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Slykerman R, Davies N, Fuad M, Dekker J. Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Mental Health across the Human Lifespan. Foods 2024; 13:1631. [PMID: 38890860 PMCID: PMC11171857 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Polar lipids found in the MFGM play a critical role in maintaining cell membrane integrity and neuronal signalling capacity, thereby supporting brain health. This review summarises the literature on the MFGM and its phospholipid constituents for improvement of mental health across three key stages of the human lifespan, i.e., infancy, adulthood, and older age. MFGM supplementation may improve mental health by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter synthesis through the gut-brain axis. Fortification of infant formula with MFGMs is designed to mimic the composition of breastmilk and optimise early gut and central nervous system development. Early behavioural and emotional development sets the stage for future mental health. In adults, promising results suggest that MFGMs can reduce the negative consequences of situational stress. Preclinical models of age-related cognitive decline suggest a role for the MFGM in supporting brain health in older age and reducing depressive symptoms. While there is preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of MFGM supplementation for improved mental health, human studies with mental health as the primary target outcome are sparce. Further high-quality clinical trials examining the potential of the MFGM for psychological health improvement are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Slykerman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Naomi Davies
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Maher Fuad
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand; (M.F.); (J.D.)
| | - James Dekker
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand; (M.F.); (J.D.)
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Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, Sipos R. Metabolomic Markers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4385. [PMID: 38673970 PMCID: PMC11050195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by clinical diversity, poses diagnostic challenges often reliant on subjective assessments. Metabolomics presents an objective approach, seeking biomarkers for precise diagnosis and targeted interventions. This review synthesizes existing metabolomic insights into ADHD, aiming to reveal biological mechanisms and diagnostic potentials. A thorough PubMed and Web of Knowledge search identified studies exploring blood/urine metabolites in ADHD-diagnosed or psychometrically assessed children and adolescents. Synthesis revealed intricate links between ADHD and altered amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter dysregulation (especially dopamine and serotonin), oxidative stress, and the kynurenine pathway impacting neurotransmitter homeostasis. Sleep disturbance markers, notably in melatonin metabolism, and stress-induced kynurenine pathway activation emerged. Distinct metabolic signatures, notably in the kynurenine pathway, show promise as potential diagnostic markers. Despite limitations like participant heterogeneity, this review underscores the significance of integrated therapeutic approaches targeting amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and stress pathways. While guiding future research, this overview of the metabolomic findings in ADHD suggests directions for precision diagnostics and personalized ADHD interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Tudor Vaidean
- Clinic of Pediatric Psychiatry and Addiction, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Marlena Rapciuc
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Sipos
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Bordelois P, Koenen KC, Elkind MSV, Suglia SF, Keyes KM. Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems and cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus risk in adolescence. J Affect Disord 2023; 335:239-247. [PMID: 37149053 PMCID: PMC10809325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among adults, common psychopathology is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated whether childhood internalizing and externalizing problems are prospectively associated with clinically elevated CVD and T2DM risk factors in adolescence. METHODS Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Childhood internalizing (emotional) and externalizing (hyperactivity and conduct) problems were rated on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parent version) (N = 6442). BMI was measured at age 15 and triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, IR, were assessed at age 17. We estimated associations using multivariate log-linear regression. Models were adjusted for confounding and participants attrition. RESULTS Children with hyperactivity or conduct problems were more likely to become obese and to develop clinically high levels of triglycerides and HOMA-IR in adolescence. In fully adjusted models, IR was associated with hyperactivity (relative risk, RR = 1.35, 95 % confidence interval, CI = 1.00-1.81) and conduct problems (RR = 1.37, CI = 1.06-1.78). High triglycerides were associated with hyperactivity (RR = 2.05, CI = 1.41-2.98) and with conduct problems (RR = 1.85, CI = 1.32-2.59). BMI only minimally explained these associations. Emotional problems were not associated with increased risk. LIMITATIONS Residual attrition bias, reliance on parent's reports of children's behaviors, non-diverse sample. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that childhood externalizing problems might be a novel independent risk factor for CVD/T2DM. Future research should corroborate these findings and investigate mechanisms. Pediatricians may need to assess and treat CVD/T2DM risk factors in adolescents with a history of externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bordelois
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Division of Neurology Clinical Outcomes Research and Population Sciences (NeuroCORPS), Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
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Miniksar DY, Cansız MA, Göçmen AY, Kılıç M, Miniksar ÖH. The Effect of Drug Use, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure on Oxidative Stress Levels in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:88-98. [PMID: 36700315 PMCID: PMC9889889 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2023.21.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between clinical variables such as body mass index, blood pressure, drug use and oxidative stress level in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the serum of 51 patients (38 male, 13 female) diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 32 control subjects (12 male, 20 female). The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version was applied to all participants. Results The mean TOS, OSI, MDA values were determined to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the mean SOD value was lower in the ADHD group (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis indicated significantly lower SOD and diastolic blood pressure values and significantly higher MDA in the ADHD group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Low SOD (sensitivity 90.2%, specificity 78.0%) and high MDA (sensitivity 86.3%, specificity 81.2%) were determined to be predictive parameters for diagnosing ADHD. In univariate analysis, the mean TOS, OSI and SOD values were higher in ADHD patients under medication, while the mean TAS was higher in patients not using medication (p < 0.01). Only TOS was significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that impaired oxidative balance may play a role in the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Atatürk Road 7. Km Azizli/Yozgat 66100, Turkey, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-4377
| | - Mehmet Akif Cansız
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Mahmut Kılıç
- Department of Public Health, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ökkeş Hakan Miniksar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Bilaç Ö, Kardelen Akyol C, Tahıllıoğlu A, Sapmaz ŞY, Kandemir H, Ercan ES. Is There a Significant Deterioration in Blood Lipid Levels of Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Conduct Disorder? NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gustafsson HC, Dunn GA, Mitchell AJ, Holton KF, Loftis JM, Nigg JT, Sullivan EL. The association between heightened ADHD symptoms and cytokine and fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:855265. [PMID: 35935444 PMCID: PMC9353213 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.855265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research conducted with samples of children suggest that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have altered fatty acid concentrations and may have increased systemic inflammation. Whether these differences are also apparent in other populations of individuals with heightened ADHD symptoms (e.g., pregnant adults) is unknown. The goal of the current study was to examine whether there are ADHD-associated differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations or pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations during pregnancy, a developmental period when fatty acid concentrations and systemic inflammation have implications for the health of both the pregnant person and the developing child. We hypothesized that plasma levels of the ratio of omega-6s to omega-3s (n-6:n-3) and plasma inflammatory cytokine levels would be higher in individuals with heightened ADHD symptoms, consistent with previous findings in children with ADHD. METHODS Data (N = 68) came from a prospective study of pregnant community volunteers who were oversampled for ADHD symptoms. During the 3rd trimester, plasma concentrations of fatty acids and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed. Dietary intake was examined in the 3rd trimester using three 24-h recalls conducted by trained dietitians and by examining plasma levels of conjugated linoleic acid (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (n-3), essential fatty acids that must come from dietary intake. RESULTS The group with heightened ADHD symptoms had higher n-6:n-3s (β = 0.30, p < 0.01) and higher TNF-α concentrations (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) relative to controls. There were no group differences in dietary variables, as assessed by self-report and via plasma concentrations of essential fatty acids. IL-6 was not reliably associated with ADHD status in this sample. CONCLUSION Pregnant individuals with ADHD, on average, had higher plasma n-6:n-3s and higher TNF-α concentrations relative to controls. A difference was not detected in their dietary intake of fatty acids or other relevant nutrients. Though these null findings are inconclusive, they are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD-associated differences in plasma fatty acid concentrations are the result of ADHD-associated differences in fatty acid metabolism, rather than simply differences in dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Dunn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- Departments of Health Studies and Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Xu Y, Bao L, Liu C. The Relationship Between Blood Lipid and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in an Obese Population of Chinese Children: An Obesity-Stratified Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:10503-10509. [PMID: 35002306 PMCID: PMC8722542 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s333247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although obesity has been related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few studies have examined the relationship between blood lipid levels and ADHD in children. We aimed to evaluate whether increased blood lipid levels are associated with the prevalence of ADHD in children. METHODS A total of 1179 children were studied in the cross-sectional analysis. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of blood lipid levels with the prevalence of ADHD in children. RESULTS In 1179 children, the average age was 10.4 years, and the percentage of boys was 50.3%. 97 (8.2%) of the children were diagnosed with ADHD. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that elevated levels of total cholesterol (OR=2.001, 95% CI 1.247-3.541, P-trend=0.024), triglycerides (OR=1.776, 95% CI 1.448-2.187, P-trend=0.003) and LDL (low density lipoprotein; OR=2.016, 95% CI 1.335-3.966, P-trend<0.001) and reduced levels of HDL (high density lipoprotein; OR=0.577, 95% CI 0.298-0.948, P-trend=0.023) were associated with the prevalence of ADHD after adjustments were made for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), residence type, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding and breastfeeding length, maternal and paternal educational levels, and marital status of parents in Model 3. The stratified analysis using "obese" as a covariate showed that elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and reduced levels of HDL were independently associated with an increased risk of ADHD in obese children. CONCLUSION Increased blood lipid levels were associated with ADHD in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Huai ‘an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Huai’an City, 223000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Bao
