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D'Afonseca V, Muñoz EV, Leal AL, Soto PMAS, Parra-Cid C. Implications of the microbiome and metabolic intermediaries produced by bacteria in breast cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47Suppl 1:e20230316. [PMID: 39037373 PMCID: PMC11262001 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The breast microbiome presents a diverse microbial community that could affects health and disease states, in the context of breast cancer. Sequencing technologies have allowed describing the diversity and abundance of microbial communities among individuals. The complex tumoral microenvironment that includes the microbial composition could influence tumor growth. The imbalance of diversity and abundance inside the microbial community, known as dysbiosis plays a crucial role in this context. One the most prevalent bacterial genera described in breast invasive carcinoma are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Brevibacillus, Mycobacterium, Thermoviga, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Paenibacillus, Ensifer, and Bacteroides. Paenibacills genus shows a relation with patient survival. When the Paenibacills genus increases its abundance in patients with breast cancer, the survival probability decreases. Within this dysbiotic environment, various bacterial metabolites could play a pivotal role in the progression and modulation of breast cancer. Key bacterial metabolites, such as cadaverine, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), have been found to exhibit potential interactions within breast tissue microenvironments. Understanding the intricate relationships between dysbiosis and these metabolites in breast cancer may open new avenues for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Further research is essential to unravel the specific roles and mechanisms of these microbial metabolites in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian D'Afonseca
- Universidad Católica del Maule, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Preclinicas, Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Talca, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Valdés Muñoz
- Universidad Católica del Maule, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBIO), Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología Traslacional, Talca, Chile
| | - Alan López Leal
- Universidad Católica del Maule, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBIO), Talca, Chile
| | | | - Cristóbal Parra-Cid
- Universitat de Barcelona, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación, Programa de Máster en Biotecnología Molecular, Barcelona, España
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2
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Li X, Wang C, Yanagita T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Aquatic Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14498-14520. [PMID: 38885200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a characteristic nonprotein nitrogen compound, is widely present in seafood, which exhibits osmoregulatory effects for marine organisms in vivo and plays an important role in aquaculture and aquatic product preservation. However, much attention has been focused on the negative effect of TMAO since it has recently emerged as a putative promoter of chronic diseases. To get full knowledge and maximize our ability to balance the positive and negative aspects of TMAO, in this review, we comprehensively discuss the TMAO in aquatic products from the aspects of physiological functions for marine organisms, flavor, quality, the conversion of precursors, the influences on human health, and the seafood ingredients interaction consideration. Though the circulating TMAO level is inevitably enhanced after seafood consumption, dietary seafood still exhibits beneficial health effects and may provide nutraceuticals to balance the possible adverse effects of TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Changhu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
- Sanya Institute of Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
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3
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Sharma B, Schmidt L, Nguyen C, Kiernan S, Dexter-Meldrum J, Kuschner Z, Ellis S, Bhatia ND, Agriantonis G, Whittington J, Twelker K. The Effect of L-Carnitine on Critical Illnesses Such as Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and Hyperammonemia (HA). Metabolites 2024; 14:363. [PMID: 39057686 PMCID: PMC11278892 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine (LC) through diet is highly beneficial for critical patients. Studies have found that acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) can reduce cerebral edema and neurological complications in TBI patients. It significantly improves their neurobehavioral and neurocognitive functions. ALC has also been shown to have a neuroprotective effect in cases of global and focal cerebral ischemia. Moreover, it is an effective agent in reducing nephrotoxicity by suppressing downstream mitochondrial fragmentation. LC can reduce the severity of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, renal cast formation, tubular necrosis, iron accumulation in the tubular epithelium, CK activity, urea levels, Cr levels, and MDA levels and restore the function of enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and GPx. LC can also be administered to patients with hyperammonemia (HA), as it can suppress ammonia levels. It is important to note, however, that LC levels are dysregulated in various conditions such as aging, cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, sepsis, endocrine disorders, diabetes, trauma, starvation, obesity, and medication interactions. There is limited research on the effects of LC supplementation in critical illnesses such as TBI, AKI, and HA. This scarcity of studies highlights the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Lee Schmidt
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Cecilia Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Samantha Kiernan
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine–Harlem, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Jacob Dexter-Meldrum
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Zachary Kuschner
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Scott Ellis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Navin D. Bhatia
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - George Agriantonis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Jennifer Whittington
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
| | - Kate Twelker
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health and Hospitals, Elmhurst, 79-01 Broadway, New York, NY 11373, USA; (C.N.); (Z.K.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (G.A.); (J.W.); (K.T.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.); (J.D.-M.)
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4
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Nicolaysen TV, Rørtveit R, Vassli AØ, Sand ES, Elgstøen KBP, Rootwelt H, Lund HS, Sævik BK, Zimmer KE. A longitudinal study of the blood and urine metabolome of Vipera berus envenomated dogs. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105287. [PMID: 38718545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Envenomation of dogs by the common European adder (Vipera berus) is associated with high morbidity. The cytotoxic venom of Vipera berus contains enzymes with the potential to cause acute kidney injury, among other insults, however robust biomarkers for such effects are lacking. A prospective observational follow-up study of naturally envenomated dogs and controls was conducted to fill knowledge gaps regarding canine Vipera berus envenomation, attempt to identify novel biomarkers of envenomation and related kidney injury, and elucidate potential long-term effects. Blood and urine samples were analyzed with a global metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, uncovering numerous features significantly different between cases and controls. After data processing and feature annotation, eight features in blood and 24 features in urine were investigated in order to elucidate their biological relevance. Several of these are associated with AKI, while some may also originate from disturbed fatty acid β-oxidation and soft tissue damage. A metabolite found in both blood and a venom reference sample may represent identification of a venom component in case dogs. Our findings suggest that envenomated dogs treated according to current best practice are unlikely to suffer permanent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove V Nicolaysen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Runa Rørtveit
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Anja Ø Vassli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise S Sand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja B P Elgstøen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi S Lund
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Bente K Sævik
- AniCura Jeløy Dyresykehus, Varnaveien 43d, 1526 Moss, Norway
| | - Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway
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5
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Tan Y, Chrysopoulou M, Rinschen MM. Integrative physiology of lysine metabolites. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:579-586. [PMID: 37781739 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block in protein synthesis. Beside this, the metabolic activity of lysine has only recently been unraveled. Lysine metabolism is tissue specific and is linked to several renal, cardiovascular, and endocrinological diseases through human metabolomics datasets. As a free molecule, lysine takes part in the antioxidant response and engages in protein modifications, and its chemistry shapes both proteome and metabolome. In the proteome, it is an acceptor for a plethora of posttranslational modifications. In the metabolome, it can be modified, conjugated, and degraded. Here, we provide an update on integrative physiology of mammalian lysine metabolites such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and lysine conjugates such as acetyl-lysine, and sugar-lysine conjugates such as advanced glycation end products. We also comment on their emerging associative and mechanistic links to renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Borton MA, Shaffer M, Hoyt DW, Jiang R, Ellenbogen JB, Purvine S, Nicora CD, Eder EK, Wong AR, Smulian AG, Lipton MS, Krzycki JA, Wrighton KC. Targeted curation of the gut microbial gene content modulating human cardiovascular disease. mBio 2023; 14:e0151123. [PMID: 37695138 PMCID: PMC10653893 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01511-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE One of the most-cited examples of the gut microbiome modulating human disease is the microbial metabolism of quaternary amines from protein-rich foods. By-products of this microbial processing promote atherosclerotic heart disease, a leading cause of human mortality globally. Our research addresses current knowledge gaps in our understanding of this microbial metabolism by holistically inventorying the microorganisms and expressed genes catalyzing critical atherosclerosis-promoting and -ameliorating reactions in the human gut. This led to the creation of an open-access resource, the Methylated Amine Gene Inventory of Catabolism database, the first systematic inventory of gut methylated amine metabolism. More importantly, using this resource we deliver here, we show for the first time that these gut microbial genes can predict human disease, paving the way for microbiota-inspired diagnostics and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla A. Borton
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Ruisheng Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Samuel Purvine
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Eder
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Allison R. Wong
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - A. George Smulian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary S. Lipton
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph A. Krzycki
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly C. Wrighton
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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7
