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Chen J, Guo L, Wang C, Peng P, Wu J, Zhang H, Liu F, Li Q. Can irisin be developed as the molecular evolutionary clock based on the origin and functions? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 352:114515. [PMID: 38582177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Irisin, a myokine identified in 2012, has garnered research interest for its capacity to induce browning of adipocytes and improve metabolic parameters. As such, the potential therapeutic applications of this exercise-induced peptide continue to be explored. Though present across diverse animal species, sequence analysis has revealed subtle variation in the irisin protein. In this review, we consider the effects of irisin on disease states in light of its molecular evolution. We summarize current evidence for irisin's influence on pathologies and discuss how sequence changes may inform development of irisin-based therapies. Furthermore, we propose that the phylogenetic variations in irisin could potentially be leveraged as a molecular clock to elucidate evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Lijun Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Peng Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Huaidong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - Qin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, PR China.
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2
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Dawoud NM, Dawoud MM, El Hefnawy SM, Abdellatif HA, Abdellatif NH, Gaafar SS, Seleit I. Circulating and/or cutaneous irisin resistance: A novel link among androgenetic alopecia, comorbid metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risks. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:2584-2597. [PMID: 37128821 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common cause of hair loss in both genders that may be associated with disturbed systemic metabolism. Irisin is a hormone-like myokine that greatly influences systemic metabolism and is linked to cardiovascular diseases. AIM To detect irisin role in AGA and its associated metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risk. PATIENTS/METHODS This case-control study included 44 AGA patients of both genders and 22 healthy individuals. Serum irisin level was measured using ELISA and scalp biopsy was taken to detect irisin immunohistochemically. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography was performed to measure carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). RESULTS Higher serum irisin was significantly detected in AGA patients (p ˂ 0.001), and in males (p = 0.01) particularly severe cases (p ˂ 0.001). It was significantly higher in AGA patients presenting with MetS and those suffering from dyslipidemia (p ˂ 0.001 for both). Multivariate regression analysis proved BMI (p = 0.01) and serum irisin (p = 0.02) as independent predictors of CIMT abnormality among AGA patients. Regarding cutaneous irisin expression, the epidermal H-score was significantly higher in AGA patients with MetS compared to those without (p = 0.04). Epidermal H-score ˃100 was significantly associated with male gender (p = 0.05), severe AGA (p = 0.02), MetS (p = 0.03), dyslipidemia (p = 0.03), and abnormal CIMT (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION High serum irisin and upregulated epidermal irisin expression are associated with the incidence of MetS, dyslipidemia, and CIMT abnormality among AGA patients. This may indicate resistance to irisin, which hinders its favorable cardiometabolic actions. Further studies are warranted to investigate the concept of irisin resistance in AGA patients, which was uniquely discussed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Dawoud
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebine Elkom, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Dawoud
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebine Elkom, Egypt
| | - Sally M El Hefnawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebine Elkom, Egypt
| | - Hayam A Abdellatif
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebine Elkom, Egypt
| | | | | | - Iman Seleit
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebine Elkom, Egypt
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3
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Fang P, She Y, Yu M, Min W, Shang W, Zhang Z. Adipose-Muscle crosstalk in age-related metabolic disorders: The emerging roles of adipo-myokines. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101829. [PMID: 36563906 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes account for a considerable proportion of the global burden of age-related metabolic diseases. In age-related metabolic diseases, tissue crosstalk and metabolic regulation have been primarily linked to endocrine processes. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are endocrine organs that release myokines and adipokines into the bloodstream, respectively. These cytokines regulate metabolic responses in a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying adipose-muscle crosstalk in age-related metabolic diseases are not fully understood. Recent exciting evidence suggests that myokines act to control adipose tissue functions, including lipolysis, browning, and inflammation, whereas adipokines mediate the beneficial actions of adipose tissue in the muscle, such as glucose uptake and metabolism. In this review, we assess the mechanisms of adipose-muscle crosstalk in age-related disorders and propose that the adipokines adiponectin and spexin, as well as the myokines irisin and interleukin-6 (IL-6), are crucial for maintaining the body's metabolic balance in age-related metabolic disorders. In addition, these changes of adipose-muscle crosstalk in response to exercise or dietary flavonoid consumption are part of the mechanisms of both functions in the remission of age-related metabolic disorders. A better understanding of the intricate relationships between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle could lead to more potent therapeutic approaches to prolong life and prevent age-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Gheit REAE, Younis RL, El-Saka MH, Emam MN, Soliman NA, El-Sayed RM, Hafez YM, AbuoHashish NA, Radwan DA, Khaled HE, Kamel S, Zaitone SA, Badawi GA. Irisin improves adiposity and exercise tolerance in a rat model of postmenopausal obesity through enhancing adipo-myocyte thermogenesis. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:897-913. [PMID: 35996069 PMCID: PMC9684260 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, along with their healthcare costs, is rising exponentially. Irisin, an adipomyokine, may serve as a critical cross-organ messenger, linking skeletal muscle with adipose tissue and the liver to integrate the energy homeostasis under diet-induced obesity. We aimed to explore the putative role of irisin in the protection against obesity in a postmenopausal rat model by modulating energy expenditure (EE). Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) was performed. After 3 weeks of recovery, the OVX rats were classified according to their dietary protocol into rats maintained on normal diets (ND) (OVX) or high-fat diet (HFD) groups. The HFD-fed animals were equally divided into OVX/HFD, or irisin-treated OVX/HFD groups. Sham rats, maintained on ND, were selected as the control group. We evaluated anthropometric, EE, and molecular biomarkers of browning and thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and the activity of the proteins related to mitochondrial long chain fatty acid transport, oxidation, and glycolysis. HFD of OVX further deteriorated the disturbed glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and the reduced irisin, thermogenic parameters in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and EE. Irisin treatment improved the lipid profile and insulin resistance. That was associated with reduced hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities and restored hepatic glycogen content. Irisin reduced ectopic lipid infiltration. Irisin augmented EE by activating non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle and adipose tissues and decreasing metabolic efficiency. Our experimental evidence suggests irisin's use as a potential thermogenic agent, therapeutically targeting obesity in postmenopausal patients. Irisin modulates the non-shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in postmenopausal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab E Abo El Gheit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Reham L Younis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mervat H El-Saka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marwa N Emam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nema A Soliman
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, North Sinai, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa A Radwan
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Howayda E Khaled
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samar Kamel
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada A Badawi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, North Sinai, El-Arish, Egypt
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Comparative Impact of Various Exercises on Circulating Irisin in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8235809. [PMID: 35910840 PMCID: PMC9337948 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8235809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine that is secreted from skeletal muscle during exercise and increases lipid metabolism, converting white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue. Recent studies have shown conflicting results in relation to chronic and acute exercise and irisin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic and acute exercise training on circulating (plasma/serum) irisin level in healthy subjects. We conducted a search of Cochrane Library, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, Embase, and Pedro up to September 2021. A random effects network meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled estimate of standardized mean difference (SMD) for acute and chronic exercise effects on irisin level, using Hedge's g statistic. Of the 16 studies included, six were acute exercise studies (175 participants). The aerobic (Hedge's g = 0.23; 95% CI: -0.58, 1.03) and the anaerobic exercises (Hedge's g = 0.12; 95% CI: -0.45, 0.70) were associated with the increased level of irisin, compared to the control. In the ten chronic exercise studies (433 participants), the resistance training was superior to anaerobic and aerobic training (P score = 0.632). However, comparing acute and chronic exercise studies, acute training showed the most excellent potential as the best treatment to improve the irisin level (P score = 0.721). This network meta-analysis showed that acute aerobic exercise has a more effect on irisin levels than acute anaerobic exercise. Also, chronic resistance training has the greatest additive effect on irisin levels compared to chronic aerobic and anaerobic training.
