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Peng CJ, Chen S, Yan SY, Zhao JN, Luo ZW, Qian Y, Zhao GL. Mechanism underlying the effects of exercise against type 2 diabetes: A review on research progress. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1704-1711. [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i8.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as one of the important and effective non-drug therapies used for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in certain nations. The present report summarizes the latest findings from the research on the beneficial effect of exercise on T2D. The objectives were to provide references for the theoretical study and the clinical practice of exercise-based management of T2D, in addition to identify the limitations of the existing literature, thereby provide direction for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jian Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su-Ying Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Department of Outpatient, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhao
- Department of Outpatient, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gao Q, Jiang Y, Song Z, Ren H, Kong Y, Wang C, Zheng M, Shan C, Yang Y. Dapagliflozin improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity through SIRT1 activation induced by nutrient deprivation state. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16878. [PMID: 39043740 PMCID: PMC11266597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial damage impair insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) protects mitochondria and activates under energy restriction. Dapagliflozin (Dapa) is an antihyperglycaemic agent that belongs to the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Evidence shows that Dapa can induce nutrient deprivation effects, providing additional metabolic benefits. This study investigates whether Dapa can trigger nutrient deprivation to activate SIRT1 and enhance insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. We treated diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with Dapa and measured metabolic parameters, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and glucose utilization in skeletal muscle. β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB) was intervened in C2C12 myotubes. The role of SIRT1 was verified by RNA interference. We found that Dapa treatment induced nutrient deprivation state and reduced lipid deposition and oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial function and glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle. The same positive effects were observed after β-HB intervening for C2C12 myotubes, and the promoting effects on glucose utilization were diminished by SIRT1 RNA interference. Thus, Dapa promotes a nutrient deprivation state and enhances skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity via SIRT1 activation. In this study, we identified a novel hypoglycemic mechanism of Dapa and the potential mechanistic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Zhenqiang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Huizhu Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yan Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Cong Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Miaoyan Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Yanhui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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Kumar A, Prajapati P, Raj V, Kim SC, Mishra V, Raorane CJ, Raj R, Kumar D, Kushwaha S. Salbutamol ameliorates skeletal muscle wasting and inflammatory markers in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110883. [PMID: 37666067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes accelerates muscle atrophy, leading to the deterioration of skeletal muscles. This study aimed to assess the potential of the β2-adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol (SLB), to alleviate muscle atrophy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n=6): control, SLB, STZ (55 mg/kg, single i.p.), and STZ + SLB (6 mg/kg, orally for 4 weeks). After the final SLB dose, animals underwent tests to evaluate muscle strength and coordination, including forelimb grip strength, wire-hanging, actophotometer, rotarod, and footprint assessments. Rats were then sacrificed, and serum and gastrocnemius (GN) muscles were collected for further analysis. Serum evaluations included proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6), muscle markers (creatine kinase, myostatin), testosterone, and lipidemic markers. Muscle oxidative stress (malonaldehyde, protein carbonyl), antioxidants (glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), and histology were also performed. Additionally, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance serum profiling was conducted. SLB notably enhanced muscle grip strength, coordination, and antioxidant levels, while reduced proinflammatory markers and oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Reduced serum muscle biomarkers, increased testosterone, restored lipidemic levels, and improved muscle cellular architecture indicated SLB's positive effect on muscle condition in diabetic rats. Metabolomics profiling revealed that the STZ group significantly increased the phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratio (PTR), lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR), acetate, succinate, isobutyrate, and histidine. SLB administration restored these perturbed serum metabolites in the STZ-induced diabetic group. In conclusion, salbutamol significantly protected against skeletal muscle wasting in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Priyanka Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | | | - Ritu Raj
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sapana Kushwaha
- National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India.
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Waghmare SV, Shanoo A. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review With a Focus on Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e47408. [PMID: 38021970 PMCID: PMC10657909 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the most prevalent endocrine condition is chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. This illness influences females from conception to death, posing several risks to the health of a female, thus reducing the quality of life. It also increases the rates of mortality and morbidity. The first years of puberty are when PCOS symptoms first show. Menstrual irregularities, anovulation, and acne are features of both PCOS and typical puberty in females. There are many various phenotypes that fall under the same illness, so it is necessary to examine each one independently because they may need different treatments and result in different outcomes. Depending on the diagnostic criteria, approximately 6%-20% of females in the reproductive age group are believed to be affected by PCOS. As long as PCOS is still a syndrome, no single diagnostic indicator, such as hyperandrogenism or polycystic ovary (PCO), can be used to make a clinical diagnosis. The management of females with PCOS depends on the symptoms. These could include menstruation problems, androgen-related symptoms, or infertility caused by ovulatory disruption. In females with PCOS, anovulation is linked to low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and a halt in antral follicle growth during the last stages of maturation. The condition may be treated surgically with laparoscopic ovarian drilling or medically with medications such as aromatase inhibitors, metformin, glucocorticoids, clomiphene citrate (CC), tamoxifen, or gonadotropins. Patients will experience different androgenic symptoms, such as hirsutism, acne, and/or baldness. Patients who appear with these troubling symptoms need to receive appropriate care. The review emphasizes the role it plays in the management of various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutika V Waghmare
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amardeep Shanoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Tanaka NI, Suwa M, Maeda H, Tomita A, Imoto T, Akima H. Relationship between trunk intramuscular adipose tissue content and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese men. Nutrition 2023; 113:112083. [PMID: 37327655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine the dose-response relationship between trunk tissue composition and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in middle-aged Japanese men. METHODS The 1026 men (between 35 and 59 y of age) who participated in the present study were divided into two groups: those with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and those without (non-MetS). Intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) content and the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of visceral adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue were calculated using low-dose computed tomography images acquired at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Height, body mass, body fat, waist circumference, the presence of MetS, and lifestyle habits were also assessed. RESULTS IntraMAT content was significantly higher in MetS than in non-MetS men. A 10% increase in IntraMAT content correlated with the prevalence of MetS (odds ratio, 4.197; 95% confidence interval, 3.108-7.088; P < 0.001), even after adjustments for age, height, adjusted skeletal muscle CSA, sleeping time, alcohol consumption, exercise habit, and cigarette smoking. Skeletal muscle CSA did not correlate with the prevalence of MetS after adjustments for IntraMAT content and other cofactors. CONCLUSIONS Increase in IntraMAT content, not in skeletal muscle CSA, significantly correlated with the prevalence of MetS. These results suggest that countermeasures against the accumulation of trunk IntraMAT effectively prevent MetS in middle-aged Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko I Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masataka Suwa
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imoto
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Wen F, Hou J, Ji X, Chu X, Liu X, Shi Z, Song Z. The Mef2c/AdipoR1 axis is responsible for myogenic differentiation and is regulated by resistin in skeletal muscles. Gene 2023; 857:147193. [PMID: 36641076 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that accumulated lipid and insulin resistance emerges in skeletal muscle after the onset of obesity and diabetes. We have previously shown that resistin significantly increases lipid contents in C2C12 cells. However, studies evaluating the effects of resistin on skeletal muscle cells and tissues are limited; despite that, an understanding of resistin action and function on lipid alteration in skeletal muscle tissues is critical for understanding obesity-related diseases. In this study, we document that resistin increases lipid deposition both in vitro and in vivo. Further, resistin promotes fiber type transformation, decreases enzyme activities, inhibits myogenic differentiation, and decreases muscle grip and excise endurance. In addition, adiponectin signaling is activated during myocyte differentiation, but it is inhibited at elevated resistin concentrations. Mechanistic investigation revealed that mef2c is responsible for adiponectin signaling pathway inhibition by inhibiting adipoR1 expression at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, this is the first study to document that resistin increases ectopic lipid deposition in skeletal muscles via a mef2c-adipoR1 signaling pathway, which reveals for the first time the presence of crosstalk between resistin and adiponectin in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China; The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Junjie Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China; The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