- Huai ‘an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Huai’an City, 223000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengquan Liu
- Huai ‘an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Huai’an City, 223000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Öğütlü H, Taydas O, Karadag M, Çalışgan B, Kantarci M. Is common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) a risk assessment marker in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:325-330. [PMID: 34097567 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1933043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with impairment in social, academic and job-related functioning in both children and adults. The purpose of this study is to investigate the susceptibility to cardiovascular risk factors in children with ADHD diagnosis through common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurement, to compare cIMT in ADHD and control groups and to evaluate the association between cIMT and ADHD symptom severity. METHODS The mean cIMT of 42 children with ADHD, ADHD symptom scales and a semi-structured psychiatric interview, and 42 age and sex matched healthy controls were measured with B-mode Doppler neck ultrasonography. RESULTS The median cIMT was significantly higher for the ADHD group compared to the healthy controls. There was a statistically significant, negative, moderate correlation between cIMT and Conners ADHD index score, hyperactivity score, oppositional score and the presence of ODD comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found significantly higher cIMT in children with ADHD when compared to healthy controls. Considering that increased cIMT is a sign of atherosclerosis and it can be used as a marker of cardiovascular risk factors, our finding may indicate that children with ADHD are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.KeypointscIMT was significantly higher in children with ADHD when compared to healthy controls.Higher cIMT in children with ADHD may indicate that children with ADHD are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.cIMT measurement may be studied as a potential tool for risk assessment before a child with ADHD is started on psychostimulant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Öğütlü
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Taydas
- Department of Radiology, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadag
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gaziantep University Medical Faculty, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Baran Çalışgan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gaziantep University Medical Faculty, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mecit Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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Mondal A, Mukherjee S, Dar W, Singh S, Pati S. Role of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and its association to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166185. [PMID: 34087423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common group of neurodevelopmental disorders which causes significant alterations in social and communication skills along with repetitive behavior and limited interests. The physiological understanding of ASD is ambiguous. Several reports suggested that environmental, genetic and epigenetic changes, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic alterations orchestrate the pathological outcomes of ASD. A recent report from Saudi Arabia found a mutation in X-chromosomal housekeeping glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene in two male ASD patients. Although, the involvement of G6PD-deficiency in the pathogenesis of ASD is poorly understood. Several reports suggested that G6PD deficiency impedes cellular detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in neuronal damage and neuroinflammation. A deficiency of G6PD in newborn children may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of ASD. In this review, we will discuss the implications of G6PD deficiency in pathogenesis, male biasness and theranostics in ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Mondal
- Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Host-Pathogen Interactions & Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Soumyadeep Mukherjee
- Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Host-Pathogen Interactions & Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Waseem Dar
- Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Host-Pathogen Interactions & Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Soumya Pati
- Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Host-Pathogen Interactions & Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida 201314, India.
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Bruton A, Nauman J, Hanes D, Gard M, Senders A. Phosphatidylserine for the Treatment of Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:312-322. [PMID: 33539192 PMCID: PMC9208377 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the evidence for efficacy of phosphatidylserine for symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Methods: Medline, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through August 2020. Studies of any design that assessed phosphatidylserine supplementation for children aged ≤18 years with a diagnosis of ADHD were included in the systematic review; only randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and the heterogeneity of the studies was estimated using I2. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria for the narrative review (n = 344) and three for the meta-analysis (n = 216). Results of the meta-analysis showed a statistically significant effect of 200-300 mg/day of phosphatidylserine on symptoms of inattention relative to placebo (effect size [ES] 0.36; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.64; p = 0.01). The effects of phosphatidylserine on overall symptoms of ADHD (ES 0.76; 95% CI: -0.07 to 1.60; p = 0.07) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (ES 0.24; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.53; p = 0.09) were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests that phosphatidylserine may be effective for reducing symptoms of inattention in children with ADHD, although the quality of the evidence is low and additional research in this area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Bruton
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joy Nauman
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Douglas Hanes
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Gard
- Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA
| | - Angela Senders
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
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Avcil S, Uysal P, Yenisey Ç, Abas BI. Elevated Melatonin Levels in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Relationship to Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:693-703. [PMID: 30819002 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719829816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this article is to measure serum antioxidant melatonin, the oxidants of nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels to calculate the serum oxidant-antioxidant balance based on the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios in children with ADHD. Method: The serum melatonin, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios were calculated and compared between the children with ADHD (n = 103) and healthy control participants (n = 73). Results: Serum melatonin and nitric oxide levels were higher, and the nitric oxide/melatonin and malondialdehyde/melatonin ratios were lower in ADHD children than the control group. Melatonin was found to be significantly high, and the malondialdehyde/melatonin ratio was found to be significantly low in children with a positive ADHD family history. Conclusion: The serum oxidant-antioxidant balance was impaired in children with ADHD. Within the ADHD group, higher melatonin levels were determined in the children with a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pınar Uysal
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Karagöz YS, Doğan Ö, Elgün S, Öztop DB, Kılıç BG. Ubiquinone Levels as a Marker of Antioxidant System in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:2173-2178. [PMID: 33245486 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to compare serum ubiquinone levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with healthy controls and to investigate the correlation between ubiquinone levels of children with ADHD and their ADHD symptoms. Twenty-seven children who are 6-12 years old age with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder having clinically normal intelligence and 23 children with clinically normal intelligence and no psychiatric disorder of similar age and sex who referred to Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry were included in this study. All children were diagnosed by same researcher using the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Scale for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview for School Children-Now and for the Life-Long Version (K-SADS-PL). Parents and teachers of the children completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CPRS-LF) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CTRS-LF). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the age, gender, and sociodemographic data of the groups. Serum ubiquinone levels of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. We did not find any correlation between ubiquinone levels and clinical values. Since ubiquinone levels are lower in children with ADHD compared with controls, we suggest that decreased antioxidant levels may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis by disrupting oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yüksel Sümeyra Karagöz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, 25070, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serenay Elgün
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Behice Öztop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birim Günay Kılıç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Corona JC. Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111039. [PMID: 33114154 PMCID: PMC7690797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. Although abnormalities in several brain regions and disturbances of the catecholaminergic pathway have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely understood, but as a multifactorial disorder, has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review presents an overview of factors that increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and also the treatment with medications are two factors that can increase oxidative damage, whereas the comorbidity between ADHD and inflammatory disorders, altered immune response, genetic and environmental associations, and polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association with these factors has become valuable for research on ADHD. Such evidence opens up new intervention routes for the use of natural products as antioxidants that could have potential as a treatment against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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14