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Park J, Kim J, Mikami T. Exercise hormone irisin prevents physical inactivity-induced cognitive decline in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:114008. [PMID: 35850397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that physical inactivity (PI) induces cognitive decline and depressive states, which were ameliorated by regular exercise. However, the mechanism underlying the preventive effect of exercise remains unelucidated. Irisin has recently been identified as an exercise-inducible myokine that improves cognitive impairment. Plasma irisin levels increase during physical exercise; therefore, PI could lead to a decline in cognitive function by reducing plasma irisin. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether irisin is associated with cognitive decline and mental deterioration altered by PI and exercise. The mice were housed for eight weeks in the PI cage, whose living space was one-sixth that of a standard cage. Simultaneously, the mice were subjected to regular exercise in the presence or absence of an irisin-neutralizing antibody. PI increased the epididymal fat mass without increasing body weight, muscle mass, or plasma corticosterone levels. Additionally, PI induced anxiety, depressive states, and a decline in working memory. In contrast, regular exercise after PI elevated irisin levels in plasma and increased fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gammacoactivator 1α expression in skeletal muscle. Regular exercise also increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and BrdU-positive cells, alleviating cognitive decline and mental deterioration induced by PI. The beneficial effects of exercise were compromised by the administration of an irisin-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, plasma irisin level was positively correlated with working memory, hippocampal BDNF levels, and hippocampal cell proliferation. These findings suggest that exercise-inducible irisin is critical for maintaining cognitive function in the PI state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Jimmy Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Toshio Mikami
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyounan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan.
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Li X, Zhou T, Ma H, Heianza Y, Champagne CM, Williamson DA, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Genetic variation in lean body mass, changes of appetite and weight loss in response to diet interventions: The POUNDS Lost trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2305-2315. [PMID: 32734691 PMCID: PMC8197290 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether the genetic risk score (GRS) for lean body mass (LBM) modified the effects of weight-loss diets on changes in appetite and adiposity among overweight and obese individuals. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In the 2-year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) trial, we included 692 adults who were randomly assigned to one of four diets varying in macronutrient intake. A GRS was calculated using five single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with LBM. RESULTS The LBM-GRS was not associated with the baseline LBM measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in a subgroup (50%) of the study population. We found that the LBM-GRS had significantly different associations with changes in appetite from baseline to 6 months according to low- or high-fat diet group (P-interaction < 0.001, 0.021, 0.005 and 0.024 for total appetite score, hunger, fullness and prospective consumption, respectively). Lower LBM-GRS (indicating a greater genetic predisposition to LBM) was associated with greater decreases in the total appetite score (P < 0.001), hunger (P = 0.01), fullness (P = 0.001) and prospective consumption (P = 0.019) in participants in the low-fat diet group, whereas no significant associations with these appetite measures were observed in the high-fat diet group. In addition, lower LBM-GRS was associated with greater reduction in body weight (P = 0.003) and waist circumference (P = 0.011) among participants in the low-fat diet group, while no associations were observed in the high-fat diet group. The interactions attenuated, along with weight regain, from 6 months to 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that genetic variation in LBM may be differentially associated with appetite changes, and may subsequently be related to changes in body weight and waist circumference, according to dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Catherine M. Champagne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Donald A. Williamson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Tsai CL, Pai MC. Circulating levels of Irisin in obese individuals at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease: Correlations with amyloid-β, metabolic, and neurocognitive indices. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113013. [PMID: 33186636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is involved in various metabolic pathways and is suggested to be a potential agent capable of preventing onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ameliorating AD neuropathology and cognitive deficits. In the present study, the serum levels of Irisin and Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the neurocognitive performance among obese individuals at genetic risk for AD were investigated. The correlations between Irisin and AD-related neuropathological and neurocognitive indices were also explored. Thirty-two individuals with a family history of AD (ADFH) and obesity (ADFH-obesity group) and 32 controls (ADFH-non-obesity group) were recruited. Circulating levels of Irisin, Aβ peptides, and metabolic biomarkers, as well as neurocognitive performance [e.g., behavior and brain even-related potentials (ERP)] were measured during a visuospatial working memory task. Although the ADFH-obesity group exhibited comparable reaction times, ERP N2 latency and amplitudes, and P3 latency as compared to the ADFH-non-obesity group when performing the cognitive task, they exhibited significantly lower rates of accuracy and smaller P3 amplitudes in the higher memory-load condition, even when controlling for the blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness co-variables. The serum levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the ADFH-obesity group relative to the ADFH-non-obesity group, but this was not the case for the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The Irisin levels approached between-group significance. Partial correlations adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure showed that Irisin levels were positively associated with neurophysiological (i.e., P3 amplitude) performance in the ADFH-obesity group. The Irisin levels were not significantly correlated with the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The present findings suggest that ADFH individuals with obesity exhibited neurocognitive deficits when performing the visuospatial working memory task, and serum Irisin levels could be one of the influencing factors. However, the relationship between the circulating levels of Irisin and Aβ peptides needs more evidence to support this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
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Armistead B, Johnson E, VanderKamp R, Kula-Eversole E, Kadam L, Drewlo S, Kohan-Ghadr HR. Placental Regulation of Energy Homeostasis During Human Pregnancy. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5838263. [PMID: 32417921 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful pregnancies rely on sufficient energy and nutrient supply, which require the mother to metabolically adapt to support fetal needs. The placenta has a critical role in this process, as this specialized organ produces hormones and peptides that regulate fetal and maternal metabolism. The ability for the mother to metabolically adapt to support the fetus depends on maternal prepregnancy health. Two-thirds of pregnancies in the United States involve obese or overweight women at the time of conception. This poses significant risks for the infant and mother by disrupting metabolic changes that would normally occur during pregnancy. Despite well characterized functions of placental hormones, there is scarce knowledge surrounding placental endocrine regulation of maternal metabolic trends in pathological pregnancies. In this review, we discuss current efforts to close this gap of knowledge and highlight areas where more research is needed. As the intrauterine environment predetermines the health and wellbeing of the offspring in later life, adequate metabolic control is essential for a successful pregnancy outcome. Understanding how placental hormones contribute to aberrant metabolic adaptations in pathological pregnancies may unveil disease mechanisms and provide methods for better identification and treatment. Studies discussed in this review were identified through PubMed searches between the years of 1966 to the present. We investigated studies of normal pregnancy and metabolic disorders in pregnancy that focused on energy requirements during pregnancy, endocrine regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and placental hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Armistead
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Eugenia Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Robert VanderKamp
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Elzbieta Kula-Eversole
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Leena Kadam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sascha Drewlo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Circulating Irisin in Healthy Adults: Changes after Acute Exercise, Correlation with Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure Parameters in Cross-Sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56060274. [PMID: 32512797 PMCID: PMC7353853 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Skeletal muscles are considered to be the main source of circulating irisin, both at rest and during physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between irisin, body composition, and energy metabolism in humans. Materials and Methods: Serum irisin concentrations before and after acute aerobic exercise on a treadmill in 84 healthy adults were measured and their association with body composition and energy expenditure (EE) (obtained from indirect calorimetry) was determined. Results: The total pre-exercise irisin concentrations in males and females were similar, but higher in females when expressed per body mass kg (p < 0.001). There was an association between pre-exercise irisin per body mass kg, visceral fat rating (rho = −0.52, p = 0.001), and lean tissue % (rho = 0.41, p < 0.05) in males and lean body mass index (LBMI) (rho = −0.59, p < 0.001) in females. The pre-exercise irisin concentration correlated with the resting metabolic rate (RMR) in both sexes (rho = 0.44 in males, rho = 0.36 in females; p < 0.05), but with walking, running, and the EE difference from RMR in running (Δ running EE) in males only (rho = 0.32 to 0.37, p < 0.05). There was no significant change in irisin concentration after exercise in 58% of participants, while it decreased in 23%, and increased in 19%. In male subjects with no change in irisin concentration after exercise, running (p < 0.05) and Δ running EE per body mass kg (p < 0.05) were higher than in those with decreased irisin concentration. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the association of irisin concentration with body composition and EE parameters has sex-dependent differences, and acute exercise can lead to various changes in post-exercise irisin levels.