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Ouyang Q, Chen Q, Ke S, Ding L, Yang X, Rong P, Feng W, Cao Y, Wang Q, Li M, Su S, Wei W, Liu M, Liu J, Zhang X, Li JZ, Wang HY, Chen S. Rab8a as a mitochondrial receptor for lipid droplets in skeletal muscle. Dev Cell 2023; 58:289-305.e6. [PMID: 36800997 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic interaction between lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria controls the mobilization of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from LDs for mitochondrial β-oxidation in skeletal muscle in response to energy stress. However, little is known about the composition and regulation of the tethering complex mediating LD-mitochondrion interaction. Here, we identify Rab8a as a mitochondrial receptor for LDs forming the tethering complex with the LD-associated PLIN5 in skeletal muscle. In rat L6 skeletal muscle cells, the energy sensor AMPK increases the GTP-bound active Rab8a that promotes LD-mitochondrion interaction through binding to PLIN5 upon starvation. The assembly of the Rab8a-PLIN5 tethering complex also recruits the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which couples LCFA mobilization from LDs with its transfer into mitochondria for β-oxidation. Rab8a deficiency impairs fatty acid utilization and decreases endurance during exercise in a mouse model. These findings may help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on lipid homeostasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Shunyuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ping Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Weikuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ye Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Shu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Wen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Minjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
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Ye QN, Zheng K. Expression and function of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 2 in cleft palate induced by retinoic acid. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 61:215-220. [PMID: 36906446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common maxillofacial congenital malformation, and its mechanism still has not been fully illustrated. Recently, lipid metabolic defects have been observed in cleft palate. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 2 (Pnpla2) is an important lipolytic gene. However, its effect on the formation of cleft palate remains unknown. In this research, we explored the expression of Pnpla2 in the palatal shelves of control mice. We also studied mice with cleft palates induced by retinoic acid and its effect on the embryonic palatal mesenchyme (EPM) cells phenotype. We found that Pnpla2 was expressed in the palatal shelves of both the cleft palate and control mice. Pnpla2 expression was lower in cleft palate mice than in the control mice. Experiments with EPM cells showed that knockdown of Pnpla2 inhibited cell proliferation and migration. In conclusion, Pnpla2 is linked to palatal development. We have indicated that low expression of Pnpla2 affects palatogenesis by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of EPM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q N Ye
- Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - K Zheng
- Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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Grepper D, Tabasso C, Aguettaz AKF, Martinotti A, Ebrahimi A, Lagarrigue S, Amati F. Methodological advancements in organ-specific ectopic lipid quantitative characterization: Effects of high fat diet on muscle and liver intracellular lipids. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101669. [PMID: 36642092 PMCID: PMC9938329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectopic lipid accumulation is a hallmark of metabolic diseases, linking obesity to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and diabetes. The use of zebrafish as a model of obesity and diabetes is raising due to the conserved properties of fat metabolism between humans and zebrafish, the homologous genes regulating lipid uptake and transport, the implementation of the '3R's principle and their cost-effectiveness. To date, a method allowing the conservation of lipid droplets (LDs) and organs in zebrafish larvae to image ectopic lipids is not available. Our objectives were to develop a novel methodology to quantitatively evaluate organ-specific LDs, in skeletal muscle and liver, in response to a nutritional perturbation. METHODS We developed a novel embedding and cryosectioning protocol allowing the conservation of LDs and organs in zebrafish larvae. To establish the quantitative measures, we used a three-arm parallel nutritional intervention design. Zebrafish larvae were fed a control diet containing 14% of nutritional fat or two high fat diets (HFDs) containing 25 and 36% of dietary fats. In muscle and liver, LDs were characterized using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In liver, intrahepatocellular lipids were discriminated from intrasinusoid lipids. To complete liver characteristics, fibrosis was identified with Masson's Trichrome staining. Finally, to confirm the conservation and effect of HFD, molecular players of fat metabolism were evaluated by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The cryosections obtained after setting up the embedding and cryopreservation method were of high quality, preserving tissue morphology and allowing the visualization of ectopic lipids. Both HFDs were obesogenic, without modifying larvae survival or development. Neutral lipid content increased with time and augmented dietary fat. Intramuscular LD volume density increased and was explained by an increase in LDs size but not in numbers. Intrahepatocellular LD volume density increased and was explained by an increased number of LDs, not by their increased size. Sinusoid area and lipid content were both increased. Hepatic fibrosis appeared with both HFDs. We observed alterations in the expression of genes associated with LD coating proteins, LD dynamics, lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we propose a reproducible and fast method to image zebrafish larvae without losing LD quality and organ morphology. We demonstrate the impact of HFD on LD characteristics in liver and skeletal muscle accompanied by alterations of key players of fat metabolism. Our observations confirm the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in lipid metabolism and reveal organ specific adaptations. The methodological advancements proposed in this work open the doors to study organelle adaptations in obesity and diabetes related research such as lipotoxicity, organelle contacts and specific lipid depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogan Grepper
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Tabasso
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Axel K F Aguettaz
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Martinotti
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ammar Ebrahimi
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Lagarrigue
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Amati
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Barrett JS, Whytock KL, Strauss JA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shepherd SO. High intramuscular triglyceride turnover rates and the link to insulin sensitivity: influence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:343-356. [PMID: 35061523 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Large intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) stores in sedentary, obese individuals have been linked to insulin resistance, yet well-trained athletes exhibit high IMTG levels whilst maintaining insulin sensitivity. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is now known that IMTG content per se does not result in insulin resistance. Rather, insulin resistance is caused, at least in part, by the presence of high concentrations of harmful lipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides in muscle. Several mechanistic differences between obese sedentary individuals and their highly trained counterparts have been identified, which determine the differential capacity for IMTG synthesis and breakdown in these populations. In this review, we first describe the most up-to-date mechanisms by which a low IMTG turnover rate (both breakdown and synthesis) leads to the accumulation of lipid metabolites and results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. We then explore current and potential exercise and nutritional strategies that target IMTG turnover in sedentary obese individuals, to improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, improving IMTG turnover should be an important component of successful interventions that aim to prevent the development of insulin resistance in the ever-expanding sedentary, overweight and obese populations. Novelty: A description of the most up-to-date mechanisms regulating turnover of the IMTG pool. An exploration of current and potential exercise/nutritional strategies to target and enhance IMTG turnover in obese individuals. Overall, highlights the importance of improving IMTG turnover to prevent the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barrett
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - K L Whytock
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - J A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Li CW, Yu K, Shyh-Chang N, Jiang Z, Liu T, Ma S, Luo L, Guang L, Liang K, Ma W, Miao H, Cao W, Liu R, Jiang LJ, Yu SL, Li C, Liu HJ, Xu LY, Liu RJ, Zhang XY, Liu GS. Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:781-794. [PMID: 35106971 PMCID: PMC8977978 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra-abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β-oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle-secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low-grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full-blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the 'obesity paradox', could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full-blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanfang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hefan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Juan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Lin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University, China (Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Jun Liu
- Department of nursing & Clinical Nutrition, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Yu Xu
- Department of Sport Physiatry, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Ji Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- Department of stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gao-Shan Liu
- Department of Health Education, Shijingshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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12
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Nan J, Lee JS, Lee SA, Lee DS, Park KS, Chung SS. An Essential Role of the N-Terminal Region of ACSL1 in Linking Free Fatty Acids to Mitochondrial β-Oxidation in C2C12 Myotubes. Mol Cells 2021; 44:637-646. [PMID: 34511469 PMCID: PMC8490201 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids are converted to acyl-CoA by long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) before entering into metabolic pathways for lipid biosynthesis or degradation. ACSL family members have highly conserved amino acid sequences except for their N-terminal regions. Several reports have shown that ACSL1, among the ACSLs, is located in mitochondria and mainly leads fatty acids to the β-oxidation pathway in various cell types. In this study, we investigated how ACSL1 was localized in mitochondria and whether ACSL1 overexpression affected fatty acid oxidation (FAO) rates in C2C12 myotubes. We generated an ACSL1 mutant in which the N-terminal 100 amino acids were deleted and compared its localization and function with those of the ACSL1 wild type. We found that ACSL1 adjoined the outer membrane of mitochondria through interaction of its N-terminal region with carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b (CPT1b) in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, overexpressed ACSL1, but not the ACSL1 mutant, increased FAO, and ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. These results suggested that targeting of ACSL1 to mitochondria is essential in increasing FAO in myotubes, which can reduce insulin resistance in obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Nan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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13