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Garruti G, Portincasa P. Contribution of the microbiome for better phenotyping of people living with obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:839-870. [PMID: 37119391 PMCID: PMC10148591 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportion worldwide and in all ages. Available evidence points to a multifactorial pathogenesis involving gene predisposition and environmental factors. Gut microbiota plays a critical role as a major interface between external factors, i.e., diet, lifestyle, toxic chemicals, and internal mechanisms regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis, fat production and storage. A shift in microbiota composition is linked with overweight and obesity, with pathogenic mechanisms involving bacterial products and metabolites (mainly endocannabinoid-related mediators, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, catabolites of tryptophan, lipopolysaccharides) and subsequent alterations in gut barrier, altered metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Although animal studies point to the links between an "obesogenic" microbiota and the development of different obesity phenotypes, the translational value of these results in humans is still limited by the heterogeneity among studies, the high variation of gut microbiota over time and the lack of robust longitudinal studies adequately considering inter-individual confounders. Nevertheless, available evidence underscores the existence of several genera predisposing to obesity or, conversely, to lean and metabolically health phenotype (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila, species from genera Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Roseburia). Further longitudinal studies using metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics with exact characterization of confounders are needed in this field. Results must confirm that distinct genera and specific microbial-derived metabolites represent effective and precision interventions against overweight and obesity in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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8
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Raja L, Venkatesan S, Lin MC, Vediappen P. Green synthesis of naphthyl derivative as an optical sensor for the detection of l-carnitine in food samples. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:224-231. [PMID: 36602149 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An economical and green approach to the synthesis of naphthyl derivative for detection of l-carnitine (3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyrate) is practically important. We developed a naphthyl derivative as a probe showing 'turn-on' response towards l-carnitine selectively at pH 7.2 through ICT mechanism with a good limit of detection (LOD) of 0.126 μM. Using Job's plot for determining the binding stoichiometry, it was found that probe could form a more stable complex (1:1) with carnitine. The binding constant (K) between probe and carnitine was calculated as 8 × 107 M-1 using the Benesi-Hildebrand plot. The binding interaction of the probe with l-carnitine was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance titrations, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, photo physical studies and density functional theory calculations. Meanwhile, the probe can be used to quantitatively detect carnitine in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Raja
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Srinivasadesikan Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ming-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Padmini Vediappen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
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9
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Enomoto H, Zaima N. Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging of carnitine and imidazole dipeptides in pork chop tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1216:123601. [PMID: 36680959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Carnitine is essential for energy production and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Carnosine and its methylated analogs anserine and balenine are histidine-containing imidazole dipeptides, which are antioxidative compounds. They are major health-related components in meat; however, analytical technique to investigate their distribution among tissues have not fully established. Here, we performed desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of pork chop sections containing longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle (loin), intermuscular fat tissue, transparent tissue, and spinalis muscle to investigate the distributions of carnitine and imidazole dipeptides. Liquid chromatography-MS revealed that the concentrations of carnitine, carnosine, anserine, and balenine were 11.0 ± 0.9, 330.1 ± 15.5, 21.2 ± 1.5, and 9.6 ± 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively. In the mass spectrum obtained by DESI-MSI, peaks corresponding to the chemical formulae of carnitine and imidazole dipeptides were detected. DESI-MSI provided definite identification of carnitine, while DESI-tandem MSI (MS/MSI) was necessary to accurately visualize carnosine, anserine, and balenine. Carnitine and these imidazole dipeptides were mainly distributed in the loin and spinalis muscle, while their distribution was not uniform in both muscle tissues. In addition, the balance between both tissues were different. The concentration of carnitine was higher in the spinalis muscle than that in the loin, while those of imidazole dipeptides were higher in the loin than those in the spinalis muscle. These results were consistent with those obtained by liquid chromatography-MS quantification, suggest that DESI-MSI analysis is useful for the distribution analysis of carnitine and imidazole dipeptides in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Enomoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan; Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan; Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 204-3327 Nakamachi, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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10
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Zhang L, Wu Q, Wang N, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhao Y. Quercetin inhibits hepatotoxic effects by reducing trimethylamine- N-oxide formation in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high L-carnitine diet. Food Funct 2023; 14:206-214. [PMID: 36476928 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01909d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine can be metabolized to trimethylamine (TMA) by gut microbiota and further converted into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver, leading to liver damage. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against high L-carnitine-induced liver toxicity in mice. 3% L-carnitine drinking water was used to feed mice in this study. The formation of TMAO in the blood circulation of the tested mice was down-regulated following quercetin treatment. Administration of quercetin could also effectively antagonize the liver injury caused by high L-carnitine intake, which was proved by the decreased serum AST and ALT activities and the reduced levels of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and TNF-β). Moreover, quercetin exhibited a rebalancing effect on dyslipidemia (TC, TG, HDL, and LDL) and antioxidant abilities (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, and RAHFR) in L-carnitine-treated mice. The results of hepatic H&E and Oil Red O staining further verified the liver injury of high L-carnitine-treated mice and the protective effects of quercetin. These findings suggested that quercetin could attenuate the hepatotoxic effects of the mice fed with a high L-carnitine diet via inhibiting the circulating TMAO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Qiu Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250358, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Liansheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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11
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Park KY, Hong S, Kim KS, Han K, Park CY. Prolonged Use of Carnitine-Orotate Complex (Godex ®) Is Associated with Improved Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121970. [PMID: 36556191 PMCID: PMC9787718 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its hepatoprotective effects and favorable metabolic effects, the association between carnitine-orotate complex (Godex®) intake and mortality has never been investigated. We enrolled 13,413 adults who underwent national health examination and were prescribed the carnitine-orotate complex. Subjects were classified into three groups based on duration of using carnitine-orotate complex: <30, 30−180, and ≥180 days and were followed-up until 2019. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. During the follow-up period, 708 deaths were documented. Adjusted HR of mortality was 0.69 (95% CI 0.51−0.92) in those who used carnitine-orotate complex for ≥180 days compared to those who used it for <30 days. Use of carnitine-orotate complex for ≥180 days was associated with significantly reduced mortality in individuals with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver than the shorter period of use. A significant interaction was observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.29−0.63, p-value 0.001). In this nationwide study, longer use of carnitine-orotate complex was associated with improved mortality compared to a shorter period of use, and the risk reductions were prominent in individuals with metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Yeung Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13497, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2001-1869; Fax: +82-2001-1588
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12
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Wen Y, Sun Z, Xie S, Hu Z, Lan Q, Sun Y, Yuan L, Zhai C. Intestinal Flora Derived Metabolites Affect the Occurrence and Development of Cardiovascular Disease. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:2591-2603. [PMID: 36388628 PMCID: PMC9656419 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s367591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the gut microbiota and their metabolites play a pivotal role in human health and diseases, especially the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Intestinal flora imbalance (changes in the composition and function of intestinal flora) accelerates the progression of CVDs. The intestinal flora breaks down the food ingested by the host into a series of metabolically active products, including trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), primary and secondary bile acids, tryptophan and indole derivatives, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) and branched chain amino acids (BCAA). These metabolites participate in the occurrence and development of CVDs via abnormally activating these signaling pathways more swiftly when the gut barrier integrity is broken down. This review focuses on the production and metabolism of TMAO and SCFAs. At the same time, we summarize the roles of intestinal flora metabolites in the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease and hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and other CVDs. The theories of "gut-lung axis" and "gut-heart axis" are provided, aiming to explore the potential targets for the treatment of CVDs based on the roles of the intestinal flora in the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Wen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zefan Sun
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuoyin Xie
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Hu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qicheng Lan
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbo Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhai
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Wedekind R, Rothwell JA, Viallon V, Keski-Rahkonen P, Schmidt JA, Chajes V, Katzke V, Johnson T, Santucci de Magistris M, Krogh V, Amiano P, Sacerdote C, Redondo-Sánchez D, Huerta JM, Tjønneland A, Pokharel P, Jakszyn P, Tumino R, Ardanaz E, Sandanger TM, Winkvist A, Hultdin J, Schulze MB, Weiderpass E, Gunter MJ, Huybrechts I, Scalbert A. Determinants of blood acylcarnitine concentrations in healthy individuals of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1735-1745. [PMID: 35779425 PMCID: PMC9358353 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Circulating levels of acylcarnitines (ACs) have been associated with the risk of various diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. Diet and lifestyle factors have been shown to influence AC concentrations but a better understanding of their biological, lifestyle and metabolic determinants is needed. METHODS Circulating ACs were measured in blood by targeted (15 ACs) and untargeted metabolomics (50 ACs) in 7770 and 395 healthy participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), respectively. Associations with biological and lifestyle characteristics, dietary patterns, self-reported intake of individual foods, estimated intake of carnitine and fatty acids, and fatty acids in plasma phospholipid fraction and amino acids in blood were assessed. RESULTS Age, sex and fasting status were associated with the largest proportion of AC variability (partial-r up to 0.19, 0.18 and 0.16, respectively). Some AC species of medium or long-chain fatty acid moiety were associated with the corresponding fatty acids in plasma (partial-r = 0.24) or with intake of specific foods such as dairy foods containing the same fatty acid. ACs of short-chain fatty acid moiety (propionylcarnitine and valerylcarnitine) were moderately associated with concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (partial-r = 0.5). Intake of most other foods and of carnitine showed little association with AC levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that determinants of ACs in blood vary according to their fatty acid moiety, and that their concentrations are related to age, sex, diet, and fasting status. Knowledge on their potential determinants may help interpret associations of ACs with disease risk and inform on potential dietary and lifestyle factors that might be modified for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wedekind
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France.