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11
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de Oliveira M, Mathias LS, Rodrigues BM, Mariani BG, Graceli JB, De Sibio MT, Castro Olimpio RM, Fontes Moretto FC, Deprá IC, Nogueira CR. The roles of triiodothyronine and irisin in improving the lipid profile and directing the browning of human adipose subcutaneous cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110744. [PMID: 32027943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) and irisin (I) can modulate metabolic status, increase heat production, and promote differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). Herein, human subcutaneous white adipocytes were treated with 10 nM T3 or 20 nM I for 24 h to evaluate intracellular lipid accumulation, triglyceride, and glycerol levels, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), adiponectin, leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). T3 and irisin improved UCP1 production, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. T3 elevated adiponectin and leptin levels with a concomitant decrease in PPARy and FNDC5 levels. However, irisin did not alter adipokine, PPARy, and FNDC5 levels. The results indicate that T3 may be used to increase leptin and adiponectin levels to improve insulin sensitivity, and irisin may be used to prevent obesity or maintain weight due to its impact on the lipid profile without altering adipokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Solla Mathias
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretto Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gonçalves Mariani
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Teresa De Sibio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Carvalho Deprá
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112846. [PMID: 32081814 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drive to eat is a component of appetite control, independent of the omnivorous habit of humans, and separate from food choice, satiety and food reward. The drive forms part of the tonic component of appetite and arises from biological needs; it is distinct from episodic aspects of appetite which are heavily influenced by culture and the environment (and which reflect the omnivorous habit). It is proposed that the tonic drive to eat reflects a need state generated by metabolic energy expenditure (EE) required to maintain the functioning and integrity of vital organs. Specifically, the tonic drive is quantitatively associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR). A rational proposition is that high metabolic rate organs (such as heart, liver, kidneys, brain) together with skeletal muscle generate a metabolic need which drives energy intake (EI). The basic phenomenon of a relationship between FFM, RMR and EI, first published in 2011, has been substantially replicated and there are at least 14 concordant published studies carried out in 9 different countries (and 4 continents) with various ethnic groups of lean and obese humans. These studies demonstrate that FFM and RMR represent major determinants of the drive to eat, and this is rational from an evolutionary perspective. The EE of bodily movements through skeletal muscle activity (namely physical activity and exercise) represents another driver which is clearly but more weakly associated with an increase in EI. This account of appetite control, developed within an energy balance framework, is consistent with the apparent inexorable escalation of fatness in individual humans, and for the progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity which, among other factors, reflects the difficulty of managing the biological drive to eat.
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Mai S, Grugni G, Mele C, Vietti R, Vigna L, Sartorio A, Aimaretti G, Scacchi M, Marzullo P. Irisin levels in genetic and essential obesity: clues for a potential dual role. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1020. [PMID: 31974460 PMCID: PMC6978420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is conventionally regarded as a myokine involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, energy expenditure and glucose tolerance. Its potential link to fat accumulation and metabolic dysfunction is debated. We sought to explore the relationship between circulating irisin and components of body composition in two different phenotypes of severe obesity. For this purpose, 30 obese adults with Prader-Will syndrome (PWS) (age 35.7 ± 1.5 y, BMI 45.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2) and 30 adult controls with common obesity (age 34.9 ± 1.7 y, BMI 46.8 ± 1.4 kg/m2) underwent analysis of irisin levels, metabolic profile, body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE). Normal irisin levels were obtained from a group of 20 lean donors (age 32.4 ± 1.5 y, BMI 23.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2). Expected differences in body composition and metabolic profile existed between study groups. PWS exhibited lower muscle mass (p < 0.001), FFM (p < 0.001), REE (p < 0.001), as well as insulin (p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) and triglycerides levels (p < 0.05) than controls with common obesity. In PWS, irisin levels were significantly lower and overall less dispersed than in controls with common obesity (p < 0.05), while being similar to values recorded in lean subjects. To explore the relation between irisin and body composition in obesity, univariate correlation analysis in the obese populations as a whole showed positive associations between irisin and muscle mass (p = 0.03) as well as REE (p = 0.01), which disappeared when controlled for the PWS status. Noticeably, a positive association became evident between irisin and %FM after controlling for the PWS status (p = 0.02). Also positive were associations between irisin and insulin (p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (p = 0.02) and triglycerides (p = 0.04). In stepwise multivariable regression analysis, irisin levels were independently predicted by the PWS status (p = 0.001), %FM (p = 0.004) and triglycerides (p = 0.008). Current results suggest that obese adults with PWS harbor lower irisin levels than individuals with common obesity. The divergent models of obesity herein studied suggest a potential link between circulating irisin and muscle mass and metabolic dysfunction relating to adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mai
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy.
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy
| | - Chiara Mele
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy.,University of Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Vietti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy
| | - Luisella Vigna
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- University of Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy.,University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, via Commenda 19, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, via Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo di Oggebbio, (VB), Italy.,University of Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
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14
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 promotes proliferation and differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Qiu S, Bosnyák E, Treff G, Steinacker JM, Nieß AM, Krüger K, Mooren FC, Zügel M, Schumann U. Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: Associations with training status and exercise mode. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1226-1233. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1478452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edit Bosnyák
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Michael Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Michael Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Martina Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Influence of Muscle Mass and Outdoor Environmental Factors on Appetite and Satiety Feeling in Young Japanese Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010167. [PMID: 29361734 PMCID: PMC5800266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on the influence of relationships among satiety, muscle mass, and outdoor environmental factors is sparse. In this work the relationships among satiety feeling, body composition, and outdoor environmental factors on eating in healthy young Japanese women are investigated. Fifty three (53) women were examined over an approximately 2-year period. All participants ate the same lunch; feelings of satiety and body composition were measured before and immediately after lunch. Satiety was assessed using a visual analog scale. Outdoor environmental factors were recorded at the time of measurement. Results showed that satiety before lunch decreased with increased muscle mass and decreased humidity (p < 0.05). The Δ satiety increased on eating with increased outdoor temperature (p < 0.05). The Δ satiety with high outdoor temperature was significantly greater than with low outdoor temperature (p = 0.005). Decreased muscle mass more influenced Δ satiety with respect to outdoor temperature than increased muscle mass (p = 0.007). The results suggest that increased muscle mass and decreased humidity increase hunger (unlike satiety) before eating. The findings also show that outdoor temperature clearly influences the magnitude of satiety on eating. Increasing muscle mass may be useful for satiety control at various outdoor temperatures in young women.
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17
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Bonfante ILP, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Brunelli DT, Gáspari AF, Duft RG, Oliveira AG, Araujo TG, Saad MJA, Cavaglieri CR. Obese with higher FNDC5/Irisin levels have a better metabolic profile, lower lipopolysaccharide levels and type 2 diabetes risk. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 61:524-533. [PMID: 29412381 PMCID: PMC10522056 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thus, the aim of this study was to compare if higher or smaller fibronectin type 3 domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin levels are associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers, caloric/macronutrient intake, physical fitness and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in obese middle-aged men, and also to correlate all variables analyzed with FNDC5/irisin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS On the basis of a cluster study, middle-aged obese men (IMC: 31.01 ± 1.64 kg/m2) were divided into groups of higher and smaller levels of FNDC5/irisin. The levels of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6, IL10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance and sensibility, lipid profile, risk of T2DM development, body composition, rest energy expenditure, caloric/macronutrient intake and physical fitness were measured. RESULTS The higher FNDC5/ irisin group presented improved insulin sensibility (homeostasis model assessment - sensibility (HOMA-S) (p = 0.01) and QUICKI index (p < 0.01)), insulin (p = 0.02) and triglyceride levels (p = 0.01), lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), triglycerides/glucose (TYG index) (p = 0.02), neck circumference (p = 0.02), risk of T2DM development (p = 0.02), tendency to decrease serum resistin (p = 0.08) and significant lower LPS levels (p = 0.02). Inverse correlations between FNDC5/irisin and body weight (r -0.46, p = 0.04), neck circumference (r -0.51, p = 0.02), free fat mass (r -0.49, p = 0.02), triglycerides (r -0.43, p = 0.05) and risk of developing T2DM (r -0.61, p = 0.04) were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher FNDC5/irisin levels in obese middle-aged men are related to a better metabolic profile and lower risk of T2DM development and serum LPS, a potential inducer of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Mara Patricia Traina Chacon-Mikahil
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Diego Trevisan Brunelli
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Renata Garbellini Duft
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Gabarra Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaInstituto de BiociênciasRio ClaroSPBrasilInstituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - Tiago Gomes Araujo
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasEscola de Ciências MédicasDepartamento de Medicina InternaCampinasSRBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Escola de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SR Brasil
| | - Mario Jose Abdalla Saad
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasEscola de Ciências MédicasDepartamento de Medicina InternaCampinasSRBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Escola de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SR Brasil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Educação FísicaLaboratório de Fisiologia do ExercícioCampinasSPBrasilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
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18
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Atici E, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK, Menevse E. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism increase plasma irisin levels in rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 33:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0054/hmbci-2017-0054.xml. [PMID: 29182513 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background A recently discovered hormone, irisin is accepted to be significantly involved in the regulation of body weight. Thyroid functions may be, directly or indirectly, associated with irisin. Aim The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of experimental thyroid dysfunction on irisin levels in rats. Methods The study registered 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were allocated to groups as follows: 1. Control; 2. Hypothyroidism induced by injection of 10 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal propylthiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks; 3. Hypothyroidism (PTU 2 weeks) + L-thyroxin (1.5 mg/kg/day for 1 week); 4. Hyperthyroidism induced in rats by 3-week thyroxin (0.3 mg/kg/day); 5. Hyperthyroidism + PTU. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected to quantify free triiodothyronine (FT3), free triiodothyronine (FT4) and irisin levels. Results FT3 and FT4 levels were reduced in hypothyroidism and were significantly elevated in hyperthyroidism (p < 0.001). Irisin values, on the other hand, were found to be elevated in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion The results of the study suggest that irisin values increase in thyroid dysfunction, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and that when hypothyroidism is corrected by thyroxin administration and hyperthyroidism by PTU injection, plasma irisin values go back to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Atici
- Baskent University, Health Sciences Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Selcuk University, Medical School, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
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Variations in leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin levels induced by aerobic exercise in young trained and untrained male subjects. Biol Sport 2017; 34:339-344. [PMID: 29472736 PMCID: PMC5819477 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the impacts of acute aerobic exercise on circulating levels of hormones associated with energy metabolism, namely leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin, in trained and untrained male subjects and to determine whether the timing of the exercise (i.e. morning or night) amplified these impacts. Thirty trained (19.2±0.7 years) and 30 untrained (19.5±0.6 years) male subjects performed two aerobic running exercises (3 days between tests) to 64-76% of the subjects' maximal heart rate for about 30 min. Pre- and post-exercise venous blood samples were taken and analysed for leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paired samples and independent samples t-tests were used to analyse data. Irisin levels increased in all the subjects (p<0.001). In both groups, nesfatin-1 levels increased significantly after the night-time exercise (p<0.05). Importantly, leptin and nesfatin-1 levels varied among the trained and untrained groups: Both leptin and nesfatin-1 levels increased in 4 (13%) and 12 (40%) subjects, respectively, after the morning exercises, and they increased in 9 (30%) and 10 (33%) subjects, respectively, after the night-time exercise. They decreased in 5 (16%) and 7 (23%) subjects, respectively, after the morning exercise and in 6 (20%) and 3 (10%) subjects, respectively, after the night-time exercise. Exercise may result in increased energy consumption by altering irisin levels. However, due to variations among individuals, increasing leptin and nesfatin-1 levels by reducing food intake may not be applicable.
