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Gandarela L, de A. Sampaio TP, Marçal L, Burdmann EA, Neto FL, Bernik MA. Inflammatory markers changes following acceptance-based behavioral psychotherapy in generalized anxiety disorder patients: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100779. [PMID: 38725444 PMCID: PMC11081778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines. Despite robust evidence as an effective treatment for GAD, research on the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) in the inflammatory profile of patients with clinical anxiety has presented mixed results. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) on inflammatory biomarkers and their association with anxiety levels in GAD patients in comparison to supportive therapy as an active control. Methods Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were measured in 77 GAD patients who participated in a 14-week 10-session randomized clinical trial of group ABBT (experimental, n = 37) or supportive group therapy (ST: active control group, n = 40). Results The concentrations of IL-1β decreased in the control group and the concentrations of IL-6 increased in the experimental group from baseline to post-treatment, whereas no difference was identified in IL-4, IL-10, TNF, or CRP. Although anxiety and depression levels decreased in both treatment conditions, no correlation with inflammation markers was found for most clinical and biological variables. A negative correlation between changes in IL-6 and IL-10 and anxiety symptom score changes was identified. Conclusions The present study results found that a short trial of acceptance-based behavior therapy did not change the proinflammatory profile which may be associated with GAD. Additional research is needed to evaluate the influence of other inflammation-related variables, longer periods of follow-up as well as the effect of supportive therapy on peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in GAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gandarela
- Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. de A. Sampaio
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lia Marçal
- LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel A. Burdmann
- LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lotufo Neto
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio A. Bernik
- Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sarmin N, Roknuzzaman ASM, Sarker R, -Or-Rashid M, Qusar MS, Bachar SC, Kabir ER, Islam MR, Al Mahmud Z. Association of interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 with the pathophysiology and development of generalized anxiety disorder: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:462. [PMID: 38902708 PMCID: PMC11188505 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a devastating mental health condition characterized by constant, uncontrolled worrying. Recent hypotheses indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are potential contributors to the pathogenesis of GAD. Here, we aimed to assess the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pathophysiology and development of GAD. METHODS This study recruited 50 GAD patients diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria and 38 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist evaluated all study subjects. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population were determined using pre-structured questionnaires or interviews, and cytokine serum levels were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS We observed reduced serum IL-10 levels in GAD patients compared to HCs (33.69 ± 1.37 pg/ml vs. 44.12 ± 3.16 pg/ml). Also, we observed a significant negative correlation between altered IL-10 levels and GAD-7 scores (r=-0.315, p = 0.039). Moreover, IL-10 serum measurement exhibited good predictive value in receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.793 (p < 0.001) with 80.65% sensitivity and 62.79% specificity at a cutoff value of 33.93 pg/ml. Conversely, we noticed elevated serum IL-2 levels in GAD patients than in HCs (14.81 ± 2.88 pg/ml vs. 8.08 ± 1.1 pg/ml); however, it failed to maintain any significant association with GAD-7 scores, implying that IL-2 might not be involved in GAD pathogenesis. The lower AUC value (0.640; p > 0.05) exhibited by IL-2 serum measurement in ROC analysis further supported that IL-2 might not be associated with GAD. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between anti-inflammatory cytokines and GAD pathogenesis. Based on the present findings, we can assume that IL-10 but not IL-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of GAD. However, further research with a larger population size and longitudinal design is required to confirm the potential diagnostic efficacy of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisat Sarmin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Roknuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Rapty Sarker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun -Or-Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mma Shalahuddin Qusar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahabagh, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sitesh Chandra Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rabiul Islam
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Sherwin A, Shaw IC. Sixty years of conjecture over a urinary biomarker: a step closer to understanding the proposed link between anxiety and urinary pyrroles. Lab Med 2024; 55:334-340. [PMID: 37699019 PMCID: PMC11064097 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For over 60 years there has been conjecture about the identity of an Ehrlich's test positive pyrrole (Mauve Factor) reputed to be a biomarker for psychological disorders, including anxiety. We reviewed studies that attempt to identify Mauve Factor and subjected authentic standards of the 2 main candidates, kryptopyrrole and hydroxypyrrole, to the Ehrlich's reaction. METHODS Modified Ehrlich's test for kryptopyrrole and hydroxypyrrole were applied to urine samples from 10 volunteers, anxious and nonanxious. RESULTS Based on the mechanistic chemistry of Ehrlich's reaction and reactions of the 2 compounds, Mauve Factor cannot be hydroxypyrrole. Analyses of urine samples from volunteers, identified by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 item scale (GAD-7 ≥10; n = 5) and control urine samples (GAD-7 <10; n = 5) using a kryptopyrrole calibration graph, show that concentrations are similar in both groups. CONCLUSION Kryptopyrrole may be the elusive Mauve Factor. Its possible origin from stercobilin via gut microbiome-mediated metabolism, its link to gut-mediated neurological effects via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and its predicted interaction with Zn2+ and consequent impact on zinc homeostasis are discussed. The GAD-7 scale does not differentiate between state and trait anxiety and as such, the minimal difference in pyrrole levels between volunteer groups requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sherwin
- School of Physical & Chemical Sciences
- School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Wang X, Yin Z, Yang Y, Fu X, Guo C, Pu K, Zang S. Association of plant-based dietary patterns with depression and anxiety symptoms in Chinese older adults: A nationwide study. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:838-846. [PMID: 38278327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations of plant-based dietary patterns with depression and anxiety symptoms among older adults have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine these associations in Chinese older adults. METHODS Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) was employed in the present study. The simplified food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 (CES-D-10) was used to evaluate depression symptoms, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) was used to assess anxiety symptoms. This study employed logistic regression and linear regression to examine the associations between plant-based dietary patterns and symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS This study included 11,971 older adults, with a mean age of 83.23 ± 11.10 years. The results indicated that PDI and hPDI were negative associated with depression symptoms (adjusted β -0.09, 95 % CI -0.11, -0.07) (adjusted β -0.09, 95 % CI -0.11, -0.07) and anxiety symptoms (adjusted β -0.03, 95 % CI -0.04, -0.02) (adjusted β -0.04, 95 % CI -0.05, -0.02), while uPDI was positive associated with depression symptoms (adjusted β 0.09, 95 % CI 0.07, 0.11) and anxiety symptoms (adjusted β 0.04, 95 % CI 0.03, 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study have the potential to promote healthy dietary patterns in older adults, and may have implications for the prevention and management of depression and anxiety in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Library of China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Huangdao District Central Hospital, No. 9 Huangpujiang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266555, China
| | - Chaowei Guo
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Keping Pu
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Shuang Zang
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China.