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Goldstein BI, Korczak DJ. Links Between Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders and Cardiovascular Risk. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:1394-1405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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15
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Usui N, Iwata K, Miyachi T, Takagai S, Wakusawa K, Nara T, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, Kurita D, Kameno Y, Wakuda T, Takebayashi K, Iwata Y, Fujioka T, Hirai T, Toyoshima M, Ohnishi T, Toyota T, Maekawa M, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa M, Nakamura K, Tsujii M, Sugiyama T, Mori N, Matsuzaki H. VLDL-specific increases of fatty acids in autism spectrum disorder correlate with social interaction. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102917. [PMID: 32739868 PMCID: PMC7393524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of lipid metabolism contributing to the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathogenesis have been suggested, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to characterize the lipid metabolism in ASD and to explore a biomarker for clinical evaluation. METHODS An age-matched case-control study was designed. Lipidomics was conducted using the plasma samples from 30 children with ASD compared to 30 typical developmental control (TD) children. Large-scale lipoprotein analyses were also conducted using the serum samples from 152 children with ASD compared to 122 TD children. Data comparing ASD to TD subjects were evaluated using univariate (Mann-Whitney test) and multivariate analyses (conditional logistic regression analysis) for main analyses using cofounders (diagnosis, sex, age, height, weight, and BMI), Spearman rank correlation coefficient, and discriminant analyses. FINDINGS Forty-eight significant metabolites involved in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, oxidative stress, and synaptic function were identified in the plasma of ASD children by lipidomics. Among these, increased fatty acids (FAs), such as omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), showed correlations with clinical social interaction score and ASD diagnosis. Specific reductions of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apoprotein B (APOB) in serum of ASD children also were found by large-scale lipoprotein analysis. VLDL-specific reduction in ASD was correlated with APOB, indicating VLDL-specific dyslipidaemia associated with APOB in ASD children. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrated that the increases in FAs correlated positively with social interaction are due to VLDL-specific degradation, providing novel insights into the lipid metabolism underlying ASD pathophysiology. FUNDING This study was supported mainly by MEXT, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Usui
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Center for Medical Research and Education, and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Taishi Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Medical School, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shu Takagai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakusawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi 989-3126, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi 989-3126, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Psychology, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa 921-8054, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurita
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Fukude Nishi Hospital, Shizuoka 437-1216, Japan
| | - Toru Fujioka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaharu Hirai
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Manabu Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- School of Contemporary Sociology, Chukyo University, Aichi 470-0393, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Fukude Nishi Hospital, Shizuoka 437-1216, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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Antioxidants as a Potential Target against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020176. [PMID: 32098021 PMCID: PMC7070894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants and non-psychostimulants are the medications prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, several adverse results have been linked with an increased risk of substance use and side effects. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely known, although it has been associated with an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress. This review presents an overview of findings following antioxidant treatment for ADHD and describes the potential amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress using antioxidants that might have a future as multi-target adjuvant therapy in ADHD. The use of antioxidants against inflammation and oxidative conditions is an emerging field in the management of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, antioxidants could be promising as an adjuvant ADHD therapy.
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17
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Marcil V, Levy E, Amre D, Bitton A, Sant’Anna AMGDA, Szilagy A, Sinnett D, Seidman EG. A Cross-Sectional Study on Malnutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is There a Difference Based on Pediatric or Adult Age Grouping? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1428-1441. [PMID: 30793155 PMCID: PMC6635818 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition, commonly observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is attributed to multiple causes. The added energy costs of growth in the child and adolescent with IBD are an additional risk factor. METHODS The aim of the study was to perform a cross-sectional comparison of nutritional parameters in IBD between pediatric and adult cases. RESULTS We found that prevalence of undernutrition (low body mass index) and hypoalbuminemia was not different in pediatric, compared with adult patients. Anemia and iron deficiency were more often observed in pediatric subjects, compared with adults (59.1% vs 36.9%, respectively, P < 0.0001; and 37.9% vs 25.3%, P < 0.002). Vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly less common in the pediatric than in the adult group (5.4% vs 19.4%, P < 0.0001). Elevated C-reactive protein was more frequent in pediatric compared with adult cases (49.8% vs 38.4%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with active Crohn's disease were more likely to be undernourished in both pediatric and adult populations. In both groups, predicators of undernutrition included low albumin levels (odds ratio [OR], 2.53; P < 0.006) and active disease (OR, 1.99; P < 0.03). Our results call for close surveillance of nutritional status for IBD patients, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Marcil
- IBD Research Group, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre, Sainte-Justine UHC,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Devendra Amre
- Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Bitton
- IBD Research Group, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre, Sainte-Justine UHC
| | | | - Andrew Szilagy
- IBD Research Group, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre, Sainte-Justine UHC
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ernest G Seidman
- IBD Research Group, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre, Sainte-Justine UHC,Address correspondence to: Ernest Seidman, MD, Center for IBD Research, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, MGH Campus, 1650 Cedar Avenue, #C10.145, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4 ()
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18
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Pinho R, Wang B, Becker A, Rothenberger A, Outeiro TF, Herrmann-Lingen C, Meyer T. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adolescents. Data from the population-based German KiGGS study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:496-504. [PMID: 29243550 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1417636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial, complex and the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. In this analysis, we tested the hypothesis that altered serum lipid patterns are associated with ADHD. Methods: Using data from the nationwide, population-based German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), we compared serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and also triglycerides, in participants with physician-diagnosed and/or suspected ADHD, as defined by a value of ≥7 on the hyperactivity-inattention subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with non-ADHD controls. Results: Among 6,898 participants aged between 11 and 17 years, 666 (9.7%) had a physician-based diagnosis of ADHD and/or suspected ADHD. We found correlations between the parent-rated SDQ scores on the hyperactivity-inattention subscale and concentrations of triglycerides (r = 0.064, p < .001), total cholesterol (r = -0.026, p = .033), HDL cholesterol (r = -0.059, p < .001) and LDL cholesterol (r = -0.027, p = .031). In multivariate models, low serum levels of LDL cholesterol remained a significant predictor of ADHD (Exp(β) = 0.382, 95% confidence interval = 0.165-0.888, p = .025). Conclusions: Our findings in a large, nationwide and representative sample of German adolescents demonstrated a small, but significant and inverse link between LDL cholesterol levels and symptoms of ADHD. Further studies are required to decipher the biochemical mechanisms behind this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinho
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Centre Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Biyao Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Centre Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Christoph Herrmann-Lingen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, University of Göttingen, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, University of Göttingen, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Göttingen , Germany
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19
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Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:719-729. [PMID: 30350094 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare oxidative stress and immune biomarkers between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and controls without ADHD. A case-control comparison between 57 paediatric (6-12 years) untreated ADHD patients from the Antwerp University Hospital and 69 controls without ADHD from random schools in Flanders, Belgium, was conducted. Erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and plasma lipid-soluble antioxidants (retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene, and co-enzyme Q10) were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) by HPLC with fluorescence detection, plasma cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (INF)-γ) and immunoglobulins (IgE, IgG and IgM) by flow cytometry and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by ELISA assay. Dietary habits were determined by a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma MDA levels were on average 0.031 µM higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher urinary 8-OHdG was observed. Erythrocyte GSH and plasma retinyl palmitate levels, as well as IgG and IgE levels, were higher in patients than in controls as well (on average 93.707 µg/ml, 0.006 µg/ml, 301.555 µg/ml and 125.004 µg/ml, resp., p < 0.05). Finally, a trend for lower plasma IL-5 levels was observed. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the difference in GSH levels remained statistically significant (nominally significant for retinyl palmitate), while significance was lost for MDA, IgG and IgE levels. Dietary habits do not appear to cause the observed differences. These results point at the potential involvement of slight oxidative stress and immune disturbances in ADHD.