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20
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Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1615-28. [PMID: 27503946 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Energy balance is not a simple algebraic sum of energy expenditure and energy intake as often depicted in communications. Energy balance is a dynamic process and there exist reciprocal effects between food intake and energy expenditure. An important distinction is that of metabolic and behavioural components of energy expenditure. These components not only contribute to the energy budget directly, but also by influencing the energy intake side of the equation. It has recently been demonstrated that resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a potential driver of energy intake, and evidence is accumulating on the influence of physical activity (behavioural energy expenditure) on mechanisms of satiety and appetite control. These effects are associated with changes in leptin and insulin sensitivity, and in the plasma levels of gastrointestinal (GI) peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK). The influence of fat-free mass on energy expenditure and as a driver of energy intake directs attention to molecules emanating from skeletal tissue as potential appetite signals. Sedentariness (physical inactivity) is positively associated with adiposity and is proposed to be a source of overconsumption and appetite dysregulation. The molecular signals underlying these effects are not known but represent a target for research.
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Binay Ç, Paketçi C, Güzel S, Samancı N. Serum Irisin and Oxytocin Levels as Predictors of Metabolic Parameters in Obese Children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:124-131. [PMID: 28077341 PMCID: PMC5463284 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin and oxytocin can affect energy homeostasis and it has been suggested that they may play an important role in reducing obesity and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between metabolic parameters (including irisin and oxytocin levels) and anthropometric parameters in obese children. METHODS Ninety obese children (mean age, 13.85±1.63 years) and 30 healthy controls (mean age, 14.32±1.58 years) were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric and laboratory parameters (glucose, insulin, lipid, oxytocin, and irisin levels) were analyzed. The serum irisin and oxytocin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bioelectrical impedance was used to determine body composition. RESULTS Irisin level was higher in the patients than in the controls (p=0.018), and this higher irisin level was correlated with increased systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, fat percentage, fat mass, glucose level, insulin level, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Serum oxytocin level was significantly decreased in obese children compared to the controls (p=0.049). Also, among the 60 obese patients, oxytocin level was significantly lower in patients with than in those without metabolic syndrome (8.65±2.69 vs. 10.87±5.93 ng/L, respectively), while irisin levels were comparable (p=0.049 and p=0.104, respectively). There were no statistically significant relationships between oxytocin or irisin levels and lipid levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Obese children had significantly higher irisin levels than the healthy controls. Additionally, this study shows for the first time that oxytocin level is significantly lower in obese compared with non-obese children and also lower in obese children with metabolic syndrome compared to those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Binay
- Tekirdağ Çorlu State Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Tekirdağ, Turkey, Phone: +90 532 377 14 96 E-mail:
| | - Cem Paketçi
- Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Savaş Güzel
- Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Nedim Samancı
- Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:362-381. [PMID: 27040995 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ determining whole-body insulin sensitivity and metabolic homoeostasis. Adaptive changes of skeletal muscle in response to physical activity include adjustments in the production and secretion of muscle-derived bioactive factors, known as myokines, such as myostatin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15, myonectin, follistatin-like 1 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. These myokines not only act locally in the muscle in an autocrine/paracrine manner, but also are released to the bloodstream as endocrine factors to regulate physiological processes in other tissues. Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 protein, constitutes a myokine that induces myogenesis and fat browning (switch of white adipocytes to brown fat-like cells) together with a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Besides being a target for irisin actions, the adipose tissue also constitutes a production site of FNDC5. Interestingly, irisin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots is decreased by long-term exercise training and fasting, suggesting a discordant regulation of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Accordingly, our group has recently reported that the adipokine leptin differentially regulates FNDC5/irisin expression in skeletal muscle and fat, confirming the crosstalk between both tissues. Moreover, irisin secretion and function are regulated by other myokines, such as follistatin or myostatin, as well as by other adipokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin. Taken together, myokines have emerged as novel molecular mediators of fat browning and their activity can be modulated by adipokines, confirming the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - L. Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - G. Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
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Gavrieli A, Mantzoros CS. Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:361-372. [PMID: 27469065 PMCID: PMC5053046 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess energy intake, without a compensatory increase of energy expenditure, leads to obesity. Several molecules are involved in energy homeostasis regulation and new ones are being discovered constantly. Appetite regulating hormones such as ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and amylin or incretins such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide have been studied extensively while other molecules such as fibroblast growth factor 21, chemerin, irisin, secreted frizzle-related protein-4, total bile acids, and heme oxygenase-1 have been linked to energy homeostasis regulation more recently and the specific role of each one of them has not been fully elucidated. This mini review focuses on the above mentioned molecules and discusses them in relation to their regulation by the macronutrient composition of the diet as well as diet-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gavrieli
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Shoukry A, Shalaby SM, El-Arabi Bdeer S, Mahmoud AA, Mousa MM, Khalifa A. Circulating serum irisin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:544-56. [PMID: 27220658 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise-regulated myokine inducing browning of white adipose tissue and has gained interest as a potential new strategy to combat obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to evaluate the circulating serum irisin levels in obesity and T2DM and also to elucidate possible relationships between serum irisin levels with anthropometric and metabolic parameters of obesity and T2DM. One hundred fifty newly diagnosed T2DM patients as well as 150 nondiabetic control subjects were enrolled in this study. Nondiabetic controls were then stratified according to their body mass index (BMI) into three subgroups; lean, overweight, and obese. Serum irisin levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum irisin levels were significantly decreased in T2DM patients compared with nondiabetic controls. Obese nondiabetic controls had significantly higher serum irisin levels compared with lean nondiabetic controls. In both nondiabetic controls and T2DM patients, serum irisin was significantly positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.985, P < 0.001 and r = 0.218, P = 0.007, respectively), fat mass (r = 0.959, P < 0.001 and r = 0.202, P = 0.013, respectively), fat-free mass (r = 0.606, P < 0.001 and r = 0.194, P = 0.017, respectively), fat-free mass index (r = 0.820, P < 0.001 and r = 0.179, P = 0.028, respectively), waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.880, P < 0.001 and r = 0.194, P = 0.017, respectively), fasting insulin (r = 0.989, P < 0.001 and r = 0.207, P = 0.011, respectively), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.989, P < 0.001 and r = 0.185, P = 0.023, respectively), whereas; significantly negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity (r = -0.992, P < 0.001 and r = -0.187, P = 0.022, respectively). In this study, we demonstrated that circulating serum irisin levels were increased in obese nondiabetic subjects, while decreased in T2DM patients. Moreover, serum irisin levels were correlated with anthropometric and metabolic markers of obesity and T2DM. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):544-556, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Shoukry
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Medical Biochimistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Amira A Mahmoud
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada M Mousa
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Khalifa
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Gavrieli A, Panagiotou G, Mantzoros CS. Leptin administration in physiological or pharmacological doses does not alter circulating irisin levels in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1461-3. [PMID: 27200503 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine causing browning of adipose tissue, and it thus increases energy expenditure. The same is true for irisin. We studied whether exogenously administered metreleptin affects serum irisin concentrations in humans, which would suggest a direct interplay between leptin and irisin. We performed two studies: a dose-escalating 1-day-long study and a randomized placebo-controlled study. Study 1: 15 healthy, normal-weight and/or obese male and female individuals participated in three 1-day-long trials of metreleptin administration in the fed state. Metreleptin was administered once at physiological and pharmacological (0.01, 0.1 and 0.3 mg per kg body weight) doses. Study 2: 18 apparently healthy hypoleptinemic young women with hypoleptinemia and secondary amenorrhea took part in this study. Subjects received either metreleptin in replacement doses (0.08 and/or 0.12 mg kg(-1)) or placebo for 16 weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for leptin and irisin. We found no effect of metreleptin administration on irisin levels of subjects studied at either the fasting or the fed state either in the short or the long term. We provide evidence that leptin is not altering circulating irisin levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gavrieli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Panagiotou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C S Mantzoros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Hannah Mathew
