1
|
Xu D, Huang M, Xu L, Li Z. Salinity-driven nitrogen removal and bacteria community compositions in microbial fuel cell-integrated constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34275-w. [PMID: 38990258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The effects of salinity gradients (500-4000 mg·L-1 NaCl) on electricity generation, nitrogen removal, and microbial community were investigated in a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) system. The result showed that power density significantly increased from 7.77 mW m-2 to a peak of 34.27 mW m-2 as salinity rose, indicating enhanced electron transfer capabilities under saline conditions. At a moderate salinity level of 2000 mg·L-1 NaCl, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TN reached their maximum at 77.34 ± 7.61% and 48.45 ± 8.14%, respectively. This could be attributed to increased microbial activity and the presence of critical nitrogen-removal organisms, such as Nitrospira and unclassified Betaproteobacteria at the anode, as well as Bacillus, unclassified Rhizobiales, Sphingobium, and Simplicispira at the cathode. Additionally, this salinity corresponded with the highest abundance of Exiguobacterium (3.92%), a potential electrogenic bacterium, particularly at the cathode. Other microorganisms, including Geobacter, unclassified Planctomycetaceae, and Thauera, adapted well to elevated salinity, thereby enhancing both electricity generation and nitrogen removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Mingyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Linghong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zebing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glaser K, Kammann S, Plag N, Dressler M. Ecophysiological performance of terrestrial diatoms isolated from biocrusts of coastal sand dunes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1279151. [PMID: 38169811 PMCID: PMC10758497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1279151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial diatoms are widespread in a large variety of habitats and are regularly recorded in biocrusts. Although diatoms have long been known to live in terrestrial habitats, only a few studies have focused on their diversity of ecophysiology. Here we present a study on the ecophysiological performance of five terrestrial diatom cultures from biocrusts, which were collected in sand dunes of the German coast of the Baltic Sea. The sampling sites were selected along a gradient of human impacts on the dunes. The richness of diatom species, roughly estimated from permanent slides, was around 30 species per sampling site. The species abundance was calculated in the same way revealing a high proportion of broken diatom frustules. All diatom cultures established in the laboratory showed no photoinhibition and high oxygen production along a light gradient. The desiccation tolerance differed among the strains, with high recovery observed for Hantzschia abundans and Achnanthes coarctata and low to no recovery for Pinnularia borealis and Pinnularia intermedia. The maximum growth rate for most strains was between 25 and 30°C. These temperatures can be easily reached in their natural environments. Nevertheless, during short-term exposure to elevated temperatures, oxygen production was recorded up to 35°C. Interestingly, two of five diatom cultures (Hantzschia abundans and Pinnularia borealis) produced mycosporine-like amino acids. These UV-protective substances are known from marine diatoms but not previously reported in terrestrial diatoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Glaser
- Institute for Biosciences, Biology/Ecology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Kammann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Niklas Plag
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mirko Dressler
- Department of Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang B, Li X, Wang G. Responses of the desert green algae, Chlorella sp. to drought stress. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:1299-1309. [PMID: 37864776 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Desert algae are important components of the desert soil crust and play an essential role in desert soil ecosystem development. Owing to their special habitat, desert algae are often exposed to harsh environments, among which drought represents the most common stress. Green algae are considered to have drought tolerance potential; however, only a few studies have investigated this. In this study, we selected the green alga Chlorella sp., which was isolated from desert soil, and studied its physiological response to polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-induced drought stress. The results showed that drought stress can affect the photosynthetic efficiency of Chlorella sp., reduce its water retention ability, and destroy its ultrastructure. However, Chlorella sp. can cope with drought stress through a series of physiological regulatory strategies. Protective strategies include quick recovery of photosynthetic efficiency and increased chlorophyll content. In addition, induced synthesis of soluble proteins, lipids, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), and accumulation of osmotic regulatory substances, such as sucrose and trehalose, also contribute to improving drought tolerance in Chlorella sp. This study provides insights into the physiological responses of Chlorella sp. to drought stress, which may be valuable for understanding the underlying drought adaptation mechanisms of desert green algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecological Simulation and Environmental Health in Yangtze River Basin, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
- College of Resource & Environment, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arzac MI, Miranda-Apodaca J, Gasulla F, Arce-Guerrero M, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola JI. Acquisition of Desiccation Tolerance Unveiled: Polar Lipid Profiles of Streptophyte Algae Offer Insights. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14073. [PMID: 38148218 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization by photosynthetic eukaryotes took place in the two branches of green microalgae: Chlorophyta and Charophyta. Within the latter, the paraphyletic streptophytic algae divide into two clades. These are named Klebsormidiophyceae-Chlorokybophyceae-Mesostigmatophyceae (KCM), which is the oldest, and Zygnematophyceae-Coleochaetophyceae-Charophyceae (ZCC), which contains the closest relatives of vascular plants. Terrestrialization required the emergence of adaptations in response to new challenges, such as irradiance, temperature oscillations and water deprivation. In this study, we evaluated lipid composition in species representative of distinct phylogenetic clusters within Charophyta and Chlorophyta. We aim to study whether the inherent thylakoid lipid composition, as well as its adaptability in response to desiccation, were fundamental factors for the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. The results showed that the lipid composition was similar to that found in flowering land plants, differing only in betaine lipids. Likewise, the largest constitutive pool of oligogalactolipids (OGL) was found only in the fully desiccation-tolerant species Klebsormidium nitens. After desiccation, the content of polar lipids decreased in all species. Conversely, the content of OGL increased, particularly trigalactosyldiacylglycerol and tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol in the ZCC clade. The analysis of the molecular species composition of the newly formed OGL may suggest a different biosynthetic route for the KCM and ZCC clades. We speculate that the appearance of a new OGL synthesis pathway, which eventually arose during the streptophyte evolutionary process, endowed algae with a much more dynamic regulation of thylakoid composition in response to stress, which ultimately contributed to the colonization of terrestrial habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Miranda-Apodaca