| | - Joseph A Rothwell
- (CESP), Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vivian Viallon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Veronique Chajes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Vna Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza University-Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniel Redondo-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18011 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pratik Pokharel
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Paula Jakszyn
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research AIRE - ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Winkvist
- Sustainable Health, Dept Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Hultdin
- Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
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14
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Tango R, Koeda A, Nagamine K, Tokito S, Niwa O, Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M. Development of a highly sensitive Prussian-blue-based enzymatic biosensor for L-carnitine employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:963-968. [PMID: 35578012 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of conducting proof-of-concept study for amperometric acetyltransferase-based L-carnitine sensor by employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. The carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine to produce CoA which is difficult to detect directly by electrochemical methods owing to steric hindrance and electrostatic effect of CoA. The thiol/disulfide exchange reaction between CoA and cystamine was mediated in the enzymatic reaction to produce electrochemically detectable low molecular weight of cationic cysteamine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for L-carnitine in the concentration range 0.28-50 µM with a limit of detection of 0.28 µM. This is a promising strategy for L-carnitine sensing in point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tango
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Aya Koeda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690, Fusaiji, Fukaya, 369-0293, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2, lida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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15
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected.In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5).Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected.In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5).Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
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17
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di Corcia M, Tartaglia N, Polito R, Ambrosi A, Messina G, Francavilla VC, Cincione RI, della Malva A, Ciliberti MG, Sevi A, Messina G, Albenzio M. Functional Properties of Meat in Athletes' Performance and Recovery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5145. [PMID: 35564540 PMCID: PMC9102337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and sport play an essential role in promoting body development and maintaining optimal health status both in the short and long term. Despite the benefits, a long-lasting heavy training can promote several detrimental physiological changes, including transitory immune system malfunction, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress, which manifest as exercise-induced muscle damages (EIMDs). Meat and derived products represent a very good source of bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Bioactive molecules represent dietary compounds that can interact with one or more components of live tissue, resulting in a wide range of possible health consequences such as immune-modulating, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and antioxidative activities. The health benefits of meat have been well established and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere, although a growing number of studies found a significant positive effect of meat molecules on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function. Based on the limited research, meat could be an effective post-exercise food that results in favorable muscle protein synthesis and metabolic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina di Corcia
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.C.); (A.d.M.); (M.G.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Gaetana Messina
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Raffaele Ivan Cincione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Antonella della Malva
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.C.); (A.d.M.); (M.G.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Ciliberti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.C.); (A.d.M.); (M.G.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Agostino Sevi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.C.); (A.d.M.); (M.G.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (R.P.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.C.); (A.d.M.); (M.G.C.); (A.S.)
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18
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Feng Y, Bui TPN, Stams AJM, Boeren S, Sánchez-Andrea I, de Vos WM. Comparative genomics and proteomics of Eubacterium maltosivorans: functional identification of trimethylamine methyltransferases and bacterial microcompartments in a human intestinal bacterium with a versatile lifestyle. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:517-534. [PMID: 34978130 PMCID: PMC9303578 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eubacterium maltosivorans YIT is a human intestinal isolate capable of acetogenic, propionogenic and butyrogenic growth. Its 4.3-Mb genome sequence contains coding sequences for 4227 proteins, including 41 different methyltransferases. Comparative proteomics of strain YIT showed the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway proteins to be actively produced during homoacetogenic growth on H2 and CO2 while butyrogenic growth on a mixture of lactate and acetate significantly upregulated the production of proteins encoded by the recently identified lctABCDEF cluster and accessory proteins. Growth on H2 and CO2 unexpectedly induced the production of two related trimethylamine methyltransferases. Moreover, a set of 16 different trimethylamine methyltransferases together with proteins for bacterial microcompartments were produced during growth and deamination of the quaternary amines, betaine, carnitine and choline. Growth of strain YIT on 1,2-propanediol generated propionate with propanol and induced the formation of bacterial microcompartments that were also prominently visible in betaine-grown cells. The present study demonstrates that E. maltosivorans is highly versatile in converting low-energy fermentation end-products in the human gut into butyrate and propionate whilst being capable of preventing the formation of the undesired trimethylamine by converting betaine and other quaternary amines in bacterial microcompartments into acetate and butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Thi Phuong Nam Bui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Caelus Pharmaceuticals, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Centre of Biological Engineering, IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Sánchez-Andrea
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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19
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de Oliveira Otto MC, Li XS, Wang Z, Siscovick DS, Newman AB, Lai HTM, Nemet I, Lee Y, Wang M, Fretts A, Lemaitre RN, Tang WW, Lopez O, Hazen SL, Mozaffarian D. Longitudinal Associations of Plasma TMAO and Related Metabolites with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1439-1452. [PMID: 36057823 PMCID: PMC9720755 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that gut microbiome metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may influence cognitive function and dementia risk. However potential health effects of TMAO and related metabolites remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined prospective associations of TMAO, γ-butyrobetaine, crotonobetaine, carnitine, choline, and betaine with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia among older adults aged 65 years and older in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). METHODS TMAO and metabolites were measured in stored plasma specimens collected at baseline. Incident cognitive impairment was assessed using the 100-point Modified Mini-Mental State Examination administered serially up to 7 times. Clinical dementia was identified using neuropsychological tests adjudicated by CHS Cognition Study investigators, and by ICD-9 codes from linked Medicare data. Associations of each metabolite with cognitive outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Over a median of 13 years of follow-up, 529 cases of cognitive impairment, and 522 of dementia were identified. After multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, no associations were seen with TMAO, carnitine, choline, or betaine. In contrast, higher crotonobetaine was associated with 20-32% higher risk of cognitive impairment and dementia per interquintile range (IQR), while γ-butyrobetaine was associated with ∼25% lower risk of the same cognitive outcomes per IQR.∥Conclusion:These findings suggest that γ-butyrobetaine, crotonobetaine, two gut microbe and host metabolites, are associated with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Our results indicate a need for mechanistic studies evaluating potential effects of these metabolites, and their interconversion on brain health, especially later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C de Oliveira Otto
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Xinmin S. Li
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Heidi Tsz Mung Lai
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Tufts University, Boston, MA,Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yujin Lee
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Tufts University, Boston, MA,Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Korea
| | - Meng Wang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda Fretts