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Baka S, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Boutsikou T, Boutsikou M, Marmarinos A, Hassiakos D, Gourgiotis D, Briana DD. Cord blood irisin at the extremes of fetal growth. Metabolism 2015; 64:1515-20. [PMID: 26307660 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Irisin, a novel myokine with antiobesity properties, drives brown-fat-like conversion of white adipose tissue, thus increasing energy expenditure and improving glucose tolerance. We aimed to investigate circulating irisin concentrations in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses, both associated with metabolic dysregulation and long-term susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome development. METHODS Plasma irisin and insulin concentrations were determined by ELISA and IRMA, respectively, in 80 mixed arteriovenous cord blood samples from LGA (n=30), IUGR (n=30) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n=20) singleton full-term pregnancies. Fetuses were classified as LGA, IUGR or AGA, based on customized birth-weight standards adjusted for significant determinants of fetal growth. RESULTS Fetal irisin concentrations were lower in IUGR cases than AGA controls (p=0.031). Cord blood irisin concentrations were similar in LGA and AGA groups and positively correlated with birth-weight, as well as customized centiles (r=0.245, p=0.029 and r=0.247, p=0.027, respectively). Insulin concentrations were higher in LGA, compared to AGA fetuses (p=0.036). In the LGA group, fetal irisin concentrations positively correlated with fetal insulin concentrations (r=0.374, p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS Impaired skeletal muscle metabolism in IUGR fetuses may account for their irisin deficiency, which may be part of the fetal programming process, leading to increased susceptibility to later metabolic syndrome development. Furthermore, irisin down-regulation may predispose IUGR infants to hypothermia at birth, by inducing less "browning" of their adipose tissue and consequently less non-shivering thermogenesis. Irisin upregulation with increasing birth-weight may contribute to a slower fat gain during early infancy ("catch-down"), by promoting higher total energy expenditure. The positive correlation between irisin and insulin in the LGA group may reflect a counterbalance of the documented hyperinsulinemia, which is partly responsible for the excessive fat deposition in the LGA fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baka
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodora Boutsikou
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Boutsikou
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina D Briana
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Meyer T, Wegmann M, Ruppenthal S, Kaestner L, Morsch A, Hecksteden A. Irisin does not mediate resistance training-induced alterations in resting metabolic rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1736-43. [PMID: 24566753 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 6-month preventive resistance training program on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its associations with fat-free mass (FFM) and the newly described myokine irisin as two potential mechanistic links between exercise training and RMR. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, 74 sedentary healthy male and female participants either completed 6 months of high-repetition resistance training 3 d·wk in accordance with the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations (RT: n = 37; 47 ± 7 yr; body mass index, 25.0 ± 3.4 kg·m) or served as controls (CO: n = 37; 50 ± 7 yr; body mass index, 24.2 ± 3.2 kg·m). Strength (one-repetition maximum), RMR (indirect calorimetry), body fat (caliper method), and serum irisin concentration (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were measured before and after 6 months of training. RESULTS Training led to an increase in strength (one-repetition maximum leg press, 16% ± 7%; P < 0.001). RMR increased in RT (1671 ± 356 vs 1843 ± 385 kcal·d, P < 0.001) but not in CO (1587 ± 285 vs 1602 ± 294 kcal·d, P = 0.97; group-time interaction, P < 0.01). Body weight (RT, -0.5 ± 2.4 kg; CO, 0.1 ± 2.3 kg), body fat percentage (RT, -1.1% ± 2.5%; CO, -0.7% ± 2.9%), and FFM (RT, 0.4 ± 2.1 kg; CO, 0.6 ± 1.9 kg) did not develop differently between groups (group-time interaction: P = 0.29, P = 0.54, and P = 0.59, respectively). Serum irisin concentration increased in CO (70.8 ± 83.4 ng·mL, P < 0.001) but not in RT (22.4 ± 92.6 ng·mL, P = 0.67; group-time interaction, P < 0.01). The change in RMR was not associated with the change in FFM (r = -0.11, P = 0.36) or irisin (r = -0.004, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Preventive resistance training elicits an increase in RMR. However, in contrast to currently discussed hypotheses, this increase does not seem to be mediated by training-induced changes in FFM or circulating irisin concentration, which casts doubt in the meaning of irisin for human energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Scharhag-Rosenberger
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 2German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, GERMANY; 3Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, GERMANY; and 4Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, GERMANY
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29
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Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:443-51. [PMID: 26403433 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES It has been reported that irisin regulated exercise-mediated adipocyte browning; however, the systematical effects of irisin on the metabolism of glucose and lipid in diabetes are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of irisin in glucose utilization and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. METHODS A mouse model of diabetes was established by feeding C57BL/6 mice with high-fat diet. The diabetic mice were then treated with irisin. To mimic type 2 diabetes in vitro, myocytes and hepatocytes were cultured in a medium of high glucose and high fat. Glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation and the expression of related protein were evaluated. RESULTS Irisin improved glucose tolerance and glucose uptake as evidenced by increased (18)F-FDG accumulation and GLUT4 translocation in diabetic skeletal muscle. Irisin also increased glucose uptake in myocytes cultured in high glucose/high fatty acid medium. In contrast, irisin reduced the expression of PEPCK and G6Pase, which are involved in gluconeogenesis, in diabetic liver. Consistently, irisin reduced fat weight and serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic mice, but increased acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-β phosphorylation in muscle tissue and uncoupling protein 1 expression in fat tissue. In addition, irisin increased the oxidation of fatty acid in myocytes. Knockdown of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) attenuated the effects of irisin on glucose uptake and fatty acid β-oxidation in myocytes. Similarly, inhibition of AMPK by a specific inhibitor reduced the effects of irisin on PEPCK and G6Pase expression in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that irisin has an essential role in glucose utilization and lipid metabolism, and irisin is a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Rahman S, Amer OE, Al-Attas OS, Alfawaz H, Tripathi G, Sabico S, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG, Piya MK. Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:775-81. [PMID: 26011590 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in 'browning' of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non-DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51.6 ± 10.9; BMI: 29.6 ± 4.3 kg/m(2) ] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54.3 ± 10.3 year; BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7 kg/m(2) ] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0.001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0.20, P = 0.03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0.75 ± 0.07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0.49 ± 0.06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Milan K Piya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Huh JY, Mantzoros CS. Irisin physiology, oxidative stress, and thyroid dysfunction: What next? Metabolism 2015; 64:765-7. [PMID: 25916681 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Crujeiras AB, Pardo M, Casanueva FF. Irisin: 'fat' or artefact. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:467-74. [PMID: 25287317 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of the muscle-derived factor irisin, a great controversy arose in the literature regarding certain inconsistencies in the regulation of the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 protein (FNDC5/irisin) after exercise, as well as the unpredicted association of circulating irisin levels with parameters of adiposity in humans. Due to these questionable findings, doubts as to the identity of the soluble portion of FNDC5 as well as the real role of irisin and its possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of obesity and diabetes have proliferated. We recently postulated that FNDC5/irisin is an adipokine expressed and secreted by white adipose tissue in rats and humans. Its circulating concentration correlates with adiposity in humans among independent cohorts of patients. Further analysis, focused on obesity-related metabolic disorders, has shown that irisin could play a role in promoting insulin resistance or act as an adaptive response to counteract disturbances in glucose and lipid homoeostasis in obesity. Overall, this leads us to raise the question whether the new factor, increased in circulation of obese patients, is really irisin-reflecting fat mass or it is an artefact. Therefore, the current review is focused on the potential participation of adipose tissue in irisin circulating levels, and the role of irisin in metabolic pathologies associated with obesity in an attempt to clarify the controversy generated by these recently published reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ijiri N, Kanazawa H, Asai K, Watanabe T, Hirata K. Irisin, a newly discovered myokine, is a novel biomarker associated with physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2015; 