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Li X, Zheng S, Feng Z, Liu X, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhang G, Liu M, Zhu H, Jia H. Serum proteomics analysis of drug-naïve patients with generalised anxiety disorder: Tandem mass tags and multiple reaction monitoring. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:188-199. [PMID: 38247046 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2301064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is high. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Proteomics techniques can be employed to assess the pathological mechanisms involved in GAD. METHODS Twenty-two drug-naive GAD patients were recruited, their serum samples were used for protein quantification and identified using Tandem Mass Tag and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM). Machine learning models were employed to construct predictive models for disease occurrence by using clinical scores and target proteins as input variables. RESULTS A total of 991 proteins were differentially expressed between GAD and healthy participants. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these proteins were significantly associated with stress response and biological regulation, suggesting a significant implication in anxiety disorders. MRM validation revealed evident disparities in 12 specific proteins. The machine learning model found a set of five proteins accurately predicting the occurrence of the disease at a rate of 87.5%, such as alpha 1B-glycoprotein, complement component 4 A, transferrin, V3-3, and defensin alpha 1. These proteins had a functional association with immune inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The development of generalised anxiety disorder might be closely linked to the immune inflammatory stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtian Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sacoor C, Marugg JD, Lima NR, Empadinhas N, Montezinho L. Gut-Brain Axis Impact on Canine Anxiety Disorders: New Challenges for Behavioral Veterinary Medicine. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:2856759. [PMID: 38292207 PMCID: PMC10827376 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2856759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders in dogs are ever-growing and represent an important concern in the veterinary behavior field. These disorders are often disregarded in veterinary clinical practice, negatively impacting the animal's and owner's quality of life. Moreover, these anxiety disorders can potentially result in the abandonment or euthanasia of dogs. Growing evidence shows that the gut microbiota is a central player in the gut-brain axis. A variety of microorganisms inhabit the intestines of dogs, which are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. These microbes can impact mental health through several mechanisms, including metabolic, neural, endocrine, and immune-mediated pathways. The disruption of a balanced composition of resident commensal communities, or dysbiosis, is implicated in several pathological conditions, including mental disorders such as anxiety. Studies carried out in rodent models and humans demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota can influence mental health through these mechanisms, including anxiety disorders. Furthermore, novel therapeutic strategies using prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to ameliorate anxiety-related symptoms. However, regarding the canine veterinary behavior field, there is still a lack of insightful research on this topic. In this review, we explore the few but relevant studies performed on canine anxiety disorders. We agree that innovative bacterial therapeutical approaches for canine anxiety disorders will become a promising field of investigation and certainly pave the way for new approaches to these behavioral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sacoor
- Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), 3020–210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - John D. Marugg
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno R. Lima
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Innovation in Health and Well-Being Research Unit (iHealth4Well-Being), Polytechnic Health Institute of North (IPSN-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), 3020–210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Nystuen KL, McNamee SM, Akula M, Holton KM, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Alzheimer's Disease: Models and Molecular Mechanisms Informing Disease and Treatments. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38247923 PMCID: PMC10813760 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive loss of memory, language and motor abilities caused by cortical and hippocampal degeneration. This review captures the landscape of understanding of AD pathology, diagnostics, and current therapies. Two major mechanisms direct AD pathology: (1) accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque and (2) tau-derived neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The most common variants in the Aβ pathway in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 are largely responsible for early-onset AD (EOAD), while MAPT, APOE, TREM2 and ABCA7 have a modifying effect on late-onset AD (LOAD). More recent studies implicate chaperone proteins and Aβ degrading proteins in AD. Several tests, such as cognitive function, brain imaging, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood tests, are used for AD diagnosis. Additionally, several biomarkers seem to have a unique AD specific combination of expression and could potentially be used in improved, less invasive diagnostics. In addition to genetic perturbations, environmental influences, such as altered gut microbiome signatures, affect AD. Effective AD treatments have been challenging to develop. Currently, there are several FDA approved drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, Aß-targeting antibodies and an NMDA antagonist) that could mitigate AD rate of decline and symptoms of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden L. Nystuen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon M. McNamee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Monica Akula
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kristina M. Holton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Heyburn L, Batuure A, Wilder D, Long J, Sajja VS. Neuroinflammation Profiling of Brain Cytokines Following Repeated Blast Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12564. [PMID: 37628746 PMCID: PMC10454588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to use of explosive devices and heavy weapons systems in modern conflicts, the effect of BW on the brain and body is of increasing concern. These exposures have been commonly linked with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders in veteran populations. A likely neurobiological link between exposure to blasts and the development of neurobehavioral disorders, such as depression and PTSD, could be neuroinflammation triggered by the blast wave. In this study, we exposed rats to single or repeated BW (up to four exposures-one per day) at varied intensities (13, 16, and 19 psi) to mimic the types of blast exposures that service members may experience in training and combat. We then measured a panel of neuroinflammatory markers in the brain tissue with a multiplex cytokine/chemokine assay to understand the pathophysiological process(es) associated with single and repeated blast exposures. We found that single and repeated blast exposures promoted neuroinflammatory changes in the brain that are similar to those characterized in several neurological disorders; these effects were most robust after 13 and 16 psi single and repeated blast exposures, and they exceeded those recorded after 19 psi repeated blast exposures. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 were changed by 13 and 16 psi single and repeated blast exposures. In conclusion, based upon the growing prominence of negative psychological health outcomes in veterans and soldiers with a history of blast exposures, identifying the molecular etiology of these disorders, such as blast-induced neuroinflammation, is necessary for rationally establishing countermeasures and treatment regimens.
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Loftis JM, Firsick E, Shirley K, Adkins JL, Le-Cook A, Sano E, Hudson R, Moorman J. Inflammatory and mental health sequelae of COVID-19. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2023; 15:100186. [PMID: 37223650 PMCID: PMC10191701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant negative consequences to mental health. Increased inflammatory factors and neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as cognitive impairment ("brain fog"), depression, and anxiety are associated with long COVID [post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), termed neuro-PASC]. The present study sought to examine the role of inflammatory factors as predictors of neuropsychiatric symptom severity in the context of COVID-19. Adults (n = 52) who tested negative or positive for COVID-19 were asked to complete self-report questionnaires and to provide blood samples for multiplex immunoassays. Participants who tested negative for COVID-19 were assessed at baseline and at a follow-up study visit (∼4 weeks later). Individuals without COVID-19 reported significantly lower PHQ-4 scores at the follow-up visit, as compared to baseline (p = 0.03; 95% CI-1.67 to -0.084). Individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 and experienced neuro-PASC had PHQ-4 scores in the moderate range. The majority of people with neuro-PASC reported experiencing brain fog (70% vs. 30%). Those with more severe COVID-19 had significantly higher PHQ-4 scores, as compared to those with mild disease (p = 0.008; 95% CI 1.32 to 7.97). Changes in neuropsychiatric symptom severity were accompanied by alterations in immune factors, particularly monokine induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) (MIG, a. k.a. CXCL9). These findings add to the growing evidence supporting the usefulness of circulating MIG levels as a biomarker reflecting IFN-γ production, which is important because individuals with neuro-PASC have elevated IFN-γ responses to internal SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Loftis
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evan Firsick
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kate Shirley
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James L. Adkins
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, 1276 Gilbreath Drive, Box 70300, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Anh Le-Cook
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily Sano
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan Moorman
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, 1276 Gilbreath Drive, Box 70300, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Silva DAS, de Lima TR, Lavie CJ, Sui X. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and low back pain is anxiety-dependent: A prospective cohort study among adults and older adults. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:947-954. [PMID: 37615327 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2249756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between low back pain and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among participants with and without self-report anxiety. Participants were 13,080 individuals (86.6% men; 44.7 ± 9.3 years). CRF was quantified as maximal treadmill test duration and was grouped for analysis as low (lowest 20% of treadmill test duration), moderate (middle 40%), and high (upper 40%). Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between low back pain and CRF according to the presence/absence of self-report anxiety. During an average of 5.7 ± 5.1 years of follow-up, 2,965 cases of low back pain were identified. Participants with self-report anxiety and low CRF had 3.7 times (HR: 3.7; 95%CI: 1.7-8.2) more risk for having low back pain when compared with participants with self-report anxiety and high CRF. Additionally, among participants with self-reported anxiety, moderate CRF was associated with an 70% greater risk of having low back pain than those with high CRF (HR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-3.2). For participants without self-reported anxiety, no association was found between the risk of having low back pain and CRF. According to the results identified in the present study, participants with self-reported anxiety who had low and moderate CRF had higher risks of low back pain than those with high CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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11