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Tanaka NI, Maeda H, Tomita A, Suwa M, Imoto T, Akima H. Comparison of metabolic risk factors, physical performances, and prevalence of low back pain among categories determined by visceral adipose tissue and trunk skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged men. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111554. [PMID: 34537277 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared metabolic risk factors, physical performances, and musculoskeletal impairment among categories determined by visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and trunk skeletal muscle (SM) mass in middle-aged Japanese men. In total, 1026 healthy Japanese males aged between 35 and 59 years were categorized into 4 groups according to the amount of VAT and SM in the trunk measured using low-dose computed tomography (LowVAT-HighSM, LowVAT-LowSM, HighVAT-HighSM, and HighVAT-LowSM). Height, body mass waist circumference, body fat, intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue, biochemical blood profiles (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and γ-glutamyl trans peptidase), physical performances (trunk flexibility, the chair-stand test, two-step length and hand-grip strength), the prevalence of low back pain, and lifestyle habits for exercise, alcohol intake and smoking, were compared among the groups. The results showed that LowVAT-HighSM had significantly superior biochemical blood profiles and physical performances to the other groups. HighVAT-LowSM had significantly higher %IntraMAT and the prevalence of low back pain. The two-step length, which is an index of walking ability, significantly differed according to the four subject categories. These results indicate that metabolic risk factors, physical performances, and prevalence of low back pain in middle-aged Japanese men may differ among four categories determined by VAT and trunk SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko I Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Suwa
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1-1 Ipponmatsu, Iwakura-cho, Toyota, Aichi 444-2225, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imoto
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1-1 Ipponmatsu, Iwakura-cho, Toyota, Aichi 444-2225, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Turner MC, Rimington RP, Martin NRW, Fleming JW, Capel AJ, Hodson L, Lewis MP. Physiological and pathophysiological concentrations of fatty acids induce lipid droplet accumulation and impair functional performance of tissue engineered skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7033-7044. [PMID: 33738797 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) exert physiological and pathophysiological effects leading to changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and function, however, in vitro models to investigate these changes are limited. These experiments sought to establish the effects of physiological and pathophysiological concentrations of exogenous FA upon the function of tissue engineered skeletal muscle (TESkM). Cultured initially for 14 days, C2C12 TESkM was exposed to FA-free bovine serum albumin alone or conjugated to a FA mixture (oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and α-linoleic acids [OPLA] [ratio 45:30:24:1%]) at different concentrations (200 or 800 µM) for an additional 4 days. Subsequently, TESkM morphology, functional capacity, gene expression and insulin signaling were analyzed. There was a dose response increase in the number and size of lipid droplets within the TESkM (p < .05). Exposure to exogenous FA increased the messenger RNA expression of genes involved in lipid storage (perilipin 2 [p < .05]) and metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 [p < .01]) in a dose dependent manner. TESkM force production was reduced (tetanic and single twitch) (p < .05) and increases in transcription of type I slow twitch fiber isoform, myosin heavy chain 7, were observed when cultured with 200 µM OPLA compared to control (p < .01). Four days of OPLA exposure results in lipid accumulation in TESkM which in turn results in changes in muscle function and metabolism; thus, providing insight ito the functional and mechanistic changes of TESkM in response to exogenous FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rowan P Rimington
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jacob W Fleming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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15
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Renton MC, McGee SL, Howlett KF. The role of protein kinase D (PKD) in intracellular nutrient sensing and regulation of adaptive responses to the obese environment. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13145. [PMID: 32929844 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with ectopic accumulation of lipids, which is implicated in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. As the global prevalence of obesity continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms of this disease. Protein kinase D (PKD) is an intracellular signalling kinase with well characterized roles in intracellular vesicle transport and secretion, cancer cell proliferation and cardiac hypertrophy. However, emerging evidence also highlights PKD as a novel nutrient sensor. PKD activation is mediated by the accumulation of the lipid intermediate diacylglycerol, and PKD activity in the liver, heart and adipose tissue increases upon feeding. In obesity, PKD signalling is linked to reduced insulin signalling and dysfunction in adipose tissue, liver and heart, whilst in the pancreas, PKD is essential for the compensatory increase in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from β-cells during obesity. Collectively, these studies reveal aspects of PKD signalling that are involved in the tissue-specific responses to obesity. This review summarizes the emerging evidence suggesting that PKD plays an important role in regulating the adaptive response to the obese environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Renton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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16
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Huang M, Yang X, Wang Z, Long J, Wang A, Zhang Y, Yan D. Lipophagy: A New Perspective of Natural Products in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2985-2999. [PMID: 34234495 PMCID: PMC8256822 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s310166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which protects the insulin target tissues and pancreatic β-cells. However, autophagy is inhibited when the cells are lipid overload. That, in turn, increases the accumulation of fat. Lipotoxicity caused by excessive lipid accumulation contributes to pathogenesis of T2DM. Therefore, it is undeniable to break the vicious circles between lipid excess and autophagy deficiency. Lipophagy, a selective form of autophagy, is characterized by selective breakdown of lipid droplets (LDs). The nutritional status of cells contributes to the way of autophagy (selective or non-selective), while selective autophagy helps to accurately remove excess substances. It seems that lipophagy could be an effective means to decrease abnormal lipid accumulation that leads to insulin resistance and β-cell impairment by removing ectopic LDs. Based on this process, many natural compounds have been reported to decrease lipid accumulation in tissues through autophagy-lysosomal pathway, which gradually highlights the significance of lipophagy. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that lipophagy improves T2DM and natural products that are applied to induce lipophagy. It is also suggested that natural herbs with rich contents of natural products inducing lipophagy would be potential candidates for alleviating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianglan Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, 401121, People’s Republic of China
- Yi Zhang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, No. 1, Chunlan 2nd Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401121, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 23-86072771 Email
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dan Yan Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95, Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 10-63139318 Email
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17
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Lair B, Laurens C, Van Den Bosch B, Moro C. Novel Insights and Mechanisms of Lipotoxicity-Driven Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6358. [PMID: 32887221 PMCID: PMC7504171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies reported an association between elevated circulating and tissue lipid content and metabolic disorders in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and aging. This state of uncontrolled tissue lipid accumulation has been called lipotoxicity. It was later shown that excess lipid flux is mainly neutralized within lipid droplets as triglycerides, while several bioactive lipid species such as diacylglycerols (DAGs), ceramides and their derivatives have been mechanistically linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) by antagonizing insulin signaling and action in metabolic organs such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and the liver are the main sites of glucose disposal in the body and IR in these tissues plays a pivotal role in the development of T2D. In this review, we critically examine recent literature supporting a causal role of DAGs and ceramides in the development of IR. A particular emphasis is placed on transgenic mouse models with modulation of total DAG and ceramide pools, as well as on modulation of specific subspecies, in relation to insulin sensitivity. Collectively, although a wide number of studies converge towards the conclusion that both DAGs and ceramides cause IR in metabolic organs, there are still some uncertainties on their mechanisms of action. Recent studies reveal that subcellular localization and acyl chain composition are determinants in the biological activity of these lipotoxic lipids and should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lair
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Laurens
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Bram Van Den Bosch
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
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18
