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Cecchetto M, Dettai A, Gallut C, Obst M, Kuklinski P, Balazy P, Chelchowski M, Małachowicz M, Poćwierz-Kotus A, Zbawicka M, Reiss H, Eléaume MP, Ficetola GF, Pavloudi C, Exter K, Fontaneto D, Schiaparelli S. Seasonality of primary production explains the richness of pioneering benthic communities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8340. [PMID: 39333524 PMCID: PMC11436788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A pattern of increasing species richness from the poles to the equator is frequently observed in many animal taxa. Ecological limits, determined by the abiotic conditions and biotic interactions within an environment, are one of the major factors influencing the geographical distribution of species diversity. Energy availability is often considered a crucial limiting factor, with temperature and productivity serving as empirical measures. However, these measures may not fully explain the observed species richness, particularly in marine ecosystems. Here, through a global comparative approach and standardised methodologies, such as Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and DNA metabarcoding, we show that the seasonality of primary production explains sessile animal richness comparatively or better than surface temperature or primary productivity alone. A Hierarchical Generalised Additive Model (HGAM) is validated, after a model selection procedure, and the prediction error is compared, following a cross-validation approach, with HGAMs including environmental variables commonly used to explain animal richness. Moreover, the linear effect of production magnitude on species richness becomes apparent only when considered jointly with seasonality, and, by identifying world coastal areas characterized by extreme values of both, we postulate that this effect may result in a positive relationship in environments with lower seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cecchetto
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Agnès Dettai
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gallut
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Matthias Obst
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Piotr Kuklinski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Piotr Balazy
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Maciej Chelchowski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Magdalena Małachowicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Anita Poćwierz-Kotus
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zbawicka
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot, Poland
| | - Henning Reiss
- Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Marc P Eléaume
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | | | | | - Katrina Exter
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- National Research Council of Italy-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), I-28922, Verbania, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), I-90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiaparelli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Dapporto L, Menchetti M, Dincă V, Talavera G, Garcia-Berro A, D'Ercole J, Hebert PD, Vila R. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages for West Palearctic butterflies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8596. [PMID: 39292774 PMCID: PMC11409959 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between geographic barriers and climatic oscillations over the past 2.6 million years structured genetic variation at the continental scale. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages (GLQ) hypothesis outlines this phenomenon for Europe, but a comprehensive data-driven assessment is lacking. Using innovative genetic landscape methods, we model the GLQ in the West Palearctic based on 31,653 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences from 494 butterfly species and three functional traits. Seven distinct bioregions with varying levels of genetic endemicity emerge, revealing a latitudinal gradient in variation that confirms the "southern richness, northern purity" hypothesis. Through shift from case studies to a comparative approach, we objectively identify the main glacial refugia, colonization routes, and barriers to dispersal. Our findings offer a quantitative model of the GLQ across Europe, North Africa, and neighboring Asia, with broader applicability to other taxa and potentially scalable to encompass life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dapporto
- ZEN Lab, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-CMCNB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jacopo D'Ercole
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Paul Dn Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Alzate A, Hagen O. Dispersal-diversity feedbacks and their consequences for macroecological patterns. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230131. [PMID: 38913062 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a key process in ecology and evolution. While the effects of dispersal on diversity are broadly acknowledged, our understanding of the influence of diversity on dispersal remains limited. This arises from the dynamic, context-dependent, nonlinear and ubiquitous nature of dispersal. Diversity outcomes, such as competition, mutualism, parasitism and trophic interactions can feed back on dispersal, thereby influencing biodiversity patterns at several spatio-temporal scales. Here, we shed light on the dispersal-diversity causal links by discussing how dispersal-diversity ecological and evolutionary feedbacks can impact macroecological patterns. We highlight the importance of dispersal-diversity feedbacks for advancing our understanding of macro-eco-evolutionary patterns and their challenges, such as establishing a unified framework for dispersal terminology and methodologies across various disciplines and scales. This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alzate
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oskar Hagen