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rozenn N. Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - W.H. Wilson. Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine Pittsburg, PA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Tufts University, Boston, MA
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20
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Krishnan S, Gertz ER, Adams SH, Newman JW, Pedersen TL, Keim NL, Bennett BJ. Effects of a diet based on the Dietary Guidelines on vascular health and TMAO in women with cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:210-219. [PMID: 34895998 PMCID: PMC8798222 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent evidence links trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) to endothelial dysfunction, an early indicator of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine whether short-term consumption of a diet patterned after the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) would affect endothelial function, plasma TMAO concentrations, and cardiovascular disease risk, differently than a typical American Diet (TAD). METHODS AND RESULTS An 8-wk controlled feeding trial was conducted in overweight/obese women pre-screened for insulin resistance and/or dyslipidemia. Women were randomized to a DGA or TAD group (n = 22/group). At wk0 (pre-intervention) and wk8 (post-intervention) vascular age was calculated; endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index (RHI)) and augmentation index (AI@75) were measured using EndoPAT, and plasma TMAO was measured by LC-MS/MS. Vascular age was reduced in DGA at wk8 compared to wk0 but TAD wk8 was not different from wk0 (DGA wk0: 54.2 ± 4.0 vs. wk8: 50.5 ± 3.1 (p = 0.05), vs. TAD wk8: 47.7 ± 2.3). Plasma TMAO concentrations, RHI, and AI@75 were not different between groups or weeks. CONCLUSION Consumption of a diet based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for 8 weeks did not improve endothelial function or reduce plasma TMAO. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02298725.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erik R Gertz
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - John W Newman
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Theresa L Pedersen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- USDA-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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21
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Sheep’s milk cheeses as a source of bioactive compounds. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since ancient times, sheep`s milk cheeses have been a part of a human diet. Currently, their consumption is of great interest due to its nutritional and health values. The aim of the article was to review the chemical composition of sheep’s milk cheeses and its main bioactive ingredients in the context of nutritional and health values. Sheep’s milk cheeses are rich in functionally and physiologically active compounds such as: vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, terpenes, sialic acid, orotic acid and L-carnitine, which are largely originate from milk. Fermentation and maturation process additionally enrich them in other bioactive substances as: bioactive peptides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or biogenic amines. Studies show that sheep’s milk cheese consumption may be helpful in the prevention of civilization diseases, i.e. hypertension, obesity or cancer. However, due to the presence of biogenic amines, people with metabolic disorders should be careful of their intake.
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22
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Quereda JJ, Morón-García A, Palacios-Gorba C, Dessaux C, García-del Portillo F, Pucciarelli MG, Ortega AD. Pathogenicity and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes: A trip from environmental to medical microbiology. Virulence 2021; 12:2509-2545. [PMID: 34612177 PMCID: PMC8496543 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1975526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic gram-positive bacterium, and an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can produce listeriosis in humans and animals. It has evolved an exceptional ability to adapt to stress conditions encountered in different environments, resulting in a ubiquitous distribution. Because some food preservation methods and disinfection protocols in food-processing environments cannot efficiently prevent contaminations, L. monocytogenes constitutes a threat to human health and a challenge to food safety. In the host, Listeria colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the intestinal barrier, and disseminates through the blood to target organs. In immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, leading to neurolisteriosis and materno-fetal listeriosis. Molecular and cell biology studies of infection have proven L. monocytogenes to be a versatile pathogen that deploys unique strategies to invade different cell types, survive and move inside the eukaryotic host cell, and spread from cell to cell. Here, we present the multifaceted Listeria life cycle from a comprehensive perspective. We discuss genetic features of pathogenic Listeria species, analyze factors involved in food contamination, and review bacterial strategies to tolerate stresses encountered both during food processing and along the host's gastrointestinal tract. Then we dissect host-pathogen interactions underlying listerial pathogenesis in mammals from a cell biology and systemic point of view. Finally, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of listeriosis in humans and animals. This work aims to gather information from different fields crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Quereda
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Morón-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-del Portillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro D. Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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23
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Steele CN, Baugh ME, Griffin LE, Neilson AP, Davy BM, Hulver MW, Davy KP. Fasting and postprandial trimethylamine N-oxide in sedentary and endurance-trained males following a short-term high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14970. [PMID: 34405585 PMCID: PMC8371342 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria release trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary substrates. TMA is absorbed and is subsequently oxidized in the liver to produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Plasma TMAO levels are positively correlated with risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been reported to increase fasting and postprandial TMAO in sedentary individuals. However, whether the increase in TMAO with consumption of an HFD is observed in endurance-trained males is unknown. Healthy, sedentary (n = 17), and endurance-trained (n = 7) males consumed a 10-day eucaloric diet comprised of 55% carbohydrate, 30% total fat, and <10% saturated fat prior to baseline testing. Blood samples were obtained in a fasted state and for a 4-hour high-fat challenge (HFC) meal at baseline and then again following 5-day HFD (30% carbohydrate, 55% total fat, and 25% saturated fat). Plasma TMAO and TMA-moiety (choline, betaine, L-carnitine) concentrations were measured using isocratic ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Age (23 ±3 vs. 22 ± 2 years) and body mass index (23.0 ± 3.0 vs. 23.5 ± 2.1 kg/m2 ) were similar (both p > 0.05) in the sedentary and endurance-trained group, respectively. VO2max was significantly higher in the endurance-trained compared with sedentary males (56.7 ± 8.2 vs. 39.9 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min). Neither the HFC nor the HFD evoked a detectable change in plasma TMAO (p > 0.05) in either group. Future studies are needed to identify the effects of endurance training on TMAO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney N. Steele
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz MedicalAuroraCOUSA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Baugh
- Center for Transformative Research on Health BehaviorsFralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech CarilionRoanokeVAUSA
| | - Laura E. Griffin
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNCUSA
- Plants for Human Health InstituteKannapolisNCUSA
| | - Andrew P. Neilson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNCUSA
- Plants for Human Health InstituteKannapolisNCUSA
| | - Brenda M. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and ExerciseVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education ProgramVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and ExerciseVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education ProgramVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Kevin P. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and ExerciseVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education ProgramVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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24
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Park JM, Koh JH, Kim JM. Determination of L-Carnitine in Infant Powdered Milk Samples after Derivatization. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:731-738. [PMID: 34291219 PMCID: PMC8277179 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel analytical method using a high-performance liquid
chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC/FLD) is developed for rapidly
measuring an L-carnitine ester derivative in infant powdered milk. In this
study, solid-phase extraction cartridges filled with derivatized methanol and
distilled water were used to effectively separate L-carnitine. Protein
precipitation pretreatment was carried out to remove the protein and recover the
analyte extract with a high recovery (97.16%–106.56%),
following which carnitine in the formula was derivatized to its ester form.
Precolumn derivation with 1-aminoanthracene (1AA) was carried out in a phosphate
buffer using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)
as the catalyst. Method validation was performed following the AOAC guidelines.