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20
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Spahis S, Alvarez F, Ahmed N, Dubois J, Jalbout R, Paganelli M, Grzywacz K, Delvin E, Peretti N, Levy E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity and metabolic complications in obese children: impact of omega-3 fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is multifactorial, complex, and seen most commonly in childhood. AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that altered serum lipid profiles are associated with ADHD. METHODS The study inluded 32 boys diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV-R criteria and a control group of 29 healthy subjects. All patients were assessed with The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version, the Turgay DSM-IV-based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Rating and Screening Scale, the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Form, and the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Measurements were taken of fasting plasma total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 1-day food intake levels, and the groups were compared. RESULTS The mean TC, LDL, and HDL levels were significantly lower in the ADHD group than the control group (p = .005, p < .001, p = .002, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups' TG levels (p = .295). No significant differences were determined between the combined-type ADHD patients and the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD in respect to the lipid profile. CONCLUSION The results of this study add to the growing body of evidence indicating an association between serum cholesterol and ADHD in boys. Further genetic and molecular studies are required to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibelnur Avcil
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine , Aydın , Turkey
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22
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Ugur C, Uneri OS, Goker Z, Sekmen E, Aydemir H, Solmaz E. The assessment of serum lipid profiles of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:231-235. [PMID: 29655116 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and the pathophysiology remains obscure. Some studies show that lipid imbalances are associated with ADHD etiology. We studied the association of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels in ADHD. We examined 88 children aged 8-12 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and 88 healthy children. The exclusion criteria were as follows: obesity, any psychotropic use in the last 3 months, presence of a chronic disease and/or malignancy, history of medically treated lipid metabolism disease in family members, intelligence quotient (IQ) < 70, and comorbidities, with the exception of oppositional defiant disorder. The sample was evaluated using a semi-structured clinical assessment interview and Conners' rating scales. Despite controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) variables, the total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the levels of healthy controls, whereas the TG and HDL cholesterol levels were similar among groups. Conners' rating scales, reflecting symptom severity, and total cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL levels of the ADHD group were not correlated. The study results support the difference in serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of children with ADHD compared with healthy controls. This difference is thought to be related with changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance states in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Ugur
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey.
| | - Ozden Sukran Uneri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Zeynep Goker
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Ebru Sekmen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Hilal Aydemir
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Esra Solmaz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara Turkey
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23
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Hilgard D, Konrad K, Meusers M, Bartus B, Otto KP, Lepler R, Schober E, Bollow E, Holl RW. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Analysis based on the multicentre DPV registry. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:706-713. [PMID: 27523391 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents has been studied rarely. We aimed to analyse metabolic control in children and adolescents with both T1DM and ADHD compared to T1DM patients without ADHD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Auxological and treatment data from 56.722 paediatric patients (<20 years) with T1DM in the multicentre DPV (Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Initiative) registry were analysed. T1DM patients with comorbid ADHD were compared to T1DM patients without ADHD using multivariable mixed regression models adjusting for demographic confounders. RESULTS We identified 1.608 (2.83%) patients with ADHD, 80.8% were male. Patients with comorbid ADHD suffered twice as often from diabetic ketoacidosis compared to patients without ADHD [10.2; 9.7-10.8 vs [5.4; 5.3-5.4] (P < .0001). We also found significant differences in HbA1c [8.6% (7.3-9.4); 66.7 mmol/mol (56.3-79.4) vs 7.8% (7.0-9.0); 62.1 mmol/mol (53.2-74.7)], insulin dose/kg [0.9 IU/kg (0.7-1.1) vs 0.8 IU/kg (0.7-1.0)], body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) [0.2 (-0.5 to 0.8) vs 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9)], body weight-SDS [0.1 (-0.5 to 0.8) vs 0.3 (0.3 - 0.9)]; (all P < 0.0001), and systolic blood pressure after adjustment [mean: 116.3 vs 117.1 mm Hg)]; (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION Paediatric patients with ADHD and T1DM showed poor metabolic control compared to T1DM patients without ADHD. Closer cooperation between specialized paediatric diabetes teams and paediatric psychiatry/psychology seems to be necessary to improve diabetes care and metabolic control in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerte Hilgard
- Department of Pediatrics, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Katja Konrad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Elisabeth Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Meusers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Bela Bartus
- Department of Pediatrics, Filderklinik, Filderstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center Itzehoe, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lepler
- Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edith Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Bollow
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Gürbüz Özgür B, Aksu H, Yılmaz M, Karakoç Demirkaya S. The probable role of adrenomedullin and nitric oxide in childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:521-524. [PMID: 28670953 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1343382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adrenomedullin hormone, which has been shown to be associated with many psychiatric disorders, in the etiology of ADHD and its relation to disease is not yet known. AIM In this study, it was aimed to compare plasma adrenomedullin and nitric oxide (NO) levels of newly diagnosed, treatment-naive patients with ADHD with healthy children. METHODS A total of 45 children with ADHD and 45 healthy children were included. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS), a semi-structured interview, was applied to all cases by child and adolescent psychiatrist. Age and gender matched participants who admitted to the hospital for any other reasons without any psychiatric diagnosis according to K-SADS were selected as a control group. Sociodemographic data form and The Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-parental form were applied to the all groups. NO and adrenomedullin levels were analysed by ELISA method with specific commercial kits. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in NO and adrenomedullin levels, neither between the groups nor ADHD subtypes. A positive correlation between adrenomedullin and NO levels was found in both the case (r = 0.659) and the control groups (r = 0.494). CONCLUSIONS Besides being the first study to evaluate adrenomedullin levels to elucidate the etiology of childhood ADHD as well as NO, significant differences was not found between the case and the control groups in terms of NO and adrenomedullin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Börte Gürbüz Özgür
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty , Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
| | - Hatice Aksu
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty , Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- b Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty , Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
| | - Sevcan Karakoç Demirkaya
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty , Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
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The potential relevance of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid to the etiopathogenesis of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1011-1030. [PMID: 27988864 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, considerable interest has been given to the potential role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for understanding pathogenesis and treatment of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. This review aims to systematically investigate the scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis on the omega-3 PUFAs deficit as a risk factor shared by different pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders. Medline PubMed database was searched for studies examining blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Forty-one published manuscripts were compatible with the search criteria. The majority of studies on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism found a significant decrease in DHA levels in patients versus healthy controls. For the other conditions examined-depression, juvenile bipolar disorder, intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, and eating disorders (EDs)-the literature was too limited to draw any stable conclusions. However, except EDs, findings in these conditions were in line with results from ADHD and autism studies. Results about EPA levels were too inconsistent to conclude that EPA could be associated with any of the conditions examined. Finally, correlational data provided, on one hand, evidence for a negative association between DHA and symptomatology, whereas on the other hand, evidence for a positive association between EPA and emotional well-being. Although the present review underlines the potential involvement of omega-3 PUFAs in the predisposition to childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, more observational and intervention studies across different diagnoses are needed, which should integrate the collection of baseline PUFA levels with their potential genetic and environmental influencing factors.