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - María Arce-Guerrero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Davies KM, Landi M, van Klink JW, Schwinn KE, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Chagné D, Jibran R, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Bowman JL. Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:613-636. [PMID: 36070407 PMCID: PMC9670752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments. SCOPE In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure-function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weber B, Belnap J, Büdel B, Antoninka AJ, Barger NN, Chaudhary VB, Darrouzet-Nardi A, Eldridge DJ, Faist AM, Ferrenberg S, Havrilla CA, Huber-Sannwald E, Malam Issa O, Maestre FT, Reed SC, Rodriguez-Caballero E, Tucker C, Young KE, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Bowker MA. What is a biocrust? A refined, contemporary definition for a broadening research community. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1768-1785. [PMID: 35584903 PMCID: PMC9545944 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) have proliferated over the last few decades. The biocrust literature has broadened, with more studies assessing and describing the function of a variety of biocrust communities in a broad range of biomes and habitats and across a large spectrum of disciplines, and also by the incorporation of biocrusts into global perspectives and biogeochemical models. As the number of biocrust researchers increases, along with the scope of soil communities defined as ‘biocrust’, it is worth asking whether we all share a clear, universal, and fully articulated definition of what constitutes a biocrust. In this review, we synthesize the literature with the views of new and experienced biocrust researchers, to provide a refined and fully elaborated definition of biocrusts. In doing so, we illustrate the ecological relevance and ecosystem services provided by them. We demonstrate that biocrusts are defined by four distinct elements: physical structure, functional characteristics, habitat, and taxonomic composition. We describe outgroups, which have some, but not all, of the characteristics necessary to be fully consistent with our definition and thus would not be considered biocrusts. We also summarize the wide variety of different types of communities that fall under our definition of biocrusts, in the process of highlighting their global distribution. Finally, we suggest the universal use of the Belnap, Büdel & Lange definition, with minor modifications: Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) result from an intimate association between soil particles and differing proportions of photoautotrophic (e.g. cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes) and heterotrophic (e.g. bacteria, fungi, archaea) organisms, which live within, or immediately on top of, the uppermost millimetres of soil. Soil particles are aggregated through the presence and activity of these often extremotolerant biota that desiccate regularly, and the resultant living crust covers the surface of the ground as a coherent layer. With this detailed definition of biocrusts, illustrating their ecological functions and widespread distribution, we hope to stimulate interest in biocrust research and inform various stakeholders (e.g. land managers, land users) on their overall importance to ecosystem and Earth system functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weber
- Division of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jayne Belnap
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2290 S. Resource Blvd, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Biology Institute, University of Kaiserslautern, PO Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anita J Antoninka
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nichole N Barger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, 39 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - David J Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Akasha M Faist
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3-I, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, MSC 3AF, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Caroline A Havrilla
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. 4ta Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Oumarou Malam Issa
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (IEES-Paris), SU/IRD/CNRS/INRAE/UPEC, 32, Avenue Henry Varagnat, F-93143, Bondy Cedex, France
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.,Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Sasha C Reed
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2290 S. Resource Blvd, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Agronomy and Centro de Investigación de Colecciones Científicas (CECOUAL), Universidad de Almería, carretera Sacramento s/n, 04120, La cañada de San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Colin Tucker
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1134, USA
| | - Kristina E Young
- Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources, Utah State University, 1850 S. Aggie Blvd, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Bejing Road, Urumqi City, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunge Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Bejing Road, Urumqi City, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prelle LR, Karsten U. Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth of Five Benthic Diatom Strains as a Function of Intermixing Processes of Coastal Peatlands with the Baltic Sea. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040749. [PMID: 35456804 PMCID: PMC9030513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of climate change, renaturation of peatlands has become increasingly important, due to their function as carbon sinks. Renaturation processes in the Baltic Sea include removal of coastal protection measures thereby facilitating exchange processes between peatland and Baltic Sea water masses with inhabiting aquatic organisms, which suddenly face new environmental conditions. In this study, two Baltic Sea and three peatland benthic diatom strains were investigated for their ecophysiological response patterns as a function of numerous growth media, light, and temperature conditions. Results clearly showed growth stimulation for all five diatom strains when cultivated in peatland water-based media, with growth dependency on salinity for the Baltic Sea diatom isolates. Nutrient availability in the peatland water resulted in higher growth rates, and growth was further stimulated by the carbon-rich peatland water probably facilitating heterotrophic growth in Melosira nummuloides and two Planothidium sp. isolates. Photosynthesis parameters for all five diatom strains indicated low light requirements with light saturated photosynthesis at <70 µmol photons m−2 s−1 in combination with only minor photoinhibition as well as eurythermal traits with slightly higher temperature width for the peatland strains. Growth media composition did not affect photosynthetic rates.
Collapse
|
8
|
Serrano-Pérez E, Romero-Losada AB, Morales-Pineda M, García-Gómez ME, Couso I, García-González M, Romero-Campero FJ. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Response to High Light in the Charophyte Alga Klebsormidium nitens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855243. [PMID: 35599877 PMCID: PMC9121098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the molecular mechanisms, such as high light irradiance resistance, that allowed plant terrestralization is a cornerstone in evolutionary studies since the conquest of land by plants played a pivotal role in life evolution on Earth. Viridiplantae or the green lineage is divided into two clades, Chlorophyta and Streptophyta, that in turn splits into Embryophyta or land plants and Charophyta. Charophyta are used in evolutionary studies on plant terrestralization since they are generally accepted as the extant algal species most closely related to current land plants. In this study, we have chosen the facultative terrestrial early charophyte alga Klebsormidium nitens to perform an integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis under high light in order to unveil key mechanisms involved in the early steps of plants terrestralization. We found a fast chloroplast retrograde signaling possibly mediated by reactive oxygen species and the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (SAL1) and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (PAP) pathways inducing gene expression and accumulation of specific metabolites. Systems used by both Chlorophyta and Embryophyta were activated such as the xanthophyll cycle with an accumulation of zeaxanthin and protein folding and repair mechanisms constituted by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductases, thioredoxin-disulfide reductases, and peroxiredoxins. Similarly, cyclic electron flow, specifically the pathway dependent on proton gradient regulation 5, was strongly activated under high light. We detected a simultaneous co-activation of the non-photochemical quenching mechanisms based on LHC-like stress related (LHCSR) protein and the photosystem II subunit S that are specific to Chlorophyta and Embryophyta, respectively. Exclusive Embryophyta systems for the synthesis, sensing, and response to the phytohormone auxin were also activated under high light in K. nitens leading to an increase in auxin content with the concomitant accumulation of amino acids such as tryptophan, histidine, and phenylalanine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Serrano-Pérez