The calibration curves were linear in the L-carnitine concentration range of
0.1–2.5 mg/L. The lower limit of quantitation and limit of detection of
L-carnitine were 0.076 and 0.024 mg/L, respectively. The intra- and interday
precision and recovery results were within the allowable limits. The results
showed that our method helped reduce the sample preparation time. It also
afforded higher resolution and better reproducibility than those obtained by
traditional methods. Our method is suitable for detecting the quantity of
L-carnitine in infant powdered milk containing a large amount of protein or
starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Park
- Department of Food Marketing and Safety, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Koh
- Department of Bio-Food Analysis, Bio-Campus, Korea Polytechnic College, Nonsan 32940, Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Food Marketing and Safety, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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25
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Odo S, Tanabe K, Yohda M, Yamauchi M. Liver-Oriented Acute Metabolic Effects of A Low Dose of L-Carnitine under Fat-Mobilizing Conditions: Pilot Human Clinical Trial. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 66:136-149. [PMID: 32350175 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The acute metabolic effect of low dosages of L-carnitine under fat-mobilizing conditions was investigated. Healthy subjects (Study 1: n=5; Study 2: n=6) were asked to fast overnight. Then, 30 min of aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer was performed after supplementation, followed by a 3.5-h sedentary recovery phase. The following ingestion patterns were used: Study 1 (i) noningestion, (ii) 750 mg of L-carnitine (LC), and (iii) 750 mg of LC+50 g of carbohydrate (CHO); Study 2 (iv) noningestion, (v) 500 mg of LC, (vi) 30 mg of CoQ10, and (vii) 500 mg of LC+30 mg of CoQ10. The energy expenditure (EE) and nonprotein respiratory quotient (npRQ) were measured during the pre-exercise, postexercise, and recovery periods. Serum free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, total carnitine (Study 1 and 2), and ketone bodies (Study 2) were measured. The 750 mg LC treatment significantly facilitated fat oxidation during the recovery phases (p<0.05) without elevating EE. The higher fat oxidation associated with LC was completely suppressed by CHO. CoQ10 affected neither npRQ nor EE. npRQ was significantly correlated with the serum total ketone bodies (R=-0.68, p<0.001) and acetylcarnitine (R=-0.61--0.70, p<0.001). The highest correlation was found between acetylcarnitine and total ketone bodies immediately after exercise (R=0.85, p<0.001). In conclusion, LC enhanced liver fat utilization and ketogenesis in an acute manner without stimulating EE under fat-mobilizing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Odo
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Lonza Japan Ltd
| | | | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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26
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Iglesias-Carres L, Hughes MD, Steele CN, Ponder MA, Davy KP, Neilson AP. Use of dietary phytochemicals for inhibition of trimethylamine N-oxide formation. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 91:108600. [PMID: 33577949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been reported as a risk factor for atherosclerosis development, as well as for other cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathologies. The objective of this review is to provide a useful summary on the use of phytochemicals as TMAO-reducing agents. This review discusses the main mechanisms by which TMAO promotes CVD, including the modulation of lipid and bile acid metabolism, and the promotion of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Current knowledge on the available strategies to reduce TMAO formation are discussed, highlighting the effect and potential of phytochemicals. Overall, phytochemicals (i.e., phenolic compounds or glucosinolates) reduce TMAO formation by modulating gut microbiota composition and/or function, inhibiting host's capacity to metabolize TMA to TMAO, or a combination of both. Perspectives for design of future studies involving phytochemicals as TMAO-reducing agents are discussed. Overall, the information provided by this review outlines the current state of the art of the role of phytochemicals as TMAO reducing agents, providing valuable insight to further advance in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Michael D Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Cortney N Steele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Monica A Ponder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC.
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27
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Delgado J, Ansorena D, Van Hecke T, Astiasarán I, De Smet S, Estévez M. Meat lipids, NaCl and carnitine: Do they unveil the conundrum of the association between red and processed meat intake and cardiovascular diseases?_Invited Review. Meat Sci 2021; 171:108278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Kugler P, Fröhlich D, Wendisch VF. Development of a Biosensor for Crotonobetaine-CoA Ligase Screening Based on the Elucidation of Escherichia coli Carnitine Metabolism. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2460-2471. [PMID: 32794733 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
l-Carnitine is essential in the intermediary metabolism of eukaryotes and is involved in the β-oxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids; thus, it has applications for medicinal purposes and as a dietary supplement. In addition, l-carnitine plays roles in bacterial physiology and metabolism, which have been exploited by the industry to develop biotechnological carnitine production processes. Here, on the basis of studies of l-carnitine metabolism in Escherichia coli and its activation by the transcriptional activator CaiF, a biosensor was developed. It expresses a fluorescent reporter gene that responds in a dose-dependent manner to crotonobetainyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of l-carnitine metabolism in E. coli and is proposed to be a coactivator of CaiF. Moreover, a dual-input biosensor for l-carnitine and crotonobetaine was developed. As an application of the biosensor, potential homologues of the betaine:CoA ligase CaiC from Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, and Arcobacter marinus were screened and shown to be functionally active CaiC variants. These variants and the developed biosensor may be valuable for improving l-carnitine production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kugler
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Deborah Fröhlich
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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29
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Wedekind R, Kiss A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Viallon V, Rothwell JA, Cross AJ, Rostgaard-Hansen AL, Sandanger TM, Jakszyn P, Schmidt JA, Pala V, Vermeulen R, Schulze MB, Kühn T, Johnson T, Trichopoulou A, Peppa E, La Vechia C, Masala G, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Wittenbecher C, de Magistris MS, Dahm CC, Severi G, Mancini FR, Weiderpass E, Gunter MJ, Huybrechts I, Scalbert A. A metabolomic study of red and processed meat intake and acylcarnitine concentrations in human urine and blood. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:381-388. [PMID: 32492168 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acylcarnitines (ACs) play a major role in fatty acid metabolism and are potential markers of metabolic dysfunction with higher blood concentrations reported in obese and diabetic individuals. Diet, and in particular red and processed meat intake, has been shown to influence AC concentrations but data on the effect of meat consumption on AC concentrations is limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of red and processed meat intake on AC concentrations in plasma and urine using a randomized controlled trial with replication in an observational cohort. METHODS In the randomized crossover trial, 12 volunteers successively consumed 2 different diets containing either pork or tofu for 3 d each. A panel of 44 ACs including several oxidized ACs was analyzed by LC-MS in plasma and urine samples collected after the 3-d period. ACs that were associated with pork intake were then measured in urine (n = 474) and serum samples (n = 451) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study and tested for associations with habitual red and processed meat intake derived from dietary questionnaires. RESULTS In urine samples from the intervention study, pork intake was positively associated with concentrations of 18 short- and medium-chain ACs. Eleven of these were also positively associated with habitual red and processed meat intake in the EPIC cross-sectional study. In blood, C18:0 was positively associated with red meat intake in both the intervention study (q = 0.004, Student's t-test) and the cross-sectional study (q = 0.033, linear regression). CONCLUSIONS AC concentrations in urine and blood were associated with red meat intake in both a highly controlled intervention study and in subjects of a cross-sectional study. Our data on the role of meat intake on this important pathway of fatty acid and energy metabolism may help understanding the role of red meat consumption in the etiology of some chronic diseases. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03354130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wedekind
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Agneta Kiss
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vivian Viallon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Joseph A Rothwell
- Centre for Research into Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic university of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Paula Jakszyn
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Blanquerna School of Health Sciences - Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano,Italy
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Carlo La Vechia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO) , Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP) Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - Clemens Wittenbecher
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre for Research into Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica e Applicazioni "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Centre for Research into Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Hoek MD, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Kuda O, Bos P, Paluchová V, Verschuren L, Hoek AM, Kleemann R, Veeger NJGM, Leij FR, Keijer J. Intramuscular short‐chain acylcarnitines in elderly people are decreased in (pre‐)frail females, but not in males. FASEB J 2020; 34:11658-11671. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000493r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjanne D. Hoek
- Human and Animal Physiology Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences Leeuwarden the Netherlands
- MCL Academy, Medical Centre Leeuwarden Leeuwarden the Netherlands
| | | | - Ondřej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bos
- MCL Academy, Medical Centre Leeuwarden Leeuwarden the Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Verschuren
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Department of Metabolic Health Research TNO Metabolic Health Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Anita M. Hoek
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Department of Metabolic Health Research TNO Metabolic Health Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Department of Metabolic Health Research TNO Metabolic Health Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | - Feike R. Leij
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences Leeuwarden the Netherlands
- RIC‐AFL Inholland University of Applied Sciences Delft and Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands
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31
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Talenezhad N, Mohammadi M, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Salehi-Abargouei A. Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 37:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bioactive Compounds in Fermented Sausages Prepared from Beef and Fallow Deer Meat with Acid Whey Addition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102429. [PMID: 32456021 PMCID: PMC7288205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of the type of meat (beef and fallow deer) and the addition of freeze-dried acid whey on nutritional values and the content of bioactive compounds (peptides, L-carnitine, glutathione, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) in uncured fermented sausages. The antioxidant properties of isolated peptides (ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) were also evaluated. The results showed that fallow deer sausages had higher peptide content than beef products. The addition of acid whey caused a decrease in the content of peptides, especially in fallow deer sausages. The glutathione content in beef sausages (22.91–25.28 mg 100 g−1 of sausage) was quite higher than that of fallow deer sausages (10.04–11.59 mg 100 g−1 of sausage). The obtained results showed a significantly higher content of CLA in beef sausages than in products from fallow deer meat. In conclusion, products prepared from fallow deer meat have generally higher nutritional value because of the content of peptides, their antioxidant properties, and the content of L-carnitine, while beef products have higher levels of CLA and glutathione.