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Do Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids Have a Therapeutic Role in Children and Young People with ADHD? J Lipids 2017; 2017:6285218. [PMID: 28951787 PMCID: PMC5603098 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6285218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating behavioural disorder affecting daily ability to function, learn, and interact with peers. This publication assesses the role of omega-3/6 fatty acids in the treatment and management of ADHD. Methods A systematic review of 16 randomised controlled trials was undertaken. Trials included a total of 1,514 children and young people with ADHD who were allocated to take an omega-3/6 intervention, or a placebo. Results Of the studies identified, 13 reported favourable benefits on ADHD symptoms including improvements in hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention, visual learning, word reading, and working/short-term memory. Four studies used supplements containing a 9 : 3 : 1 ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid : docosahexaenoic acid : gamma linolenic acid which appeared effective at improving erythrocyte levels. Supplementation with this ratio of fatty acids also showed promise as an adjunctive therapy to traditional medications, lowering the dose and improving the compliance with medications such as methylphenidate. Conclusion ADHD is a frequent and debilitating childhood condition. Given disparaging feelings towards psychostimulant medications, omega-3/6 fatty acids offer great promise as a suitable adjunctive therapy for ADHD.
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Relationship between Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020155. [PMID: 28218722 PMCID: PMC5331586 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (n-3 LCPUFA) for treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is popular. The results of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on ASD outcomes were inconclusive. Two meta-analyses were conducted; meta-analysis 1 compared blood levels of LCPUFA and their ratios arachidonic acid (ARA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ARA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or total n-6 to total n-3 LCPUFA in ASD to those of typically developing individuals (with no neurodevelopmental disorders), and meta-analysis 2 compared the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation to placebo on symptoms of ASD. Case-control studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified searching electronic databases up to May, 2016. Mean differences were pooled and analysed using inverse variance models. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistic. Fifteen case-control studies (n = 1193) were reviewed. Compared with typically developed, ASD populations had lower DHA (−2.14 [95% CI −3.22 to −1.07]; p < 0.0001; I2 = 97%), EPA (−0.72 [95% CI −1.25 to −0.18]; p = 0.008; I2 = 88%), and ARA (−0.83 [95% CI, −1.48 to −0.17]; p = 0.01; I2 = 96%) and higher total n-6 LCPUFA to n-3 LCPUFA ratio (0.42 [95% CI 0.06 to 0.78]; p = 0.02; I2 = 74%). Four RCTs were included in meta-analysis 2 (n = 107). Compared with placebo, n-3 LCPUFA improved social interaction (−1.96 [95% CI −3.5 to −0.34]; p = 0.02; I2 = 0) and repetitive and restricted interests and behaviours (−1.08 [95% CI −2.17 to −0.01]; p = 0.05; I2 = 0). Populations with ASD have lower n-3 LCPUFA status and n-3 LCPUFA supplementation can potentially improve some ASD symptoms. Further research with large sample size and adequate study duration is warranted to confirm the efficacy of n-3 LCPUFA.
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Avcil S, Uysal P, Avcil M, Alışık M, Biçer C. Dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relation with disease subtypes. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 73:53-60. [PMID: 27915219 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel oxidative stress marker (thiol/disulfide homeostasis) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children for the first time in literature. METHODS Ninety children with ADHD diagnosed according to DSM-V and as control group, 65 healthy children were included to the study. Native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol were compared between the groups. RESULTS Total and native thiol levels were significantly higher whereas the disulfide/native thiol ratios were significantly lower in children with ADHD. ADHD combined type appeared to have higher disulfide, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios compared to other subtypes. Disulfide levels of the males with ADHD were significantly higher than those of the females with ADHD. CONCLUSION This study suggests that thiol/disulfide homeostasis is abnormal in children with ADHD. It may be used as a novel OS marker in ADHD children because it is easy, practical, fully automated and relatively inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibelnur Avcil
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Uysal
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mucahit Avcil
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Murat Alışık
- Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemile Biçer
- Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Simsek S, Gencoglan S, Ozaner S, Kaplan I, Kaya MC. Antioxidant Status and DNA Damage in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with or without Comorbid Disruptive Behavioral Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20151003063820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seref Simsek
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
| | - Salih Gencoglan
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Van - Turkey
| | - Soner Ozaner
- Batman Maternity and Children's Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry, Batman - Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kaplan
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Kaya
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Diyarbakir - Turkey
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Puurunen J, Sulkama S, Tiira K, Araujo C, Lehtonen M, Hanhineva K, Lohi H. A non-targeted metabolite profiling pilot study suggests that tryptophan and lipid metabolisms are linked with ADHD-like behaviours in dogs. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:27. [PMID: 27686065 PMCID: PMC5043524 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder in the human population worldwide. Complex etiology and clinical heterogeneity have challenged the research, diagnostics and treatment of the disease. Hyperactive and impulsive behaviour has also been observed in dogs, and they could offer a physiologically relevant model for human ADHD. As a part of our ongoing study to understand the molecular etiology of canine anxiety traits, this study was aimed to pilot an approach to identify metabolic biomarkers in canine ADHD-like behaviours for research, diagnostics and treatment purposes. METHODS We collected fresh plasma samples from 22 German Shepherds with varying ADHD-like behaviours. All dogs were on the same controlled diet for 2 weeks prior to sampling. A liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based non-targeted metabolite profiling was performed to identify plasma metabolites correlating with the ADHD-like behaviour of the dogs. RESULTS 649 molecular features correlated with ADHD-like behavioural scores (praw < 0.05), and three of them [sn-1 LysoPC(18:3), PC(18:3/18:2) and sn-1 LysoPE(18:2)] had significant correlations also after FDR correction (pFDR < 0.05). Phospholipids were found to negatively correlate with ADHD-like behavioural scores, whereas tryptophan metabolites 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) had negative and positive correlations with ADHD-like behavioural scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified associations between canine ADHD-like behaviours and metabolites that are involved in lipid and tryptophan metabolisms. The identified metabolites share similarity with earlier findings in human and rodent ADHD models. However, a larger replication study is warranted to validate the discoveries prior to further studies to understand the biological role of the identified metabolites in canine ADHD-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Puurunen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Sulkama
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Tiira
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cesar Araujo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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De Crescenzo F, Licchelli S, Ciabattini M, Menghini D, Armando M, Alfieri P, Mazzone L, Pontrelli G, Livadiotti S, Foti F, Quested D, Vicari S. The use of actigraphy in the monitoring of sleep and activity in ADHD: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 26:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sezen H, Kandemir H, Savik E, Basmacı Kandemir S, Kilicaslan F, Bilinc H, Aksoy N. Increased oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Redox Rep 2016; 21:248-53. [PMID: 26886057 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2015.1116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE) activity were measured in 76 children (44 boys, 32 girls) diagnosed with ADHD according to the DSM-IV and 78 healthy children (46 boys, 32 girls). RESULTS Age and sex were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). TOS and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were higher in the patient group than the control group (P < 0.001). PON-1 (P = 0.002), ARE (P = 0.010) activity and TAS (P < 0.001) were lower in the patient group than the control group. DISCUSSION We found decreased PON-1, ARE activity and TAS, and increased TOS and OSI in children with ADHD. Our study showed that there is significantly increased oxidative stress in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Sezen
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Emin Savik
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | | | - Fethiye Kilicaslan
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Hasan Bilinc
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Nurten Aksoy
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
