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Yan S, Santoro A, Niphakis MJ, Pinto AM, Jacobs CL, Ahmad R, Suciu RM, Fonslow BR, Herbst-Graham RA, Ngo N, Henry CL, Herbst DM, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB, Rosen ED. Inflammation causes insulin resistance in mice via interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated reduction in FAHFA levels. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4605. [PMID: 38816388 PMCID: PMC11139994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation causes metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that the innate immune transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF3) adversely affects glucose homeostasis through induction of the endogenous FAHFA hydrolase androgen induced gene 1 (AIG1) in adipocytes. Adipocyte-specific knockout of IRF3 protects male mice against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, whereas overexpression of IRF3 or AIG1 in adipocytes promotes insulin resistance on a high-fat diet. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AIG1 reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance and restored glucose homeostasis in the setting of adipocyte IRF3 overexpression. We, therefore, identify the adipocyte IRF3/AIG1 axis as a crucial link between obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance and suggest an approach for limiting the metabolic dysfunction accompanying obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Antonio M Pinto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Christopher L Jacobs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bryan R Fonslow
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rachel A Herbst-Graham
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cassandra L Henry
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Dylan M Herbst
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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2
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Lan X, Qi D, Ren H, Liu T, Shao H, Zhang J. Chicoric acid ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory injury in bovine lamellar keratinocytes by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21963. [PMID: 38082032 PMCID: PMC10713547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to lamellar keratinocytes, an essential cellular component of the epidermal layer of hoof tissue, can have a detrimental effect on hoof health and the overall production value of dairy cows. We isolated and cultured cow lamellar keratinocytes using the Dispase II and collagenase methods. We purified them by differential digestion and differential velocity adherent methods at each passaging and identified them by keratin 14 immunofluorescence. We established an in vitro model of inflammation in laminar keratinocytes using LPS and investigated whether chicoric acid protects against inflammatory responses by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results showed that cow lamellar keratinocytes were successfully isolated and cultured by Dispase II combined with the collagenase method. In the in vitro inflammation model established by LPS, the Chicoric acid decreased the concentration of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4 and MyD88 (P < 0.01), down-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-ERK, p-p38, IKKβ, p-p65, p-p50 (P < 0.05), and increased the IκBα protein expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Chicoric acid successfully protected cow lamellar keratinocytes from LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulating inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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3
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Bahramzadeh A, Bolandnazar K, Meshkani R. Resveratrol as a potential protective compound against skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21305. [PMID: 38027557 PMCID: PMC10660041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes has become a major global problem. Insulin resistance has a central role in pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle is responsible for the disposal of most of the glucose under conditions of insulin stimulation, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle causes dysregulation of glucose homeostasis in the whole body. Despite the current pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological treatment strategies to combat diabetes, there is still a need for new therapeutic agents due to the limitations of the therapeutic agents. Meanwhile, plant polyphenols have attracted the attention of researchers for their use in the treatment of diabetes and have gained popularity. Resveratrol, a stilbenoid polyphenol, exists in various plant sources, and a growing body of evidence suggests its beneficial properties, including antidiabetic activities. The present review aimed to provide a summary of the role of resveratrol in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and its related mechanisms. To achieve the objectives, by searching the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, we have summarized the results of all cell culture, animal, and human studies that have investigated the effects of resveratrol in different models on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Bahramzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Bolandnazar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Olloquequi J, Ettcheto M, Cano A, Fortuna A, Bicker J, Sánchez-Lopez E, Paz C, Ureña J, Verdaguer E, Auladell C, Camins A. Licochalcone A: A Potential Multitarget Drug for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14177. [PMID: 37762479 PMCID: PMC10531537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone A (Lico-A) is a flavonoid compound derived from the root of the Glycyrrhiza species, a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. While the Glycyrrhiza species has shown promise in treating various diseases such as cancer, obesity, and skin diseases due to its active compounds, the investigation of Licochalcone A's effects on the central nervous system and its potential application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment have garnered significant interest. Studies have reported the neuroprotective effects of Lico-A, suggesting its potential as a multitarget compound. Lico-A acts as a PTP1B inhibitor, enhancing cognitive activity through the BDNF-TrkB pathway and exhibiting inhibitory effects on microglia activation, which enables mitigation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, Lico-A inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, a key enzyme involved in tau phosphorylation, and modulates the brain insulin receptor, which plays a role in cognitive processes. Lico-A also acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, leading to increased levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) in the brain. This mechanism enhances cognitive capacity in individuals with AD. Finally, Lico-A has shown the ability to reduce amyloid plaques, a hallmark of AD, and exhibits antioxidant properties by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key regulator of antioxidant defense mechanisms. In the present review, we discuss the available findings analyzing the potential of Lico-A as a neuroprotective agent. Continued research on Lico-A holds promise for the development of novel treatments for cognitive disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Further investigations into its multitarget action and elucidation of underlying mechanisms will contribute to our understanding of its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Olloquequi
- Departament of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27/31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Reus, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, International University of Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.); (J.B.)
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.); (J.B.)
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elena Sánchez-Lopez
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Jesús Ureña
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.); (J.U.); (E.V.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Reus, Spain
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5
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Liu ZJ, Zhu CF. Causal relationship between insulin resistance and sarcopenia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:46. [PMID: 36918975 PMCID: PMC10015682 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease characterized by reduced muscle mass and function, leading to disability, death, and other diseases. Recently, the prevalence of sarcopenia increased considerably, posing a serious threat to health worldwide. However, no clear international consensus has been reached regarding the etiology of sarcopenia. Several studies have shown that insulin resistance may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of induced muscle attenuation and that, conversely, sarcopenia can lead to insulin resistance. However, the causal relationship between the two is not clear. In this paper, the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is analyzed, the possible intrinsic causal relationship between sarcopenia and insulin resistance examined, and research progress expounded to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and study of the mechanism of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-jian Liu
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101 China
| | - Cui-feng Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101 China
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6