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yang X. High l-Carnitine Ingestion Impairs Liver Function by Disordering Gut Bacteria Composition in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5707-5714. [PMID: 32342686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article studied the effects of high l-carnitine consumption on intestinal microbiota, liver function, and metabolite distribution in mice. 16S rRNA results showed that high l-carnitine supplementation could induce the accumulation of Anaerobiospirillum, Coriobacteriaceae, Akkermansia_muciniphila, and Helicobacter. High intake of l-carnitine also induced liver injury, which was proved by the increases in the serum AST and ALT activities, production of inflammatory liver cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and TNF-β), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL, and LDL) disorder, and decline in antioxidant ability (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, and RAHFR). The correlation analysis results showed that Anaerobiospirillum, Akkermansia_muciniphila, and Helicobacter were strongly positively correlated with AST, IL-1, TNF-α, TNF-β, and MDA levels (r > 0.5, p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). All in all, high l-carnitine ingestion could induce a decline in the liver function by disorder in the gut bacteria composition, resulting in an increase in TMAO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Wu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Xu YJ, Zhang YF, Xu CP. Effect of changes of gut microbiota in constipation on lipid metabolism. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:341-346. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i9.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability of gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the health of the body. The gut microbiota is imbalanced when constipation occurs, thus affecting the process of lipid digestion and absorption by interfering with the synthesis of bile acids (BAs). The decrease of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a metabolite of gut microbiota, can destroy the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and their receptors cannot be activated. In addition, the increase of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) alters the expression of key enzymes in lipid metabolism, and further affects the lipid transport and clearance. This article reviews the mechanism for changes of gut microbiota in constipation to mediate lipid metabolism disorders with regard to changes in BAs, SCFAs, and TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Xu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ya-Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Cui-Ping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
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Background Diet Influences TMAO Concentrations Associated with Red Meat Intake without Influencing Apparent Hepatic TMAO-Related Activity in a Porcine Model. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020057. [PMID: 32041174 PMCID: PMC7074160 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Red meat has been associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, possibly through gut microbial-derived trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). However, previous reports are conflicting, and influences from the background diet may modulate the impact of meat consumption. This study investigated the effect of red and white meat intake combined with two different background diets on urinary TMAO concentration and its association with the colon microbiome in addition to apparent hepatic TMAO-related activity. For 4 weeks, 32 pigs were fed chicken or red and processed meat combined with a prudent or western background diet. 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis was conducted on urine samples and hepatic Mrna expression of TMAO-related genes determined. Lower urinary TMAO concentrations were observed after intake of red and processed meat when consumed with a prudent compared to a western background diet. In addition, correlation analyses between urinary TMAO concentrations and relative abundance of colon bacterial groups suggested an association between TMAO and specific bacterial taxa. Diet did not affect the hepatic Mrna expression of genes related to TMAO formation. The results suggest that meat-induced TMAO formation is regulated by mechanisms other than alterations at the hepatic gene expression level, possibly involving modulations of the gut microbiota.
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De Smet S, Demeyer D, Van Hecke T. Chronic diseases associated with meat consumption: epidemiology and mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Demeyer
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Hecke
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Protein Intake at Twice the RDA in Older Men Increases Circulatory Concentrations of the Microbiome Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092207. [PMID: 31547446 PMCID: PMC6770800 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher dietary protein intake is increasingly recommended for the elderly; however, high protein diets have also been linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a bacterial metabolite derived from choline and carnitine abundant from animal protein-rich foods. TMAO may be a novel biomarker for heightened CVD risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a high protein diet on TMAO. Healthy men (74.2 ± 3.6 years, n = 29) were randomised to consume the recommended dietary allowance of protein (RDA: 0.8 g protein/kg bodyweight/day) or twice the RDA (2RDA) as part of a supplied diet for 10 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention for measurement of TMAO, blood lipids, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory biomarkers. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed. In comparison with RDA, the 2RDA diet increased circulatory TMAO (p = 0.002) but unexpectedly decreased renal excretion of TMAO (p = 0.003). LDL cholesterol was increased in 2RDA compared to RDA (p = 0.049), but no differences in other biomarkers of CVD risk and insulin sensitivity were evident between groups. In conclusion, circulatory TMAO is responsive to changes in dietary protein intake in older healthy males.