- German Centre For Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ , Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Hagen O, Viana DS, Wiegand T, Chase JM, Onstein RE. The macro-eco-evolutionary interplay between dispersal, competition and landscape structure in generating biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230140. [PMID: 38913052 PMCID: PMC11391298 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory links dispersal and diversity, predicting the highest diversity at intermediate dispersal levels. However, the modulation of this relationship by macro-eco-evolutionary mechanisms and competition within a landscape is still elusive. We examine the interplay between dispersal, competition and landscape structure in shaping biodiversity over 5 million years in a dynamic archipelago landscape. We model allopatric speciation, temperature niche, dispersal, competition, trait evolution and trade-offs between competitive and dispersal traits. Depending on dispersal abilities and their interaction with landscape structure, our archipelago exhibits two 'connectivity regimes', that foster speciation events among the same group of islands. Peaks of diversity (i.e. alpha, gamma and phylogenetic), occurred at intermediate dispersal; while competition shifted diversity peaks towards higher dispersal values for each connectivity regime. This shift demonstrates how competition can boost allopatric speciation events through the evolution of thermal specialists, ultimately limiting geographical ranges. Even in a simple landscape, multiple intermediate dispersal diversity relationships emerged, all shaped similarly and according to dispersal and competition strength. Our findings remain valid as dispersal- and competitive-related traits evolve and trade-off; potentially leaving identifiable biodiversity signatures, particularly when trade-offs are imposed. Overall, we scrutinize the convoluted relationships between dispersal, species interactions and landscape structure on macro-eco-evolutionary processes, with lasting imprints on biodiversity.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hagen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D S Viana
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - T Wiegand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2333 CR, Netherlands
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5
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Sandal L, Sæther BE, Freckleton RP, Noble DG, Schwarz J, Leivits A, Grøtan V. Species richness and evenness of European bird communities show differentiated responses to measures of productivity. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38979934 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding patterns of species diversity is crucial for ecological research and conservation, and this understanding may be improved by studying patterns in the two components of species diversity, species richness and evenness of abundance of species. Variation in species richness and evenness has previously been linked to variation in total abundance of communities as well as productivity gradients. Exploring both components of species diversity is essential because these components could be unrelated or driven by different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between species richness and evenness in European bird communities along an extensive latitudinal gradient. We examined their relationships with latitude and Net Primary Productivity, which determines energy and matter availability for heterotrophs, as well as their responses to territory densities (i.e. the number of territories per area) and community biomass (i.e. the bird biomass per area). We applied a multivariate Poisson log-normal distribution to unique long-term, high-quality time-series data, allowing us to estimate species richness of the community as well as the variance of this distribution, which acts as an inverse measure of evenness. Evenness in the distribution of abundance of species in the community was independent of species richness. Species richness increased with increasing community biomass, as well as with increasing density. Since both measures of abundance were explained by NPP, species richness was partially explained by energy-diversity theory (i.e. the more energy, the more species sustained by the ecosystem). However, species richness did not increase linearly with NPP but rather showed a unimodal relationship. Evenness was not explained either by productivity nor by any of the aspects of community abundance. This study highlights the importance of considering both richness and evenness to gain a better understanding of variation in species diversity. We encourage the study of both components of species diversity in future studies, as well as use of simulation studies to verify observed patterns between richness and evenness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sandal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David G Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Agu Leivits
- Department of Nature Conservation, Environmental Board, Pärnu, Estonia
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Johnston ASA. Predicting emergent animal biodiversity patterns across multiple scales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17397. [PMID: 38984852 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Restoring biodiversity-based resilience and ecosystem multi-functionality needs to be informed by more accurate predictions of animal biodiversity responses to environmental change. Ecological models make a substantial contribution to this understanding, especially when they encode the biological mechanisms and processes that give rise to emergent patterns (population, community, ecosystem properties and dynamics). Here, a distinction between 'mechanistic' and 'process-based' ecological models is established to review existing approaches. Mechanistic and process-based ecological models have made key advances to understanding the structure, function and dynamics of animal biodiversity, but are typically designed to account for specific levels of biological organisation and spatiotemporal scales. Cross-scale ecological models, which predict emergent co-occurring biodiversity patterns at interacting scales of space, time and biological organisation, is a critical next step in predictive ecology. A way forward is to first capitalise on existing models to systematically evaluate the ability of scale-explicit mechanisms and processes to predict emergent patterns at alternative scales. Such model intercomparisons will reveal mechanism to process transitions across fine to broad scales, overcome approach-specific barriers to model realism or tractability and identify gaps which necessitate the development of new fundamental principles. Key challenges surrounding model complexity and uncertainty would need to be addressed, and while opportunities from big data can streamline the integration of multiple scale-explicit biodiversity patterns, ambitious cross-scale field studies are also needed. Crucially, overcoming cross-scale ecological modelling challenges would unite disparate fields of ecology with the common goal of improving the evidence-base to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystems under novel environmental change.