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Feng R, Zhu Q, Li Q, Zhai Y, Wang J, Qin C, Liang D, Zhang R, Tian H, Liu H, Chen Y, Fu Y, Wang X, Ding X. Microbiota-ear-brain interaction is associated with generalized anxiety disorder through activation of inflammatory cytokine responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117726. [PMID: 36969214 PMCID: PMC10033601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most enduring anxiety disorders, being associated with increased systemic inflammation. However, the trigger and mechanisms underlying the activation of inflammatory cytokine responses in GAD remain poorly understood.Materials and methodsWe characterized the ear canal microbiome in GAD patients through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing and identified the serum inflammatory markers in GAD patients. Spearman correlations were applied to test the relationship between the microbiota changes and systemic inflammation.ResultsOur findings showed the higher microbial diversity, accompanied with the significantly increased abundance of Proteobacteria, and decreased abundance of Firmicutes in the ear canal of GAD participants compared to that of the age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Metagenomic sequencing showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa were significantly increased at species-level in GAD patients. Furthermore, we observed the relative abundance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was positively associated with elevated systemic inflammatory markers and the severity of disease, suggesting that these ear canal microbiota alterations might be correlated with GAD by activating the inflammatory response.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that microbiota-ear-brain interaction via upregulating inflammatory reaction involve in the development of GAD, as well as suggest that ear canal bacterial communities may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingyong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanping Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiuqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongxiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebing Ding, ; Xuejing Wang,
| | - Xuebing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebing Ding, ; Xuejing Wang,
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CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:60-79. [PMID: 36754245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation, characterized by morphological changes and increased associations with neurons, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Alcohol exposure increases NLRP3 inflammasome expression, increasing cytokine secretion by activated microglia. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), an essential receptor of the endocannabinoid system, regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of CB2R activation in ameliorating late adolescent CAE-induced anxiety-like behaviors and microglial activation in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for 7 days and then were administered alcohol by gavage (4 g/kg, 25 % w/v) for 28 days. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the specific CB2R agonist AM1241 1 h before alcohol treatment. Anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal were assessed by open field test and elevated plus maze test 24 h after the last alcohol administration. Microglial activation, microglia-neuron interactions, and CB2R and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecule expression in the PFC were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. Microglial morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis and the cell body-to-total cell size index. Additionally, N9 microglia were activated by LPS in vitro, and the effects of AM1241 on NLRP3 and N9 microglial activation were investigated. RESULTS After CAE, mice exhibited severe anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. CAE induced obvious microglia-neuron associations, and increased expression of microglial activation markers, CB2R, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules in the PFC. Microglia also showed marked filament retraction and reduction and cell body enlargement after CAE. AM1241 treatment ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in CAE model mice, and it prevented microglial morphological changes, reduced microglial activation marker expression, and suppressed the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by CAE. AM1241 suppressed the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules, IL-1β release, and M1 phenotype markers (iNOS and CD86) in N9 cell, which was reversed by CB2R antagonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS CAE caused anxiety-like behaviors in late adolescent mice at least partly by inducing microglial activation and increasing microglia-neuron associations in the PFC. CB2R activation ameliorated these effects by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PFC microglia.
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Orsolini L, Pompili S, Volpe U. C-Reactive Protein (CRP): A Potent Inflammation Biomarker in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:135-160. [PMID: 36949309 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have investigated the role of inflammation in psychiatric disorders, by demonstrating how an altered/dysfunctional immunological and inflammatory system may underpin a psychiatric condition. Particularly, several studies specifically investigated the role of a neuroinflammatory biomarker, named C-reactive protein (CRP), in psychiatric disorders. Overall, even though scientific literature so far published still does not appear definitive, CRP is more likely reported to be elevated in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, a low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L) has been more likely observed in a subgroup of patients affected with a more severe psychopathological symptomatology, more treatment resistance and worst clinical mental illness course, strengthening the hypothesis of the need for a different clinical and prognostic characterization based on this concomitant neuroinflammatory predisposition. However, even though further research studies are needed to confirm this preliminary evidence, CRP may represent a potential clinical routine biomarker which could be integrated in the clinical routine practice to better characterize clinical picture and course as well as address clinicians towards a personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simone Pompili
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Atake K, Hori H, Kageyama Y, Koshikawa Y, Igata R, Tominaga H, Katsuki A, Bando H, Sakai S, Nishida K, Takekita Y, Kato T, Kinoshita T, Kato M. Pre-treatment plasma cytokine levels as potential predictors of short-term remission of depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:785-793. [PMID: 35193470 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2045354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The response to antidepressants varies significantly among individuals and is difficult to predict before treatment. In this randomised control trial, we explored cytokines that correlate with the therapeutic effect of mirtazapine (MIR) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and whether they could be predictors of remission for each antidepressant. METHODS Plasma cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were assayed in 95 participants before medication and assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression assessed depressive symptoms over 4 weeks. RESULTS In the SSRI group, the baseline GM-CSF level was significantly higher in the remission group than in the non-remission group (p = .022). In the MIR group, the baseline level of TNF-α was significantly higher (p = .039) and IL-2 was lower (p = .032) in the remission group than in the non-remission group. In patients prescribed with MIR, the cut-off values of TNF-α (10.035 pg/mL) and IL-2 (1.170 pg/mL) calculated from the receiver operating characteristic curve suggested that the remission rate, which corresponds to a positive predictive value, could be increased from 31.3% to 60.0% and 50.0%, respectively. For those prescribed with SSRIs, the remission rate was 37.0% and using the cut-off value of GM-CSF (0.205 pg/mL), the remission rate could be almost doubled to 70%. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that pre-treatment plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-2, and GM-CSF may suggest the predictability of remission by SSRIs or MIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Atake
- Kyushu Health Administration Center, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone West Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kageyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Koshikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Igata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tominaga
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nijoufukushikai Social Welfare Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shiho Sakai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tadafumi Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Dahchour A. Anxiolytic and antidepressive potentials of rosmarinic acid: A review with a focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106421. [PMID: 36096427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders that have emerged as global health concerns. Anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, such as benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclics, are the first line used in treating anxiety and depression. Although these drugs lack efficacy and have a delayed response time and numerous side effects, their widespread abuse and market continue to grow. Over time, traditional practices using natural and phytochemicals as alternative therapies to chemical drugs have emerged to treat many pathological conditions, including anxiety and depression. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that the phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, is effective against several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. In addition, rosmarinic acid showed various pharmacological effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, lung protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the potentialities of the use of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of nervous system-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are less or not yet reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to present several preclinical and clinical studies, when available, from different databases investigating the effects of rosmarinic acid on anxiety and depression. These studies showed that rosmarinic acid produces advantageous effects on anxiety and depression through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review will examine and discuss the possibility that the anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects of rosmarinic acid could be associated with its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Dahchour
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco.