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Tikhonova I, Dyukina A, Shaykhutdinova E, Safronova V. Modified Signaling of Membrane Formyl Peptide Receptors in NADPH-Oxidase Regulation in Obesity-Resistant Mice. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:306. [PMID: 36984693 PMCID: PMC10058262 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The signaling of membrane receptors is modified in obesity characterized by low-grade inflammation. The obesity-resistant state of organisms is poorly understood. We analyzed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated though membrane formyl peptide receptors (Fpr1, Fpr2) in bone-marrow granulocytes of obesity-resistant mice (ORM). A chemiluminescence assay was used to assess NADPH-oxidase-related intensity of ROS generation. ORM were chosen from animals that received high-fat diets and had metric body parameters as controls (standard diet). High spontaneous ROS production was observed in ORM cells. The EC50 for responses to bacterial or mitochondrial peptide N-formyl-MLF was higher in ORM with and without inflammation vs. the same control groups, indicating an insignificant role of high-affinity Fpr1. Increased responses to synthetic peptide WKYMVM (Fpr2 agonist) were observed in controls with acute inflammation, but they were similar in other groups. Fpr2 was possibly partially inactivated in ORM owing to the inflammatory state. Weakened Fpr1 and Fpr2 signaling via MAPKs was revealed in ORM using specific inhibitors for p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. P38 signaling via Fpr2 was lower in ORM with inflammation. Thus, a high-fat diet modified FPRs' role and suppressed MAPK signaling in NADPH-oxidase regulation in ORM. This result can be useful to understand the immunological features of obesity resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alsu Dyukina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elvira Shaykhutdinova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki, 6, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valentina Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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7
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Yao Y, Luo ZP, Li HW, Wang SX, Wu YC, Hu Y, Hu S, Yang CC, Yang JF, Wang JP, Peng L, Chen F, Pan LX, Xu T. P38γ modulates the lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22716. [PMID: 36527390 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200939rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem in Western countries and has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Although NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The disease begins with excessive accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, which in turn leads to liver cell damage, steatosis, inflammation, and so on. P38γ is one of the four isoforms of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38 MAPKs) that contributes to inflammation in different diseases. In this research, we investigated the role of P38γ in NAFLD. In vivo, a NAFLD model was established by feeding C57BL/6J mice with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and adeno-associated virus (AAV9-shRNA-P38γ) was injected into C57BL/6J mice by tail vein for knockdown P38γ. The results indicated that the expression level of P38γ was upregulated in MCD-fed mice. Furthermore, the downregulation of P38γ significantly attenuated liver injury and lipid accumulation in mice. In vitro, mouse hepatocytes AML-12 were treated with free fatty acid (FFA). We found that P38γ was obviously increased in FFA-treated AML-12 cells, whereas knockdown of P38γ significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in FFA-treated AML-12 cells. Furthermore, P38γ regulated the Janus Kinase-Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. Inhibition of P38γ can inhibit the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting lipid accumulation in FFA-treated AML-12 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that targeting P38γ contributes to the suppression of lipid accumulation in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Luo
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Wen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xian Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yin-Cui Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-Chen Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Fa Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian-Peng Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Peng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Xin Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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8
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Sahu B, Bal NC. Adipokines from white adipose tissue in regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. Biochimie 2023; 204:92-107. [PMID: 36084909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diseases originating from altered energy homeostasis including obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rapidly increasing worldwide. Research in the last few decades on animal models and humans demonstrates that the white adipose tissue (WAT) is critical for energy balance and more than just an energy storage site. WAT orchestrates the whole-body metabolism through inter-organ crosstalk primarily mediated by cytokines named "Adipokines". The adipokines influence metabolism and fuel selection of the skeletal muscle and liver thereby fine-tuning the load on WAT itself in physiological conditions like starvation, exercise and cold. In addition, adipokine secretion is influenced by various pathological conditions like obesity, inflammation and diabetes. In this review, we have surveyed the current state of knowledge on important adipokines and their significance in regulating energy balance and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we have summarized the interplay of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines in the modulation of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayashree Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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9
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Phosphorylation of RXRα mediates the effect of JNK to suppress hepatic FGF21 expression and promote metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210434119. [PMID: 36282921 PMCID: PMC9636906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210434119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in the liver promotes systemic changes in metabolism by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-dependent expression of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Hepatocyte-specific gene ablation studies demonstrated that the Mapk9 gene (encoding JNK2) plays a key mechanistic role. Mutually exclusive inclusion of exons 7a and 7b yields expression of the isoforms JNK2α and JNK2β. Here we demonstrate that Fgf21 gene expression and metabolic regulation are primarily regulated by the JNK2α isoform. To identify relevant substrates of JNK2α, we performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic study of livers isolated from control mice, mice with JNK deficiency in hepatocytes, and mice that express only JNK2α or JNK2β in hepatocytes. We identified the JNK substrate retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) as a protein that exhibited JNK2α-promoted phosphorylation in vivo. RXRα functions as a heterodimeric partner of PPARα and may therefore mediate the effects of JNK2α signaling on Fgf21 expression. To test this hypothesis, we established mice with hepatocyte-specific expression of wild-type or mutated RXRα proteins. We found that the RXRα phosphorylation site Ser260 was required for suppression of Fgf21 gene expression. Collectively, these data establish a JNK-mediated signaling pathway that regulates hepatic Fgf21 expression.
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10
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Li H, Meng Y, He S, Tan X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Zheng W. Macrophages, Chronic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193001. [PMID: 36230963 PMCID: PMC9562180 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached alarming levels, which is considered a major risk factor for several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cardiovascular disease. Obesity-induced chronic, low-grade inflammation may lead to insulin resistance, and it is well-recognized that macrophages play a major role in such inflammation. In the current review, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophages, low-grade tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2D are described. Also, the role of macrophages in obesity-induced insulin resistance is presented, and therapeutic drugs and recent advances targeting macrophages for the treatment of T2D are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ya Meng
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuwang He
- Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| | - Xiaochuan Tan
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-010-63165233 (W.Z.)
| | - Wensheng Zheng
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-010-63165233 (W.Z.)
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11
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Huang D, Zhang Y, Long J, Yang X, Bao L, Yang Z, Wu B, Si R, Zhao W, Peng C, Wang A, Yan D. Polystyrene microplastic exposure induces insulin resistance in mice via dysbacteriosis and pro-inflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155937. [PMID: 35588841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) as emerging contaminants have become a global environmental problem. However, studies on the effects of MPs on metabolic diseases remain limited. Here, we evaluated the effects of polystyrene (PS), one of the most prominent types of MPs, on insulin sensitivity in mice fed with normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD), and explained the underlying mechanisms. Mice fed with NCD or HFD both showed insulin resistance (IR) after PS exposure accompanied by increased plasma lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Exposure to PS also resulted in a significant decrease in the richness and diversity of gut microbiota, particularly an increase in the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria such as Prevotellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Additionally, PS with a small particle size (5 μm) accumulated in the liver, kidneys and blood vessels of mice. Further analyses showed inhibition of the insulin signaling pathway in the liver of PS exposed mice, such as inhibition of IRS1 and decreased expression of PI3K. Hence, the mechanism of PS exposure to induce IR in mice might be mediated through regulating gut microbiota and PS accumulation in tissues, stimulating inflammation and inhibiting the insulin signaling pathway. In conclusion, PS might be a potential environmental contaminant that causes metabolic diseases associated with IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingjie Huang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianglan Long
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Li Bao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruxue Si
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Aiting Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing 100038, China.