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7
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Liu J, Lindstrom AJ, Gong Y, Dong S, Liu YC, Zhang S, Gong X. Eco-evolutionary evidence for the global diversity pattern of Cycas (Cycadaceae). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1170-1191. [PMID: 38477647 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), characterized by a peak in diversity toward the tropics, has captured significant attention in evolutionary biology and ecology. However, the inverse LDG (i-LDG) mechanism, wherein species richness increases toward the poles, remains inadequately explored. Cycads are among one of the oldest lineages of extant seed plants and have undergone extensive diversification in the tropics. Intriguingly, the extant cycad abundance exhibits an i-LDG pattern, and the underlying causes for this phenomenon remain largely elusive. Here, using 1,843 nuclear genes from a nearly complete sampling, we conducted comprehensive phylogenomic analyses to establish a robust species-level phylogeny for Cycas, the largest genus within cycads. We then reconstructed the spatial-temporal dynamics and integrated global environmental data to evaluate the roles of species ages, diversification rates, contemporary environment, and conservatism to ancestral niches in shaping the i-LDG pattern. We found Cycas experienced decreased diversification rates, coupled with the cooling temperature since its origin in the Eocene from continental Asia. Different regions have distinctively contributed to the formation of i-LDG for Cycas, with the northern hemisphere acting as evolutionary museums and the southern hemisphere serving as cradles. Moreover, water-related climate variables, specifically precipitation seasonality and potential evapotranspiration, were identified as paramount factors constraining Cycas species richness in the rainforest biome near the equator. Notably, the adherence to ancestral monsoonal climates emerges as a critical factor in sustaining the diversity pattern. This study underscores the imperative of integrating both evolutionary and ecological approaches to comprehensively unravel the mechanisms underpinning global biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anders J Lindstrom
- Global Biodiversity Conservancy, 144/124 Moo3, Soi Bua Thong, Bangsalae, Sattahip, Chonburi, 20250, Thailand
| | - Yiqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Yusheng Chris Liu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indiana University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Shouzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Xun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Xue T, Feng T, Liang Y, Yang X, Qin F, Yu J, Janssens SB, Yu S. Radiating diversification and niche conservatism jointly shape the inverse latitudinal diversity gradient of Potentilla L. (Rosaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:443. [PMID: 38778263 PMCID: PMC11112792 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), characterized by an increase in species richness from the poles to the equator, is one of the most pervasive biological patterns. However, inverse LDGs, in which species richness peaks in extratropical regions, are also found in some lineages and their causes remain unclear. Here, we test the roles of evolutionary time, diversification rates, and niche conservatism in explaining the inverse LDG of Potentilla (ca. 500 species). We compiled the global distributions of ~ 90% of Potentilla species, and reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework based on whole-plastome sequences. Next, we analyzed the divergence time, ancestral area, diversification rate, and ancestral niche to investigate the macroevolutionary history of Potentilla. RESULTS The genus originated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the late Eocene and gradually spread to other regions of the Northern Hemisphere posterior to the late Miocene. Rapid cooling after the late Pliocene promoted the radiating diversification of Potentilla. The polyploidization, as well as some cold-adaptive morphological innovations, enhanced the adaptation of Potentilla species to the cold environment. Ancestral niche reconstruction suggests that Potentilla likely originated in a relatively cool environment. The species richness peaks at approximately 45 °N, a region characterized by high diversification rates, and the environmental conditions are similar to the ancestral climate niche. Evolutionary time was not significantly correlated with species richness in the latitudinal gradient. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the elevated diversification rates in middle latitude regions and the conservatism in thermal niches jointly determined the inverse LDG in Potentilla. This study highlights the importance of integrating evolutionary and ecological approaches to explain the diversity pattern of biological groups on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Yunfen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianghong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Steven B Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise, BE-1860, Belgium.