20:612-7. [PMID: 25800067 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Irisin is a recently identified hormone secreted by skeletal myocytes, which has been proposed to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Physical activity has been emphasized as one of the principal targets of the treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was designed to evaluate the possibility of using serum irisin level as a novel biomarker associated with physical activity in patients with COPD. METHODS We measured the serum irisin level in 72 COPD patients and 27 control subjects, and investigated its correlation to pulmonary function parameters, exercise capacity and physical activity level. In addition, we analysed the effects of acute and chronic exercise on serum irisin level. RESULTS Fat-free mass index was not significantly different between the two study groups. However, lower serum irisin level was observed in COPD patients than in the control subjects (COPD patients: median (interquartile range) 31.6 (22.7-40.4) ng/mL; control subjects: 50.7 (39.3-65.8) ng/mL; P < 0.001). The serum irisin level did not significantly correlate with any pulmonary function parameters and 6-min walk distance. However, serum irisin level was associated with the physical activity level in all subjects. In COPD patients, acute exercise did not affect serum irisin level, but an 8-week exercise training was linked to the significant increase in its level. CONCLUSIONS Circulating irisin could be used to evaluate physical activity in COPD patients and increased after an 8-week exercise training. Serum irisin level may prove to be a valuable biomarker in clinical follow up of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ijiri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Endurance training-induced increase in circulating irisin levels is associated with reduction of abdominal visceral fat in middle-aged and older adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120354. [PMID: 25793753 PMCID: PMC4368602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of endurance training on circulating irisin levels in young and middle-aged/older adults, and to determine the association between endurance training-induced alteration of irisin and reduction in body fat. Twenty-five healthy young (age 21 ± 1 years; 16 men, 9 women) and 28 healthy middle-aged/older adults (age 67 ± 8 years; 12 men, 16 women) participated in the study. Each age cohort was divided into two groups: the endurance-training group (14 young, 14 middle-aged/older) and the control group. Subjects in the training groups completed an 8-week endurance-training program (cycling at 60-70% peak oxygen uptake [ V˙O2peak] for 45 min, 3 days/week). Before and after the intervention, we evaluated serum irisin level, V˙O2peak, and body composition. The increase in V˙O2peak in the young and middle-aged/older training groups after the intervention period was significantly greater than those in the young and middle-aged/older control groups (P < 0.05). Serum irisin level was significantly increased in the middle-aged/older training group after the intervention period (P < 0.01), but not in the young training group. Furthermore, in the middle-aged/older training group, the endurance training-induced reduction in visceral adipose tissue area was negatively correlated with the change in serum irisin level (r = −0.54, P < 0.05). These results suggest a possible role for secreted irisin in the exercise-induced alteration of abdominal visceral fat in middle-aged and older adults.
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Farr OM, Camp M, Mantzoros CS. New research developments and insights from Metabolism. Metabolism 2015; 64:354-67. [PMID: 25549908 PMCID: PMC4459594 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In a field of great importance to daily life and clinical care, metabolic-related research covers a wealth of information and knowledge. This broad field encompasses a number of physical states that are increasingly critical to study, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, the impacts of diet, nutrition, and exercise on these physical states are an area of ever-important and expanding research. With the latest advances in metabolic research, much knowledge has been gained. Here, we present the newest findings from research published in Metabolism. We hope that these results provide not only critical knowledge needed for clinical care and daily life, but also a platform for the continuing expansion of research into metabolic-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Michelle Camp
- Section of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Irisin, a link among fatty liver disease, physical inactivity and insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23163-78. [PMID: 25514415 PMCID: PMC4284758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD mirrors the outbreak of obesity in western countries, highlighting the connection between these two conditions. Nevertheless, there is currently no specific pharmacotherapy for its treatment. Accepted management begins with weight loss and exercise. Moreover, exercise can provide metabolic benefits independently of weight loss. It is known how long-term aerobic training produces improvements in hepatic triglycerides, visceral adipose tissue and free fatty acids, even if there is no weight reduction. A recent study from Boström et al. unravels a potential molecular mechanism that may explain how exercise, independently of weight loss, can potentially improve metabolic parameters through a new messenger system (irisin) linking muscle and fat tissue. Irisin has been proposed to act as a hormone on subcutaneous white fat cells increasing energy expenditure by means of a program of brown-fat-like development. Moreover, it was also shown that irisin plasma concentration was higher in people who exercise, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which exercise may improve metabolism. The present systematic review is based on the possibility that irisin might represent a hypothetical connection between NAFLD pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Ruchala M, Zybek A, Szczepanek-Parulska E. Serum irisin levels and thyroid function--newly discovered association. Peptides 2014; 60:51-5. [PMID: 25102448 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a newly discovered adipo-myokin, which is reported to have a significant influence on the body metabolism and thermogenesis. Other influencing factors on metabolic state are thyroid hormones, which increase heat production and control the energy balance. Due to numerous similarities in action it seems imperative to explore these substances' potential mutual influence on the body. The aim of the study is to provide the first ever, according to our knowledge, evaluation of serum irisin concentrations in patients with thyroid dysfunction and its correlation with creatine kinase (CK) levels - a serum marker of muscle damage. The studied group consisted of 20 patients with newly diagnosed thyroid disorder - hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Venous blood samples were analyzed for irisin, thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and CK serum concentrations. Patients' body mass index (BMI), body weight and muscle mass were evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Median serum irisin levels were lower in hypothyroid (117.30ng/ml) than hyperthyroid (161.95ng/ml) patients with a borderline statistical significance (p=0.0726). The negative correlation between irisin and TSH levels was demonstrated (r=-0.4924, p=0.0230), as well as the positive correlation between irisin and FT4 levels (r=0.4833, p=0.0360). The CK level was negatively correlated with irisin, FT4 and FT3 concentrations (r=-0.7272, p=0.0140; r=-0.9636, p=<0.0001; r=-0.8838, p=0.0007, respectively). The study demonstrates that irisin concentrations may vary according to the thyrometabolic state, which potentially could be related to the degree of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ariadna Zybek
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Daskalopoulou SS, Cooke AB, Gomez YH, Mutter AF, Filippaios A, Mesfum ET, Mantzoros CS. Plasma irisin levels progressively increase in response to increasing exercise workloads in young, healthy, active subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:343-52. [PMID: 24920292 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a recently discovered myokine, has been shown to induce browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing energy expenditure and mediating some of the beneficial effects of exercise. We aimed to estimate the time frame of changes in irisin levels after acute exercise and the effect of different exercise workloads and intensities on circulating irisin levels immediately post-exercise. METHODS In a pilot study, four healthy subjects (22.5±1.7 years) underwent maximal workload exercise (maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max) and blood was drawn at prespecified intervals to define the time frame of pre- and post-exercise irisin changes over a 24-h period. In the main study, 35 healthy, non-smoking (23.0±3.3 years) men and women (n=20/15) underwent three exercise protocols ≥48-h apart, in random order: i) maximal workload (VO2 max); ii) relative workload (70% of VO2 max/10 min); and iii) absolute workload (75 W/10 min). Blood was drawn immediately pre-exercise and 3 min post-exercise. RESULTS In the pilot study, irisin levels increased by 35% 3 min post-exercise, then dropped and remained relatively constant. In the main study, irisin levels post-exercise were significantly higher than those of pre-exercise after all workloads (all, P<0.001). Post-to-pre-exercise differences in irisin levels were significantly different between workloads (P=0.001), with the greatest increase by 34% following maximal workload (P=0.004 vs relative and absolute). CONCLUSIONS Circulating irisin levels were acutely elevated in response to exercise, with a greater increase after maximal workload. These findings suggest that irisin release could be a function of muscle energy demand. Future studies need to determine the underlying mechanisms of irisin release and explore irisin's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra B Cooke
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yessica-Haydee Gomez
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew F Mutter
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ertirea T Mesfum