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Ntimbane T, Mailhot G, Spahis S, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Kleme ML, Melloul D, Brochiero E, Berthiaume Y, Levy E. CFTR silencing in pancreatic β-cells reveals a functional impact on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and oxidative stress response. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E200-12. [PMID: 26625901 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00333.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) has become a critical complication that seriously affects the clinical outcomes of CF patients. Although CFRD has emerged as the most common nonpulmonary complication of CF, little is known about its etiopathogenesis. Additionally, whether oxidative stress (OxS), a common feature of CF and diabetes, influences CFRD pathophysiology requires clarification. The main objective of this study was to shed light on the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in combination with OxS in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. CFTR silencing was accomplished in MIN6 cells by stable expression of small hairpin RNAs (shRNA), and glucose-induced insulin secretion was evaluated in the presence and absence of the valuable prooxidant system iron/ascorbate (Fe/Asc; 0.075/0.75 mM) along with or without the antioxidant Trolox (1 mM). Insulin output from CFTR-silenced MIN6 cells was significantly reduced (∼ 70%) at basal and at different glucose concentrations compared with control Mock cells. Furthermore, CFTR silencing rendered MIN6 cells more sensitive to OxS as evidenced by both increased lipid peroxides and weakened antioxidant defense, especially following incubation with Fe/Asc. The decreased insulin secretion in CFTR-silenced MIN6 cells was associated with high levels of NF-κB (the major participant in inflammatory responses), raised apoptosis, and diminished ATP production in response to the Fe/Asc challenge. However, these defects were alleviated by the addition of Trolox, thereby pointing out the role of OxS in aggravating the effects of CFTR deficiency. Our findings indicate that CFTR deficiency in combination with OxS may contribute to endocrine cell dysfunction and insulin secretion, which at least in part may explain the development of CFRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Ntimbane
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Remi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Laure Kleme
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Melloul
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | | | - Yves Berthiaume
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Reduced Symptoms of Inattention after Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Boys with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2298-306. [PMID: 25790022 PMCID: PMC4538345 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common child psychiatric disorders, and is often treated with stimulant medication. Nonpharmacological treatments include dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, although their effectiveness remains to be shown conclusively. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive control in young boys with and without ADHD. A total of 40 boys with ADHD, aged 8-14 years, and 39 matched, typically developing controls participated in a 16-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Participants consumed 10 g of margarine daily, enriched with either 650 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) each or placebo. Baseline and follow-up assessments addressed ADHD symptoms, fMRI of cognitive control, urine homovanillic acid, and cheek cell phospholipid sampling. EPA/DHA supplementation improved parent-rated attention in both children with ADHD and typically developing children. Phospholipid DHA level at follow-up was higher for children receiving EPA/DHA supplements than placebo. There was no effect of EPA/DHA supplementation on cognitive control or on fMRI measures of brain activity. This study shows that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces symptoms of ADHD, both for individuals with ADHD and typically developing children. This effect does not appear to be mediated by cognitive control systems in the brain, as no effect of supplementation was found here. Nonetheless, this study offers support that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective augmentation for pharmacological treatments of ADHD (NCT01554462: The Effects of EPA/DHA Supplementation on Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01554462).
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Bhagat U, Das UN. Potential role of dietary lipids in the prophylaxis of some clinical conditions. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:807-18. [PMID: 26322094 PMCID: PMC4548034 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.53302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of dietary lipids may potentially have a significant role in the pathobiology of some chronic diseases. Public health dietary fat recommendations have emphasized that low saturated fat, high monounsaturated fat, and high polyunsaturated fat with a lower ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio intake are necessary for normal health. However, such universal recommendations are likely to be hazardous, since the outcome of recommended lipid intake may depend on the consumption of other important dietary constituents that have an important role in the metabolism of lipids. In addition, consumption of fatty acids as per the individually tailored specific requirements in the context of other nutritional factors may have the potential to stabilize hormones, mood and sleep, and minimize adverse events. In support of this proposal, we review various factors that influence fatty acid metabolism, which need to be taken into consideration for appropriate utilization and consequently prevention of various diseases.
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Spahis S, Alvarez F, Dubois J, Ahmed N, Peretti N, Levy E. Plasma fatty acid composition in French-Canadian children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 99:25-34. [PMID: 26066299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents one of the most common causes of liver disease worldwide. As the NAFLD pathogenesis is associated with diet and lifestyle, the aims of the present work are to assess fatty acid (FA) composition in NAFLD young French-Canadian, to determine whether treatment with n-3 FA improves the plasma FA profile, and to define the time on the effectiveness of n-3 FA supplementation. Baseline characteristics of the NAFLD subjects show increased, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Their plasma FA composition is characterized by a percent increase in total n-6 FA and a high proportion of saturated and total monounsaturated FA, as well as a decrease in Δ5 and increase in Δ6 desaturases. In conclusion, our results document for the first time the composition of plasma FAs in NAFLD young French Canadian and the efficacy of 3-month supplementation to improve the proportion of n-3 FA in their plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spahis
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1A8; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - F Alvarez
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - J Dubois
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Radiology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - N Ahmed
- The Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada, H3H 1P3
| | - N Peretti
- Centre de recherche Rhône-Alpes en nutrition humaine, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lyon-1, France
| | - E Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1A8; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
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Anhê FF, Roy D, Pilon G, Dudonné S, Matamoros S, Varin TV, Garofalo C, Moine Q, Desjardins Y, Levy E, Marette A. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice. Gut 2015; 64:872-83. [PMID: 25080446 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) demonstrates the failure of conventional treatments to curb these diseases. The gut microbiota has been put forward as a key player in the pathophysiology of diet-induced T2D. Importantly, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) is associated with a number of beneficial health effects. We aimed to investigate the metabolic impact of a cranberry extract (CE) on high fat/high sucrose (HFHS)-fed mice and to determine whether its consequent antidiabetic effects are related to modulations in the gut microbiota. DESIGN C57BL/6J mice were fed either a chow or a HFHS diet. HFHS-fed mice were gavaged daily either with vehicle (water) or CE (200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. The composition of the gut microbiota was assessed by analysing 16S rRNA gene sequences with 454 pyrosequencing. RESULTS CE treatment was found to reduce HFHS-induced weight gain and visceral obesity. CE treatment also decreased liver weight and triglyceride accumulation in association with blunted hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. CE administration improved insulin sensitivity, as revealed by improved insulin tolerance, lower homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and decreased glucose-induced hyperinsulinaemia during an oral glucose tolerance test. CE treatment was found to lower intestinal triglyceride content and to alleviate intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, CE treatment markedly increased the proportion of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia in our metagenomic samples. CONCLUSIONS CE exerts beneficial metabolic effects through improving HFHS diet-induced features of the metabolic syndrome, which is associated with a proportional increase in Akkermansia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Matamoros
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Quentin Moine