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Liu C, Hua N, Zhang Y, Wang C. Predictive Significance of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Combined with Homocysteine for Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Anxiety Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7657347. [PMID: 36051484 PMCID: PMC9427321 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7657347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Currently, there are few studies on biomarkers for predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) with anxiety disorders. Objective To explore risk factors and investigate the predictive value of common clinical peripheral blood indicators, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) for CHD patients with anxiety disorders. Methods One hundred fifty-three hospitalized patients with chest pain as the main symptom and a Hamilton Anxiety Scale score > 14 were recruited from October 2020 to September 2021 in the hospital. Then, they were divided into an anxiety disorder with CHD group (observation group, n = 64) and a simple anxiety disorder group (control group, n = 89), according to coronary angiography (CAG) findings. Patients' demographic and clinical messages were collected and compared. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension, body mass index (BMI), and peripheral blood interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine (Hcy), fibrinogen, D-dimer, cortisol, and norepinephrine expression levels were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis screened independent risk factors of CHD patients with anxiety disorders. The effectiveness of independent risk factors in predicting CHD with anxiety disorders was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results IL-6, hs-CRP, and Hcy levels of anxiety disorder in the CHD group were significantly higher than those in the simple anxiety disorder group. Binary multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that IL-6, hs-CRP, and Hcy were independent risk factors for CHD in patients with anxiety disorders. hs-CRP and Hcy levels were positively correlated with the Gensini score. ROC curve analysis indicated that the detection of hs-CRP or Hcy alone or the combined detection of the 2 had clinical predictive value for CHD in patients with anxiety disorders, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the combined detection of the 2 was significantly larger than that of any single factor alone (vs. hs-CRP, P = 0.045; vs. Hcy, P = 0.045). Conclusion IL-6, hs-CRP, and Hcy are related to CHD with anxiety disorders. Serum levels of the combined detection of hs-CRP and Hcy have a high clinical predictive value for CHD in patients with anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Na Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Cuirong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
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Shan LL, Wang YL, Qiao TC, Bian YF, Huo YJ, Guo C, Liu QY, Yang ZD, Li ZZ, Liu MY, Han Y. Association of Serum Interleukin-8 and Serum Amyloid A With Anxiety Symptoms in Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:938655. [PMID: 35923828 PMCID: PMC9341200 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.938655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a clinical syndrome caused by pathological changes in small vessels. Anxiety is a common symptom of CSVD. Previous studies have reported the association between inflammatory factors and anxiety in other diseases, but this association in patients with CSVD remains uncovered. Our study aimed to investigate whether serum inflammatory factors correlated with anxiety in patients with CSVD. Methods A total of 245 CSVD patients confirmed using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recruited from December 2019 to December 2021. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) was used to assess the anxiety symptoms of CSVD patients. Patients with HAMA scores ≥7 were considered to have anxiety symptoms. The serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were detected. We compared levels of inflammatory factors between the anxiety and non-anxiety groups. Logistic regression analyses examined the correlation between inflammatory factors and anxiety symptoms. We further performed a gender subgroup analysis to investigate whether this association differed by gender. Results In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis model, we found that lower levels of IL-8 were linked to a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Moreover, higher levels of SAA were linked to a lower risk of anxiety symptoms. Our study identified sex-specific effects, and the correlation between IL-8 and anxiety symptoms remained significant among males, while the correlation between SAA and anxiety symptoms remained significant among females. Conclusions In this study, we found a suggestive association between IL-8, SAA, and anxiety symptoms in CSVD participants. Furthermore, IL-8 and SAA may have a sex-specific relationship with anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Shan
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Georgetown Preparatory School, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tian-Ci Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Feng Bian
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jing Huo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Dong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Zhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ming-Yuan Liu
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Han ; orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-0906
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Aksoy SH, Yurdaışık I, Timurağaoğlu A. Ionizing Radiation Exposure due to Medical Imaging in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. ISTANBUL MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/imj.galenos.2022.40771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Orendáčová M, Kvašňák E. Possible Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Post-COVID Symptoms and Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:837972. [PMID: 35431842 PMCID: PMC9010738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.837972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical considerations related to neurological post-COVID complications have become a serious issue in the COVID pandemic. We propose 3 theoretical hypotheses related to neurological post-COVID complications. First, pathophysiological processes responsible for long-term neurological complications caused by COVID-19 might have 2 phases: (1) Phase of acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related neurological complications and (2) the phase of post-acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for long-lasting persistence of post-COVID neurological problems and/or exacerbation of another neurological pathologies. Second, post-COVID symptoms can be described and investigated from the perspective of dynamical system theory exploiting its fundamental concepts such as system parameters, attractors and criticality. Thirdly, neurofeedback may represent a promising therapy for neurological post-COVID complications. Based on the current knowledge related to neurofeedback and what is already known about neurological complications linked to acute COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 conditions, we propose that neurofeedback modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance-based neurofeedback, quantitative EEG-based neurofeedback, Othmer's method of rewarding individual optimal EEG frequency and heart rate variability-based biofeedback, represent a potential therapy for improvement of post-COVID symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Orendáčová
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eugen Kvašňák
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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20
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Pan S, Ma Y, Yang R, Lu X, You Q, Ye T, Huang C. Indole-3-Carbinol Selectively Prevents Chronic Stress-Induced Depression-but not Anxiety-Like Behaviors via Suppressing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Oxido-Nitrosative Stress in the Brain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829966. [PMID: 35242039 PMCID: PMC8886242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical enriched in most cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to display various biological activities such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effect of I3C on chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. Results showed that repeated I3C treatment at the dose of 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg prevented chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced behavioral abnormalities in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, sucrose preference test, and social interaction test in mice, and did not affect CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities in the elevated plus maze, light-dark test, and open-field test, suggesting that the I3C treatment selectively prevents the onset of depression- but not anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Further analysis demonstrated that repeated I3C treatment (60 mg/kg, 10 days) prevented CSDS-induced increases in levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and protein, but did not affect CSDS-induced decreases in levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Ym-1 mRNA and/or protein in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, suggesting that I3C can selectively prevent chronic stress-induced pro-inflammatory but not anti-inflammatory responses in the brain. Further analysis showed that repeated I3C treatment (60 mg/kg, 10 days) prevented CSDS-induced increases in levels of nitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreases in contents of glutathione (GSH), and decreases in levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrated that I3C selectively prevents chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice likely through suppressing neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Pan
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China
| | - Yaoying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingsheng You
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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21
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Innate immune stimulation prevents the development of anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108950. [PMID: 35074304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a common psychological disease which can induce severe social burdens. Searching methods that prevent the onset of anxiety is of great significance for ameliorating the social and individual problems induced by this type of disease. In this study, we investigated how innate immune pre-stimulation influences the anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Our results showed that a single injection of an innate immune stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the dose of 50, 100, and 500 μg/kg 1 day before stress exposure prevented chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice. A single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) 5 days before stress exposure produced similar preventive effects on CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, while similar effects were not observed at the condition of 10-days interval between LPS injection and stress exposure. A second LPS injection 10 days after the first LPS injection or a 4 × LPS injection 10 days before stress exposure also prevented CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, a single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure prevented the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CSDS mice. Suppression of innate immune stimulation by minocycline pretreatment simultaneously abrogated the preventive effect of LPS pre-injection (100 μg/kg) on CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the brain. Our results demonstrated that the pre-stimulation of the innate immune system can prevent the development of anxiety-like behaviors and the progression of the neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in chronically stressed mice.