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana B. Romero-Losada
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Morales-Pineda
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - M. Elena García-Gómez
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Couso
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-González
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero-Campero
- Microalgae Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco J. Romero-Campero,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terlova EF, Holzinger A, Lewis LA. Terrestrial Green Algae Show Higher Tolerance to Dehydration than Do Their Aquatic Sister-Species. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:770-782. [PMID: 33502573 PMCID: PMC7612456 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse algae possess the ability to recover from extreme desiccation without forming specialized resting structures. Green algal genera such as Tetradesmus (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) contain temperate terrestrial, desert, and aquatic species, providing an opportunity to compare physiological traits associated with the transition to land in closely related taxa. We subjected six species from distinct habitats to three dehydration treatments varying in relative humidity (RH 5%, 65%, 80%) followed by short- and long-term rehydration. We tested the capacity of the algae to recover from dehydration using the effective quantum yield of photosystem II as a proxy for physiological activity. The degree of recovery was dependent both on the habitat of origin and the dehydration scenario, with terrestrial, but not aquatic, species recovering from dehydration. Distinct strains of each species responded similarly to dehydration and rehydration, with the exception of one aquatic strain that recovered from the mildest dehydration treatment. Cell ultrastructure was uniformly maintained in both aquatic and desert species during dehydration and rehydration, but staining with an amphiphilic styryl dye indicated damage to the plasma membrane from osmotically induced water loss in the aquatic species. These analyses demonstrate that terrestrial Tetradesmus possess a vegetative desiccation tolerance phenotype, making these species ideal for comparative omics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta F Terlova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van AT, Sommer V, Glaser K. The Ecophysiological Performance and Traits of Genera within the Stichococcus-like Clade (Trebouxiophyceae) under Matric and Osmotic Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1816. [PMID: 34576715 PMCID: PMC8472729 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in water balance are some of the most critical challenges that aeroterrestrial algae face. They have a wide variety of mechanisms to protect against osmotic stress, including, but not limited to, downregulating photosynthesis, the production of compatible solutes, spore and akinete formation, biofilms, as well as triggering structural cellular changes. In comparison, algae living in saline environments must cope with ionic stress, which has similar effects on the physiology as desiccation in addition to sodium and chloride ion toxicity. These environmental challenges define ecological niches for both specialist and generalist algae. One alga known to be aeroterrestrial and euryhaline is Stichococcus bacillaris Nägeli, possessing the ability to withstand both matric and osmotic stresses, which may contribute to wide distribution worldwide. Following taxonomic revision of Stichococcus into seven lineages, we here examined their physiological responses to osmotic and matric stress through a salt growth challenge and desiccation experiment. The results demonstrate that innate compatible solute production capacity under salt stress and desiccation tolerance are independent of one another, and that salt tolerance is more variable than desiccation tolerance in the Stichococcus-like genera. Furthermore, algae within this group likely occupy similar ecological niches, with the exception of Pseudostichococcus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tu Van
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prelle LR, Albrecht M, Karsten U, Damer P, Giese T, Jähns J, Müller S, Schulz L, Viertel L, Glaser K. Ecophysiological and Cell Biological Traits of Benthic Diatoms From Coastal Wetlands of the Southern Baltic Sea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:642811. [PMID: 33912148 PMCID: PMC8072133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The German Baltic Sea coastline is characterized by sea-land transitions zones, specifically coastal peatlands. Such transition zones exhibit highly fluctuating environmental parameters and dynamic gradients that affect physiological processes of inhabiting organisms such as microphytobenthic communities. In the present study four representative and abundant benthic diatom strains [Melosira nummuloides, Nitzschia filiformis, Planothidium sp. (st. 1) and Planothidium sp. (st.2)] were isolated from a Baltic Sea beach and three peatlands that are irregularly affected by Baltic Sea water intrusion. Ecophysiological and cell biological traits of the strains were investigated for the first time as function of light, temperature and salinity. The four strains exhibited euryhaline growth over a range of 1–39 SA, surpassing in situ salinity of the respective brackish habitats. Furthermore, they showed eurythermal growth over a temperature range from 5 to 30°C with an optimum temperature between 15 and 20°C. Growth rates did not exhibit any differences between the peatland and Baltic Sea strains. The photosynthetic temperature optimum of the peatland diatom isolates, however, was much higher (20–35°C) compared to the Baltic Sea one (10°C). All strains exhibited light saturation points ranging between 29.8 and 72.6 μmol photons m–2 s–1. The lipid content did not change in response to the tested abiotic factors. All data point to wide physiological tolerances in these benthic diatoms along the respective sea-land transitions zones. This study could serve as a baseline for future studies on microphytobenthic communities and their key functions, like primary production, under fluctuating environmental stressors along terrestrial-marine gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Prelle
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pauline Damer
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tabea Giese
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jessica Jähns
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Louisa Schulz
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lennard Viertel
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karin Glaser
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pierangelini M, Thiry M, Cardol P. Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:855-868. [PMID: 32535971 PMCID: PMC7590187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the metabolic functioning of corals' endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) is relevant to understanding the response of coral reefs to warming oceans. In this work, we first question whether there is an energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration in Symbiodiniaceae (Symbiodinium, Durusdinium and Effrenium), and second, how different levels of energetic coupling will affect their adaptive responses to global warming. Coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was established by determining the variation of metabolic rates during thermal response curves, and how inhibition of respiration affects photosynthesis. Adaptive (irreversible) responses were studied by exposing two Symbiodinium species with different levels of photosynthesis-respiration interaction to high temperature conditions (32°C) for 1 yr. We found that some Symbiodiniaceae have a high level of energetic coupling; that is, photosynthesis and respiration have the same temperature dependency, and photosynthesis is negatively affected when respiration is inhibited. Conversely, photosynthesis and respiration are not coupled in other species. In any case, prolonged exposure to high temperature caused adjustments in both photosynthesis and respiration, but these changes were fully reversible. We conclude that energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration exhibits