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38
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Metabolic footprint and intestinal microbial changes in response to dietary proteins in a pig model. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:149-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Koeth RA, Lam-Galvez BR, Kirsop J, Wang Z, Levison BS, Gu X, Copeland MF, Bartlett D, Cody DB, Dai HJ, Culley MK, Li XS, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, DiDonato JA, Tang WHW, Garcia-Garcia JC, Hazen SL. l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:373-387. [PMID: 30530985 DOI: 10.1172/jci94601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Carnitine, an abundant nutrient in red meat, accelerates atherosclerosis in mice via gut microbiota-dependent formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) via a multistep pathway involving an atherogenic intermediate, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB). The contribution of γBB in gut microbiota-dependent l-carnitine metabolism in humans is unknown. METHODS Omnivores and vegans/vegetarians ingested deuterium-labeled l-carnitine (d3-l-carnitine) or γBB (d9-γBB), and both plasma metabolites and fecal polymicrobial transformations were examined at baseline, following oral antibiotics, or following chronic (≥2 months) l-carnitine supplementation. Human fecal commensals capable of performing each step of the l-carnitine→γBB→TMA transformation were identified. RESULTS Studies with oral d3-l-carnitine or d9-γBB before versus after antibiotic exposure revealed gut microbiota contribution to the initial 2 steps in a metaorganismal l-carnitine→γBB→TMA→TMAO pathway in subjects. Moreover, a striking increase in d3-TMAO generation was observed in omnivores over vegans/vegetarians (>20-fold; P = 0.001) following oral d3-l-carnitine ingestion, whereas fasting endogenous plasma l-carnitine and γBB levels were similar in vegans/vegetarians (n = 32) versus omnivores (n = 40). Fecal metabolic transformation studies, and oral isotope tracer studies before versus after chronic l-carnitine supplementation, revealed that omnivores and vegans/vegetarians alike rapidly converted carnitine to γBB, whereas the second gut microbial transformation, γBB→TMA, was diet inducible (l-carnitine, omnivorous). Extensive anaerobic subculturing of human feces identified no single commensal capable of l-carnitine→TMA transformation, multiple community members that converted l-carnitine to γBB, and only 1 Clostridiales bacterium, Emergencia timonensis, that converted γBB to TMA. In coculture, E. timonensis promoted the complete l-carnitine→TMA transformation. CONCLUSION In humans, dietary l-carnitine is converted into the atherosclerosis- and thrombosis-promoting metabolite TMAO via 2 sequential gut microbiota-dependent transformations: (a) initial rapid generation of the atherogenic intermediate γBB, followed by (b) transformation into TMA via low-abundance microbiota in omnivores, and to a markedly lower extent, in vegans/vegetarians. Gut microbiota γBB→TMA/TMAO transformation is induced by omnivorous dietary patterns and chronic l-carnitine exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01731236. FUNDING NIH and Office of Dietary Supplements grants HL103866, HL126827, and DK106000, and the Leducq Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Koeth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Kirsop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - Bruce S Levison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | | | - David Bartlett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute
| | | | - Hong J Dai
- Global Biosciences, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Miranda K Culley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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40
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Radfar S, Ghoreishi SM. Experimental extraction of L-Carnitine from oyster mushroom with supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol as co-solvent: Modeling and optimization. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Lee TK, Nguyen TTH, Park N, Kwak SH, Kim J, Jin S, Son GM, Hur J, Choi JI, Kim D. The use of fermented buckwheat to produce L-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom. AMB Express 2018; 8:138. [PMID: 30151668 PMCID: PMC6111021 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Carnitine is an essential compound that shuttles long chain fatty acids into mitochondria. The objective of this study was to produce l-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using common buckwheat fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus. Mushroom grown on common buckwheat medium contained 9.9–23.9% higher l-carnitine (186.3 mg/kg) than those grown on basal medium without any buckwheat addition. Those grown on fermented common buckwheat medium contained the highest l-carnitine content (201.2 mg/kg). Size index and lightness of mushroom pileus (L*) were also the highest (100.7 and 50.6, respectively) for those grown in medium added with fermented common buckwheat (20%, w/w). Antioxidant activities of both mushroom extracts (1.5 mg/mL) showed the same level as 38.7% for mushroom grown in media added with common buckwheat or fermented common buckwheat. At the treatment concentration of 300 μg/mL, viabilities of murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells treated with ethanol extract of oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat medium ranged from 58.9 to 67.8%. The oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat and fermented buckwheat medium can be used as one of the substitutes for meat based diets.
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42
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Rådjursöga M, Lindqvist HM, Pedersen A, Karlsson BG, Malmodin D, Ellegård L, Winkvist A. Nutritional Metabolomics: Postprandial Response of Meals Relating to Vegan, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian, and Omnivore Diets. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081063. [PMID: 30103400 PMCID: PMC6115722 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics provide an unbiased tool for exploring the modulation of the human metabolome in response to food intake. This study applied metabolomics to capture the postprandial metabolic response to breakfast meals corresponding to vegan (VE), lacto ovo-vegetarian (LOV), and omnivore (OM) diets. In a cross over design 32 healthy volunteers (16 men and 16 females) consumed breakfast meals in a randomized order during three consecutive days. Fasting and 3 h postprandial serum samples were collected and then subjected to metabolite profiling using ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Changes in concentration of identified and discriminating metabolites, between fasting and postprandial state, were compared across meals. Betaine, choline, and creatine displayed higher concentration in the OM breakfast, while 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, carnitine, proline, and tyrosine showed an increase for the LOV and unidentified free fatty acids displayed a higher concentration after the VE breakfast. Using ¹H NMR metabolomics it was possible to detect and distinguish the metabolic response of three different breakfast meals corresponding to vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and omnivore diets in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Rådjursöga
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helen M Lindqvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Pedersen
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - B Göran Karlsson
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Malmodin
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lars Ellegård
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Winkvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Inulin Supplementation Does Not Reduce Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentrations in Individuals at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060793. [PMID: 29925775 PMCID: PMC6024751 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Prebiotic supplementation has been purported to reduce TMAO production, but whether prebiotics reduce fasting or postprandial TMAO levels is unclear. Sedentary, overweight/obese adults at risk for T2DM (n = 18) were randomized to consume a standardized diet (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat) with 10 g/day of either an inulin supplement or maltodextrin placebo for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained in the fasting state and hourly during a 4-h high-fat challenge meal (820 kcal; 25% carbohydrate, 63% fat; 317.4 mg choline, 62.5 mg betaine, 8.1 mg l-carnitine) before and after the diet. Plasma TMAO and trimethylamine (TMA) moieties (choline, l-carnitine, betaine, and γ-butyrobetaine) were measured using isocratic ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). There were no differences in fasting or postprandial TMAO or TMA moieties between the inulin and placebo groups at baseline (all p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in fasting or postprandial plasma TMAO or TMA moiety concentrations following inulin or placebo. These findings suggest that inulin supplementation for 6 weeks did not reduce fasting or postprandial TMAO in individuals at risk for T2DM. Future studies are needed to identify efficacious interventions that reduce plasma TMAO concentrations.
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Mediterranean Diet Score: Associations with Metabolic Products of the Intestinal Microbiome, Carotid Plaque Burden, and Renal Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060779. [PMID: 29914158 PMCID: PMC6024790 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) that accumulate in renal failure (gut-derived uremic toxins, GDUTs) affect atherosclerosis and increase cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized that patients on a Mediterranean diet and those consuming lower amounts of dietary precursors would have lower levels of GDUTs. Patients attending vascular prevention clinics completed a Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and had plasma levels of TMAO, p-cresylsulfate, hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide, phenyl acetyl glutamine, and phenyl sulfate measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Carotid plaque burden was measured by ultrasound; CKD-Epi equations were used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. In total, 276 patients completed the study. Even moderate renal function significantly increased plasma GDUTs, which were significantly associated with higher carotid plaque burden. There was no significant difference in plasma levels of any GDUT associated with a Mediterranean diet score or with intake of dietary precursors. In omnivorous patients with vascular disease, the intake of dietary precursors of intestinal metabolites or adherence to a Mediterranean diet did not change plasma GDUT. Approaches other than diet, such as probiotics and repopulation of the intestinal microbiome, may be required to mitigate the adverse effects of GDUTs.
