DDT exposure induced an hypothyroidism state with a colloid goiter in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Tebourbi
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic (carbon-based) compounds that include synthesized substances (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other by-product substances generated as a result of human and natural activity (dioxins and furans). Extensive scientific studies have shown that POPs are some of the most dangerous pollutants released into the environment by humans. Great efforts have been made since the early 1960s to enhance chemical management and safety issues. Various conventions have been adopted for this purpose: the Stockholm Convention (SC) is one of the well-known meetings in this context. The SC on POPs (May 2001) focuses on reducing and eliminating releases of 12 POPs coined the 'Dirty Dozen' by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Persistence of such chemicals in soils, air, and water, together with natural processes such as evaporation to the atmosphere and washout by rain and flood, give rise to their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and eventual penetration into food chains and bio-accumulation in humans. Public concern about contamination by POPs increased recently because several of these compounds are identified as hormone disruptors, which can alter normal function of endocrine and reproductive systems in humans and wildlife. African countries are using pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, toxaphene, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, since more than 50 years for combating agricultural pests and controlling disease vectors, especially malaria. The way in which pesticides are used in Africa caused serious environmental and health problems much more than elsewhere. These problems are represented by accumulation of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in different environmental samples and hosting of at least 50,000 tons of obsolete pesticides, as well as tens of thousands of tons of contaminated soil. Within the framework of the Africa Stockpiles Program (ASP), huge quantities of pesticidal POPs have been completely or partially destroyed in a number of African countries (e.g. Egypt, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia). At regional level (i.e. African Countries), a strategic plan for monitoring and getting rid of POPs in the continent should be set up and implemented through coordination between all governments. Among issues of top priorities are to find alternative non-combustion technologies for disposing obsolete pesticides, and to use alternative control measures for mosquitoes' management and other vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeh A Mansour
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Egypt.
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Alle A, Dembelle A, Yao B, Ado G. Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Adipose Tissue from Two Locations in Côte d’Ivoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ajaps.2009.456.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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