wide variation amongst Symbiodiniaceae and does not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses in Symbiodiniaceae to temperature increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesInBioS/PhytosystemsInstitut de BotaniqueUniversité de LiègeB22Liège4000Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Unit of Cell BiologyGIGA‐NeurosciencesCHU Sart‐TilmanUniversity of LiègeLiègeB36, 4000Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesInBioS/PhytosystemsInstitut de BotaniqueUniversité de LiègeB22Liège4000Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fürst-Jansen JMR, de Vries S, de Vries J. Evo-physio: on stress responses and the earliest land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3254-3269. [PMID: 31922568 PMCID: PMC7289718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryophytes (land plants) can be found in almost any habitat on the Earth's surface. All of this ecologically diverse embryophytic flora arose from algae through a singular evolutionary event. Traits that were, by their nature, indispensable for the singular conquest of land by plants were those that are key for overcoming terrestrial stressors. Not surprisingly, the biology of land plant cells is shaped by a core signaling network that connects environmental cues, such as stressors, to the appropriate responses-which, thus, modulate growth and physiology. When did this network emerge? Was it already present when plant terrestrialization was in its infancy? A comparative approach between land plants and their algal relatives, the streptophyte algae, allows us to tackle such questions and resolve parts of the biology of the earliest land plants. Exploring the biology of the earliest land plants might shed light on exactly how they overcame the challenges of terrestrialization. Here, we outline the approaches and rationale underlying comparative analyses towards inferring the genetic toolkit for the stress response that aided the earliest land plants in their conquest of land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Becker B, Feng X, Yin Y, Holzinger A. Desiccation tolerance in streptophyte algae and the algae to land plant transition: evolution of LEA and MIP protein families within the Viridiplantae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3270-3278. [PMID: 32107542 PMCID: PMC7289719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarizes the effects of desiccation in streptophyte green algae, as numerous experimental studies have been performed over the past decade particularly in the early branching streptophyte Klebsormidium sp. and the late branching Zygnema circumcarinatum. The latter genus gives its name to the Zygenmatophyceae, the sister group to land plants. For both organisms, transcriptomic investigations of desiccation stress are available, and illustrate a high variability in the stress response depending on the conditions and the strains used. However, overall, the responses of both organisms to desiccation stress are very similar to that of land plants. We highlight the evolution of two highly regulated protein families, the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family. Chlorophytes and streptophytes encode LEA4 and LEA5, while LEA2 have so far only been found in streptophyte algae, indicating an evolutionary origin in this group. Within the MIP family, a high transcriptomic regulation of a tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) has been found for the first time outside the embryophytes in Z. circumcarinatum. The MIP family became more complex on the way to terrestrialization but simplified afterwards. These observations suggest a key role for water transport proteins in desiccation tolerance of streptophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yanbin Yin
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Míguez F, Holzinger A, Fernandez-Marin B, García-Plazaola JI, Karsten U, Gustavs L. Ecophysiological changes and spore formation: two strategies in response to low-temperature and high-light stress in Klebsormidium cf. flaccidum (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta) 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:649-661. [PMID: 31957017 PMCID: PMC7612455 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the cosmopolitan streptophycean genus Klebsormidium live in various habitats, including sand dunes and polar/alpine environments. To survive in these harsh conditions they must possess an array of adaptive physiological and structural mechanisms, for example, to deal with chilling and photochilling stresses. Since these mechanisms have not been studied in detail, the objectives of this study were (i) to determine the physiological and biochemical responses of Klebsormidium cf. flaccidum (K. cf. flaccidum) to chilling (low temperature [LT]) and photochilling (LT in combination with high light [HL]) stresses; and (ii) to understand the cross-link between biochemical parameters and cellular ultrastructural changes. The results indicated that 5°C is a temperature threshold (i.e., at 5°C) but not at higher temperatures, physiological changes were observed (Fv /Fm and ETR decreased and energy-partitioning distribution changed, with an increase in Y[NPQ] under LT and an increase in Y[NO] under HL-LT). Also, pigment contents changed significantly, with increased concentrations of photoprotective pigments such as antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, and total carotenes. All of these responses occurred under LT and, to a greater extent, under LT-HL, indicating that the two stresses (temperature and light) are additive. The cold treatment applied here induced the formation of spores under both LL and HL. The degree of photoinhibition was higher in spores than in vegetative cells, indicating that spores are less susceptible to photodamage. This study demonstrated a broad acclimation potential in different developmental stages of K. cf. flaccidum, which helps to explain the ecological success of this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Marin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Leioa, Spain; Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | | | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lydia Gustavs
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany; Project Management Julich, Schweriner Str. 44, D-18069 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shukla SP, Kvíderová J, Adamec L, Elster J. Ecophysiological Features of Polar Soil Unicellular Microalgae 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:481-495. [PMID: 31833070 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their ecological, physiological, and molecular adaptations to low and varying temperatures, as well as varying seasonal irradiances, polar non-marine eukaryotic microalgae could be suitable for low-temperature biotechnology. Adaptations include the synthesis of compounds from different metabolic pathways that protect them against stress. Production of biological compounds and various biotechnological applications, for instance, water treatment technology, are of interest to humans. To select prospective strains for future low-temperature biotechnology in polar regions, temperature and irradiance of growth requirements (Q10 and Ea of 10 polar soil unicellular strains) were evaluated. In terms of temperature, three groups of strains were recognized: (i) cold-preferring where temperature optima ranged between 10.1 and 18.4°C, growth rate 0.252 and 0.344 · d-1 , (ii) cold- and warm-tolerating with optima above 10°C and growth rate 0.162-0.341 · d-1 , and (iii) warm-preferring temperatures above 20°C and growth rate 0.249-0.357 · d-1 . Their light requirements were low. Mean values Q10 for specific growth rate ranged from 0.7 to 3.1. The lowest Ea values were observed on cold-preferring and the highest in the warm-preferring strains. One strain from each temperature group was selected for PN and RD measurements. The PN :RD ratio of the warm-preferring strains was less affected by temperature similarly as Q10 and Ea. For future biotechnological applications, the strains with broad temperature tolerance (i.e., the group of cold- and warm-tolerating and warm-preferring strains) will be most useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Shukla
- Central Institute of Fisheries and Education, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Panch Marg, Off. Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (west), Mumbai, 400 061, India
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kvíderová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté Stoce 3, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Elster