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, BE-3001, Belgium.
| | - Shengxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Seymour M, Roslin T, deWaard JR, Perez KHJ, D'Souza ML, Ratnasingham S, Ashfaq M, Levesque-Beaudin V, Blagoev GA, Bukowski B, Cale P, Crosbie D, Decaëns T, deWaard SL, Ekrem T, El-Ansary HO, Evouna Ondo F, Fraser D, Geiger MF, Hajibabaei M, Hallwachs W, Hanisch PE, Hausmann A, Heath M, Hogg ID, Janzen DH, Kinnaird M, Kohn JR, Larrivée M, Lees DC, León-Règagnon V, Liddell M, Lijtmaer DA, Lipinskaya T, Locke SA, Manjunath R, Martins DJ, Martins MB, Mazumdar S, McKeown JTA, Anderson-Teixeria K, Miller SE, Milton MA, Miskie R, Morinière J, Mutanen M, Naik S, Nichols B, Noguera FA, Novotny V, Penev L, Pentinsaari M, Quinn J, Ramsay L, Rochefort R, Schmidt S, Smith MA, Sobel CN, Somervuo P, Sones JE, Staude HS, St Jaques B, Stur E, Telfer AC, Tubaro PL, Wardlaw TJ, Worcester R, Yang Z, Young MR, Zemlak T, Zakharov EV, Zlotnick B, Ovaskainen O, Hebert PDN. Global arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude. Commun Biol 2024; 7:552. [PMID: 38720028 PMCID: PMC11078949 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity gradients are generally expected to reflect greater species replacement closer to the equator. However, empirical validation of global biodiversity gradients largely relies on vertebrates, plants, and other less diverse taxa. Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of global arthropod biodiversity dynamics using a beta-diversity framework. Sampling includes 129 sampling sites whereby malaise traps are deployed to monitor temporal changes in arthropod communities. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique barcode index numbers (BINs) (i.e. species proxies). We assess between site differences in community diversity using beta-diversity and the partitioned components of species replacement and richness difference. Global total beta-diversity (dissimilarity) increases with decreasing latitude, greater spatial distance and greater temporal distance. Species replacement and richness difference patterns vary across biogeographic regions. Our findings support long-standing, general expectations of global biodiversity patterns. However, we also show that the underlying processes driving patterns may be regionally linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 18B, Uppsala, 75651, Sweden
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jeremy R deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kate H J Perez
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L D'Souza
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gergin A Blagoev
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Belén Bukowski
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA, SA5341, Australia
| | | | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Torbjørn Ekrem
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Hosam O El-Ansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fidèle Evouna Ondo
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Departement de la Recherche Scientifique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - David Fraser
- BC Conservation Data Centre, Ministry of Environment, Box 9338, Station Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, Canada
| | - Matthias F Geiger
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Priscila E Hanisch
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter - University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ian D Hogg
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, NU, Canada
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Joshua R Kohn
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Maxim Larrivée
- Insectarium, Montréal Space for Life, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David C Lees
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia León-Règagnon
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 21, C.P, 48980, San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental, and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darío A Lijtmaer
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tatsiana Lipinskaya
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sean A Locke
- Departamento de Biología, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Ramya Manjunath
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dino J Martins
- Mpala Research Centre and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marlúcia B Martins
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Invertebrados, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Avenida Perimetral 1901, Terra Firma, CEP, 66077 530, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Santosh Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jaclyn T A McKeown
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Scott E Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Megan A Milton
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Renee Miskie
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Suresh Naik
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Becky Nichols
- US National Park Service, 1316 Cherokee Orchard Road, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
| | - Felipe A Noguera
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 21, C.P, 48980, San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lyubomir Penev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mikko Pentinsaari
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna Quinn
- Rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - Leah Ramsay
- BC Conservation Data Centre, Ministry of Environment, Box 9338, Station Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, Canada