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Thyfault JP, Bergouignan A. Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1464-1474. [PMID: 32529412 PMCID: PMC7377236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is a formidable regulator of insulin sensitivity and overall systemic metabolism through both acute events driven by each exercise bout and through chronic adaptations. As a result, regular exercise significantly reduces the risks for chronic metabolic disease states, including type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many of the metabolic health benefits of exercise depend on skeletal muscle adaptations; however, there is plenty of evidence that exercise exerts many of its metabolic benefit through the liver, adipose tissue, vasculature and pancreas. This review will highlight how exercise reduces metabolic disease risk by activating metabolic changes in non-skeletal-muscle tissues. We provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations within each tissue and discuss emerging work on the exercise-induced integration of inter-tissue communication by a variety of signalling molecules, hormones and cytokines collectively named 'exerkines'. Overall, the evidence clearly indicates that exercise is a robust modulator of metabolism and a powerful protective agent against metabolic disease, and this is likely to be because it robustly improves metabolic function in multiple organs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Hemenway Life Sciences Innovation Center, Mailstop 3043, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Tian JJ, Fu B, Yu EM, Li YP, Xia Y, Li ZF, Zhang K, Gong WB, Yu DG, Wang GJ, Xie J. Feeding Faba Beans ( Vicia faba L.) Reduces Myocyte Metabolic Activity in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Front Physiol 2020; 11:391. [PMID: 32395106 PMCID: PMC7197471 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on the energy metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). A total of 180 fish (∼2900 g) were randomly assigned to six tanks (2.5 × 2.5 × 1.2 m; 30 individuals per tank) and fed either faba bean (Vicia faba L.) or a commercial diet for 120 days (3% body weight, twice per day). The results showed that faba bean-fed grass carp (FBFG) had significantly lower growth and higher fat accumulation in the mesenteric adipose tissue and hepatopancreas than commercial diet-fed grass carp (CDFG). Compared with CDFG, FBFG exhibited no significant difference in proximate composition of the muscle; however, an obvious decrease in muscle fiber size and significantly higher hardness, chewiness, and gumminess were observed. Transcriptome results showed that a total of 197 genes were differentially regulated in the dorsal muscle. Down-regulated genes included four genes annotated with myocyte development and 12 transcripts annotated with components of myofibrils. In addition, the FBFG group exhibited significantly lower expression of genes associated with oxygen transport, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and creatine metabolism, suggesting reduced energy availability in the muscle of the FBFG. Moreover, using western-blotting and enzyme assays, we found decreased protein levels in the mitochondrial electron transport respiratory chain and creatine metabolism activities, as well as increased expression of autophagy marker protein levels, in the muscle of FBFG. Overall, our results suggest that an abnormal energy distribution may exist in grass carps after feeding with faba bean, which is reflected by a mass of fat deposition in the adipose tissue and hepatopancreas and subdued metabolic activity in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Er-meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Løvsletten NG, Rustan AC, Laurens C, Thoresen GH, Moro C, Nikolić N. Primary defects in lipid handling and resistance to exercise in myotubes from obese donors with and without type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:169-179. [PMID: 31276628 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that human primary myotubes retain the metabolic characteristic of their donors in vitro. We have demonstrated, along with other researchers, a reduced lipid turnover and fat oxidation rate in myotubes derived from obese donors with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because exercise is known to increase fat oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle, we investigated if in vitro exercise could restore primary defects in lipid handling in myotubes of obese individuals with and without T2D compared with lean nondiabetic donors. Primary myotubes cultures were derived from biopsies of lean, obese, and T2D subjects. One single bout of long-duration exercise was mimicked in vitro by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for 24 h. Lipid handling was measured using radiolabeled palmitate, metabolic gene expression by real-time qPCR, and proteins by Western blot. We first showed that myotubes from obese and T2D donors had increased uptake and incomplete oxidation of palmitate. This was associated with reduced mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, III, and IV protein expression in myotubes from obese and T2D subjects. EPS stimulated palmitate oxidation in lean donors, while myotubes from obese and T2D donors were refractory to this effect. Interestingly, EPS increased total palmitate uptake in myotubes from lean donors while myotubes from T2D donors had a reduced rate of palmitate uptake into complex lipids and triacylglycerols. Novelty Myotubes from obese and T2D donors are characterized by primary defects in palmitic acid handling. Both obese and T2D myotubes are partially refractory to the beneficial effect of exercise on lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Gunnar Løvsletten
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Claire Laurens
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Cedric Moro
- Inserm 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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21
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Female adipose tissue has improved adaptability and metabolic health compared to males in aged obesity. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1725-1746. [PMID: 31983693 PMCID: PMC7053605 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging, like obesity, is associated with metabolic and inflammatory alterations within adipose tissue in older individuals. Younger females are protected from adipose inflammation, but older post-menopausal females exhibit exaggerated visceral adiposity correlated with increased disease risk. Obesity accelerates the onset and progression of age-associated diseases, but it is unclear if aging and obesity drive adipose tissue dysfunction in a sexually dimorphic fashion. We investigated adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation in a diet-induced obesity model in young and old mice. We identified age related sex differences in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), fibrosis and lipid metabolism in male and female visceral fat depot (GWAT). Although aging normalized body weights between the sexes, females remained protected from proinflammatory ATMs and stimulated lipolysis failed to adversely affect the inflammatory state even with obesity. Older obese males had augmented CD11c+ ATMs and higher insulin levels, while females showed increased visceral adiposity and exaggerated Pparγ, and Pgc1α expression. Obesity in aging demonstrated similar expression of GWAT p53, p16, p21, Timp1 and Tgfβ1 in both sexes. Our studies suggest that even with aging, female GWAT shows an attenuated inflammatory response compared to males due to an efficient oxidative metabolism combined with an active tissue remodeling state.
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22
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S100A16-induced adipogenesis is associated with up-regulation of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182042. [PMID: 31399502 PMCID: PMC6734118 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The steadily increasing epidemic of obesity continues at alarming rates, is an important public health problem, and expression changes of S100A16 and 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(11β-HSD1) is attributable to the adipocyte differentiation. In our previous study, we found that 11β-HSD1 protein expression increased in S100A16-overexpressed 3T3-L1 cell model. In order to further investigate the relationship between S100A16 and 11β-HSD1, and the molecular mechanisms of S100A16-induced adipogenesis, we constructed S100A16 transgenic and knockout mouse, and S100A16-overexpressed 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell. Using S100A16 transgenic (S100A16Tg/+) mice fed with normal fat diet (NFD) and high fat diet (HFD) diet model, we evaluated the effect of S100A16 on adipogenesis, expression of 11β-HSD1, and RNA sequencing and quantification of gene expression. Using the 3T3-L1 cell model, we examined the effect of S100A16 and 11β-HSD1 on pre-adipocyte differentiation, and cell signaling events of 11β-HSD1 overexpression induced by S100A16. We found that when compared with C57BL/6 mice, overexpression of S100A16 under the condition of HFD increased lipid content in WAT and fat infiltration in hepatocytes, 11β-HSD1 protein expression increased along with S100A16. Elevated S100A16 and 11β-HSD1 expression promoted adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of S100A16 inhibited the degradation of 11β-HSD1. We conclude that S100A16-induced adipogenesis is associated with up-regulation of 11β-HSD1.
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23
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Meex RCR, Blaak EE, van Loon LJC. Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1205-1217. [PMID: 31240819 PMCID: PMC6852205 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and muscle mass loss often coincide in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, and it is well established that obesity and derangements in lipid metabolism play an important role in the development of insulin resistance in these individuals. Specifically, increased adipose tissue mass and dysfunctional adipose tissue lead to systemic lipid overflow and to low-grade inflammation via altered secretion of adipokines and cytokines. Furthermore, an increased flux of fatty acids from the adipose tissue may contribute to increased fat storage in the liver and in skeletal muscle, resulting in an altered secretion of hepatokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. Recent studies suggest that obesity and lipid derangements in adipose tissue can also lead to the development of muscle atrophy, which would make insulin resistance and muscle atrophy two sides of the same coin. Unfortunately, the exact relationship between lipid accumulation, type 2 diabetes, and muscle atrophy remains largely unexplored. The aim of this review is to discuss the relationship between type 2 diabetes and muscle loss and to discuss some of the joint pathways through which lipid accumulation in organs may affect peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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24
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Skeletal Muscle Lipid Droplets and the Athlete's Paradox. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030249. [PMID: 30875966 PMCID: PMC6468652 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD) is an organelle enveloped by a monolayer phospholipid membrane with a core of neutral lipids, which is conserved from bacteria to humans. The available evidence suggests that the LD is essential to maintaining lipid homeostasis in almost all organisms. As a consequence, LDs also play an important role in pathological metabolic processes involving the ectopic storage of neutral lipids, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis, steatosis, and obesity. The degree of insulin resistance in T2DM patients is positively correlated with the size of skeletal muscle LDs. Aerobic exercise can reduce the occurrence and development of various metabolic diseases. However, trained athletes accumulate lipids in their skeletal muscle, and LD size in their muscle tissue is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. This phenomenon is called the athlete’s paradox. This review will summarize previous studies on the relationship between LDs in skeletal muscle and metabolic diseases and will discuss the paradox at the level of LDs.