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12
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Metabolic Impact of MKP-2 Upregulation in Obesity Promotes Insulin Resistance and Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122475. [PMID: 35745205 PMCID: PMC9228271 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms connecting obesity with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases remain incompletely understood. The function of MAPK phosphatase-2 (MKP-2), a type 1 dual-specific phosphatase (DUSP) in whole-body metabolism, and how this contributes to the development of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insulin resistance is largely unknown. We investigated the physiological contribution of MKP-2 in whole-body metabolism and whether MKP-2 is altered in obesity and human fatty liver disease using MKP-2 knockout mice models and human liver tissue derived from fatty liver disease patients. We demonstrate that, for the first time, MKP-2 expression was upregulated in liver tissue in humans with obesity and fatty liver disease and in insulin-responsive tissues in mice with obesity. MKP-2-deficient mice have enhanced p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK activities in insulin-responsive tissues compared with wild-type mice. MKP-2 deficiency in mice protects against diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis and was accompanied by improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Mkp-2−/− mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity owing to reduced food intake and associated lower respiratory exchange ratio. This was associated with enhanced circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) levels in Mkp-2−/− mice. PTEN, a negative regulator of Akt, was downregulated in livers of Mkp-2−/− mice, resulting in enhanced Akt activity consistent with increased insulin sensitivity. These studies identify a novel role for MKP-2 in the regulation of systemic metabolism and pathophysiology of obesity-induced insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
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13
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Ratchford SM, Lee JF, Bunsawat K, Alpenglow JK, Zhao J, Ma CL, Ryan JJ, Khor LL, Wray DW. The Impact of Obesity on the Regulation of Muscle Blood Flow during Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1240-1249. [PMID: 35421322 PMCID: PMC9126213 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now considered a primary comorbidity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) pathophysiology, mediated largely by systemic inflammation. While there is accumulating evidence for a disease-related dysregulation of blood flow during exercise in this patient group, the role of obesity in the hemodynamic response to exercise remain largely unknown. Small muscle mass handgrip (HG) exercise was utilized to evaluate exercising muscle blood flow in non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2,n=14) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2,n=40) patients with HFpEF. Heart rate (HR), stroke index (SI), cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), forearm blood flow (FBF) and vascular conductance (FVC) were assessed during progressive intermittent HG exercise (15-30-45% maximal voluntary contraction, MVC). Blood biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) were also determined. Exercising FBF was reduced in obese patients with HFpEF at all work rates (15%: 304±42 vs. 229±15ml/min; 30%: 402±46 vs. 300±18ml/min; 45%: 484±55 vs. 380±23ml/min, non-obese vs. obese, p=0.025), and was negatively correlated with BMI (R=-.47, p<0.01). In contrast, no differences in central hemodynamics (HR, SI, CI, MAP) were found between groups. Proinflammatory biomarkers were markedly elevated in obese patients (CRP: 2133±418 vs. 4630±590ng/ml, p=0.02; IL-6: 2.9±0.3 vs. 5.2±0.7pg/ml, p = 0.04, non-obese vs. obese), and both biomarkers were positively correlated with BMI (CRP: R=0.40, p=0.03; IL-6: R=0.57, p<0.01). Together, these findings demonstrate the presence of obesity and an accompanying milieu of systemic inflammation as important factors in the dysregulation of exercising muscle blood flow in patients with HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ratchford
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Joshua F Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeremy K Alpenglow
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jia Zhao
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Christy L Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lillian L Khor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - D Walter Wray
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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14
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Díaz-Chamorro S, Garrido-Jiménez S, Barrera-López JF, Mateos-Quirós CM, Cumplido-Laso G, Lorenzo MJ, Román ÁC, Bernardo E, Sabio G, Carvajal-González JM, Centeno F. Title: p38δ Regulates IL6 Expression Modulating ERK Phosphorylation in Preadipocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:708844. [PMID: 35111744 PMCID: PMC8802314 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL6 is an essential cytokine in metabolism regulation and for intercommunication among different organs and tissues. IL6 produced by different tissues has different functions and therefore it is very important to understand the mechanism of its expression in adipose tissue. In this work we demonstrated that IL6 expression in mouse preadipocytes, like in human, is partially dependent on Wnt5a and JNK. Using mouse preadipocytes lacking each one of the p38 SAPK family members, we have shown that IL6 expression is also p38γ and p38δ dependent. In fact, the lack of some of these two kinases increases IL6 expression without altering that of Wnt5a. Moreover, we show that the absence of p38δ promotes greater ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a MEK1/2 independent manner, and that this increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation state is contributing to the higher IL6 expression in p38δ−/- preadipocytes. These results suggest a new crosstalk between two MAPK signaling pathway, p38δ and ERK1/2, where p38δ modulates the phosphorylation state of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Díaz-Chamorro
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jiménez
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Barrera-López
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Clara María Mateos-Quirós
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Jesús Lorenzo
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ángel Carlos Román
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Edgar Bernardo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Carvajal-González
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Centeno
- Universidad de Extremadura, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
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15
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Carnosic Acid Attenuates the Free Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle Cells and Adipocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010167. [PMID: 35011728 PMCID: PMC8750606 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood free fatty acids (FFAs), as seen in obesity, impair insulin action leading to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several serine/threonine kinases including JNK, mTOR, and p70 S6K cause serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and have been implicated in insulin resistance. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glucose uptake, and in recent years, AMPK has been viewed as an important target to counteract insulin resistance. We reported previously that carnosic acid (CA) found in rosemary extract (RE) and RE increased glucose uptake and activated AMPK in muscle cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of CA on palmitate-induced insulin-resistant L6 myotubes and 3T3L1 adipocytes. Exposure of cells to palmitate reduced the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT4 transporter levels on the plasma membrane, and Akt activation. Importantly, CA attenuated the deleterious effect of palmitate and restored the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the activation of Akt, and GLUT4 levels. Additionally, CA markedly attenuated the palmitate-induced phosphorylation/activation of JNK, mTOR, and p70S6K and activated AMPK. Our data indicate that CA has the potential to counteract the palmitate-induced muscle and fat cell insulin resistance.
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16
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Xu CJ, Li MQ, Li-Zhao, Chen WG, Wang JL. Short-term high-fat diet favors the appearances of apoptosis and gliosis by activation of ERK1/2/p38MAPK pathways in brain. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23133-23148. [PMID: 34620734 PMCID: PMC8544319 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with neuroinflammation and apoptosis in distinct brain regions. To explore the effect of short-term (7, 14 and 21 days) high-fat overfeeding on apoptosis, inflammatory signaling proteins, APP changes and glial cell activities in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Mice were fed with HFD for different lengths (up to 21 days) and after each time body weights of mice was tested, then the apoptotic proteins, IL-1β, APP, BACE1and MAPKs, Akt and NF-κB signaling activity were evaluated by western blots. Results demonstrate that short period of high-fat overnutrition significantly promotes apoptosis, APP expression at day 21 of cerebral cortex and at day 7 of cerebellum compared to chow diet. In addition, increased GFAP+astrocytes, Iba-1+microglia and IL-1β 30 were observed in cerebral cortex after 21 days HFD, but no changes for 7 days overfeeding of cerebellum. Serendipitously, ERK1/2 pathway was activated both in cerebral cortex and cerebellum for different time course of HFD. Furthermore, increased phospho-p38 MAPK level was observed in cerebellum only. In consistent with in vivo results, SH-SY5Y cells treatment with cholesterol (50 μM, 100 μM) for 48 h culture in vitro demonstrated that pro-apoptotic proteins were enhanced as well. In brief, short-term HFD consumption increases sensitivity to apoptosis, APP and IL-1β production as well as gliosis in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which may be related to enhancement of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Mei-Qi Li
- School of 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Li-Zhao
- School of 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Wei-Guang Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
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17