| | - Regina Rochefort
- North Cascades National Park Service Complex, 810 State Route 20, Sedro-Woolley, WA, 98284, USA
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal N Sobel
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jayme E Sones
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brianne St Jaques
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Stur
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Angela C Telfer
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo L Tubaro
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tim J Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Values, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Robyn Worcester
- Stanley Park Ecology Society, P.O. Box 5167, Vancouver, BC, V6B 4B2, Canada
| | - Zhaofu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Monica R Young
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler Zemlak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Evgeny V Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9C), FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Cai M, Zhang C, Ndungu CN, Liu G, Liu W, Zhang Q. Linking ecosystem multifunctionality to microbial community features in rivers along a latitudinal gradient. mSystems 2024; 9:e0014724. [PMID: 38445871 PMCID: PMC11019869 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00147-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms regulate numerous ecosystem functions and show considerable differences along a latitudinal gradient. Although studies have revealed the latitudinal patterns of microbial community structure and single ecosystem function, the latitudinal patterns of ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) and how microbial communities affect EMF along a latitudinal gradient remain unclear. Here, we collected channel sediments, riparian rhizosphere soils, and riparian bulk soils from 30 rivers across China and calculated EMF using 18 variables related to nitrogen cycling, nutrient pool, plant productivity, and water quality. We also determined microbial diversity (taxonomic and functional) and microbial network complexity using metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that EMF significantly decreased with increasing latitude in riparian rhizosphere and bulk soils but not in channel sediments. Microbial taxonomic and functional richness (observed species) in channel sediments were significantly higher in the low-latitude group than in the high-latitude group. However, microbial co-occurrence networks were more complex in the high-latitude group compared with the low-latitude group. Abiotic factors, primarily geographic and climatic factors, contributed more to EMF than microbial diversity and network complexity parameters in which only betweenness centralization had a significant relationship with EMF. Together, this study provides insight into the latitudinal pattern of EMF in rivers and highlights the importance of large-scale factors in explaining such latitudinal patterns.IMPORTANCEEcosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is the capacity of an ecosystem to provide multiple functions simultaneously. Microorganisms, as dominant drivers of belowground processes, have a profound effect on ecosystem functions. Although studies have revealed the latitudinal patterns of microbial community structure and single ecosystem function, the latitudinal patterns of EMF and how microbial communities affect EMF along a latitudinal gradient remain unclear. We collected channel sediments, riparian rhizosphere soils, and riparian bulk soils from 30 rivers along a latitudinal gradient across China and calculated EMF using 18 variables related to nitrogen cycling, nutrient pool, plant productivity, and water quality. This study fills a critical knowledge gap regarding the latitudinal patterns and drivers of EMF in river ecosystems and gives new insights into how microbial diversity and network complexity affect EMF from a metagenomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Caifang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Njambi Ndungu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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11
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Luo A, Li Y, Shrestha N, Xu X, Su X, Li Y, Lyu T, Waris K, Tang Z, Liu X, Lin L, Chen Y, Zu K, Song W, Peng S, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L, Wang Z. Global multifaceted biodiversity patterns, centers, and conservation needs in angiosperms. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:817-828. [PMID: 38217639 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30% of global land and water areas by 2030, which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity, including flowering plants (angiosperms). Herein, we compiled a large database on distributions of over 300,000 angiosperm species and the key functional traits of 67,024 species. Using this database, we constructed biodiversity-environment models to predict global patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity in terrestrial angiosperms and provide a comprehensive mapping of the three diversity facets. We further evaluated the current protection status of the biodiversity centers of these diversity facets. Our results showed that geographical patterns of the three facets of plant diversity exhibited substantial spatial mismatches and nonoverlapping conservation priorities. Idiosyncratic centers of functional diversity, particularly of herbaceous species, were primarily distributed in temperate regions and under weaker protection compared with other biodiversity centers of taxonomic and phylogenetic facets. Our global assessment of multifaceted biodiversity patterns and centers highlights the insufficiency and unbalanced conservation among the three diversity facets and the two growth forms (woody vs. herbaceous), thus providing directions for guiding the future conservation of global plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiangyan Su