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25
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Mancuso P, Bouchard B. The Impact of Aging on Adipose Function and Adipokine Synthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:137. [PMID: 30915034 PMCID: PMC6421296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 40 years, there has been a world-wide increase in both the prevalence of obesity and an increase in the number of persons over the age of 60 due to a decline in deaths from infectious disease and the nutrition transition in low and middle income nations. While the increase in the elderly population indicates improvements in global public health, this population may experience a diminished quality of life due to the negative impacts of obesity on age-associated inflammation. Aging alters adipose tissue composition and function resulting in insulin resistance and ectopic lipid storage. A reduction in brown adipose tissue activity, declining sex hormones levels, and abdominal adipose tissue expansion occur with advancing years through the redistribution of lipids from the subcutaneous to the visceral fat compartment. These changes in adipose tissue function and distribution influence the secretion of adipose tissue derived hormones, or adipokines, that promote a chronic state of low-grade systemic inflammation. Ultimately, obesity accelerates aging by enhancing inflammation and increasing the risk of age-associated diseases. The focus of this review is the impact of aging on adipose tissue distribution and function and how these effects influence the elaboration of pro and anti-inflammatory adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mancuso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Mancuso
| | - Benjamin Bouchard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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26
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Binh TD, Pham TLA, Men TT, Dang TTP, Kamei K. LSD-2 dysfunction induces dFoxO-dependent cell death in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:491-497. [PMID: 30595382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid storage droplet-2 (LSD-2) of Drosophila melanogaster is a member of the lipid storage droplet membrane surface-binding protein family. LSD-2 is detected in many specific tissues: germline precursor cells, fat body, and is associated with lipid metabolism, lipid storage, and regulation of lipid droplet transport. However, the roles of this gene in development remain unclear. To investigate these functions, we performed tissue-specific knockdown of Lsd-2 in Drosophila using the combination of GAL4/UAS system and RNAi. Here we report that the knockdown of Lsd-2 in the wing led to abnormal wing phenotype and cell death in the wing pouch of 3rd-instar larvae, suggesting an essential role of Lsd-2 in development of the Drosophila wing. This function of Lsd-2 is dependent on the transcription factor dFoxO, as dFoxO depletion suppresses cell death and the abnormal wing pattern formation induced by Lsd-2-knockdown. Furthermore, Lsd-2-knockdown up-regulated the expression of the dFoxO transcription target reaper, which constitutes a pro-apoptosis gene. This study provides the first evidence that Lsd-2-knockdown causes cell death mediated by dfoxO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duy Binh
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tuan L A Pham
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tran Thanh Men
- Department of Biology, Cantho University, Cantho City, 900000, Viet Nam.
| | - Thao T P Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Science, Vietnam National University-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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27
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Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, Auchus RJ, Chang RJ, Codner E, Dabadghao P, Darendeliler F, Elbarbary NS, Gambineri A, Garcia Rudaz C, Hoeger KM, López-Bermejo A, Ong K, Peña AS, Reinehr T, Santoro N, Tena-Sempere M, Tao R, Yildiz BO, Alkhayyat H, Deeb A, Joel D, Horikawa R, de Zegher F, Lee PA. An International Consortium Update: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:371-395. [PMID: 29156452 DOI: 10.1159/000479371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper represents an international collaboration of paediatric endocrine and other societies (listed in the Appendix) under the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE) aiming to improve worldwide care of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)1. The manuscript examines pathophysiology and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of PCOS during adolescence. The complex pathophysiology of PCOS involves the interaction of genetic and epigenetic changes, primary ovarian abnormalities, neuroendocrine alterations, and endocrine and metabolic modifiers such as anti-Müllerian hormone, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, adiposity, and adiponectin levels. Appropriate diagnosis of adolescent PCOS should include adequate and careful evaluation of symptoms, such as hirsutism, severe acne, and menstrual irregularities 2 years beyond menarche, and elevated androgen levels. Polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound without hyperandrogenism or menstrual irregularities should not be used to diagnose adolescent PCOS. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and obesity may be present in adolescents with PCOS, but are not considered to be diagnostic criteria. Treatment of adolescent PCOS should include lifestyle intervention, local therapies, and medications. Insulin sensitizers like metformin and oral contraceptive pills provide short-term benefits on PCOS symptoms. There are limited data on anti-androgens and combined therapies showing additive/synergistic actions for adolescents. Reproductive aspects and transition should be taken into account when managing adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selma Witchel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - R Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garcia Rudaz
- Division of Women, Youth and Children, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Hoeger
- Department of OBGYN, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia S Peña
- The University of Adelaide and Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Datteln, Germany
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Rachel Tao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haya Alkhayyat
- Medical University of Bahrain, BDF Hospital, Riffa, Bahrein
| | - Asma Deeb
- Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dipesalema Joel
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana Teaching Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Roszkowska A, Yu M, Bessonneau V, Bragg L, Servos M, Pawliszyn J. Tissue storage affects lipidome profiling in comparison to in vivo microsampling approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6980. [PMID: 29725071 PMCID: PMC5934459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-invasive in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to investigate the lipid profiles of muscle tissue of living fish. Briefly, mixed mode SPME fibers were inserted into the muscle for 20 min extraction, and then the fibers were desorbed in an optimal mixture of solvents. The obtained lipid profile was then compared and contrasted to that obtained with employment of ex vivo SPME and solid-liquid extraction (SLE) from fish muscle tissue belonging to the same group of fish, following a one-year storage period. Ex vivo SPME analysis of stored muscle samples revealed 10-fold decrease in the number of detected molecular features in comparison to in vivo study. Moreover, in vivo microsampling enabled the identification of different classes of bioactive lipids, including fatty acyls, not present in the lipid profile obtained through ex vivo SPME and SLE, suggesting the alterations occurring in the unbound lipid fraction of the system under study during the storage and also indicating the advantage of the in vivo extraction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Leslie Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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29
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Ko K, Woo J, Bae JY, Roh HT, Lee YH, Shin KO. Exercise training improves intramuscular triglyceride lipolysis sensitivity in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:81. [PMID: 29661202 PMCID: PMC5902881 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether regular exercise training enhances intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) lipolysis sensitivity during consumption of a continued high-fat diet by exploring changes in biochemical factors activated by IMTG lipolysis. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) to induce obesity for 6 weeks and a control (CO) group. Thereafter, the HF group was divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) and high-fat diet + training group (HFT). The HFT group was trained on an animal treadmill 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. PKA, Plin5, p-Plin5, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL were analyzed to investigate IMTG sensitivity by western blotting. Results PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HF group were significantly lower than those in the CO group (p < 0.05). However, PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group, and ATGL and p-Plin5 protein levels as well as the p-Plin5/Plin5 ratio in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group (p < 0.05). In addition, the HF group showed a significantly higher IMTG volume than the CO and HFT groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that in an obese mouse model, 8 weeks of treadmill exercise contributes to decreased IMTG volume by activating lipolysis factors, such as PKA, PLIN5, CGI-58, and lipases. Therefore, regular exercise training may play an important role in obesity treatment by increasing IMTG lipolysis sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangeun Ko