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ADHD: possible causes and the potential of antioxidant-targeted therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestine by different cranberry phenolic fractions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 128:197-212. [PMID: 25069567 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cranberry fruit has been reported to have high antioxidant effectiveness that is potentially linked to its richness in diversified polyphenolic content. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of cranberry polyphenolic fractions in oxidative stress (OxS), inflammation and mitochondrial functions using intestinal Caco-2/15 cells. The combination of HPLC and UltraPerformance LC®-tandem quadrupole (UPLC-TQD) techniques allowed us to characterize the profile of low, medium and high molecular mass polyphenolic compounds in cranberry extracts. The medium molecular mass fraction was enriched with flavonoids and procyanidin dimers whereas procyanidin oligomers (DP > 4) were the dominant class of polyphenols in the high molecular mass fraction. Pre-incubation of Caco-2/15 cells with these cranberry extracts prevented iron/ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation and counteracted lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation as evidenced by the decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and interleukin-6), cyclo-oxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. Cranberry polyphenols (CP) fractions limited both nuclear factor κB activation and Nrf2 down-regulation. Consistently, cranberry procyanidins alleviated OxS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunctions as shown by the rise in ATP production and the up-regulation of Bcl-2, as well as the decline of protein expression of cytochrome c and apoptotic-inducing factor. These mitochondrial effects were associated with a significant stimulation of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1-α, a central inducing factor of mitochondrial biogenesis and transcriptional co-activator of numerous downstream mediators. Finally, cranberry procyanidins forestalled the effect of iron/ascorbate on the protein expression of mitochondrial transcription factors (mtTFA, mtTFB1, mtTFB2). Our findings provide evidence for the capacity of CP to reduce intestinal OxS and inflammation while improving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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40
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Xu E, Forest MP, Schwab M, Avramoglu RK, St-Amand E, Caron AZ, Bellmann K, Shum M, Voisin G, Paquet M, Montoudis A, Lévy E, Siminovitch KA, Neel BG, Beauchemin N, Marette A. Hepatocyte-specific Ptpn6 deletion promotes hepatic lipid accretion, but reduces NAFLD in diet-induced obesity: potential role of PPARγ. Hepatology 2014; 59:1803-15. [PMID: 24327268 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocyte-specific Shp1 knockout mice (Ptpn6(H-KO)) are protected from hepatic insulin resistance evoked by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 8 weeks. Unexpectedly, we report herein that Ptpn6(H-KO) mice fed an HFD for up to 16 weeks are still protected from insulin resistance, but are more prone to hepatic steatosis, as compared with their HFD-fed Ptpn6(f/f) counterparts. The livers from HFD-fed Ptpn6(H-KO) mice displayed 1) augmented lipogenesis, marked by increased expression of several hepatic genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, 2) elevated postprandial fatty acid uptake, and 3) significantly reduced lipid export with enhanced degradation of apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Despite more extensive hepatic steatosis, the inflammatory profile of the HFD-fed Ptpn6(H-KO) liver was similar (8 weeks) or even improved (16 weeks) as compared to their HFD-fed Ptpn6(f/f) littermates, along with reduced hepatocellular damage as revealed by serum levels of hepatic enzymes. Interestingly, comparative microarray analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) gene expression, confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Elevated PPARγ nuclear activity also was observed and found to be directly regulated by Shp1 in a cell-autonomous manner. CONCLUSION These findings highlight a novel role for hepatocyte Shp1 in the regulation of PPARγ and hepatic lipid metabolism. Shp1 deficiency prevents the development of severe hepatic inflammation and hepatocellular damage in steatotic livers, presenting hepatocyte Shp1 as a potential novel mediator of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Xu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Levy E, Spahis S, Garofalo C, Marcil V, Montoudis A, Sinnet D, Sanchez R, Peretti N, Beaulieu JF, Sane A. Sar1b transgenic male mice are more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin insensitivity and intestinal chylomicron overproduction. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:540-8. [PMID: 24657056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the intracellular secretory network, nascent proteins are shuttled from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi by transport vesicles requiring Sar1b, a small GTPase. Mutations in this key enzyme impair intestinal lipid transport and cause chylomicron retention disease. The main aim of this study was to assess whether Sar1b overexpression under a hypercaloric diet accelerated lipid production and chylomicron (CM) secretion, thereby inducing cardiometabolic abnormalities. To this end, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human Sar1b (Sar1b(+/+)) using pBROAD3-mcs that features the ubiquitous mouse ROSA26 promoter. In response to a high-fat diet (HFD), Sar1b(+/+) mice displayed significantly increased body weight and adiposity compared with Sar1b(+/+) mice under the same regimen or with wild-type (WT) mice exposed to chow diet or HFD. Furthermore, Sar1b(+/+) mice were prone to liver steatosis as revealed by significantly elevated hepatic triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol in comparison with WT animals. They also exhibited augmented levels of plasma TG along with alterations in fatty acid composition. Concomitantly, they showed susceptibility to develop insulin insensitivity and they responded abnormally to oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, Sar1b(+/+) mice that have been treated with Triton WR-1330 (to inhibit TG catabolism) and orotic acid (to block secretion of very low-density lipoprotein by the liver) responded more efficiently to fat meal tests as reflected by the rise in plasma TG and CM concentrations, indicating exaggerated intestinal fat absorption. These results suggest that Sar1b(+/+) under HFD can elicit cardiometabolic traits as revealed by incremental weight gain, fat deposition, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, insulin insensitivity and intestinal fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4; Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Daniel Sinnet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Rocio Sanchez
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Noel Peretti
- Centre de recherche Rhône-Alpes en nutrition humaine, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lyon-1, France
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Alain Sane
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
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Zhao JP, Levy E, Fraser WD, Julien P, Delvin E, Montoudis A, Spahis S, Garofalo C, Nuyt AM, Luo ZC. Circulating docosahexaenoic acid levels are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85054. [PMID: 24454790 PMCID: PMC3890289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (AA; C20∶4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22∶6 n-3) are important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in maintaining pancreatic beta-cell structure and function. Newborns of gestational diabetic mothers are more susceptible to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. It is not known whether low circulating AA or DHA is involved in perinatally “programming” this susceptibility. This study aimed to assess whether circulating concentrations of AA, DHA and other fatty acids are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity or beta-cell function, and whether low circulating concentrations of AA or DHA are involved in compromised fetal insulin sensitivity in gestational diabetic pregnancies. Methods and Principal Findings In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort, maternal (32-35 weeks gestation) and cord plasma fatty acids were assessed in relation to surrogate indicators of fetal insulin sensitivity (cord plasma glucose-to-insulin ratio, proinsulin concentration) and beta-cell function (proinsulin-to-insulin ratio) in 108 mother-newborn pairs. Cord plasma DHA levels (in percentage of total fatty acids) were lower comparing newborns of gestational diabetic (n = 24) vs. non-diabetic pregnancies (2.9% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.01). Adjusting for gestational age at blood sampling, lower cord plasma DHA levels were associated with lower fetal insulin sensitivity (lower glucose-to-insulin ratio, r = 0.20, P = 0.036; higher proinsulin concentration, r = −0.37, P <0.0001). The associations remained after adjustment for maternal and newborn characteristics. Cord plasma saturated fatty acids C18∶0 and C20∶0 were negatively correlated with fetal insulin sensitivity, but their levels were not different between gestational diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. Cord plasma AA levels were not correlated with fetal insulin sensitivity. Conclusion Low circulating DHA levels are associated with compromised fetal insulin sensitivity, and may be involved in perinatally “programming” the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the offspring of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, Laval University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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The potential of biomarkers in psychiatry: focus on proteomics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 122 Suppl 1:S9-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lipid peroxidation markers in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new findings for oxidative stress. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:638-42. [PMID: 23680468 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation where paraoxonase and arylesterase are two enzymes against it. Although increased MDA has been previously shown in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A-ADHD), levels of paraoxonase and arylesterase enzymes have not been studied yet. We aimed to determine the status of both MDA level and paraoxonase and arylesterase enzyme activities in A-ADHD patients. A total of 35 adults with ADHD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria and 29 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum MDA, paraoxonase and arylesterase levels of the participants were measured. The disease severity of the patients was determined by using Turgay's Adult Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) DSM IV Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale. The serum MDA level of patients was significantly higher than that of healthy control subjects, whereas their paraoxonase and arylesterase levels were significantly lower. There was no correlation between the levels of biochemical parameters (MDA, paraoxonase and arylesterase) and the disease severity. Sub-types of A-ADHD were similar in terms of these biochemical parameters. Increased lipid peroxidation, a part of oxidative stress, in adults with ADHD appears to be unbuffered by antioxidant enzymes, namely paraoxonase and arylesterase.