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22
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Kemp GM, Altimimi HF, Nho Y, Heir R, Klyczek A, Stellwagen D. Sustained TNF signaling is required for the synaptic and anxiety-like behavioral response to acute stress. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4474-4484. [PMID: 36104437 PMCID: PMC9734040 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress triggers plasticity of forebrain synapses as well as behavioral changes. Here we reveal that Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF) is a required downstream mediator of the stress response in mice, necessary for stress-induced synaptic potentiation in the ventral hippocampus and for an increase in anxiety-like behaviour. Acute stress is sufficient to activate microglia, triggering the long-term release of TNF. Critically, on-going TNF signaling specifically in the ventral hippocampus is necessary to sustain both the stress-induced synaptic and behavioral changes, as these could be reversed hours after induction by antagonizing TNF signaling. This demonstrates that TNF maintains the synaptic and behavioral stress response in vivo, making TNF a potential novel therapeutic target for stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Kemp
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Haider F. Altimimi
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Yoonmi Nho
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Renu Heir
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Adam Klyczek
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - David Stellwagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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23
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Shen Z, Cui L, Mou S, Ren L, Yuan Y, Shen X, Li G. Combining S100B and Cytokines as Neuro-Inflammatory Biomarkers for Diagnosing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study Based on Machine Learning. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:881241. [PMID: 35815053 PMCID: PMC9256955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.881241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a neurotrophic factor that regulates neuronal growth and plasticity by activating astrocytes and microglia through the production of cytokines involved in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). However, few studies have combined S100B and cytokines to explore their role as neuro-inflammatory biomarkers in GAD. METHODS Serum S100B and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10) of 108 untreated GAD cases and 123 healthy controls (HC) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) scores and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores were measured to evaluate anxiety and depression severity. This was used to help physicians identify persons having GAD. Machine learning techniques were applied for feature ordering of cytokines and S100B and the classification of persons with GAD and HC. RESULTS The serum S100B, IL-1β, and IL-2 levels of GAD cases were significantly lower than HC (P < 0.001), and the IL-4 level in persons with GAD was significantly higher than HC (P < 0.001). At the same time, IL-10 had no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.215). The feature ranking distinguishing GAD from HC using machine learning ranked the features in the following order: IL-2, IL-1β, IL-4, S100B, and IL-10. The accuracy of S100B combined with IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in distinguishing persons with GAD from HC was 94.47 ± 2.06% using an integrated back propagation neural network based on a bagging algorithm (BPNN-Bagging). CONCLUSION The serum S-100B, IL-1β, and IL-2 levels in persons with GAD were down-regulated while IL-4 was up-regulated. The combination of S100B and cytokines had a good diagnosis value in determining GAD with an accuracy of 94.47%. Machine learning was a very effective method to study neuro-inflammatory biomarkers interacting with each other and mediated by plenty of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Shen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Lijun Cui
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoqi Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lie Ren
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Patsalos O, Dalton B, Kyprianou C, Firth J, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Schmidt U, Himmerich H. Nutrient Intake and Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Current and Recovered Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124400. [PMID: 34959952 PMCID: PMC8708616 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by disrupted and restrictive eating patterns. Recent investigations and meta-analyses have found altered concentrations of inflammatory markers in people with current AN. We aimed to assess nutrient intake in participants with current or recovered AN, as compared to healthy individuals, and explore group differences in dietary inflammatory potential as a possible explanation for the observed alterations in inflammatory markers. We recruited participants with current AN (n = 51), those recovered from AN (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 49). We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), to calculate a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) score and collected blood samples to measure serum concentrations of inflammatory markers. In current AN participants, we found lower intake of cholesterol, compared to HCs, and lower consumption of zinc and protein, compared to HC and recovered AN participants. A one-way ANOVA revealed no significant group differences in DII score. Multivariable regression analyses showed that DII scores were significantly associated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations in our current AN sample. Our findings on nutrient intake are partially consistent with previous research. The lack of group differences in DII score, perhaps suggests that diet is not a key contributor to altered inflammatory marker concentrations in current and recovered AN. Future research would benefit from including larger samples and using multiple 24-h dietary recalls to assess dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (B.D.); (C.K.); (U.S.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (B.D.); (C.K.); (U.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Christia Kyprianou
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (B.D.); (C.K.); (U.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M25 3BL, UK
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (N.S.); (J.R.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - James R. Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (N.S.); (J.R.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (B.D.); (C.K.); (U.S.); (H.H.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (B.D.); (C.K.); (U.S.); (H.H.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
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25
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Steinman MQ, Kirson D, Wolfe SA, Khom S, D'Ambrosio SR, Spierling Bagsic SR, Bajo M, Vlkolinský R, Hoang NK, Singhal A, Sureshchandra S, Oleata CS, Messaoudi I, Zorrilla EP, Roberto M. Importance of sex and trauma context on circulating cytokines and amygdalar GABAergic signaling in a comorbid model of posttraumatic stress and alcohol use disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3093-3107. [PMID: 33087855 PMCID: PMC8058115 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and anxiety disorders are frequently comorbid and share mechanisms that could be therapeutic targets. To facilitate mechanistic studies, we adapted an inhibitory avoidance-based "2-hit" rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and identified predictors and biomarkers of comorbid alcohol (ethanol)/PTSD-like symptoms in these animals. Stressed Wistar rats received a single footshock on two occasions. The first footshock occurred when rats crossed into the dark chamber of a shuttle box. Forty-eight hours later, rats received the second footshock in a familiar (FAM) or novel (NOV) context. Rats then received 4 weeks of two-bottle choice (2BC) ethanol access. During subsequent abstinence, PTSD-like behavior responses, GABAergic synaptic transmission in the central amygdala (CeA), and circulating cytokine levels were measured. FAM and NOV stress more effectively increased 2BC drinking in males and females, respectively. Stressed male rats, especially drinking-vulnerable individuals (≥0.8 g/kg average 2-h ethanol intake with >50% ethanol preference), showed higher fear overgeneralization in novel contexts, increased GABAergic transmission in the CeA, and a profile of increased G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-13, IL-6, IL-17a, leptin, and IL-4 that discriminated between stress context (NOV > FAM > Control). However, drinking-resilient males showed the highest G-CSF, IL-13, and leptin levels. Stressed females showed increased acoustic startle and decreased sleep maintenance, indicative of hyperarousal, with increased CeA GABAergic transmission in NOV females. This paradigm promotes key features of PTSD, including hyperarousal, fear generalization, avoidance, and sleep disturbance, with comorbid ethanol intake, in a sex-specific fashion that approximates clinical comorbidities better than existing models, and identifies increased CeA GABAergic signaling and a distinct pro-hematopoietic, proinflammatory, and pro-atopic cytokine profile that may aid in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Q Steinman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Dean Kirson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah A Wolfe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sophia Khom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shannon R D'Ambrosio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinský
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Noah K Hoang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anshita Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christopher S Oleata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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26