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yong Bae
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Hyo Lee
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Daemen S, van Polanen N, Hesselink MKC. The effect of diet and exercise on lipid droplet dynamics in human muscle tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29514886 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The majority of fat in the human body is stored as triacylglycerols in white adipose tissue. In the obese state, adipose tissue mass expands and excess lipids are stored in non-adipose tissues, such as skeletal muscle. Lipids are stored in skeletal muscle in the form of small lipid droplets. Although originally viewed as dull organelles that simply store lipids as a consequence of lipid overflow from adipose tissue, lipid droplets are now recognized as key components in the cell that exert a variety of relevant functions in multiple tissues (including muscle). Here, we review the effect of diet and exercise interventions on myocellular lipid droplets and their putative role in insulin sensitivity from a human perspective. We also provide an overview of lipid droplet biology and identify gaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke van Polanen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Li J, Mihalcioiu M, Li L, Zakikhani M, Camirand A, Kremer R. Vitamin D prevents lipid accumulation in murine muscle through regulation of PPARγ and perilipin-2 expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:116-124. [PMID: 29037825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in regulation of skeletal muscle tone and contraction. Serum vitamin D status is linked to muscle power and force in adolescent girls, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with myopathies in children and poorer physical performance in the elderly. We previously reported that vitamin D deficiency is linked to a significant increase in muscle fatty infiltration in healthy young women, and studies in patients with neuromuscular disorders also associate muscle weakening and lipid content. In order to better understand the link between vitamin D status and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism, we compared the effect of a low (25IU/kg) or normal (1000IU/kg) vitamin D3 diet on muscle fat in female FVB mice maintained in a room without UVB lighting to minimize endogenous vitamin D production. Animals on low vitamin D diet displayed lower circulating 25(OH)D levels and a dramatic increase (287±52% compared to normal diet, p<0.0001) in lipid deposition in skeletal muscle accompanied by muscle fiber disorganization. Lipid droplet staining increased by 242±23% (p<0.0001) in low vitamin D diet, and lipid droplet coat protein perilipin-2 and nuclear receptor transcription factor PPARγ expression levels were increased compared to mice fed the normal vitamin D diet: average staining for PLIN2: 0.22±0.08 (25IU/kg diet) vs 0.10±0.02 (1000IU/kg). Average staining for PPARγ: 0.24±0.06 (25IU/kg diet) vs 0.07±0.04 (1000IU/kg) p<0.0001. Tissue mass spectrometry imaging revealed major differences in muscle phospholipids profile depending on diet. In vitro, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes inhibited appearance of lipid droplets by 79±9.3%, and caused a 80±10% and 25±8% (p=0.001) reduction in PPARγ and perilipin-2 mRNA levels (by qPCR) compared to control cells. In summary, we report here the first in vivo model illustrating the important structural muscle fiber disorganization and fat accumulation inside and outside muscle fibers that accompany vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, we show that the underlying mechanisms involve PPARγ and perilipin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Milton Mihalcioiu
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Lifeng Li
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Mahvash Zakikhani
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Anne Camirand
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Richard Kremer
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Bergan-Roller HE, Sheridan MA. The growth hormone signaling system: Insights into coordinating the anabolic and catabolic actions of growth hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:119-133. [PMID: 28760716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although growth hormone (GH) is a multifunctional factor that coordinates various aspects of feeding, reproduction, osmoregulation, and immune system function, perhaps two of its most studied actions are the regulation of growth and metabolism, particularly lipid metabolism. In this review, we describe the major growth-promoting and lipid metabolic actions of GH and then discuss how the GH system regulates these actions. Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors provide information about the metabolic status of the organism and influence the production of release of GH. The actions of GH are mediated by GH receptors (GHR), which are widely distributed among tissues. Teleosts possess multiple forms of GHRs that arose through the evolution of this group. Modulation of tissue responsiveness to GH is regulated by molecular and functional expression of GHRs, and in teleosts GHR subtypes, by various factors that reflect the metabolic and growth status of the organism, including nutritional state. The action of GH is propagated by the linkage of GHRs to several cellular effector systems, including JAK-STAT, ERK, PI3K-Akt, and PKC. The differential activation of these pathways, which is governed by nutrient status, underlies GH stimulation of growth or GH stimulation of lipolysis. Taken together, the multi-functional actions of GH are determined by the distribution and abundance of GHRs (and GHR subtypes in teleosts) as well as by the GHR-effector system linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Sheridan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
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Zabielski P, Błachnio-Zabielska AU, Wójcik B, Chabowski A, Górski J. Effect of plasma free fatty acid supply on the rate of ceramide synthesis in different muscle types in the rat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187136. [PMID: 29095868 PMCID: PMC5667851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a key compound in sphingolipid metabolism. Dynamics of ceramide synthesis is important in the several biological processes, such as induction of apoptosis or insulin resistance. So far, its de novo synthesis rate was evaluated indirectly, based on the content of the compound, its intermediates and the activity of respective enzymes. The aim of the present study was to directly measure ceramide synthesis rate (FSR) in different muscle types under varied plasma FFA supply in rat with the use of [U-13C] palmitate tracer and LC/MS/MS. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats, divided into three groups: 1-control, 2-with elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration by means of intralipid and heparin, 3-with reduced plasma FFA concentration by means of nicotinic acid. The stable plasma FFA concentration and plasma [U-13C] palmitate enrichment was maintained for two hours by simultaneous infusion of the tracer and the respective compounds. At the end of the experiment, samples of blood from the abdominal aorta, the heart, diaphragm, soleus and white section of the gastrocnemius were taken. Muscle sphinganine, sphingosine and ceramide content and enrichment and plasma palmitate enrichment was measured with the use of LC/MS/MS. Plasma FFA concentration and composition was measured by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Under basal conditions ceramide FSR in the heart and the diaphragm was higher than in the soleus and the white gastrocnemius. Elevation in the plasma FFA concentration increased the FSR and ceramide content in each muscle, which correlated with increased HOMA-IR. The highest FSR was noted in the heart. Reduction in the plasma FFA concentration decreased ceramide FSR in each muscle type, which was accompanied by marked reduction in HOMA-IR. It is concluded that ceramide FSR depends on both the muscle type and the plasma FFA supply and is correlated with whole body insulin sensitivity under varying plasma FFA supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnieszka Urszula Błachnio-Zabielska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Wójcik
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Górski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Medical Institute, Łomża State University of Applied Sciences, Łomża, Poland
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Jefferson GE, Schnell DM, Thomas DT, Bollinger LM. Calcitriol concomitantly enhances insulin sensitivity and alters myocellular lipid partitioning in high fat-treated skeletal muscle cells. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:613-621. [PMID: 28980208 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D reduces myocellular insulin resistance, but the effects of vitamin D on intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) partitioning are unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand how calcitriol, the active vitamin D metabolite, affects insulin sensitivity and lipid partitioning in skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 myotubes were treated with calcitriol (100 nM) or vehicle control for 96 h. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation (Thr 308) was determined by western blot. Intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and ceramide content were measured by LC/MS. IMTG partitioning and lipid droplet accumulation were assessed by oil red O. Expression of genes involved in lipid droplet packaging and lipolysis were measured by RT-PCR. Compared to vehicle-treated myotubes, calcitriol augmented insulin-stimulated pAkt. Calcitriol increased total ceramides and DAG in a subspecies-specific manner. Specifically, calcitriol preferentially increased ceramide 24:1 (1.78 fold) and di-18:0 DAG (46.89 fold). Calcitriol increased total IMTG area as assessed by oil red O, but decreased the proportion of lipid within myotubes. Calcitriol increased mRNA content of genes involved in lipid droplet packaging (perilipin 2; PLIN 2, 2.07 fold) and lipolysis (comparative gene identification-58; CGI-58 and adipose triglyceride lipase; ATGL, ~ 1.80 fold). Calcitriol alters myocellular lipid partitioning and lipid droplet packaging which may favor lipid turnover and partially explain improvements in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Jefferson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, 201 Seaton Bldg, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - David M Schnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Travis Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lance M Bollinger