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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de la Iglesia R, Lopez-Legarrea P, Crujeiras AB, Pardo M, Casanueva FF, Zulet MA, Martinez JA. Plasma irisin depletion under energy restriction is associated with improvements in lipid profile in metabolic syndrome patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:306-11. [PMID: 24325584 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recently discovered myokine, irisin, may have an important role in energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between this hormone and the lipid profile of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) following a hypocaloric diet. DESIGN Ninety-three Caucasian adults (52 men/41 women) diagnosed with MetS followed an 8-week-long energy-restricted programme (-30% of the energy requirements). Anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers and plasma irisin levels were analysed before and after the nutritional intervention. RESULTS Global plasma irisin levels were significantly reduced at the end of the study (-72.0 ± 100.9 ng/ml, P < 0.001) accompanying the weight loss (-6.9%). The depletion of irisin significantly correlated with changes in some atherogenic-related variables: total cholesterol (B = 0.106, P = 0.018), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (B = 0.002, P = 0.036), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (B = 0.085, P = 0.037) and apolipoprotein B (B = 0.052, P = 0.002), independently of changes in body weight. CONCLUSIONS An association between the reduction in plasma irisin levels and the depletion of important lipid metabolism biomarkers was observed in patients with MetS undergoing an energy-restricted programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio de la Iglesia
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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40
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Blüher S, Panagiotou G, Petroff D, Markert J, Wagner A, Klemm T, Filippaios A, Keller A, Mantzoros CS. Effects of a 1-year exercise and lifestyle intervention on irisin, adipokines, and inflammatory markers in obese children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1701-8. [PMID: 24644099 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise improves weight status and metabolism. Irisin, a novel myokine, may be involved in the regulation of metabolic function. The effect of an exercise and dietary lifestyle intervention for 1-year on irisin, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNFR-II) was evaluated, and predictors of irisin levels were characterized in obese children. METHODS Parameters were assessed at baseline and at follow-up for 65 obese children who completed the program (7-18 years, 54%boys). Their relation to weight status and metabolic risk was analyzed. RESULTS Anthropometric and metabolic parameters improved after completion of the program. Circulating irisin levels at baseline were 111.0 ± 8.0 ng ml(-1) and increased after the intervention by 12% [6%, 17%], P = 0.00003. There was no evidence for differences in irisin levels between genders and across age. Moreover, changes in irisin did not correlate with those in BMI-SDS, adipokines or inflammatory markers. Leptin decreased after the intervention (Δ5.3 ng ml(-1) , [3.2, 6.3], P = 10(-7) ). Anthropometric measures were significantly associated with leptin and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS A 1-year long lifestyle intervention program is associated with improvement in anthropometric and metabolic parameters and leads to an elevation in irisin levels in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Blüher
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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41
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Huh JY, Mougios V, Skraparlis A, Kabasakalis A, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans. Metabolism 2014; 63:918-21. [PMID: 24814685 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin is a recently identified myokine, suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise by inducing browning of white adipocytes and thus increasing energy expenditure. In humans, the regulation of irisin by exercise is not completely understood. We investigated the effect of acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise, a moderate-intensity exercise that resembles shivering, on circulating irisin levels in young healthy subjects. MATERIALS/METHODS Healthy untrained females participated in a 6-week program of whole-body vibration exercise training. Blood was drawn before and immediately after an acute bout of exercise at baseline (week 0) and after 6 weeks of training. RESULTS The resting irisin levels were not different at baseline (week 0) and after 6 weeks of training. At both 0 and 6 weeks of training, an acute bout of vibration exercise significantly elevated circulating irisin levels by 9.5% and 18.1%, respectively (p=0.05 for the percent change of irisin levels). CONCLUSIONS Acute bouts of whole-body vibration exercise are effective in increasing circulating irisin levels but chronic training does not change levels of baseline irisin levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Skraparlis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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42
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Peter PR, Park KH, Huh JY, Wedick NM, Mantzoros CS. Circulating irisin levels are not affected by coffee intake: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94463. [PMID: 24728416 PMCID: PMC3984159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, secreted by skeletal muscle and possibly fat, is hypothesized to play an important role in modulating energy expenditure, obesity and metabolism. Coffee consumption also increases energy expenditure and leads to positive metabolic effects, but whether these effects are mediated by irisin remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the association between baseline irisin levels and the metabolic profile in humans and to investigate whether consumption of caffeinated coffee alters irisin levels. To this end, a secondary analysis was performed investigating irisin levels at baseline and after eight weeks in 32 healthy, overweight coffee drinkers who were randomized to consumption of 5 cups per day of instant caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or water. Spearman correlation and analysis of covariance analyses were performed to identify possible associations. Irisin levels were positively correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.41, p = 0.02), fat mass (r = 0.44, p = 0.01) and CRP (r = 0.47, p = 0.007). Though there was a trend towards increased levels of irisin over time in the caffeinated coffee group (+1.8%) when compared to the placebo group (−4%) this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.75 for the trend). This first randomized trial failed to reveal any effects of coffee consumption on irisin levels, but a larger trial, appropriately sized on the basis of data provided by this study, is needed to conclusively investigate such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R. Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Joo Young Huh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Wedick
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Crujeiras AB, Zulet MA, Lopez-Legarrea P, de la Iglesia R, Pardo M, Carreira MC, Martínez JA, Casanueva FF. Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weight-lowering program in obese patients. Metabolism 2014; 63:520-31. [PMID: 24439241 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight regain is associated with the promotion of insulin resistance. The newly discovered myokine irisin, which was proposed to be involved in the management of insulin sensitivity, could play a role in this process. This study aimed to investigate the association between irisin and reduced insulin sensitivity induced by weight regain. MATERIALS/METHODS Insulin sensitivity was evaluated according to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in 136 obese patients who followed an eight-week hypocaloric diet (30% reduced energy expenditure) to lose weight and was re-evaluated four or six months after treatment. Irisin plasma levels, as well as the levels of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and TNF-α, were quantified in a sub-cohort (n=73) from the initially studied patients at baseline (T0), at the diet endpoint (T1) and after the follow-up period (T2). RESULTS After a successful dietary intervention to lose weight, 50% of the patients who regained the lost weight during the follow-up period were categorized as insulin resistant (HOMA-IR≥2.5) compared with only 25% of patients who maintained the weight loss (p=0.018). Importantly, in addition to the well-studied hormones leptin and adiponectin, irisin plasma levels were statistically associated with several risk factors for insulin resistance. Indeed, the increased risk of insulin resistance during the follow-up period was related to high irisin levels at baseline (odds ratio=4.2; p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS Circulating irisin predicts the insulin resistance onset in association with weight regain. Therefore, irisin could be secreted as an adaptive response to counteract the deleterious effect of excess adiposity on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Angeles Zulet
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Lopez-Legarrea
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío de la Iglesia
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos C Carreira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
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Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin as a muscle-derived hormone stimulating thermogenesis--a critical update. Peptides 2014; 54:89-100. [PMID: 24472856 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently described myokine, irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and has been proposed to be secreted upon exercise to promote the browning of beige fat cells in white adipose tissue that results in enhanced thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure. The initial studies suggested irisin as a treatment option for obesity and associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and stimulated further research. However, the results of subsequent studies investigating the regulation of irisin by different types of exercise are partly conflicting and effects were only shown in highly selective patient populations so far. Moreover, other parameters like body weight or fat free mass were shown to influence irisin adding more complexity to the mechanisms regulating this hormone. The present review will describe the discovery of irisin, its potential role in adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis, its regulation by exercise and lastly, discuss current controversies and highlight gaps of knowledge to be filled by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hofmann