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté Stoce 3, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Steiner P, Obwegeser S, Wanner G, Buchner O, Lütz-Meindl U, Holzinger A. Cell Wall Reinforcements Accompany Chilling and Freezing Stress in the Streptophyte Green Alga Klebsormidium crenulatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 32714344 PMCID: PMC7344194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation strategies in freezing resistance were investigated in Klebsormidium crenulatum, an early branching streptophyte green alga related to higher plants. Klebsormidium grows naturally in unfavorable environments like alpine biological soil crusts, exposed to desiccation, high irradiation and cold stress. Here, chilling and freezing induced alterations of the ultrastructure were investigated. Control samples (kept at 20°C) were compared to chilled (4°C) as well as extracellularly frozen algae (-2 and -4°C). A software-controlled laboratory freezer (AFU, automatic freezing unit) was used for algal exposure to various temperatures and freezing was manually induced. Samples were then high pressure frozen and cryo-substituted for electron microscopy. Control cells had a similar appearance in size and ultrastructure as previously reported. While chilling stressed algae only showed minor ultrastructural alterations, such as small inward facing cell wall plugs and minor alterations of organelles, drastic changes of the cell wall and in organelle distribution were found in extracellularly frozen samples (-2°C and -4°C). In frozen samples, the cytoplasm was not retracted from the cell wall, but extensive three-dimensional cell wall layers were formed, most prominently in the corners of the cells, as determined by FIB-SEM and TEM tomography. Similar alterations/adaptations of the cell wall were not reported or visualized in Klebsormidium before, neither in controls, nor during other stress scenarios. This indicates that the cell wall is reinforced by these additional wall layers during freezing stress. Cells allowed to recover from freezing stress (-2°C) for 5 h at 20°C lost these additional cell wall layers, suggesting their dynamic formation. The composition of these cell wall reinforcement areas was investigated by immuno-TEM. In addition, alterations of structure and distribution of mitochondria, dictyosomes and a drastically increased endoplasmic reticulum were observed in frozen cells by TEM and TEM tomography. Measurements of the photosynthetic oxygen production showed an acclimation of Klebsormidium to chilling stress, which correlates with our findings on ultrastructural alterations of morphology and distribution of organelles. The cell wall reinforcement areas, together with the observed changes in organelle structure and distribution, are likely to contribute to maintenance of an undisturbed cell physiology and to adaptation to chilling and freezing stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steiner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabrina Obwegeser
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Holzinger,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Uzunov B, Gärtner G, Radkova M, Atanassov I, Atanasova R, Borisova C, Draganova P, Stoykova P. Review on the biotechnological and nanotechnological potential of the streptophyte genus Klebsormidium with pilot data on its phycoprospecting and polyphasic identification in Bulgaria. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1593887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institut für Botanik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana Radkova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Atanassov
- Molecular Genetics Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ralitsa Atanasova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Cvetanka Borisova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Draganova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Stoykova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pierangelini M, Glaser K, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U, Holzinger A. Light and Dehydration but Not Temperature Drive Photosynthetic Adaptations of Basal Streptophytes (Hormidiella, Streptosarcina and Streptofilum) Living in Terrestrial Habitats. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:380-393. [PMID: 29974184 PMCID: PMC6394494 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the ancestors of land plants, and several classes contain taxa that are adapted to an aero-terrestrial lifestyle. In this study, four basal terrestrial streptophytes from the class Klebsormidiophyceae, including Hormidiella parvula; two species of the newly described genus Streptosarcina (S. costaricana and S. arenaria); and the newly described Streptofilum capillatum were investigated for their responses to radiation, desiccation and temperature stress conditions. All the strains showed low-light adaptation (Ik < 70 μmol photons m-2 s-1) but differed in photoprotective capacities (such as non-photochemical quenching). Acclimation to enhanced photon fluence rates (160 μmol photons m-2 s-1) increased photosynthetic performance in H. parvula and S. costaricana but not in S. arenaria, showing that low-light adaptation is a constitutive trait for S. arenaria. This lower-light adaptation of S. arenaria was coupled with a higher desiccation tolerance, providing further evidence that dehydration is a selective force shaping species occurrence in low light. For protection against ultraviolet radiation, all species synthesised and accumulated different amounts of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Biochemically, MAAs synthesised by Hormidiella and Streptosarcina were similar to MAAs from closely related Klebsormidium spp. but differed in retention time and spectral characteristics in S. capillatum. Unlike the different radiation and dehydration tolerances, Hormidiella, Streptosarcina and Streptofilum displayed preferences for similar thermal conditions. These species showed a temperature dependence of photosynthesis similar to respiration, contrasting with Klebsormidium spp. and highlighting an interspecific diversity in thermal requirements, which could regulate species distributions under temperature changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, Liege, 4000, Belgium
| | - Karin Glaser
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Emergence of Intronless Evolutionary Forms of Stress Response Genes: Possible Relation to Terrestrial Adaptation of Green Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 30792726 PMCID: PMC6374339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Sergey Y. Morozov
| | - Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schaub I, Baum C, Schumann R, Karsten U. Effects of an Early Successional Biological Soil Crust from a Temperate Coastal Sand Dune (NE Germany) on Soil Elemental Stoichiometry and Phosphatase Activity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:217-229. [PMID: 29926147 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early successional biological soil crusts (BSCs), a consortium of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and other microalgae, are one of the first settlement stages on temperate coastal sand dunes. In this study, we investigated the algal biomass (Chlorophyll a (Chl a)), algal (Calgal) and microbial carbon (Cmic), elemental stoichiometry (C:N:P), and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity (AcidPA and AlkPA) of two algae-dominated BSCs from a coastal white dune (northeast Germany, on the southwestern Baltic Sea) which differed in the exposure to wind forces. The dune sediment (DS) was generally low in total carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP). These elements, together with the soil organic matter (SOM) accumulated in the BSC layer and in the sediment underneath (crust sediment CS), leading to initial soil development. The more disturbed BSC (BSC1) exhibited lower algal and microbial biomass and lower Calgal/Cmic ratios than the undisturbed BSC (BSC2). The BSC1 accumulated more organic carbon (OC) than BSC2. However, the OC in the BSC2 was more effectively incorporated into Cmic than in the BSC1, as indicated by lower OC:Cmic ratios. The AcidPA (1.1-1.3 μmol g-1 DM h-1 or 147-178 μg g-1 DM h-1) and AlkPA (2.7-5.5 μmol g-1 DM h-1 or 372-764 μg g-1 DM h-1) were low in both BSCs. The PA, together with the elemental stoichiometry, indicated no P limitation of both BSCs but rather water limitation followed by N limitation for the algae community and a carbon limitation for the microbial community. Our results explain the observed distribution of early successional and more developed BSCs on the sand dune.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schaub