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, 201 Seaton Bldg, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA. .,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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HDAC6 Suppresses Age-Dependent Ectopic Fat Accumulation by Maintaining the Proteostasis of PLIN2 in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2017; 43:99-111.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke van Polanen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Gemmink A, Goodpaster BH, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Intramyocellular lipid droplets and insulin sensitivity, the human perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1242-1249. [PMID: 28739280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle can store excess fat as subcellular lipid droplets (LDs). While originally viewed as uninteresting static balls of triacylglycerol, it is now clear that myocellular LDs play an active role in myocellular (patho)physiology. In this review we aim to discuss the role of LDs in muscle cell insulin sensitivity and identify parameters which appear to affect this relationship. Moreover, we discuss the application of novel tools permitting detailed examination of these parameters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Le Bacquer O, Combe K, Montaurier C, Salles J, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Domingues-Faria C, Guillet C, Louche K, Boirie Y, Sonenberg N, Moro C, Walrand S. Muscle metabolic alterations induced by genetic ablation of 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 in response to diet-induced obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristell Combe
- Université Clermont Auvergne; INRA; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Jérôme Salles
- Université Clermont Auvergne; INRA; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | | | | | | | - Katie Louche
- INSERM UMR1048; Institut des Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne; INRA; Clermont-Ferrand France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service Nutrition Clinique; Clermont Ferrand France
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Cédric Moro
- INSERM UMR1048; Institut des Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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Irshad Z, Dimitri F, Christian M, Zammit VA. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 links glucose utilization to fatty acid oxidation in the brown adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:15-30. [PMID: 27836993 PMCID: PMC5234708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue uptake of glucose and fatty acids is very high during nonshivering thermogenesis. Adrenergic stimulation markedly increases glucose uptake, de novo lipogenesis, and FA oxidation simultaneously. The mechanism that enables this concerted response has hitherto been unknown. Here, we find that in primary brown adipocytes and brown adipocyte-derived cell line (IMBAT-1), acute inhibition and longer-term knockdown of DGAT2 links the increased de novo synthesis of fatty acids from glucose to a pool of TAG that is simultaneously hydrolyzed, providing FA for mitochondrial oxidation. DGAT1 does not contribute to this pathway, but uses exogenous FA and glycerol to synthesize a functionally distinct pool of TAG to which DGAT2 also contributes. The DGAT2-dependent channelling of 14C from glucose into TAG and CO2 was reproduced in β3-agonist-stimulated primary brown adipocytes. Knockdown of DGAT2 in IMBAT-1 affected the mRNA levels of UCP1 and genes important in FA activation and esterification. Therefore, in β3-agonist activated brown adipocytes, DGAT2 specifically enables channelling of de novo synthesized FA into a rapidly mobilized pool of TAG, which is simultaneously hydrolyzed to provide substrates for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Irshad
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Dimitri
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Victor A Zammit
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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The Flexibility of Ectopic Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091554. [PMID: 27649157 PMCID: PMC5037826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the subcutaneous and the visceral fat tissue, lipids can also be stored in non-adipose tissue such as in hepatocytes (intrahepatocellular lipids; IHCL), skeletal (intramyocellular lipids; IMCL) or cardiac muscle cells (intracardiomyocellular lipids; ICCL). Ectopic lipids are flexible fuel stores that can be depleted by physical exercise and repleted by diet. They are related to obesity and insulin resistance. Quantification of IMCL was initially performed invasively, using muscle biopsies with biochemical and/or histological analysis. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is now a validated method that allows for not only quantifying IMCL non-invasively and repeatedly, but also assessing IHCL and ICCL. This review summarizes the current available knowledge on the flexibility of ectopic lipids. The available evidence suggests a complex interplay between quantitative and qualitative diet, fat availability (fat mass), insulin action, and physical exercise, all important factors that influence the flexibility of ectopic lipids. Furthermore, the time frame of the intervention on these parameters (short-term vs. long-term) appears to be critical. Consequently, standardization of physical activity and diet are critical when assessing ectopic lipids in predefined clinical situations.
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Exercise-like effects by Estrogen-related receptor-gamma in muscle do not prevent insulin resistance in db/db mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26442. [PMID: 27220353 PMCID: PMC4879541 DOI: 10.1038/srep26442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting exercise-mimicking pathways that can replicate the benefits of exercise in obesity and diabetes may lead to promising treatments for metabolic disorders. Muscle estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) is induced by exercise, and when over-expressed in the skeletal muscle mimics exercise by stimulating glycolytic-to-oxidative myofiber switch, mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in lean mice. The objective of this study was to test whether muscle ERRγ in obese mice mitigates weight gain and insulin resistance. To do so, ERRγ was selectively over-expressed in the skeletal muscle of obese and diabetic db/db mice. Muscle ERRγ over-expression successfully triggered glycolytic-to-oxidative myofiber switch, increased functional mitochondrial content and boosted vascular supply in the db/db mice. Despite aerobic remodeling, ERRγ surprisingly failed to improve whole-body energy expenditure, block muscle accumulation of triglycerides, toxic diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides or suppress muscle PKCε sarcolemmal translocation in db/db mice. Consequently, muscle ERRγ did not mitigate impaired muscle insulin signaling or insulin resistance in these mice. In conclusion, obesity and diabetes in db/db mice are not amenable to selective ERRγ-directed programming of classic exercise-like effects in the skeletal muscle. Other biochemical pathways or integrated whole-body effects of exercise may be critical for resisting diabetes and obesity.
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43
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The effect of AQP3 deficiency on fuel selection during a single bout of exhausting exercise. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1283-1293. [PMID: 27138166 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is an integral membrane protein that facilitates the transport of water and glycerol across cell membranes. However, the precise localization and function of AQP3 in skeletal muscles is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the capacity of AQP3 knockout mice to perform a single bout of exhausting exercise and analyzed the parameters related to skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exhausting exercise. Mice were exposed to a single bout of treadmill running at a speed of 12 m/min with 10° inclination until exhaustion, and sacrificed immediately, 24 h and 48 h after exercise. Both immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining revealed that AQP3 is expressed at the cell surface with no evidence of colocalization with either AQP1 or AQP4 in hamstring skeletal muscles. When exposed to a single bout of exhaustive exercise, AQP3 knockout mice fatigued more easily with the average time to exhaustion shorter than the wild-type mice. After exhausting exercise, plasma glucose, muscle glycogen, muscle triglyceride, and muscle free fatty acid levels decreased compared with the values before exercise in both AQP3 knockout and wild-type mice. However, muscle glycerol concentration after exercise decreased in the wild-type mice, but rather increased in AQP3 knockout mice. These findings suggest that decreased glycerol efflux from the skeletal muscles in AQP3 knockout mice may result in low exercise capacity, presumably due to the limitations in the constant energy supply through hepatic gluconeogenesis from glycerol during the prolonged endurance exercise.