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Najjar SM, Ledford KJ, Abdallah SL, Paus A, Russo L, Kaw MK, Ramakrishnan SK, Muturi HT, Raphael CK, Lester SG, Heinrich G, Pierre SV, Benndorf R, Kleff V, Jaffa AA, Lévy E, Vazquez G, Goldberg IJ, Beauchemin N, Scalia R, Ergün S. Ceacam1 deletion causes vascular alterations in large vessels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E519-29. [PMID: 23800882 PMCID: PMC3891225 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) promotes hepatic insulin clearance and endothelial survival. However, its role in the morphology of macrovessels remains unknown. Mice lacking Ceacam1 (Cc1-/-) exhibit hyperinsulinemia, which causes insulin resistance and fatty liver. With increasing evidence of an association among hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis, we investigated whether Cc1-/- exhibited vascular lesions in atherogenic-prone aortae. Histological analysis revealed impaired endothelial integrity with restricted fat deposition and aortic plaque-like lesions in Cc1-/- aortae, likely owing to their limited lipidemia. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated macrophage deposition, and in vitro studies showed increased leukocyte adhesion to aortic wall, mediated in part by elevation in vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 levels. Basal aortic eNOS protein and NO content were reduced, in parallel with reduced Akt/eNOS and Akt/Foxo1 phosphorylation. Ligand-induced vasorelaxation was compromised in aortic rings. Increased NADPH oxidase activity and plasma 8-isoprostane levels revealed oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Cc1-/- aortae. siRNA-mediated CEACAM1 knockdown in bovine aortic endothelial cells adversely affected insulin's stimulation of IRS-1/PI 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS activation by increasing IRS-1 binding to SHP2 phosphatase. This demonstrates that CEACAM1 regulates both endothelial cell autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms involved in vascular morphology and NO production in aortae. Systemic factors such as hyperinsulinemia could contribute to the pathogenesis of these vascular abnormalities. Cc1-/- mice provide a first in vivo demonstration of distinct CEACAM1-dependent hepatic insulin clearance linking hepatic to macrovascular abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/immunology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/chemistry
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Najjar
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio
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Gow RV, Vallee-Tourangeau F, Crawford MA, Taylor E, Ghebremeskel K, Bueno AA, Hibbeln JR, Sumich A, Rubia K. Omega-3 fatty acids are inversely related to callous and unemotional traits in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:411-8. [PMID: 23664595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of research studies have reported abnormal plasma fatty acid profiles in children with ADHD along with some benefit of n-3 to symptoms of ADHD. However, it is currently unclear whether (lower) long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are related to ADHD pathology or to associated behaviours. The aim of this study was to test whether (1) ADHD children have abnormal plasma LC-PUFA levels and (2) ADHD symptoms and associated behaviours are correlated with LC-PUFA levels. Seventy-two, male children with (n=29) and without a clinical diagnosis of ADHD (n=43) were compared in their plasma levels of LC-PUFA. Plasma DHA was higher in the control group prior to statistical correction. Callous-unemotional (CU) traits were found to be significantly negatively related to both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total omega-3 in the ADHD group. The findings unveil for the first time that CU and anti-social traits in ADHD are associated with lower omega-3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Gow
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, UK.
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Sumich AL, Matsudaira T, Heasman B, Gow RV, Ibrahimovic A, Ghebremeskel K, Crawford MA, Taylor E. Fatty acid correlates of temperament in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:431-6. [PMID: 23566869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical fatty acid metabolism has been reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, its relationship with temperament in this population is unclear. The current study investigated the association between blood levels of fatty acids implicated in brain structure and function (omega-3, omega-6, omega-9) and personality traits of stability (neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and plasticity (extraversion and openness). Twenty right-handed adolescent boys with ADHD completed a self-report NEO-FFI personality questionnaire, and had fatty acid content assessed from red blood using gas chromatography. Pearson's correlations showed no significant associations between omega-3 levels and personality. After correction for multiple comparisons, Adrenic Acid (C22:4n6) was inversely associated with stability. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was positively associated with plasticity. Results are in line with a role of fatty acids in brain function. They suggest that those fatty acids that are involved in myelination (Adrenic, Oleic) have the strongest associations with temperament in adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Sumich
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, United Kingdom.
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Gow RV, Sumich A, Vallee-Tourangeau F, Crawford MA, Ghebremeskel K, Bueno AA, Hibbeln JR, Taylor E, Wilson DA, Rubia K. Omega-3 fatty acids are related to abnormal emotion processing in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:419-29. [PMID: 23660373 PMCID: PMC5559876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the core symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor emotion regulation. There is some evidence that children and young adults with ADHD have lower omega-3 levels and that supplementation with omega-3 can improve both ADHD and affective symptoms. We therefore investigated differences between ADHD and non-ADHD children in omega-3/6 fatty acid plasma levels and the relationship between those indices and emotion-elicited event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Children/adolescents with (n=31) and without ADHD (n=32) were compared in their plasma omega-3/6 indices and corresponding ERPs during an emotion processing task. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower mean omega-3/6 and ERP abnormalities in emotion processing, independent of emotional valence relative to control children. ERP abnormalities were significantly associated with lower omega-3 levels in the ADHD group. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal for the first time that lower omega-3 fatty acids are associated with impaired emotion processing in ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Gow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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49
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Denis MC, Furtos A, Dudonné S, Montoudis A, Garofalo C, Desjardins Y, Delvin E, Levy E. Apple peel polyphenols and their beneficial actions on oxidative stress and inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53725. [PMID: 23372666 PMCID: PMC3553108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since gastrointestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species from various sources, the presence of antioxidants may contribute to the body’s natural defenses against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claude Denis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Furtos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Çelik VK, Erşan E, Erşan S, Bakır S, Dogan O. Plasma catalase, glutathione-s-transferase and total antioxidant activity levels of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.42026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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