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Major E, Győry F, Horváth D, Keller I, Tamás I, Uray K, Fülöp P, Lontay B. Smoothelin-Like Protein 1 Regulates Development and Metabolic Transformation of Skeletal Muscle in Hyperthyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:751488. [PMID: 34675885 PMCID: PMC8524136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.751488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism triggers a glycolytic shift in skeletal muscle (SKM) by altering the expression of metabolic proteins, which is often accompanied by peripheral insulin resistance. Our previous results show that smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1), a transcriptional co-regulator, promotes insulin sensitivity in SKM. Our aim was to elucidate the role of SMTNL1 in SKM under physiological and pathological 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) concentrations. Human hyper- and euthyroid SKM biopsies were used for microarray analysis and proteome profiler arrays. Expression of genes related to energy production, nucleic acid- and lipid metabolism was changed significantly in hyperthyroid samples. The phosphorylation levels and activity of AMPKα2 and JNK were increased by 15% and 23%, respectively, in the hyperthyroid samples compared to control. Moreover, SMTNL1 expression showed a 6-fold decrease in the hyperthyroid samples and in T3-treated C2C12 cells. Physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of T3 were applied on differentiated C2C12 cells upon SMTNL1 overexpression to assess the activity and expression level of the elements of thyroid hormone signaling, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Our results demonstrate that SMTNL1 selectively regulated TRα expression. Overexpression of SMTNL1 induced insulin sensitivity through the inhibition of JNK activity by 40% and hampered the non-genomic effects of T3 by decreasing the activity of ERK1/2 through PKCδ. SMTNL1 overexpression reduced IRS1 Ser307 and Ser612 phosphorylation by 52% and 53%, respectively, in hyperthyroid model to restore the normal responsiveness of glucose transport to insulin. SMTNL1 regulated glucose phosphorylation and balances glycolysis and glycogen synthesis via the downregulation of hexokinase II by 1.3-fold. Additionally, mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were measured by SeaHorse analysis to determine cellular metabolic function/phenotype of our model system in real-time. T3 overload strongly increased the rate of acidification and a shift to glycolysis, while SMTNL1 overexpression antagonizes the T3 effects. These lines of evidence suggest that SMTNL1 potentially prevents hyperthyroidism-induced changes in SKM, and it holds great promise as a novel therapeutic target in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Major
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Győry
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Horváth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilka Keller
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Tamás
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Fülöp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Ren L, Zhang X, Li J, Yan X, Gao X, Cui J, Tang C, Liu S. Diverse transcriptional patterns of homoeologous recombinant transcripts in triploid fish (Cyprinidae). SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1491-1501. [PMID: 33420922 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Homoeologous recombination (HR), the exchange of homoeologous chromosomes, contributes to subgenome adaptation to diverse environments by producing various phenotypes. However, the potential relevance of HR and innate immunity is rarely described in triploid cyprinid fish species. In our study, two allotriploid genotypes (R2C and RC2), whose innate immunity was stronger than their inbred parents (Carassius auratus red var. and Cyprinus carpio L.), were obtained from backcrossing between male allotetraploids of C. auratus red var.×C. carpio L. and females of their two inbred parents, respectively. The work detected 140 HRs shared between the two triploids at the genomic level. Further, transcriptions of 54 homoeologous recombinant genes (HRGs) in R2C and 65 HRGs in RC2 were detected using both Illumina and PacBio data. Finally, by comparing expressed recombinant reads to total expressed reads in each of the genes, a range of 0.1%-10% was observed in most of the 99-193 HRGs, of which six recombinant genes were classified as "response to stimulus". These results not only provide a novel way to predict HRs in allopolyploids based on cross prediction at both genomic and transcriptional levels, but also insight into the potential relationship between HRs related to innate immunity and adaptation of the triploids and allotetraploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xueyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jialin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Chenchen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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19
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Li H, Wang C, Zhao J, Guo C. JNK downregulation improves olanzapine-induced insulin resistance by suppressing IRS1 Ser307 phosphorylation and reducing inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112071. [PMID: 34449309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in many physiological processes, including inflammation and glucose metabolism. However, the effects of JNK on olanzapine-induced insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of our study was to explore the role of JNK in olanzapine-induced insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We studied glucose metabolism in olanzapine-treated female C57B/J mice and mice with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated downregulation of JNK1 in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to investigate the mechanism of JNK1 regulating insulin signaling after olanzapine treatment. RESULTS JNK was activated in eWAT after olanzapine treatment. JNK1 downregulation in eWAT ameliorated the insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in olanzapine-treated mice. Furthermore, overexpression of JNK1 in adipocytes exacerbated the glucose disorder while JNK1 knockdown alleviated the impaired insulin signaling on olanzapine challenge, which was likely mediated by the reduced inflammation and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) phosphorylation. Moreover, the effect of JNK1 was attenuated by downregulation of IRS1 in adipocytes. Finally, the JNK1-IRS1 interaction and IRS1S307 phosphorylation were required for JNK1-regulated olanzapine-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that JNK1 activation by olanzapine induced insulin resistance by promoting IRS1Ser307 phosphorylation and inflammation in eWAT. These results highlighted the importance of JNK1 in eWAT as a promising drug target for olanzapine-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Chongshu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiefang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuilian Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Herrera-Melle L, Crespo M, Leiva M, Sabio G. Stress-activated kinases signaling pathways in cancer development. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Palmieri B, Corazzari V, Panariello Brasile DG, Sangiovanni V, VadalÀ M. Hepatic steatosis integrated approach: nutritional guidelines and joined nutraceutical administration. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2021; 66:307-320. [PMID: 33443240 DOI: 10.23736/s1121-421x.20.02738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonalcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) progresses in 30% of the patients to not alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and subsequently in liver fibrosis and even primary cancer and death. Due to the complex physiopathology of the liver steatosis, NASH is an area orphan of specific drugs, but many authors suggest an integrated treatment based upon diet, lifestyle change, and pharmacology. METHODS Our clinical study selected from a wider patient cohort, 13 subjects, appealing to the Second Opinion Medical Consulting Network, for liver and nutritional problems. The diet was integrated with regular prescription of an herbal derivative based on Chrysanthellum americanum and Pistacia lentiscus L. extracts. Clinical data of the recruited patients including body weight, Body Mass Index, were recorded before and after treatment. Each patient underwent pre-post accurate clinical examination and lab exams. The liver stiffness and liver steatosis were evaluated by a trained hepatologist with FibroScan®. RESULTS A significant reduction of anthropometric parameters was detected in all the patients at the end of the study; liver fibrosis and steatosis were instrumentally decreased in 8 subjects, but not significant changes in lab exams and no adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS Chrysanthellum americanum and Pistacia lentiscus L. extracts were absolutely safe and effective and gave a substantial contribution to the life quality benefit, metabolic balance and gut function in patients with hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Palmieri
- Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy.,Medico Cura Te Stesso Onlus, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Corazzari
- Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy - .,Medico Cura Te Stesso Onlus, Modena, Italy
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22
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Crouch M, Al-Shaer A, Shaikh SR. Hormonal Dysregulation and Unbalanced Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Biosynthesis Contribute toward Impaired B Cell Outcomes in Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1900924. [PMID: 32112513 PMCID: PMC8627245 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is associated with impaired B-cell-driven humoral immunity, which coincides with chronic inflammation and has consequences for responses to infections and vaccinations. Key nutritional, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which obesity may impair aspects of humoral immunity such as B cell development, class switch recombination, and formation of long-lived antibody secreting cells are reviewed. A key theme to emerge is the central role of white adipose tissue on the formation and function of pro-inflammatory B cell subsets that exacerbate insulin resistance. The underlying role of select hormones such as leptin is highlighted, which may be driving the formation of pro-inflammatory B cells in the absence of antigen stimulation. This review also extensively covers the regulatory role of lipid metabolites such as prostaglandins and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Notably, SPM biosynthesis is impaired in obesity and contributes toward impaired antibody production. Future directions for research, including avenues for therapeutic intervention, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Crouch
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abrar Al-Shaer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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23
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Han MS, Perry RJ, Camporez JP, Scherer PE, Shulman GI, Gao G, Davis RJ. A feed-forward regulatory loop in adipose tissue promotes signaling by the hepatokine FGF21. Genes Dev 2020; 35:133-146. [PMID: 33334822 PMCID: PMC7778269 DOI: 10.1101/gad.344556.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Han et al. demonstrate that JNK signaling in adipocytes causes an increased circulating concentration of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) that regulates systemic metabolism. This regulatory loop represents a novel signaling paradigm that connects autocrine and endocrine signaling modes of the same hormone in different tissues. The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is activated by metabolic stress and promotes the development of metabolic syndrome, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. This integrated physiological response involves cross-talk between different organs. Here we demonstrate that JNK signaling in adipocytes causes an increased circulating concentration of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) that regulates systemic metabolism. The mechanism of organ crosstalk is mediated by a feed-forward regulatory loop caused by JNK-regulated FGF21 autocrine signaling in adipocytes that promotes increased expression of the adipokine adiponectin and subsequent hepatic expression of the hormone FGF21. The mechanism of organ cross-talk places circulating adiponectin downstream of autocrine FGF21 expressed by adipocytes and upstream of endocrine FGF21 expressed by hepatocytes. This regulatory loop represents a novel signaling paradigm that connects autocrine and endocrine signaling modes of the same hormone in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - João-Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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24