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Chee C, Shannon CE, Burns A, Selby AL, Wilkinson D, Smith K, Greenhaff PL, Stephens FB. Relative Contribution of Intramyocellular Lipid to Whole-Body Fat Oxidation Is Reduced With Age but Subsarcolemmal Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Resistance Are Only Associated With Overweight Individuals. Diabetes 2016; 65:840-50. [PMID: 26740597 PMCID: PMC4894456 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is closely related to intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation, and both are associated with increasing age. It remains to be determined to what extent perturbations in IMCL metabolism are related to the aging process per se. On two separate occasions, whole-body and muscle insulin sensitivity (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp with 2-deoxyglucose) and fat utilization during 1 h of exercise at 50% VO2max ([U-(13)C]palmitate infusion combined with electron microscopy of IMCL) were determined in young lean (YL), old lean (OL), and old overweight (OO) males. OL displayed IMCL content and insulin sensitivity comparable with those in YL, whereas OO were markedly insulin resistant and had more than twofold greater IMCL in the subsarcolemmal (SSL) region. Indeed, whereas the plasma free fatty acid Ra and Rd were twice those of YL in both OL and OO, SSL area only increased during exercise in OO. Thus, skeletal muscle insulin resistance and lipid accumulation often observed in older individuals are likely due to lifestyle factors rather than inherent aging of skeletal muscle as usually reported. However, age per se appears to cause exacerbated adipose tissue lipolysis, suggesting that strategies to reduce muscle lipid delivery and improve adipose tissue function may be warranted in older overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Chee
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Chris E Shannon
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Aisling Burns
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Anna L Selby
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
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45
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Guridi M, Kupr B, Romanino K, Lin S, Falcetta D, Tintignac L, Rüegg MA. Alterations to mTORC1 signaling in the skeletal muscle differentially affect whole-body metabolism. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:13. [PMID: 27004103 PMCID: PMC4800774 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central node in a network of signaling pathways controlling cell growth and survival. This multiprotein complex integrates external signals and affects different nutrient pathways in various organs. However, it is not clear how alterations of mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle affect whole-body metabolism. Results We characterized the metabolic phenotype of young and old raptor muscle knock-out (RAmKO) and TSC1 muscle knock-out (TSCmKO) mice, where mTORC1 activity in skeletal muscle is inhibited or constitutively activated, respectively. Ten-week-old RAmKO mice are lean and insulin resistant with increased energy expenditure, and they are resistant to a high-fat diet (HFD). This correlates with an increased expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and a downregulation of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Ten-week-old TSCmKO mice are also lean, glucose intolerant with a decreased activation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) targets that regulate glucose transporters in the muscle. The mice are resistant to a HFD and show reduced accumulation of glycogen and lipids in the liver. Both mouse models suffer from a myopathy with age, with reduced fat and lean mass, and both RAmKO and TSCmKO mice develop insulin resistance and increased intramyocellular lipid content. Conclusions Our study shows that alterations of mTORC1 signaling in the skeletal muscle differentially affect whole-body metabolism. While both inhibition and constitutive activation of mTORC1 induce leanness and resistance to obesity, changes in the metabolism of muscle and peripheral organs are distinct. These results indicate that a balanced mTORC1 signaling in the muscle is required for proper metabolic homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-016-0084-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitea Guridi
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kupr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaas Romanino
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shuo Lin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Falcetta
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Tintignac
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland ; Present address: Neuromuscular Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Reijne AC, Ciapaite J, van Dijk TH, Havinga R, van der Zee EA, Groen AK, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM, van Dijk G. Whole-Body Vibration Partially Reverses Aging-Induced Increases in Visceral Adiposity and Hepatic Lipid Storage in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149419. [PMID: 26886917 PMCID: PMC4757540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At old age, humans generally have declining muscle mass and increased fat deposition, which can increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. While regular physical activity postpones these age-related derangements, this is not always possible in the elderly because of disabilities or risk of injury. Whole-body vibration (WBV) training may be considered as an alternative to physical activity particularly in the frail population. To explore this possibility, we characterized whole-body and organ-specific metabolic processes in 6-month and 25-month old mice, over a period of 14 weeks of WBV versus sham training. WBV training tended to increase blood glucose turnover rates and stimulated hepatic glycogen utilization during fasting irrespective of age. WBV was effective in reducing white fat mass and hepatic triglyceride content only in old but not in young mice and these reductions were related to upregulation of hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling of metabolism (assessed by high-resolution respirometry) and increased expression of uncoupling protein 2. Because these changes occurred independent of changes in food intake and whole-body metabolic rate (assessed by indirect calorimetry), the liver-specific effects of WBV may be a primary mechanism to improve metabolic health during aging, rather than that it is a consequence of alterations in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaffien C. Reijne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Neurobiology, Unit of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy A. van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Neurobiology, Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Neurobiology, Unit of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ESRIG Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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47
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Bosma M. Lipid droplet dynamics in skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:180-6. [PMID: 26515552 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is subjected to high mechanical and energetic demands. Lipid droplets are an important source of energy substrates for the working muscle. Muscle cells contain a variety of lipid droplets, which are fundamentally smaller than those found in adipocytes. This translates into a greater lipid droplet surface area serving as the interface for intracellular lipid metabolism. The skeletal muscle has a high plasticity, it is subjected to major remodeling following training and detraining. This coincides with adaptations in lipid droplet characteristics and dynamics. The majority of lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are located in the subsarcolemmal region or in-between the myofibrils, in close vicinity to mitochondria. The vastly organized nature of skeletal muscle fibers limits organelle mobility. The high metabolic rate and substrate turnover in skeletal muscle demands a strict coordination of intramyocellular lipid metabolism and LD dynamics, in which lipid droplet coat proteins play an important role. This review provides insights into the characteristics, diversity and dynamics of skeletal muscle lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleen Bosma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Kase ET, Feng YZ, Badin PM, Bakke SS, Laurens C, Coue M, Langin D, Gaster M, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Moro C. Primary defects in lipolysis and insulin action in skeletal muscle cells from type 2 diabetic individuals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Ipavec-Levasseur S, Croci I, Choquette S, Byrne NM, Cowin G, O'Moore-Sullivan TM, Prins JB, Hickman IJ. Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1262-8. [PMID: 26575100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained individuals; however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese individuals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant's maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). Fatmax was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the obese group after a 16-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction and exercise training. At baseline, IMCL content decreased in response to 1 h of cycling at Fatmax in controls (2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 0.3 A.U., -39%, p = 0.02), but not in obese (5.4 ± 2.1 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 A.U., p = 0.42). The lifestyle intervention lead to weight loss (-10.0 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001), improvements in maximal aerobic power (+5.2 ± 3.4 mL/(kg·min)), maximal fat oxidation rate (+0.19 ± 0.22 g/min), and a 29% decrease in homeostasis model assessment score (all p < 0.05). However, when the 1 h of cycling at Fatmax was repeated after the lifestyle intervention, there remained no observable change in IMCL (4.6 ± 1.8 vs. 4.6 ± 1.9 A.U., p = 0.92). In summary, there was no IMCL depletion in response to 1 h of cycling at moderate intensity either before or after the lifestyle intervention in obese men. An effective lifestyle intervention including moderate-intensity exercise training did not impact rate of utilisation of IMCL during acute exercise in obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Croci
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,b School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stéphane Choquette
- d Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- e Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia.,f Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- g Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trisha M O'Moore-Sullivan
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,h Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Hickman
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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50
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Myotubes from severely obese type 2 diabetic subjects accumulate less lipids and show higher lipolytic rate than myotubes from severely obese non-diabetic subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119556. [PMID: 25790476 PMCID: PMC4366103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes are classified as overweight. However, only about 1/3 of severely obese subjects have type 2 diabetes. This indicates that several severely obese individuals may possess certain characteristics that protect them against type 2 diabetes. We therefore hypothesized that this apparent paradox could be related to fundamental differences in skeletal muscle lipid handling. Energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility were examined in human myotubes derived from severely obese subjects without (BMI 44±7 kg/m2) and with type 2 diabetes (BMI 43±6 kg/m2). Lower insulin sensitivity was observed in myotubes from severely obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Lipolysis rate was higher, and oleic acid accumulation, triacylglycerol content, and fatty acid adaptability were lower in myotubes from severely obese subjects with type 2 diabetes compared to severely obese non-diabetic subjects. There were no differences in lipid distribution and mRNA and protein expression of the lipases HSL and ATGL, the lipase cofactor CGI-58, or the lipid droplet proteins PLIN2 and PLIN3. Glucose and oleic acid oxidation were also similar in cells from the two groups. In conclusion, myotubes established from severely obese donors with established type 2 diabetes had lower ability for lipid accumulation and higher lipolysis rate than myotubes from severely obese donors without diabetes. This indicates that a difference in intramyocellular lipid turnover might be fundamental in evolving type 2 diabetes.
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