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Christel Baum
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Soil Science, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rhena Schumann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Strieth D, Ulber R, Muffler K. Application of phototrophic biofilms: from fundamentals to processes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 41:295-312. [PMID: 29198024 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological production of valuables by microorganisms is commonly achieved by cultivating the cells as suspended solids in an appropriate liquid medium. However, the main portion of these organisms features a surface-attached growth in their native habitats. The utilization of such biofilms shows significant challenges, e.g. concerning control of pH, nutrient supply, and heat/mass transfer. But the use of biofilms might also enable novel and innovative production processes addressing robustness and strength of the applied biocatalyst, for example if variable conditions might occur in the process or a feedstock (substrate) is changed in its composition. Besides the robustness of a biofilm, the high density of the immobilized biocatalyst facilitates a simple separation of the catalyst and the extracellular product, whereas intracellular target compounds occur in a concentrated form; thus, expenses for downstream processing can be drastically reduced. While phototrophic organisms feature a fabulous spectrum of metabolites ranging from biofuels to biologically active compounds, the low cell density of phototrophic suspension cultures is still limiting their application for production processes. The review is focusing on pro- and eukaryotic microalgae featuring the production of valuable compounds and highlights requirements for their cultivation as phototrophic biofilms, i.e. setup as well as operation of biofilm reactors, and modeling of phototrophic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Strieth
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - K Muffler
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, Berlinstr. 109, 55411, Bingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evolutionarily Distant Streptophyta Respond Differently to Genotoxic Stress. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8110331. [PMID: 29149093 PMCID: PMC5704244 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in algae usually focuses on the description and characterization of morpho-and phenotype as a result of adaptation to a particular habitat and its conditions. To better understand the evolution of lineages we characterized responses of filamentous streptophyte green algae of the genera Klebsormidium and Zygnema, and of a land plant-the moss Physcomitrellapatens-to genotoxic stress that might be relevant to their environment. We studied the induction and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) elicited by the radiomimetic drug bleomycin, DNA single strand breaks (SSB) as consequence of base modification by the alkylation agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and of ultra violet (UV)-induced photo-dimers, because the mode of action of these three genotoxic agents is well understood. We show that the Klebsormidium and Physcomitrella are similarly sensitive to introduced DNA lesions and have similar rates of DSBs repair. In contrast, less DNA damage and higher repair rate of DSBs was detected in Zygnema, suggesting different mechanisms of maintaining genome integrity in response to genotoxic stress. Nevertheless, contrary to fewer detected lesions is Zygnema more sensitive to genotoxic treatment than Klebsormidium and Physcomitrella.
Collapse
|
24
|
Pierangelini M, Ryšánek D, Lang I, Adlassnig W, Holzinger A. Terrestrial adaptation of green algae Klebsormidium and Zygnema (Charophyta) involves diversity in photosynthetic traits but not in CO 2 acquisition. PLANTA 2017; 246:971-986. [PMID: 28721563 PMCID: PMC5633629 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The basal streptophyte Klebsormidium and the advanced Zygnema show adaptation to terrestrialization. Differences are found in photoprotection and resistance to short-term light changes, but not in CO 2 acquisition. Streptophyte green algae colonized land about 450-500 million years ago giving origin to terrestrial plants. We aim to understand how their physiological adaptations are linked to the ecological conditions (light, water and CO2) characterizing modern terrestrial habitats. A new Klebsormidium isolate from a strongly acidic environment of a former copper mine (Schwarzwand, Austria) is investigated, in comparison to Klebsormidium cf. flaccidum and Zygnema sp. We show that these genera possess different photosynthetic traits and water requirements. Particularly, the Klebsormidium species displayed a higher photoprotection capacity, concluded from non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and higher tolerance to high light intensity than Zygnema. However, Klebsormidium suffered from photoinhibition when the light intensity in the environment increased rapidly, indicating that NPQ is involved in photoprotection against strong and stable irradiance. Klebsormidium was also highly resistant to cellular water loss (dehydration) under low light. On the other hand, exposure to relatively high light intensity during dehydration caused a harmful over-reduction of the electron transport chain, leading to PSII damages and impairing the ability to recover after rehydration. Thus, we suggest that dehydration is a selective force shaping the adaptation of this species towards low light. Contrary to the photosynthetic characteristics, the inorganic carbon (C i ) acquisition was equivalent between Klebsormidium and Zygnema. Despite their different habitats and restriction to hydro-terrestrial environment, the three organisms showed similar use of CO2 and HCO3- as source of Ci for photosynthesis, pointing out a similar adaptation of their CO2-concentrating mechanisms to terrestrial life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Ryšánek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Adlassnig
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borchhardt N, Baum C, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U. Biological Soil Crusts of Arctic Svalbard-Water Availability as Potential Controlling Factor for Microalgal Biodiversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1485. [PMID: 28848507 PMCID: PMC5550688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the biodiversity of biological soil crusts (BSCs) formed by phototrophic organisms were investigated on Arctic Svalbard (Norway). These communities exert several important ecological functions and constitute a significant part of vegetation at high latitudes. Non-diatom eukaryotic microalgal species of BSCs from 20 sampling stations around Ny-Ålesund and Longyearbyen were identified by morphology using light microscopy, and the results revealed a high species richness with 102 species in total. 67 taxa belonged to Chlorophyta (31 Chlorophyceae and 36 Trebouxiophyceae), 13 species were Streptophyta (11 Klebsormidiophyceae and two Zygnematophyceae) and 22 species were Ochrophyta (two Eustigmatophyceae and 20 Xanthophyceae). Surprisingly, Klebsormidium strains belonging to clade G (Streptophyta), which were so far described from Southern Africa, could be determined at 5 sampling stations. Furthermore, comparative analyses of Arctic and Antarctic BSCs were undertaken to outline differences in species composition. In addition, a pedological analysis of BSC samples included C, N, S, TP (total phosphorus), and pH measurements to investigate the influence of soil properties on species composition. No significant correlation with these chemical soil parameters was confirmed but the results indicated that pH might affect the BSCs. In addition, a statistically significant influence of precipitation on species composition was determined. Consequently, water availability was identified as one key driver for BSC biodiversity in Arctic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Borchhardt
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Christel Baum