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Musi CA, Agrò G, Santarella F, Iervasi E, Borsello T. JNK3 as Therapeutic Target and Biomarker in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Brain Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102190. [PMID: 32998477 PMCID: PMC7600688 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is the JNK isoform mainly expressed in the brain. It is the most responsive to many stress stimuli in the central nervous system from ischemia to Aβ oligomers toxicity. JNK3 activity is spatial and temporal organized by its scaffold protein, in particular JIP-1 and β-arrestin-2, which play a crucial role in regulating different cellular functions in different cellular districts. Extensive evidence has highlighted the possibility of exploiting these adaptors to interfere with JNK3 signaling in order to block its action. JNK plays a key role in the first neurodegenerative event, the perturbation of physiological synapse structure and function, known as synaptic dysfunction. Importantly, this is a common mechanism in many different brain pathologies. Synaptic dysfunction and spine loss have been reported to be pharmacologically reversible, opening new therapeutic directions in brain diseases. Being JNK3-detectable at the peripheral level, it could be used as a disease biomarker with the ultimate aim of allowing an early diagnosis of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopment diseases in a still prodromal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alice Musi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Graziella Agrò
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Francesco Santarella
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Erika Iervasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-023-901-4469; Fax: +39-023-900-1916
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25
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JNK-mediated disruption of bile acid homeostasis promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16492-16499. [PMID: 32601222 PMCID: PMC7368313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hepatic steatosis and activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-signaling pathway. Studies in mice demonstrate that JNK deficiency in the liver prevents the development of hepatic steatosis. This observation suggests that inhibition of JNK signaling may represent a possible treatment for hepatic steatosis. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that loss of JNK causes changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism that promote cholestasis, bile duct proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We identify PPARα activation as the molecular mechanism that accounts for this phenotype. Our analysis has important implications for the long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of obesity. Metabolic stress causes activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway. It is established that one consequence of JNK activation is the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through inhibition of the transcription factor PPARα. Indeed, JNK1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes protects against the development of steatosis, suggesting that JNK inhibition represents a possible treatment for this disease. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition have not been evaluated. Here we demonstrate that hepatic JNK controls bile acid production. We found that hepatic JNK deficiency alters cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, resulting in cholestasis, increased cholangiocyte proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Gene ablation studies confirmed that PPARα mediated these effects of JNK in hepatocytes. This analysis highlights potential consequences of long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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26
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Chokeshaiusaha K, Puthier D, Sananmuang T, Olanratmanee EO, Nguyen C, Kedkovid R. Differential DNA methylation analysis across the promoter regions using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing profiling of porcine loin muscle. Vet World 2020; 13:1113-1125. [PMID: 32801562 PMCID: PMC7396332 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1113-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pork leanness and marbling are among the essential traits of consumer preference. To acquire knowledge about universal epigenetic regulations for improving breed selection, a meta-analysis of methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) profiling data of mixed loin muscle types was performed in this study. Materials and Methods: MeDIP-seq profiling datasets of longissimus dorsi muscle and psoas major muscles from male and female pigs of Landrace and Tibetan breeds were preprocessed and aligned to the porcine genome. Analysis of differential methylated DNA regions (DMRs) between the breeds was performed by focusing on transcription start sites (TSSs) of known genes (−20,000-3000 bases from TSS). All associated genes were further reviewed for their functions and predicted for transcription factors (TF) possibly associated with their TSSs. Results: When the methylation levels of DMRs in TSS regions of Landrace breed were compared to those of Tibetan breed, 10 DMRs were hypomethylated (Landrace < Tibetan), and 19 DMRs were hypermethylated (Landrace > Tibetan), accordingly (p≤0.001). According to the reviews about gene functions, all associated genes were pieces of evidence for their roles in a variety of muscle and lipid metabolisms. Prediction of the binding TFs revealed the six most abundant binding TFs to such DMRs-associated TSS (p≤0.0001) as follows: ZNF384, Foxd3, IRF1, KLF9, EWSR1-FLI1, HES5, and TFAP2A. Conclusion: Common DMRs-associated TSS between the lean-type and the marbled-type loin muscles were identified in this study. Interestingly, the genes associated with such regions were strongly evidenced for their possible roles on the muscle trait characteristics by which further novel research topics could be focused on them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Chokeshaiusaha
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Denis Puthier
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Thanida Sananmuang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Em-On Olanratmanee
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Shabani M, Sadeghi A, Hosseini H, Teimouri M, Babaei Khorzoughi R, Pasalar P, Meshkani R. Resveratrol alleviates obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation via decreasing M1 macrophage polarization and increasing the regulatory T cell population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3791. [PMID: 32123188 PMCID: PMC7052230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol was reported to inhibit inflammatory responses; however, the role of this polyphenol in obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation remains unknown. Mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) were treated with resveratrol for 16 weeks. Resveratrol treatment decreased macrophage infiltration into skeletal muscle of HFD-fed mice. Resveratrol also led to the polarization of macrophages to the M2 direction, as well as decreasing the expression of a number of M1 pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)]. In addition, increased infiltration of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) was found following resveratrol treatment in skeletal muscle of mice. Decreased intramyocellular lipid deposition was associated with reduced expression levels of toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in resveratrol treated mice. We also found that diminished inflammation in skeletal muscle following resveratrol treatment was accompanied by increasing phosphorylation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and decreasing phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Taken together, these findings suggest that resveratrol ameliorates inflammation in skeletal muscle of HFD-induced model of obesity. Therefore, resveratrol might represent a potential treatment for attenuation of inflammation in skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran
| | - Asie Sadeghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Babaei Khorzoughi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R., Iran.
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28
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Catestatin improves insulin sensitivity by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress: In vivo and in silico validation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:464-481. [PMID: 32180905 PMCID: PMC7063178 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An endogenous peptide catestatin alleviates obesity-induced ER stress. Alleviation of ER stress by catestatin improves insulin sensitivity. PID controller based model of ER stress is supported by experimental findings. It predicts AKT phosphorylation achieves insulin sensitivity overcoming ER stress.
Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic, unresolved inflammation in insulin-targeted tissues. Obesity-induced inflammation causes accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue and liver. Proinflammatory cytokines released from tissue macrophages inhibits insulin sensitivity. Obesity also leads to inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance. In this scenario, based on the data (specifically patterns) generated by our in vivo experiments on both diet-induced obese (DIO) and normal chow diet (NCD) mice, we developed an in silico state space model to integrate ER stress and insulin signaling pathways. Computational results successfully followed the experimental results for both DIO and NCD conditions. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372) improves obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance by reducing inflammation and inhibiting proinflammatory macrophage infiltration. We reasoned that the anti-inflammatory effects of CST would alleviate ER stress. CST decreased obesity-induced ER dilation in hepatocytes and macrophages. On application of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers on the in silico model, we checked whether the reduction of phosphorylated PERK resulting in attenuation of ER stress, resembling CST effect, could enhance insulin sensitivity. The simulation results clearly pointed out that CST not only decreased ER stress but also enhanced insulin sensitivity in mammalian cells. In vivo experiment validated the simulation results by depicting that CST caused decrease in phosphorylation of UPR signaling molecules and increased phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules. Besides simulation results predicted that enhancement of AKT phosphorylation helps in both overcoming ER stress and achieving insulin sensitivity. These effects of CST were verified in hepatocyte culture model.
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29
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Hong SH, Choi KM. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020494. [PMID: 31941015 PMCID: PMC7013734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity is increasing worldwide, particularly amongst aging populations. Insulin resistance is the core mechanism of sarcopenic obesity and is also associated with variable cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fat accumulation in muscle tissue promotes a proinflammatory cascade and oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and muscle atrophy. To compound the problem, decreased muscle mass aggravates insulin resistance. In addition, the crosstalk between myokines and adipokines leads to negative feedback, which in turn aggravates sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms linking sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance with various biological pathways. We also discuss the impact and mechanism of sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance on cardiometabolic disease.