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Internal Medicine with Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Seo DY, Kwak HB, Lee SR, Cho YS, Song IS, Kim N, Bang HS, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ, Han J. Effects of aged garlic extract and endurance exercise on skeletal muscle FNDC-5 and circulating irisin in high-fat-diet rat models. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:177-82. [PMID: 24741402 PMCID: PMC3988507 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Irisin, a newly identified hormone, is associated with energy homeostasis. We investigated whether aged garlic extract (AGE) and exercise training intervention could improve body weight, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle fibronectin domain containing protein 5 (FNDC-5) levels, and plasma irisin in high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS/METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a ND (normal diet, n = 5) or HFD (n = 28) for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, all rats were divided into 5 groups for the next 4 weeks: ND, (normal diet, n = 5), HFD (high-fat diet, n = 7), HFDA (high-fat diet + aged garlic extract, n = 7), HFDE (high-fat diet + exercise, n = 7), and HFDEA (high-fat diet + exercise + aged garlic extract, n = 7). Exercise groups performed treadmill exercises for 15-60 min, 5 days/week, and AGE groups received AGE (2.86 g/kg, orally injected) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Significant decreases in body weight were observed in the ND, HFDE, and HFDEA groups, as compared with the HFD group. Neither intervention affected the masses of the gastrocnemius muscle or liver. There were no significant differences in glucose levels across the groups. The homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance were significantly higher in the HFD group, as compared with the ND, HFDA, HFDE, and HFDEA groups. However, skeletal muscle FNDC-5 levels and plasma irisin concentrations were unaffected by AGE or exercise in obese rats. AGE supplementation and exercise training did not affect skeletal muscle FNDC-5 or plasma irisin, which are associated with insulin sensitivity in obese rats. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the protection against HFD-induced increases in body fat/weight and insulin resistance that are provided by AGE supplementation and exercise training may not be mediated by the regulation of FNDC-5 or irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Hyo Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Yeun Suk Cho
- Department of Physical Education, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - In-Sung Song
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Bang
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, POSTECH, Gyecngbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Park
- Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea
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Brenmoehl J, Albrecht E, Komolka K, Schering L, Langhammer M, Hoeflich A, Maak S. Irisin is elevated in skeletal muscle and serum of mice immediately after acute exercise. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:338-49. [PMID: 24644429 PMCID: PMC3957089 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the response of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (Fndc5) and irisin to exercise are partly controversial. While the 25 kDa form of Fndc5 can be observed in muscle and serum of different species, the ~12 kDa irisin band was not detectable up to now. The present study aimed to clarify whether irisin exists in its theoretical size of ~12 kDa in mice and if it is affected by exercise. Male mice were randomly assigned to a sedentary control group (CO), a group with free access to running wheels (RW), and a treadmill group (TM). Blood and leg muscles were collected to investigate the regulatory cascade including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (Ppargc1a) and Fndc5. In western blot analysis, antibodies were used capable of differentiation between full-length Fndc5 and irisin. This enabled us to demonstrate that irisin exists in muscle and serum of mice independent of exercise and that it is increased immediately after acute exercise. Different transcripts of Ppargc1a mRNA, but not Fndc5 mRNA, were up-regulated in the TM group. Furthermore, neither Fndc5 (25 kDa) nor Ppargc1a protein was elevated in muscle tissue. The Ppargc1a-Fndc5/irisin pathway did not clearly respond to mild exercise in the RW group. Our results provide evidence for the existence of irisin and for its immediate response to acute exercise in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brenmoehl
- 1. Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- 2. Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Komolka
- 2. Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Schering
- 2. Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Martina Langhammer
- 3. Institute for Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- 1. Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- 2. Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Piya MK, Harte AL, Sivakumar K, Tripathi G, Voyias PD, James S, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM, Saravanan P, Barber TM, Kumar S, Vatish M, McTernan PG. The identification of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid: influence of adiposity, metabolic markers, and gestational diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E512-8. [PMID: 24398403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral action of irisin improves glucose homeostasis and increases energy expenditure, with no data on a central role of irisin in metabolism. These studies sought to examine 1) presence of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and banked human hypothalamic tissue, 2) serum irisin in maternal subjects across varying adiposities with or without gestational diabetes (GDM), and 3) their respective neonate offspring. CSF, serum, and neonatal cord serum were collected from 91 pregnant women with and without GDM attending for an elective cesarean section [body mass index (BMI): 37.7 ± 7.6 kg/m(2); age: 32 ± 8.3 yr]. Irisin was assessed by ELISA and correlated with biochemical and anthropometric data. Irisin expression was examined in human hypothalamus by immunohistochemical staining. Serum irisin in pregnant women was significantly lower in nonobese compared with obese and GDM subjects, after adjusting for BMI, lipids, and glucose. Irisin was present in neonatal cord serum (237 ± 8 ng/ml) and maternal CSF (32 ± 1.5 ng/ml). CSF irisin correlated positively with serum irisin levels from nonobese and obese pregnant women (P < 0.01), with CSF irisin significantly raised in GDM subjects (P < 0.05). Irisin was present in human hypothalamic sections in the paraventricular neurons, colocalized with neuropeptide Y. Irisin was detectable in CSF and in paraventricular neurons. Maternal serum irisin was lower in nonobese pregnant women after adjusting for BMI and a number of metabolic parameters. These studies indicate that irisin may have a central role in metabolism in addition to the known peripheral role. Further studies investigating the central action of irisin in human metabolic disease are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Piya
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Higher baseline irisin concentrations are associated with greater reductions in glycemia and insulinemia after weight loss in obese subjects. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e110. [PMID: 24567125 PMCID: PMC3940831 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is assumed to be a relevant link between muscle and weight maintenance as well as to mediate exercise benefits on health. The aim of this study was to assess the possible associations between irisin levels and glucose homeostasis in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) following an energy-restricted treatment. Ninety-six adults with excessive body weight and MetS features underwent a hypocaloric dietary pattern for 8 weeks, within the RESMENA randomized controlled trial (www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01087086). After the intervention, dietary restriction significantly reduced body weight and evidenced a dietary-induced decrease in circulating levels of irisin in parallel with improvements on glucose homeostasis markers. Interestingly, participants with higher irisin values at baseline (above the median) showed a greater reduction on glucose (P=0.022) and insulin (P=0.021) concentrations as well as on the homeostasis model assessment index (P=0.008) and triglycerides (P=0.006) after the dietary intervention, compared with those presenting low-irisin baseline values (below the median). Interestingly, a positive correlation between irisin and carbohydrate intake was found at the end of the experimental period. In conclusion, irisin appears to be involved in glucose metabolism regulation after a dietary-induced weight loss.
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Anastasilakis AD, Geladari EV, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2014; 63:207-17. [PMID: 24140091 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin is a recently discovered myokine proposed to increase thermogenesis-related energy expenditure and improve metabolism. We aimed to comparatively evaluate serum irisin levels in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) vs. controls and study their association with disease severity. METHODS Fifteen and 16 consecutively enrolled patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic simple steatosis (NAFL) and steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively, and 24 lean and 28 obese controls without NAFLD were recruited. Irisin, established adipokines and biochemical tests were measured. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were statistically different in obese controls (33.7±2.7 ng/mL; p<0.001) and patients with NAFL (30.5±1.5 ng/mL; p<0.001) and NASH (35.8±1.9 ng/mL; p=0.001) compared with lean controls (47.7±2.0 ng/mL), but were similar among patients with NAFL, NASH and obese controls. This difference remained significant after adjustment for body mass index (or waist circumference), gender, age, insulin resistance (assessed by HOMA-IR or QUICKI), exercise and time since blood collection. Serum leptin and adiponectin, but not irisin, levels were independently from BMI correlated with insulin resistance and cardiometabolic factors. Serum irisin tended to be higher in patients with (36.7±2.4 ng/mL) than without (30.8±1.2 ng/mL; p=0.02) portal inflammation and independently associated with the latter; these data need to be confirmed by future studies. CONCLUSIONS Serum irisin levels differ between lean controls and obese controls or NAFLD patients. Despite similar circulating irisin levels between NAFL and NASH groups, irisin may be independently and positively associated with the presence of portal inflammation. Future clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to confirm and extend these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eleni V Geladari
- Boston VA Healthcare system and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Boston VA Healthcare system and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Corresponding authors: Jun Wu, , or Bruce M. Spiegelman,
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