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yichao Li
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kilara Waris
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kuiling Zu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shijia Peng
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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12
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Drury JP, Clavel J, Tobias JA, Rolland J, Sheard C, Morlon H. Limited ecological opportunity influences the tempo of morphological evolution in birds. Curr Biol 2024; 34:661-669.e4. [PMID: 38218182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
According to classic models of lineage diversification and adaptive radiation, phenotypic evolution should accelerate in the context of ecological opportunity and slow down when niches become saturated.1,2 However, only weak support for these ideas has been found in nature, perhaps because most analyses make the biologically unrealistic assumption that clade members contribute equally to reducing ecological opportunity, even when they occur in different continents or specialize on different habitats and diets. To view this problem through a different lens, we adapted a new phylogenetic modeling approach that accounts for the fact that competition for ecological opportunity only occurs between species that coexist and share similar habitats and diets. Applying this method to trait data for nearly all extant species of landbirds,3 we find a widespread signature of decelerating trait evolution in lineages adapted to similar habitats or diets. The strength of this pattern was consistent across latitudes when comparing tropical and temperate assemblages. Our results provide little support for the idea that increased diversity and tighter packing of niches accentuates evolutionary slowdowns in the tropics and instead suggest that limited ecological opportunity can be an important factor determining the rate of morphological diversification at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Drury
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Julien Clavel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LEHNA UMR 5023, CNRS, ENTPE, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- CNRS, UMR5174, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Sheard
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RL, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie - École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
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Tian Q, Stull GW, Kellermann J, Medan D, Nge FJ, Liu SY, Kates HR, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Guralnick RP, Folk RA, Onstein RE, Yi TS. Rapid in situ diversification rates in Rhamnaceae explain the parallel evolution of high diversity in temperate biomes from global to local scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1851-1865. [PMID: 38229185 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The macroevolutionary processes that have shaped biodiversity across the temperate realm remain poorly understood and may have resulted from evolutionary dynamics related to diversification rates, dispersal rates, and colonization times, closely coupled with Cenozoic climate change. We integrated phylogenomic, environmental ordination, and macroevolutionary analyses for the cosmopolitan angiosperm family Rhamnaceae to disentangle the evolutionary processes that have contributed to high species diversity within and across temperate biomes. Our results show independent colonization of environmentally similar but geographically separated temperate regions mainly during the Oligocene, consistent with the global expansion of temperate biomes. High global, regional, and local temperate diversity was the result of high in situ diversification rates, rather than high immigration rates or accumulation time, except for Southern China, which was colonized much earlier than the other regions. The relatively common lineage dispersals out of temperate hotspots highlight strong source-sink dynamics across the cosmopolitan distribution of Rhamnaceae. The proliferation of temperate environments since the Oligocene may have provided the ecological opportunity for rapid in situ diversification of Rhamnaceae across the temperate realm. Our study illustrates the importance of high in situ diversification rates for the establishment of modern temperate biomes and biodiversity hotspots across spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tian
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory W Stull
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jürgen Kellermann
- State Herbarium of South Australia, Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Hackney Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Diego Medan
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francis J Nge
- State Herbarium of South Australia, Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Hackney Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ave Agropolis BP 64501, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | - Shui-Yin Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Heather R Kates
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Renske E Onstein
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Evolution and Adaptation, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04013, Germany