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30
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Bennett AM, Lawan A. Improving Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Targeting Skeletal Muscle MKP-1. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2020; 1:160-168. [PMID: 33179019 PMCID: PMC7654974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached a global epidemic and it predisposes to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Current interventions against obesity and/or type 2 diabetes such as calorie restriction, exercise, genetic manipulations or established pharmacological treatments have not been successful for many patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. There is an urgent need for new strategies to treat insulin resistance, T2D and obesity. Increased activity of stress-responsive pathways has been linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity. In this commentary, we argue that chronic upregulation of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle is part of a stress response that contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2D and obesity. Therefore, inhibition of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle is a potential strategy for the treatment of T2D and obesity. We highlight therapeutic strategies for potential targeting of MKP-1 in skeletal muscle for the treatment of metabolic diseases as well as other diseases of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmed Lawan;
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31
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Role of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs) in Epilepsy and Metabolic Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010255. [PMID: 31905931 PMCID: PMC6981493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the regulatory function of the different c-Jun N-terminal kinases isoforms (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3) play an essential role in neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and metabolic-cognitive alterations. Accordingly, JNKs have emerged as suitable therapeutic strategies. In fact, it has been demonstrated that some unspecific JNK inhibitors exert antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects, albeit they usually show high toxicity or lack therapeutic value. In this sense, natural specific JNK inhibitors, such as Licochalcone A, are promising candidates. Nonetheless, research on the understanding of the role of each of the JNKs remains mandatory in order to progress on the identification of new selective JNK isoform inhibitors. In the present review, a summary on the current gathered data on the role of JNKs in pathology is presented, as well as a discussion on their potential role in pathologies like epilepsy and metabolic-cognitive injury. Moreover, data on the effects of synthetic small molecule inhibitors that modulate JNK-dependent pathways in the brain and peripheral tissues is reviewed.
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32
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Fan L, Ding L, Lan J, Niu J, He Y, Song L. Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Improves Insulin Resistance via Repression of JNK-Mediated Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31866871 PMCID: PMC6906192 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with a greatly increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Administration of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) resulted in a marked improvement in insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism whereby FGF-1 represses insulin resistance remains largely unknown. Here, we sought to delineate the role of FGF-1 in insulin resistance with respect to its anti-inflammatory capability. In this study, we found that FGF-1 had positive effects on glucose intolerance, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance, while it markedly repressed cytokine secretion (TNF-α and IL-6) in serum and reduced liver inflammation in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Further, FGF-1 treatment significantly represses TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that FGF-1 likely ameliorates insulin resistance via a mechanism that is independent of its glucose-lowering activity. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that FGF-1 ameliorated insulin resistance, and inflammation was accompanied by decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. In addition, it is likely that FGF-1 impedes JNK phosphorylation via blocking the transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1) interaction. These findings reveal that FGF-1 regulates insulin sensitivity and may represent an attractive therapeutic target for preventing the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Linchao Ding
- Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Junjie Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiling He
- Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Lintao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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33
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Busquets O, Ettcheto M, Eritja À, Espinosa-Jiménez T, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Beas-Zarate C, Castro-Torres RD, Casadesús G, Auladell C, Bulló M, Folch J, Camins A. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 ablation protects against metabolic-induced hippocampal cognitive impairments. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1723-1733. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Neural JNK3 regulates blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in mice via an Egr1/Creb1 axis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4223. [PMID: 31530804 PMCID: PMC6748991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases related to impaired blood flow such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) impact nearly 10 million people in the United States alone, yet patients with clinical manifestations of PAD (e.g., claudication and limb ischemia) have limited treatment options. In ischemic tissues, stress kinases such as c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), are activated. Here, we show that inhibition of the JNK3 (Mapk10) in the neural compartment strikingly potentiates blood flow recovery from mouse hindlimb ischemia. JNK3 deficiency leads to upregulation of growth factors such as Vegfa, Pdgfb, Pgf, Hbegf and Tgfb3 in ischemic muscle by activation of the transcription factors Egr1/Creb1. JNK3 acts through Forkhead box O3 (Foxo3a) to suppress the activity of Egr1/Creb1 transcription regulators in vitro. In JNK3-deficient cells, Foxo3a is suppressed which leads to Egr1/Creb1 activation and upregulation of downstream growth factors. Collectively, these data suggest that the JNK3-Foxo3a-Egr1/Creb1 axis coordinates the vascular remodeling response in peripheral ischemia. Stress kinases are activated in peripheral ischemic tissues in the presence of vascular diseases. Here the authors show that inhibition of the neural JNK3 kinase improves recovery from hind limb ischemia in animals through activation of the transcription factors Egr1/Creb1 and upregulation of growth factors.
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Folch J, Olloquequi J, Ettcheto M, Busquets O, Sánchez-López E, Cano A, Espinosa-Jiménez T, García ML, Beas-Zarate C, Casadesús G, Bulló M, Auladell C, Camins A. The Involvement of Peripheral and Brain Insulin Resistance in Late Onset Alzheimer's Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:236. [PMID: 31551756 PMCID: PMC6743006 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe sociological and clinical problem. Since it was first described, there has been a constant increase in its incidence and, for now, there are no effective treatments since current approved medications have only shown short-term symptomatic benefits. Therefore, it is imperative to increase efforts in the search for molecules and non-pharmacological strategies that are capable of slowing or stopping the progress of the disease and, ideally, to reverse it. The amyloid cascade hypothesis based on the fundamental role of amyloid has been the central hypothesis in the last 30 years. However, since amyloid-directed treatments have shown no relevant beneficial results other theories have been postulated to explain the origin of the pathology. The brain is a highly metabolically active energy-consuming tissue in the human body. It has an almost complete dependence on the metabolism of glucose and uses most of its energy for synaptic transmission. Thus, alterations on the utilization or availability of glucose may be cause for the appearance of neurodegenerative pathologies like AD. In this review article, the hypothesis known as Type 3 Diabetes (T3D) will be evaluated by summarizing some of the data that has been reported in recent years. According to published research, the adherence over time to low saturated fatty acids diets in the context of the Mediterranean diet would reduce the inflammatory levels in brain, with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory glial activation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. In this situation, the insulin receptor pathway would be able to fine tune the mitochondrial biogenesis in neuronal cells, regulation the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate intracellular balance, and becoming a key factor involved in the preservation of the synaptic connexions and neuronal plasticity. In addition, new targets and strategies for the treatment of AD will be considered in this review for their potential as new pharmacological or non-pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Folch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-Química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-Química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Triana Espinosa-Jiménez
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-Química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, CUCBA, Guadalajar, México
| | - Gemma Casadesús
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Mónica Bulló
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Dietary milk fat globule membrane regulates JNK and PI3K/Akt pathway and ameliorates type 2 diabetes in mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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37
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JNK and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190267. [PMID: 31270248 PMCID: PMC6639461 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) describes the cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases that are generally characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, intra-abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. CMS currently affects more than 25% of the world’s population and the rates of diseases are rapidly rising. These CMS conditions represent critical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying signaling involved in disease onset and progression. The c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) are a family of stress signaling kinases that have been recently indicated in CMS. The purpose of this review is to examine the in vivo implications of JNK as a potential therapeutic target for CMS. As the constellation of diseases associated with CMS are complex and involve multiple tissues and environmental triggers, carefully examining what is known about the JNK pathway will be important for specificity in treatment strategies.