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Tsai SJ. Role of interleukin 8 in depression and other psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110173. [PMID: 33186640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low grade neuroinflammation has been suggested as one of the underlying mechanisms of many psychiatric diseases as well as cognitive disorders. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by many cell types including macrophage and microglia, mainly functions as a neutrophil chemoattractant in the bloodstream. IL-8 is also found in the brain, where it is released from microglia in response to proinflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight studies focusing on the role of IL-8 in psychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, sleep disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia. Increased peripheral IL-8 levels have been reported in these diseases, particularly in schizophrenic disorder, bipolar disorder, obstructive sleep apnea and autism spectrum disorder. The literature on IL-8 and major depression is inconsistent. IL-8 has been found to be a factor associated with schizophrenic prognosis and therapeutic response, and may affect a wide range of symptomatology. Considering that the exact role of immune alterations is still under research, the success of immune-based therapies in psychiatric diseases is limited for the time being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Gu XX, Jin Y, Fu T, Zhang XM, Li T, Yang Y, Li R, Zhou W, Guo JX, Zhao R, Li JJ, Dong C, Gu ZF. Relevant Characteristics Analysis Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Based on Phenotypes and T-Cell Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients With Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:793505. [PMID: 34955935 PMCID: PMC8703039 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.793505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is frequently observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the immune system could act as a trigger for anxiety. To recognize abnormal T-cell and B-cell subsets for SLE patients with anxiety, in this study, patient disease phenotypes data from electronic lupus symptom records were extracted by using natural language processing. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to distinguish patients, and 107 patients were selected to meet research requirements. Then, peripheral blood was collected from two patient groups for multicolor flow cytometry experiments. The characteristics of 75 T-cell and 15 B-cell subsets were investigated between SLE patients with- (n = 23) and without-anxiety (n = 84) groups by four machine learning methods. The findings showed 13 T-cell subsets were significantly different between the two groups. Furthermore, BMI, fatigue, depression, unstable emotions, CD27+CD28+ Th/Treg, CD27-CD28- Th/Treg, CD45RA-CD27- Th, and CD45RA+HLADR+ Th cells may be important characteristics between SLE patients with- and without-anxiety groups. The findings not only point out the difference of T-cell subsets in SLE patients with or without anxiety, but also imply that T cells might play the important role in patients with anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Gu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Li
- Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xin Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Gu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Joint Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Evrensel A, Tarhan N. Inflammation Biomarkers in Psychiatry. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216999200625115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
There has long been a need for diagnostic, theragnostic, and prognostic
biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Biomarkers help in reducing ambiguity and arbitrariness and
increase objectivity. In this context, many candidates for hormonal, immunological, serological, and
neuroimaging markers have been proposed, but none of these marker candidates alone nor a biomarker
panel has been approved for any disease. The fact that almost all psychiatric disorders are
heterogeneous makes this process challenging. However, strong biomarker candidates have been
identified, especially in light of the large number of clinical and preclinical studies conducted within
the last five years.
Objective:
The aim of this article was to compile and discuss the current information on immune
biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and
anxiety disorders.
Methods:
In this study, respected scientific databases were searched using key terms related to the
subject, and the related literature was examined in detail.
Results:
There are many relationships between psychiatric disorders and immune system parameters.
Evidence also suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric
disorders. Markers, such as proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive
protein have been associated with psychiatric disorders in numerous studies.
Conclusions:
The neuroinflammation hypothesis has an important place in the etiopathogenesis of
psychiatric disorders. Uncertainty remains as to whether neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence
of psychiatric disorders. Some researchers have indicated that intestinal microbiota composition
disorders and dysbiosis are sources of neuroinflammation. Immune marker studies are of
great importance in terms of eliminating this uncertainty and overcoming diagnostic and treatment
difficulties in the clinic. In this review, biomarker studies on psychiatric disorders were examined
from the viewpoint of the immune system and discussed in light of the current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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The role of hippocampal GABA A receptors on anxiolytic effects of Echium amoenum extract in a mice model of restraint stress. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6487-6496. [PMID: 32778988 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Echium amoenum (EA), a popular medicinal plant in Persian medicine, has anxiolytic, antioxidant, sedative, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined whether GABA-ergic signaling is involved in the anxiolytic effects of EA in mice. Sixty BALB/c mice (25-30 g) were divided into six groups (n = 10) as follows: the (I) control group received 10 ml/kg normal saline (NS). In the stress groups, the animals underwent 14 consecutive days of restraint stress (RS), and received following treatments simultaneously; (II) RS + NS; (III) RS + Diaz (Diazepam); (IV) RS + EA; (V) RS + Flu (Flumazenil) + EA; (VI) RS + Flu + Diaz. Behavioral tests including the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were performed to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors and the effects of the regimens. The plasma level of corticosterone and the hippocampal protein expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, CREB, and BDNF, as well as p-GABAA/GABAA ratio, were also assessed. The findings revealed that chronic administration of EA alone produced anxiolytic effects in both behavioral tests, while diazepam alone or in combination with Flu failed to decrease the anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, the p-GABAA/GABAA and p-CREB/CREB ratios, and protein levels of BDNF were significantly increased in the EA-received group. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone levels and the hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased by EA. However, pre-treatment with GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs) antagonist, Flu, reversed the anxiolytic and molecular effects of EA in the RS-subjected animals. Our findings confirmed that alternation of GABAAR is involved in the effects of EA against RS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, HPA axis activation, and neuroinflammation.
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30
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Rooney S, Sah A, Unger MS, Kharitonova M, Sartori SB, Schwarzer C, Aigner L, Kettenmann H, Wolf SA, Singewald N. Neuroinflammatory alterations in trait anxiety: modulatory effects of minocycline. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:256. [PMID: 32732969 PMCID: PMC7393101 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High trait anxiety is a substantial risk factor for developing anxiety disorders and depression. While neuroinflammation has been identified to contribute to stress-induced anxiety, little is known about potential dysregulation in the neuroinflammatory system of genetically determined pathological anxiety or high trait anxiety individuals. We report microglial alterations in various brain regions in a mouse model of high trait anxiety (HAB). In particular, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of HABs exhibited enhanced density and average cell area of Iba1+, and density of phagocytic (CD68+/Iba1+) microglia compared to normal anxiety (NAB) controls. Minocycline was used to assess the capacity of a putative microglia 'inhibitor' in modulating hyperanxiety behavior of HABs. Chronic oral minocycline indeed reduced HAB hyperanxiety, which was associated with significant decreases in Iba1+ and CD68+Iba1+ cell densities in the DG. Addressing causality, it was demonstrated that longer (10 days), but not shorter (5 days), periods of minocycline microinfusions locally into the DG of HAB reduced Iba-1+ cell density and attenuated hyperanxiety-related behavior, indicating that neuroinflammation in the DG is at least partially involved in the maintenance of pathological anxiety. The present data reveal evidence of disturbances in the microglial system of individuals with high trait anxiety. Minocycline attenuated HAB hyperanxiety, likely by modulation of microglial activity within the DG. Thus, the present data suggest that drugs with microglia-targeted anti-inflammatory properties could be promising as novel alternative or complimentary anxiolytic therapeutic approaches in specific subgroups of individuals genetically predisposed to hyperanxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Rooney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anupam Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Kharitonova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Feng L, He W, Lin S, Ruan Y, Yuan C, Qiu H, Ren W, He J. The association between interleukin-8 levels and the development of withdrawal symptoms during methamphetamine abstinence. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2736. [PMID: 32352600 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Withdrawal symptoms are common during methamphetamine (METH) abstinence. This study aimed to explore the association between serum interleukins and withdrawal symptoms during METH abstinence. METHODS This study recruited 120 METH users, and 94 of them completed the 2-week follow-up. Serum interleukin-1β, 6,8,10 were tested at admission. Withdrawal symptoms were assessed by the Methamphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (MAWQ). RESULTS Serum IL-8 levels were positively correlated with MAWQ scores at the 2-week endpoint (r = .257, p = .013). The variation of the MAWQ scores during the 2-week follow-up was negatively correlated with serum IL-8 levels at admission (r = -.249, p = .026). Serum IL-8 levels remained associated with the severity of METH withdrawal symptoms (β = .363, p = .023), after adjusting for potential confounders. LIMITATIONS This study did not include normal controls. Most patients were male and cigarette smokers. Patients were only followed up for 2 weeks, and their toxicology data were not collected. Interleukins were only measured at admission, and were tested in serum, not in the cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that higher serum IL-8 levels may predict more severe withdrawal symptoms at 2 weeks after METH abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weilei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiting Ruan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengxiang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huihua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jincai He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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32