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany.,Department of Phycology, Lichenology and Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Metabolic Flexibility Underpins Growth Capabilities of the Fastest Growing Alga. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2559-2567.e3. [PMID: 28803869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors rate-limiting growth of photosynthetic organisms under optimal conditions are controversial [1-8]. Adaptation to extreme environments is usually accompanied by reduced performance under optimal conditions [9, 10]. However, the green alga Chlorella ohadii, isolated from a harsh desert biological soil crust [11-17], does not obey this rule. In addition to resistance to photodamage [17, 18], it performs the fastest growth ever reported for photosynthetic eukaryotes. A multiphasic growth pattern (very fast growth [phase I], followed by growth retardation [phase II] and additional fast growth [phase III]) observed under constant illumination and temperature indicates synchronization of the algal population. Large physiological changes at transitions between growth phases suggest metabolic shifts. Indeed, metabolome analyses at points along the growth phases revealed large changes in the levels of many metabolites during growth with an overall rise during phase I and decline in phase II. Multivariate analysis of the metabolome data highlighted growth phase as the main factor contributing to observed metabolite variance. The analyses identified putrescine as the strongest predictive metabolite for growth phase and a putative growth regulator. Indeed, extracellular additions of polyamines strongly affected the growth rate in phase I and the growth arrest in phase II, with a marked effect on O2 exchange. Our data implicate polyamines as the signals harmonizing metabolic shifts and suggest that metabolic flexibility enables the immense growth capabilities of C. ohadii. The data provide a new dimension to current models focusing on growth-limiting processes in photosynthetic organisms where the anabolic and catabolic metabolisms must be strictly regulated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Donner A, Glaser K, Borchhardt N, Karsten U. Ecophysiological Response on Dehydration and Temperature in Terrestrial Klebsormidium (Streptophyta) Isolated from Biological Soil Crusts in Central European Grasslands and Forests. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:850-864. [PMID: 28011994 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The green algal genus Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta) is a typical member of biological soil crusts (BSCs) worldwide. Ecophysiological studies focused so far on individual strains and thus gave only limited insight on the plasticity of this genus. In the present study, 21 Klebsormidium strains (K. dissectum, K. flaccidum, K. nitens, K. subtile) from temperate BSCs in Central European grassland and forest sites were investigated. Photosynthetic performance under desiccation and temperature stress was measured under identical controlled conditions. Photosynthesis decreased during desiccation within 335-505 min. After controlled rehydration, most isolates recovered, but with large variances between single strains and species. However, all K. dissectum strains had high recovery rates (>69%). All 21 Klebsormidium isolates exhibited the capability to grow under a wide temperature range. Except one strain, all others grew at 8.5 °C and four strains were even able to grow at 6.2 °C. Twenty out of 21 Klebsormidium isolates revealed an optimum growth temperature >17 °C, indicating psychrotrophic features. Growth rates at optimal temperatures varied between strains from 0.26 to 0.77 μ day-1. Integrating phylogeny and ecophysiological traits, we found no phylogenetic signal in the traits investigated. However, multivariate statistical analysis indicated an influence of the recovery rate and growth rate. The results demonstrate a high infraspecific and interspecific physiological plasticity, and thus wide ecophysiological ability to cope with strong environmental gradients. This might be the reason why members of the genus Klebsormidium successfully colonize terrestrial habitats worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Donner
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Karin Glaser
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadine Borchhardt
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blaas K, Holzinger A. F-actin reorganization upon de- and rehydration in the aeroterrestrial green alga Klebsormidium crenulatum. Micron 2017; 98:34-38. [PMID: 28363156 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous actin (F-actin) is a dynamic network involved in many cellular processes like cell division and cytoplasmic streaming. While many studies have addressed the involvement of F-actin in different cellular processes in cultured cells, little is known on the reactions to environmental stress scenarios, where this system might have essential regulatory functions. We investigated here the de- and rehydration kinetics of breakdown and reassembly of F-actin in the streptophyte green alga Klebsormidium crenulatum. Measurements of the chlorophyll fluorescence (effective quantum yield of photosystem II [ΔF/Fm']) via pulse amplitude modulation were performed as a measure for dehydration induced shut down of physiological activity, which ceased after 141±15min at ∼84% RH. We hypothesized that there is a link between this physiological parameter and the status of the F-actin system. Indeed, 20min of dehydration (ΔF/Fm'=0) leads to a breakdown of the fine cortical F-actin network as visualized by Atto 488 phalloidin staining, and dot-like structures remained. Already 10min after rehydration a beginning reassembly of F-actin is observed, after 25min the F-actin network appeared similar to untreated controls, indicating a full recovery. These results demonstrate the fast kinetics of F-actin dis- and reassembly likely contributing to cellular reorganization upon rehydration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Blaas
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Terrestrial Microalgae: Novel Concepts for Biotechnology and Applications. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
30
|
Karsten U, Herburger K, Holzinger A. Photosynthetic plasticity in the green algal species Klebsormidium flaccidum (Streptophyta) from a terrestrial and a freshwater habitat. PHYCOLOGIA 2017; 56:213-220. [PMID: 28057961 PMCID: PMC5207328 DOI: 10.2216/16-85.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genus Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiales, Streptophyta) has a worldwide distribution in terrestrial habitats. In the present study, we focused on two strains of Klebsormidium flaccidum, the type species of the genus. The isolates used in this study were isolated from a soil and freshwater habitat. Photosynthetic activity was evaluated under different controlled gradients of light, temperature and desiccation. The data clearly indicate that both isolates of K. flaccidum exhibit conspicuously different photosynthetic response patterns to photon fluence rate, temperature and desiccation, and thus can be related to their different habitats. Although both strains represent the same species, their physiological response patterns to abiotic gradients, as well as their morphology differed to some extent, indicating high phenotypic plasticity of K. flaccidum, which was maintained even after long-term culture and thus can be explained by the formation of physiologically distinct ecotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Karsten
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Author for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Ulf Karsten, University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D- 18059 Rostock, Germany,
| | - Klaus Herburger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herburger K, Karsten U, Holzinger A. Entransia and Hormidiella, sister lineages of Klebsormidium (Streptophyta), respond differently to light, temperature, and desiccation stress. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1309-23. [PMID: 26439247 PMCID: PMC4710678 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The green-algal class Klebsormidiophyceae (Streptophyta), which occurs worldwide, comprises the genera Klebsormidium, Interfilum, Entransia, and Hormidiella. Ecophysiological research has so far focused on the first two genera because they are abundant in biological soil crust communities. The present study investigated the photosynthetic performances of Hormidiella attenuata and two strains of Entransia fimbriata under light, temperature, and desiccation stress. Their ultrastructure was compared using transmission electron microscopy. The two Entransia strains showed similar physiological responses. They used light more efficiently than Hormidiella, as indicated by higher oxygen production and relative electron transport rate under low light conditions, lower light saturation and compensation points, and higher maximum oxygen production during light saturation. Their requirement for low light levels explains the restriction of Entransia to dim limnetic habitats. In contrast, Hormidiella, which prefers drier soil habitats, responded to light gradients similarly to other aero-terrestrial green algae. Compared to Entransia, Hormidiella was less affected by short-term desiccation, and rehydration allowed full recovery of the photosynthetic performance. Nevertheless, both strains of Entransia coped with low water availability better than other freshwater algae. Photosynthetic oxygen production in relation to respiratory consumption was higher in low temperatures (Entransia: 5 °C, Hormidiella: 10 °C) and the ratio decreased with increasing temperatures. Hormidiella exhibited conspicuous triangular spaces in the cell wall corners, which were filled either with undulating cell wall material or with various inclusions. These structures are commonly seen in various members of Klebsormidiophyceae. The data revealed significant differences between Hormidiella and Entransia, but appropriate adaptations to their respective habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kondo S, Hori K, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Kobayashi A, Kato T, Yuno-Ohta N, Nobusawa T, Ohtaka K, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Primitive Extracellular Lipid Components on the Surface of the Charophytic Alga Klebsormidium flaccidum and Their Possible Biosynthetic Pathways as Deduced from the Genome Sequence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:952. [PMID: 27446179 PMCID: PMC4927632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Klebsormidium flaccidum is a charophytic alga living in terrestrial and semiaquatic environments. K. flaccidum grows in various habitats, such as low-temperature areas and under desiccated conditions, because of its ability to tolerate harsh environments. Wax and cuticle polymers that contribute to the cuticle layer of plants are important for the survival of land plants, as they protect against those harsh environmental conditions and were probably critical for the transition from aquatic microorganism to land plants. Bryophytes, non-vascular land plants, have similar, but simpler, extracellular waxes and polyester backbones than those of vascular plants. The presence of waxes in terrestrial algae, especially in charophytes, which are the closest algae to land plants, could provide clues in elucidating the mechanism of land colonization by plants. Here, we compared genes involved in the lipid biosynthetic pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana to the K. flaccidum and the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genomes, and identified wax-related genes in both algae. A simple and easy extraction method was developed for the recovery of the surface lipids from K. flaccidum and C. reinhardtii. Although these algae have wax components, their surface lipids were largely different from those of land plants. We also investigated aliphatic substances in the cell wall fraction of K. flaccidum and C. reinhardtii. Many of the fatty acids were determined to be lipophilic monomers in K. flaccidum, and a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that their possible binding mode was distinct from that of A. thaliana. Thus, we propose that K. flaccidum has a cuticle-like hydrophobic layer composed of lipids and glycoproteins, with a different composition from the cutin polymer typically found in land plant cuticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kobayashi
- The Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kato
- Advanced Course of Food and Nutrition, Nihon University Junior CollegeShizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yuno-Ohta
- Advanced Course of Food and Nutrition, Nihon University Junior CollegeShizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nobusawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuka Ohtaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
- The Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ryšánek D, Holzinger A, Škaloud P. Influence of substrate and pH on the diversity of the aeroterrestrial alga Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiales, Streptophyta): a potentially important factor for sympatric speciation. PHYCOLOGIA 2016; 55:347-358. [PMID: 27293301 PMCID: PMC4902135 DOI: 10.2216/15-110.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the processes involved in speciation of microalgae remains highly limited. In the present study, we investigated a potential role of ecological speciation processes in diversification of the filamentous green alga Klebsormidium. We examined 12 strains representing four different genotypes. The strains were collected from sandstone and limestone rocks and were cultivated at five different pH levels ranging from pH 4 to pH 8. We determined the responses of the 12 strains to the experimental pH conditions by (1) measuring the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, and (2) determining the growth rates after cultivation at different pH levels. Strong differences were found between the results obtained by these two methods. Direct counting of cells revealed a strong ecological differentiation of strains of Klebsormidium isolated from different substrate types. Strains isolated from limestone showed the highest growth rates at higher pH levels; whereas, the strains isolated from sandstone exhibited two distinct growth responses with optima at pH 5 and 6, respectively. In contrast, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II was always down-regulated at lower pH values, probably due to dissolved inorganic carbon limitation. In general, we determined distinct ecophysiological differentiation among distantly and closely related lineages, thereby corroborating our hypothesis that the sympatric speciation of terrestrial algae is driven by ecological divergence. We clearly showed that pH is a critical ecological factor that influences the diversity of autotrophic protists in terrestrial habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ryšánek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Sternwartestraβe 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Holzinger A, Pichrtová M. Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Charophyte Green Algae: New Challenges for Omics Techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:678. [PMID: 27242877 PMCID: PMC4873514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Charophyte green algae are a paraphyletic group of freshwater and terrestrial green algae, comprising the classes of Chlorokybophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Mesostigmatophyceae, and Charo- phyceae. Zygnematophyceae (Conjugating green algae) are considered to be closest algal relatives to land plants (Embryophyta). Therefore, they are ideal model organisms for studying stress tolerance mechanisms connected with transition to land, one of the most important events in plant evolution and the Earth's history. In Zygnematophyceae, but also in Coleochaetophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae, and Klebsormidiophyceae terrestrial members are found which are frequently exposed to naturally occurring abiotic stress scenarios like desiccation, freezing and high photosynthetic active (PAR) as well as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Here, we summarize current knowledge about various stress tolerance mechanisms including insight provided by pioneer transcriptomic and proteomic studies. While formation of dormant spores is a typical strategy of freshwater classes, true terrestrial groups are stress tolerant in vegetative state. Aggregation of cells, flexible cell walls, mucilage production and accumulation of osmotically active compounds are the most common desiccation tolerance strategies. In addition, high photophysiological plasticity and accumulation of UV-screening compounds are important protective mechanisms in conditions with high irradiation. Now a shift from classical chemical analysis to next-generation genome sequencing, gene reconstruction and annotation, genome-scale molecular analysis using omics technologies followed by computer-assisted analysis will give new insights in a systems biology approach. For example, changes in transcriptome and role of phytohormone signaling in Klebsormidium during desiccation were recently described. Application of these modern approaches will deeply enhance our understanding of stress reactions in an unbiased non-targeted view in an evolutionary context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Holzinger
- Unit of Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, InnsbruckAustria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Holzinger,
| | - Martina Pichrtová
- Unit of Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, InnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|