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38
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Rivers SL, Klip A, Giacca A. NOD1: An Interface Between Innate Immunity and Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1021-1030. [PMID: 30807635 PMCID: PMC6477778 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is driven, in part, by activation of the innate immune system. We have discussed the evidence linking nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, to the onset and progression of obesity-induced insulin resistance. On a molecular level, crosstalk between downstream NOD1 effectors and the insulin receptor pathway inhibits insulin signaling, potentially through reduced insulin receptor substrate action. In vivo studies have demonstrated that NOD1 activation induces peripheral, hepatic, and whole-body insulin resistance. Also, NOD1-deficient models are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, hematopoietic NOD1 deficiency prevented HFD-induced changes in proinflammatory macrophage polarization status, thus protecting against the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Serum from HFD-fed mice activated NOD1 signaling ex vivo; however, the molecular identity of the activating factors remains unclear. Many have proposed that an HFD changes the gut permeability, resulting in increased translocation of bacterial fragments and increased circulating NOD1 ligands. In contrast, others have suggested that NOD1 ligands are endogenous and potentially lipid-derived metabolites produced during states of nutrient overload. Nevertheless, that NOD1 contributes to the development of insulin resistance, and that NOD1-based therapy might provide benefit, is an exciting advancement in metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Rivers
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Adria Giacca, MD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, No. 3336, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail:
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39
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Wu H, Wang Y, Li W, Chen H, Du L, Liu D, Wang X, Xu T, Liu L, Chen Q. Deficiency of mitophagy receptor FUNDC1 impairs mitochondrial quality and aggravates dietary-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Autophagy 2019; 15:1882-1898. [PMID: 30898010 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence for an association between impaired mitochondrial function and metabolic syndrome. Mitophagy, a process that selectively removes damaged mitochondria via a specialized form of autophagy, is essential for mitochondrial quality control (mitochondrial QC) and metabolic homeostasis. We thus addressed the potential role of defective mitophagy in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Mice lacking Fundc1, a newly characterized mitophagy receptor, develop more severe obesity and insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Ablation of Fundc1 results in defective mitophagy and impaired mitochondrial QC in vitro and in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition, there is more pronounced WAT remodeling with more adipose tissue-associated macrophages infiltration, more M1 macrophage polarization and thus an elevated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, hyperactivation of MAPK/JNK leads to insulin insensitivity, which can be inhibited by knocking out Mapk8/Jnk1 in fundc1 KO mice. Our results demonstrate that dysregulated mitochondrial QC due to defective mitophagy receptor FUNDC1 links with metabolic disorders via MAPK signaling and inflammatory responses. Abbreviations: ATMs: adipose tissue macrophages; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; GOT1/AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, soluble; GPT/ALT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble; H&E staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; HFD: high-fat diet; LIR: LC3-interacting region; mitochondrial QC: mitochondrial quality control; mito-ROS: mitochondrial ROS; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; RT-PCR: real-time-PCR; T2D: type 2 diabetes; WAT: white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - You Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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40
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Gong J, Fang C, Zhang P, Wang PX, Qiu Y, Shen LJ, Zhang L, Zhu XY, Tian S, Li F, Wang Z, Huang Z, Wang A, Zhang XD, She ZG. Tumor Progression Locus 2 in Hepatocytes Potentiates Both Liver and Systemic Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:524-544. [PMID: 29381809 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), a serine/threonine kinase, has been regarded as a potentially interesting target for the treatment of various diseases with an inflammatory component. However, the function of TPL2 in regulating hepatocyte metabolism and liver inflammation during the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly understood. Here, we report that TPL2 protein expression was significantly increased in fatty liver from diverse species, including humans, monkeys, and mice. Further investigations revealed that compared to wild-type (WT) littermates, hepatocyte-specific TPL2 knockout (HKO) mice exhibited improved lipid and glucose imbalance, reserved insulin sensitivity, and alleviated inflammation in response to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Overexpression of TPL2 in hepatocytes led to the opposite phenotype. Regarding the mechanism, we found that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) was the specific substrate of TPL2 for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. TPL2-MKK7-JNK signaling in hepatocytes represents a promising drugable target for treating NAFLD and associated metabolic disorders. Conclusion: In hepatocytes, TPL2 acts as a key mediator that promotes both liver and systemic metabolic disturbances by specifically increasing MKK7-JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Jun Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Potapov AS, Kovrizhina AR, Matveevskaya VV, Belyanin ML, Atochin DN, Zanoza SO, Gaidarzhy NM, Lyakhov SA, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one derivatives and tryptanthrin-6-oxime as c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:179-191. [PMID: 30347329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) play a central role in many physiologic and pathologic processes. We synthesized novel 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime analogs and tryptanthrin-6-oxime (indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,12-dion-6-oxime) and evaluated their effects on JNK activity. Several compounds exhibited sub-micromolar JNK binding affinity and were selective for JNK1/JNK3 versus JNK2. The most potent compounds were 10c (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one O-(O-ethylcarboxymethyl) oxime) and tryptanthrin-6-oxime, which had dissociation constants (Kd) for JNK1 and JNK3 of 22 and 76 nM and 150 and 275 nM, respectively. Molecular modeling suggested a mode of binding interaction at the JNK catalytic site and that the selected oxime derivatives were potentially competitive JNK inhibitors. JNK binding activity of the compounds correlated with their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB/activating protein 1 (NF-κB/AP-1) activation in human monocytic THP-1Blue cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by human MonoMac-6 cells. Thus, oximes with indenoquinoxaline and tryptanthrin nuclei can serve as specific small-molecule modulators for mechanistic studies of JNK, as well as potential leads for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Biological Medicine, Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
| | - Andrei S Potapov
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | | | - Vladislava V Matveevskaya
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Maxim L Belyanin
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Svitlana O Zanoza
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya M Gaidarzhy
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy A Lyakhov
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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42
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1350] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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43
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Kant S, Standen CL, Morel C, Jung DY, Kim JK, Swat W, Flavell RA, Davis RJ. A Protein Scaffold Coordinates SRC-Mediated JNK Activation in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2775-2783. [PMID: 28930674 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. How obesity contributes to metabolic syndrome is unclear. Free fatty acid (FFA) activation of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC)-dependent cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is implicated in this process. However, the mechanism that mediates SRC-dependent JNK activation is unclear. Here, we identify a role for the scaffold protein JIP1 in SRC-dependent JNK activation. SRC phosphorylation of JIP1 creates phosphotyrosine interaction motifs that bind the SH2 domains of SRC and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV. These interactions are required for SRC-induced activation of VAV and the subsequent engagement of a JIP1-tethered JNK signaling module. The JIP1 scaffold protein, therefore, plays a dual role in FFA signaling by coordinating upstream SRC functions together with downstream effector signaling by the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Claire L Standen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Caroline Morel
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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44
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Win S, Than TA, Zhang J, Oo C, Min RWM, Kaplowitz N. New insights into the role and mechanism of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase signaling in the pathobiology of liver diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67:2013-2024. [PMID: 29194686 PMCID: PMC5906137 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) family is highly conserved across species such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish and mammals, and plays a central role in hepatic physiologic and pathophysiologic responses. These responses range from cell death to cell proliferation and carcinogenesis, as well as metabolism and survival, depending on the specific context and duration of activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Recently, several investigators identified the key molecules in the JNK activation loop which include apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK1) and SH3-domain binding protein 5 (Sab) and their involvement in acute or chronic liver disease models. Thus, regulating JNK activation through modulating the JNK activation loop may represent an important new strategy in the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular pathophysiology of the JNK activation loop and its role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. (Hepatology 2018;67:2013-2024).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Kaplowitz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, Tel.: 323-442-5576; Fax: 323-442-3243;