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Yuan Y, Li X, Liu H, Qu Y, Zhang W, Yu H, Zhang J, Zhuang H. Carnitine, A New Precursor in the Formation of the Plant Growth Regulator Mepiquat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5907-5912. [PMID: 29783845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carnitine is demonstrated as an effective methyl donor in the formation of the plant growth regulator N, N-dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat), encompassing either N-methylation/decarboxylation of pipecolic acid, or Maillard pathways followed by transmethylation reactions. The formation of mepiquat and the intermediate compounds was monitored (180-300 °C, up to 180 min) using HPLC-MS/MS in different binary or ternary model systems composed of (i) lysine/fructose/carnitine, (ii) lysine/glucose/carnitine, or (iii) pipecolic acid (PipAc)/carnitine. The highest yield of mepiquat was 2.4% after 120 min incubation at 290 °C (PipAc/carnitine model system). The highest yield was recorded in fructose and glucose (Maillard) systems after 180 min at 230 °C. The full-scan mode was used to monitor the formation of the corresponding intermediates (piperidine and N-methylpiperidine, the demethylated intermediates of carnitine). The new pathways of mepiquat formation indicate that the occurrence of low levels of this thermally induced compound is potentially more widespread in some selected cooked foodstuffs. For the first time, mepiquat was detected in oven-cooked beef, reaching up to 82.5 μg/kg. These amounts are not expected to significantly contribute to the overall exposure via different foodstuffs, as reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Xuenan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Huangyou Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Yating Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Wantong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Huilin Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
| | - Hong Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 130062 Changchun , China
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Bogiatzi C, Gloor G, Allen-Vercoe E, Reid G, Wong RG, Urquhart BL, Dinculescu V, Ruetz KN, Velenosi TJ, Pignanelli M, Spence JD. Metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome and extremes of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 273:91-97. [PMID: 29702430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing awareness that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in human health. We investigated its role in the burden of carotid atherosclerosis, measured by ultrasound as total plaque area. METHODS Multiple regression with traditional risk factors was used to identify three phenotypes among 316/3056 patients attending vascular prevention clinics. Residual score (RES; i.e. the distance off the regression line, similar to standard deviation) was used to identify the 5% of patients with much less plaque than predicted by their risk factors (Protected, RES <-2), the 90% with about as much plaque as predicted (Explained, RES -2 to 2), and the 5% with much more plaque than predicted (Unexplained RES >2). Metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome that accumulate in renal failure - gut-derived uremic toxins (GDUT) - were assayed in plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma levels of trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide, and phenylacetylglutamine were significantly lower among patients with the Protected phenotype, and higher in those with the Unexplained phenotype, despite no significant differences in renal function or in dietary intake of nutrient precursors of GDUT. In linear multiple regression with a broad panel of risk factors, TMAO (p = 0.011) and p-cresyl sulfate (p = 0.011) were significant independent predictors of carotid plaque burden. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal microbiome appears to play an important role in atherosclerosis. These findings raise the possibility of novel approaches to treatment of atherosclerosis such as fecal transplantation and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Bogiatzi
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada; Dept. of Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gregory Gloor
- Dept. Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Dept. Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Depts. of Urology and Microbiology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Ruth G Wong
- Dept. Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Bradley L Urquhart
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Kelsey N Ruetz
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, Canada
| | - Thomas J Velenosi
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, Canada
| | - Michael Pignanelli
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry M.D. Candidate (CIHR Summer Research Training Program), Canada
| | - J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada; Divisions of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Western University, London, Canada.
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Park N, Lee TK, Nguyen TTH, An EB, Kim NM, You YH, Park TS, Kim D. The effect of fermented buckwheat on producing l-carnitine- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched designer eggs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2891-2897. [PMID: 27790703 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of fermented buckwheat as a feed additive was studied to increase l-carnitine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in designer eggs. Buckwheat contains high levels of lysine, methionine and glutamate, which are precursors for the synthesis of l-carnitine and GABA. Rhizopus oligosporus was used for the fermentation of buckwheat to produce l-carnitine and GABA that exert positive effects such as enhanced metabolism, antioxidant activities, immunity and blood pressure control. RESULTS A novel analytical method for simultaneously detecting l-carnitine and GABA was developed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS. The fermented buckwheat extract contained 4 and 34 times more l-carnitine and GABA respectively compared with normal buckwheat. Compared with the control, the fermented buckwheat extract-fed group showed enriched l-carnitine (13.6%) and GABA (8.4%) in the yolk, though only l-carnitine was significantly different (P < 0.05). Egg production (9.4%), albumen weight (2.1%) and shell weight (5.8%) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in yolk weight, and total cholesterol (1.9%) and triglyceride (4.9%) in the yolk were lowered (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Fermented buckwheat as a feed additive has the potential to produce l-carnitine- and GABA-enriched designer eggs with enhanced nutrition and homeostasis. These designer eggs pose significant potential to be utilized in superfood production and supplement industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhyeon Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Eun-Bae An
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Nahyun M Kim
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Tae-Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
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Le Borgne F, Ravaut G, Bernard A, Demarquoy J. L-carnitine protects C2C12 cells against mitochondrial superoxide overproduction and cell death. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:86-94. [PMID: 28289521 PMCID: PMC5329717 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify and characterize the protective effect that L-carnitine exerted against an oxidative stress in C2C12 cells.
METHODS Myoblastic C2C12 cells were treated with menadione, a vitamin K analog that engenders oxidative stress, and the protective effect of L-carnitine (a nutrient involved in fatty acid metabolism and the control of the oxidative process), was assessed by monitoring various parameters related to the oxidative stress, autophagy and cell death.
RESULTS Associated with its physiological function, a muscle cell metabolism is highly dependent on oxygen and may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially under pathological conditions. High levels of ROS are known to induce injuries in cell structure as they interact at many levels in cell function. In C2C12 cells, a treatment with menadione induced a loss of transmembrane mitochondrial potential, an increase in mitochondrial production of ROS; it also induces autophagy and was able to provoke cell death. Pre-treatment of the cells with L-carnitine reduced ROS production, diminished autophagy and protected C2C12 cells against menadione-induced deleterious effects.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, L-carnitine limits the oxidative stress in these cells and prevents cell death.
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Semba RD, Trehan I, Li X, Moaddel R, Ordiz MI, Maleta KM, Kraemer K, Shardell M, Ferrucci L, Manary M. Environmental Enteric Dysfunction is Associated with Carnitine Deficiency and Altered Fatty Acid Oxidation. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:57-66. [PMID: 28122695 PMCID: PMC5360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a condition characterized by small intestine inflammation and abnormal gut permeability, is widespread in children in developing countries and a major cause of growth failure. The pathophysiology of EED remains poorly understood. METHODS We measured serum metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 400 children, aged 12-59months, from rural Malawi. Gut permeability was assessed by the dual-sugar absorption test. FINDINGS 80.7% of children had EED. Of 677 serum metabolites measured, 21 were negatively associated and 56 were positively associated with gut permeability, using a false discovery rate approach (q<0.05, p<0.0095). Increased gut permeability was associated with elevated acylcarnitines, deoxycarnitine, fatty acid β-oxidation intermediates, fatty acid ω-oxidation products, odd-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, cystathionine, and homocitrulline, and with lower citrulline, ornithine, polyphenol metabolites, hippurate, tryptophan, and indolelactate. INTERPRETATION EED is a syndrome characterized by secondary carnitine deficiency, abnormal fatty acid oxidation, alterations in polyphenol and amino acid metabolites, and metabolic dysregulation of sulfur amino acids, tryptophan, and the urea cycle. Future studies are needed to corroborate the presence of secondary carnitine deficiency among children with EED and to understand how these metabolic derangements may negatively affect the growth and development of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ximin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Shardell
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Bergeron N, Williams PT, Lamendella R, Faghihnia N, Grube A, Li X, Wang Z, Knight R, Jansson JK, Hazen SL, Krauss RM. Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a gut microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:2020-2029. [PMID: 27993177 PMCID: PMC5885763 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a biomarker of CVD risk, is dependent on intestinal microbiota, but little is known of dietary conditions promoting changes in gut microbial communities. Resistant starches (RS) alter the human microbiota. We sought to determine whether diets varying in RS and carbohydrate (CHO) content affect plasma TMAO levels. We also assessed postprandial glucose and insulin responses and plasma lipid changes to diets high and low in RS. In a cross-over trial, fifty-two men and women consumed a 2-week baseline diet (41 percentage of energy (%E) CHO, 40 % fat, 19 % protein), followed by 2-week high- and low-RS diets separated by 2-week washouts. RS diets were assigned at random within the context of higher (51-53 %E) v. lower CHO (39-40 %E) intake. Measurements were obtained in the fasting state and, for glucose and insulin, during a meal test matching the composition of the assigned diet. With lower CHO intake, plasma TMAO, carnitine, betaine and γ-butyrobetaine concentrations were higher after the high- v. low-RS diet (P<0·01 each). These metabolites were not differentially affected by high v. low RS when CHO intake was high. Although the high-RS meal reduced postprandial insulin and glucose responses when CHO intake was low (P<0·01 each), RS did not affect fasting lipids, lipoproteins, glucose or insulin irrespective of dietary CHO content. In conclusion, a lower-CHO diet high in RS was associated with higher plasma TMAO levels. These findings, together with the absence of change in fasting lipids, suggest that short-term high-RS diets do not improve markers of cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bergeron
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Paul T. Williams
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Genome Sciences, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Computer Science, and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Janet K. Jansson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Sciences Division, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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