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Zhao Z, Wang B, Mu L, Wang H, Luo J, Yang Y, Yang H, Li M, Zhou L, Tao C. Long-Term Exposure to Ceftriaxone Sodium Induces Alteration of Gut Microbiota Accompanied by Abnormal Behaviors in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:258. [PMID: 32714875 PMCID: PMC7344183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence points out that a disturbance of gut microbiota may also disturb the gut–brain communication. However, it is not clear to what extent the alteration of microbiota composition can modulate brain function, affecting host behaviors. Here, we investigated the effects of gut microbiota depletion on emotional behaviors. Methods: Mice in the experimental group were orally administered ceftriaxone sodium solution (250 mg/ml, 0.2 ml/d) for 11 weeks. The open-field test and tail-suspension test were employed for the neurobehavioral assessment of the mice. Fecal samples were collected for 16s rDNA sequencing. The serum levels of cytokines and corticosterone were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The immunohistochemistry method was used for the detection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and c-Fos protein. Results: The gut microbiota for antibiotic-treated mice showed lower richness and diversity compared with normal controls. This effect was accompanied by increased anxiety-like, depression-like, and aggressive behaviors. We found these changes to be possibly associated with a dysregulation of the immune system, abnormal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and an alteration of neurochemistry. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the indispensable role of microbiota in the gut–brain communication and suggest that the absence of conventional gut microbiota could affect the nervous system, influencing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoning Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlin Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zou Z, Zhou B, Huang Y, Wang J, Min W, Li T. Differences in cytokines between patients with generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. J Psychosom Res 2020; 133:109975. [PMID: 32220649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences among panic disorder (PD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and controls in inflammatory cytokines. We also analysed the correlation between inflammatory cytokines and response to escitalopram in PD and GAD patients. METHODS Eighty-six patients with PD, 86 patients with GAD and 86 healthy controls were recruited for this study. All participants were, respectively, assessed for severity of anxiety and panic symptoms using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS); all patients in the study were also assessed after 4 weeks of treatment. The serum levels of cytokines were measured using a flow fluorescence microsphere assay. RESULTS Both PD and GAD patients had higher serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) than controls, and patients with PD showed significantly higher IL-6 than GAD patients. Significant positive correlations were found between the IFN-γ levels and the severity of anxiety in GAD patients. Higher level of IL-6 was associated with better response to escitalopram treatment in PD patients. However, the baseline levels of cytokines were not associated with treatment responses in GAD patients. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that patients with PD may have higher levels of IL-6 than GAD, and higher baseline levels of IL-6 may be a better response to escitalopram in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Zou
- Mental Health Center, West China University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychosomatic Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Psychosomatic Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Psychosomatic Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Psychosomatic Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Wenjiao Min
- Psychosomatic Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center, West China University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Anjum S, Qusar MMAS, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Altered serum interleukin-7 and interleukin-10 are associated with drug-free major depressive disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320916655. [PMID: 32435448 PMCID: PMC7225792 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320916655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines in major depressive disorder (MDD) suggests the activation of an inflammatory process. The pattern of alterations in cytokine levels is still ambiguous. The present study aimed to evaluate interleukin-7 (IL-7) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) for their involvement in the pathophysiology of MDD and determine their relationships with depression risk. METHODS The study included 166 medication-free subjects: 84 MDD patients and 82 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist diagnosed patients and evaluated controls based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D) was used to measure the severity of depression in MDD patients. Serum IL-7 and IL-10 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the serum levels of IL-7 were significantly decreased, whereas that of IL-10 increased in MDD patients. Moreover, the severity of depression is correlated with the altered levels of IL-7 and IL-10 in MDD patients. We found a negative correlation between IL-7 and Hamilton depression rating (Ham-D) scores (r = -0.580, p < 0.05), whereas there was a positive correlation between IL-10 and Ham-D scores (r = 0.555, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The altered levels of serum IL-7 and IL-10 in MDD patients may represent a homeostatic mechanism that enhances the inflammatory process during depression. The alterations of these cytokine levels in MDD and their association with the severity of depression support them as promising, but there may still be controversial factors for understanding the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
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Ziegler C, Grundner-Culemann F, Schiele MA, Schlosser P, Kollert L, Mahr M, Gajewska A, Lesch KP, Deckert J, Köttgen A, Domschke K. The DNA methylome in panic disorder: a case-control and longitudinal psychotherapy-epigenetic study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:314. [PMID: 31754096 PMCID: PMC6872551 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In panic disorder (PD), epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation of candidate genes have been suggested to play a key role at the intersection of genetic and environmental factors. On an epigenome-wide level, however, only two studies in PD patients have been published so far, while to date no study has intra-individually analyzed dynamic epigenetic correlates of treatment-response in PD on a DNA methylome level. Here, an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was performed in a sample of 57 PD patients and matched healthy controls using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip, along with a longitudinal approach assessing changes on the DNA methylome level corresponding to clinical effects of a manualized six-week cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. While no epigenome-wide significant hits could be discerned, top suggestive evidence was observed for decreased methylation in PD at cg19917903 in the Cilia and Flagella Associated Protein 46 (CFAP46) gene, and for an increase in methylation after CBT at cg06943668 in the Interleukin 1 Receptor Type 1 (IL1R1) gene in treatment responders to CBT. Additional exploratory analyses based on biological validity and a combined statistical/biological ranking point to further new potential PD risk genes such as the CCL4L1 or GMNN genes, and suggest dynamic methylation of, e.g., the ZFP622 and the SLC43A2 genes along with response to CBT. These EWAS and first longitudinal epigenome-wide pilot data in PD add to the emerging candidate gene-based body of evidence for epigenetic mechanisms to be involved in PD pathogenesis and to possibly constitute dynamic biological correlates of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundner-Culemann
- 0000 0000 9428 7911grid.7708.8Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A. Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- 0000 0000 9428 7911grid.7708.8Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Kollert
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mahr
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,0000 0001 2288 8774grid.448878.fLaboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia ,0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- 0000 0000 9428 7911grid.7708.8Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Association Between Repeated Episodes of Gastroenteritis and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:1115-1123. [PMID: 30768387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) cohorts were used to determine whether repeated exposure to gastroenteritis in early life could predict risk for psychiatric problems in childhood and in ALSPAC adolescents. We determined whether inflammatory biomarkers moderated the association between repeated gastroenteritis and mental health in adolescents from ALSPAC. METHOD Episodes of gastroenteritis from birth to 30 and 36 months were reported by mothers. Psychological problems were assessed using the total difficulties and subscale scores on the Revised Rutter Parent Scale for Preschool Children at 42 months and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 81 months in ALSPAC. Presence of psychiatric disorders at 15.5 years was assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) in ALSPAC. In the MAVAN replication cohort, total difficulties were assessed on the SDQ at 60 and 72 months. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) at 9.5 years and CRP at 15.5 years were measured in ALSPAC participants. RESULTS Repeated gastroenteritis associated with the total difficulties score in ALSPAC and MAVAN children. The β values were small, indicating that the clinical relevance of these findings requires further investigation. Repeated gastroenteritis was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of externalizing disorders at age 15.5 years, but odds ratios were small. CRP or IL-6 at 9.5 years or CRP at 15.5 years did not significantly moderate the association between repeated gastroenteritis and prevalence of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Identifying factors associated with vulnerability to psychopathology is key to early identification of individuals at risk.