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45
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Lawan A, Min K, Zhang L, Canfran-Duque A, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JPG, Nie Y, Gavin TP, Shulman GI, Fernandez-Hernando C, Bennett AM. Skeletal Muscle-Specific Deletion of MKP-1 Reveals a p38 MAPK/JNK/Akt Signaling Node That Regulates Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2018; 67:624-635. [PMID: 29317435 PMCID: PMC5860856 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses promote obesity and insulin resistance, in part, by activating the stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Stress also induces expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which inactivates both JNK and p38 MAPK. However, the equilibrium between JNK/p38 MAPK and MKP-1 signaling in the development of obesity and insulin resistance is unclear. Skeletal muscle is a major tissue involved in energy expenditure and glucose metabolism. In skeletal muscle, MKP-1 is upregulated in high-fat diet-fed mice and in skeletal muscle of obese humans. Mice lacking skeletal muscle expression of MKP-1 (MKP1-MKO) showed increased skeletal muscle p38 MAPK and JNK activities and were resistant to the development of diet-induced obesity. MKP1-MKO mice exhibited increased whole-body energy expenditure that was associated with elevated levels of myofiber-associated mitochondrial oxygen consumption. miR-21, a negative regulator of PTEN expression, was upregulated in skeletal muscle of MKP1-MKO mice, resulting in increased Akt activity consistent with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that skeletal muscle MKP-1 represents a critical signaling node through which inactivation of the p38 MAPK/JNK module promotes obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kisuk Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alberto Canfran-Duque
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joao Paulo G Camporez
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yaohui Nie
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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46
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Guo XX, An S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Hao Q, Tang T, Xu TR. Emerging role of the Jun N-terminal kinase interactome in human health. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:756-768. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Qian Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Tao Tang
- Faculty of Medicine; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
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47
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Inhibition of the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway by myogenesis-associated miRNAs is required for skeletal muscle development. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1581-1597. [PMID: 29449644 PMCID: PMC6143622 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation is controlled by multiple cell signaling pathways, however, the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway dominating this process has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that the JNK/MAPK pathway was significantly downregulated in the late stages of myogenesis, and in contrast to P38/MAPK pathway, it negatively regulated skeletal muscle differentiation. Based on the PAR-CLIP-seq analysis, we identified six elevated miRNAs (miR-1a-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b-3p, miR-206-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-351-5p), namely myogenesis-associated miRNAs (mamiRs), negatively controlled the JNK/MAPK pathway by repressing multiple factors for the phosphorylation of the JNK/MAPK pathway, including MEKK1, MEKK2, MKK7, and c-Jun but not JNK protein itself, and as a result, expression of transcriptional factor MyoD and mamiRs were further promoted. Our study revealed a novel double-negative feedback regulatory pattern of cell-specific miRNAs by targeting phosphorylation kinase signaling cascade responsible for skeletal muscle development.
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48
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Kim JH, Lee E, Friedline RH, Suk S, Jung DY, Dagdeviren S, Hu X, Inashima K, Noh HL, Kwon JY, Nambu A, Huh JR, Han MS, Davis RJ, Lee AS, Lee KW, Kim JK. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78 regulates macrophage function and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2018; 32:2292-2304. [PMID: 29242277 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701017r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-mediated inflammation is a major cause of insulin resistance, and macrophages play an important role in this process. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that modulates unfolded protein response (UPR), and mice with GRP78 heterozygosity were resistant to diet-induced obesity. Here, we show that mice with macrophage-selective ablation of GRP78 (Lyz- GRP78-/-) are protected from skeletal muscle insulin resistance without changes in obesity compared with wild-type mice after 9 wk of high-fat diet. GRP78-deficient macrophages demonstrated adapted UPR with up-regulation of activating transcription factor (ATF)-4 and M2-polarization markers. Diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation was reduced, and bone marrow-derived macrophages from Lyz- GRP78-/- mice demonstrated a selective increase in IL-6 expression. Serum IL-13 levels were elevated by >4-fold in Lyz- GRP78-/- mice, and IL-6 stimulated the myocyte expression of IL-13 and IL-13 receptor. Lastly, recombinant IL-13 acutely increased glucose metabolism in Lyz- GRP78-/- mice. Taken together, our data indicate that GRP78 deficiency activates UPR by increasing ATF-4, and promotes M2-polarization of macrophages with a selective increase in IL-6 secretion. Macrophage-derived IL-6 stimulates the myocyte expression of IL-13 and regulates muscle glucose metabolism in a paracrine manner. Thus, our findings identify a novel crosstalk between macrophages and skeletal muscle in the modulation of obesity-mediated insulin resistance.-Kim, J. H., Lee, E., Friedline, R. H., Suk, S., Jung, D. Y., Dagdeviren, S., Hu, X., Inashima, K., Noh, H. L., Kwon, J. Y., Nambu, A., Huh, J. R., Han, M. S., Davis, R. J., Lee, A. S., Lee, K. W., Kim, J. K. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78 regulates macrophage function and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hun Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sujin Suk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sezin Dagdeviren
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kunikazu Inashima
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aya Nambu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Wellness Emergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Iglesias C, Floridia E, Sartages M, Porteiro B, Fraile M, Guerrero A, Santos D, Cuñarro J, Tovar S, Nogueiras R, Pombo CM, Zalvide J. The MST3/STK24 kinase mediates impaired fasting blood glucose after a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2453-2462. [PMID: 28956081 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The identification of mediators in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is essential for the full understanding of this disease. Protein kinases are especially important because of their potential as pharmacological targets. The goal of this study was to investigate whether mammalian sterile-20 3 (MST3/STK24), a stress-regulated kinase, is involved in metabolic alterations in obesity. METHODS Glucose regulation of Mst3 (also known as Stk24)-knockout mice was analysed both in 129;C57 mixed background mice and in C57/BL6J mice fed normally or with a high-fat diet (HFD). This work was complemented with an analysis of the insulin signalling pathway in cultured human liver cells made deficient in MST3 using RNA interference. RESULTS MST3 is phosphorylated in the livers of mice subject to an obesity-promoting HFD, and its deficiency lowers the hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance that the animals develop with this diet, an effect that is seen even without complete inactivation of the kinase. Lack of MST3 results in activation of the insulin signalling pathway downstream of IRS1, in both cultured liver cells and the liver of animals after HFD. This effect increases the inhibition of forkhead box (FOX)O1, with subsequent downregulation of the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION MST3 inhibits the insulin signalling pathway and is important in the development of insulin resistance and impaired blood glucose levels after an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iglesias
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Ebel Floridia
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Miriam Sartages
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Fraile
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana Guerrero
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Santos
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Cuñarro
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Celia M Pombo
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain.
| | - Juan Zalvide
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de Barcelona s/n, 15706 A, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain.
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50
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MKK6 controls T3-mediated browning of white adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2017; 8:856. [PMID: 29021624 PMCID: PMC5636784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the thermogenic capacity of adipose tissue to enhance organismal energy expenditure is considered a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. Here, we report that expression of the p38 MAPK activator MKK6 is elevated in white adipose tissue of obese individuals. Using knockout animals and shRNA, we show that Mkk6 deletion increases energy expenditure and thermogenic capacity of white adipose tissue, protecting mice against diet-induced obesity and the development of diabetes. Deletion of Mkk6 increases T3-stimulated UCP1 expression in adipocytes, thereby increasing their thermogenic capacity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that, in white adipose tissue, p38 is activated by an alternative pathway involving AMPK, TAK, and TAB. Our results identify MKK6 in adipocytes as a potential therapeutic target to reduce obesity. Brown and beige adipose tissues dissipate heat via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Here the authors show that the stress activated kinase MKK6 acts as a repressor of UCP1 expression, suggesting that its inhibition promotes adipose tissue browning and increases organismal energy expenditure.
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