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Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory cytokines in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:105-110. [PMID: 31163212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research into psychoneuroimmunology has led to substantial advances in our understanding of the reciprocal interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system in neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety. The immunomodulating effects of antidepressants on depression have been reported, however, there is no evidence of the similar effects of antidepressants on anxiety. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on peripheral inflammatory cytokines in patients with first episode generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS A prospective cohort design was employed: 42 patients with first episode GAD were treated with either escitalopram or sertraline for 12 weeks. Anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and CRP determined by an immunoturbidimetric method before and after SSRIs treatment RESULTS: Baseline levels of anxiety and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ, and CRP were significantly reduced after treatment of SSRIs (p < 0.05 in all cases). In addition, the change of anxiety measures co-vary with the change of peripheral cytokine levels (p < 0.05 in all cases). The regression model revealed that log transformed baseline levels of CRP and IL-6 predicted treatment response (p < 0.05 in both cases). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate the effects of SSRIs on pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with first episode GAD. The findings indicate moderate acute anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs in GAD, and suggest that these anti-inflammatory effects may underlie anxiolytic effects of SSRIs. The study also indicates that serum levels of CRP and IL-6 may predict treatment response. However, data from randomized controlled trials is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Esquivel-Rendón E, Vargas-Mireles J, Cuevas-Olguín R, Miranda-Morales M, Acosta-Mares P, García-Oscos F, Pineda JC, Salgado H, Rose-John S, Atzori M. Interleukin 6 Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in a Social Defeat-Susceptible Prefrontal Cortex Circuit. Neuroscience 2019; 414:280-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Costello H, Gould RL, Abrol E, Howard R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027925. [PMID: 31326932 PMCID: PMC6661660 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation has been implicated in the aetiology of mental illness. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral markers of inflammation and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies measuring peripheral cytokine levels in people with GAD compared with controls. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (1950-), EMBASE (1947-), PsycINFO (1872-) and Web of Science (1945-) databases up until January 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Primary, quantitative research studies of people with a diagnosis of GAD assessed using a standardised clinical interview that measured peripheral inflammatory markers. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted for individual cytokines where data from three or more studies were available. RESULTS 14 of 1718 identified studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 1188 patients with GAD and 10 623 controls. In total 16 cytokines were evaluated. Significantly raised levels of C reactive protein (CRP), interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α were reported in patients with GAD compared with controls in two or more studies. Ten further proinflammatory cytokines were reported to be significantly raised in GAD in at least one study. However, 5 of 14 studies found no difference in the levels of at least one cytokine. Only CRP studies reported sufficient data for meta-analysis. CRP was significantly higher in people with GAD compared with controls, with a small effect size (Cohen's d=0.38, 0.06-0.69), comparable with that reported in schizophrenia. However, heterogeneity was high (I2=75%), in keeping with meta-analyses of inflammation in other psychiatric conditions and reflecting differences in participant medication use, comorbid depression and cytokine sampling methodology. CONCLUSION There is preliminary evidence to suggest an inflammatory response in GAD, but it remains unclear whether inflammatory cytokines play a role in the aetiology. GAD remains a poorly studied area of neuroinflammation compared with other mental disorders, and further longitudinal studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Costello
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca L Gould
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Esha Abrol
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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Himmerich H, Patsalos O, Lichtblau N, Ibrahim MAA, Dalton B. Cytokine Research in Depression: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 30792669 PMCID: PMC6374304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have been implicated in the pathology of depression. Currently, the evidence is based on cross-sectional studies and meta-analytic research comparing blood concentrations of T helper type 1 (TH1), T helper type 2 (TH2), pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines of patients with a depressive disorder to those of healthy controls. Additionally, multiple longitudinal studies have investigated cytokine levels during antidepressant treatment. According to the current literature, it seems that peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are elevated and that interferon (IFN)-γ levels are lower in patients with depression compared to healthy controls. However, the overlap of cytokine values between acutely depressed patients, remitted and recovered patients and healthy controls is considerable. Thus, the discriminative power of cytokine concentrations between depressed and non-depressed people is likely weak. Treatment with certain antidepressants appears to decrease peripheral levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. However, weight gain-inducing psychopharmacological substances, such as the antidepressant mirtazapine, have been reported to potentially increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Even though cytokines are often discussed as biomarkers for depression, they have also been shown to be altered in other psychiatric disorders. Moreover, many environmental, social, psychological, biological, and medical factors are also associated with cytokine changes. Thus, cytokine alterations seem extremely unspecific. The interpretation of the results of these studies remains a challenge because it is unknown which type of cells are most responsible for cytokine changes measured in the blood nor have the main target cells or target tissues been identified. The same cytokine can be produced by multiple cell types, and the same cell can produce various cytokines. Additionally, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, and signaling cascades of cytokine signaling must be considered. Cytokines might not be associated with the diagnosis of depression according to the currently used diagnostic manuals, but rather with specific subtypes of depression, or with depressive symptoms across different psychiatric diagnoses. Therefore, the currently available diagnostic systems may not be the ideal starting point for psychiatric cytokine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Lichtblau
- Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad A. A. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Immunological Medicine and Allergy, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Longitudinal assessment of clinical and inflammatory markers in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:69-74. [PMID: 30219498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate potential associations between clinical features and inflammatory markers in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS A consecutive series of 68 patients (39 males and 29 females) with sporadic ALS were subjected to a comprehensive clinical assessment and blood draw. A subset of these patients underwent a new assessment within 6-12 months after the baseline visit. In addition, a group of 62 subjects composed by age and sex-matched healthy subjects (38 males and 24 females) was enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and plasma levels of chemokines and cytokines were measured by cytometric bead array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Our sample was composed by patients with ALS with an average age of 58 (±12.3) years old and 3 (±2.7) years of disease length at the baseline visit. Patients with ALS presented increased plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in comparison with controls. After multivariate analysis, higher levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IL-2 were significantly associated with increased likelihood of ALS diagnosis. When evaluating the subset of patients assessed longitudinally, we did not find any significant difference in the levels of inflammatory markers between the two time points. Older age at ALS onset was the only factor associated with a faster rate of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 levels could discriminate between ALS and controls and may be regarded as a potential biomarker of ALS diagnosis. An increase in IL-2 levels was associated with a protective effect on the odds of ALS diagnosis. Older age at ALS onset predicted a fast rate of disease progression.
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