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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14
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Thyrring J, Harley CDG. Marine latitudinal diversity gradients are generally absent in intertidal ecosystems. Ecology 2024; 105:e4205. [PMID: 37947006 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Current latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) meta-analyses have failed to distinguish one of the most widespread marine habitats, the intertidal zone, as a separate system despite it having unique abiotic challenges and spatially compressed stress gradients that affect the distribution and abundance of resident species. We address this issue by revisiting published literature and datasets on LDGs since 1911 to explore LDG patterns and their strengths in intertidal benthic, subtidal benthic, and pelagic realms and discuss the importance of recognizing intertidal ecosystems as distinct. Rocky shorelines were the most studied intertidal ecosystem encompassing 64.2% of intertidal LDG studies, and 62.9% of studies focused on assemblage composition, while the remaining 37.1% of studies were taxa specific. While our analyses confirmed LDGs in subtidal benthic and pelagic realms, with a decrease in richness toward the poles, we found no consistent intertidal LDGs in any ocean or coastline across hemispheres or biodiversity unit. Analyzing intertidal and subtidal zones as separate systems increased the strength of subtidal benthic LDGs relative to analyses combining these systems. We demonstrate that in intertidal ecosystems across oceans in both hemispheres, a latitudinal decrease in species richness is not readily apparent, which stands in contrast with significant LDG patterns found in the subtidal realm. Intertidal habitat heterogeneity, regional environmental variability and biological interactions can create species-rich hot spots independent of latitude, which may functionally outweigh a typical latitudinal decline in species richness. Although previous work has shown weaker LDGs in benthic than pelagic systems, we demonstrate that this is caused by combining subtidal and intertidal benthic ecosystems into a single benthic category. Thus, we propose that subtidal and intertidal ecosystems cannot be combined into one entity as the physical and biological parameters controlling ecosystem processes are vastly different, even among intertidal ecosystems. Thus, the intertidal zone offers a unique model system in which hypotheses can be further tested to better understand the complex processes underlying LDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Ecology and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Tytgat B, Verleyen E, Sweetlove M, Van den Berge K, Pinseel E, Hodgson DA, Chown SL, Sabbe K, Wilmotte A, Willems A, Vyverman W. Polar lake microbiomes have distinct evolutionary histories. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7130. [PMID: 37976353 PMCID: PMC10656066 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Toward the poles, life on land is increasingly dominated by microorganisms, yet the evolutionary origin of polar microbiomes remains poorly understood. Here, we use metabarcoding of Arctic, sub-Antarctic, and Antarctic lacustrine benthic microbial communities to test the hypothesis that high-latitude microbiomes are recruited from a globally dispersing species pool through environmental selection. We demonstrate that taxonomic overlap between the regions is limited within most phyla, even at higher-order taxonomic levels, with unique deep-branching phylogenetic clades being present in each region. We show that local and regional taxon richness and net diversification rate of regionally restricted taxa differ substantially between polar regions in both microeukaryotic and bacterial biota. This suggests that long-term evolutionary divergence resulting from low interhemispheric dispersal and diversification in isolation has been a prominent process shaping present-day polar lake microbiomes. Our findings illuminate the distinctive biogeography of polar lake ecosystems and underscore that conservation efforts should include their unique microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Tytgat
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Elie Verleyen
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Maxime Sweetlove
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van den Berge
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eveline Pinseel
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Dominic A. Hodgson
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBio-Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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16
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Lin HY, Wright S, Costello MJ. Numbers of fish species, higher taxa, and phylogenetic similarity decrease with latitude and depth, and deep-sea assemblages are unique. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16116. [PMID: 37780369 PMCID: PMC10541023 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species richness has been found to increase from the poles to the tropics but with a small dip near the equator over all marine fishes. Phylogenetic diversity measures offer an alternative perspective on biodiversity linked to evolutionary history. If phylogenetic diversity is standardized for species richness, then it may indicate places with relatively high genetic diversity. Latitudes and depths with both high species and phylogenetic diversity would be a priority for conservation. We compared latitudinal and depth gradients of species richness, and three measures of phylogenetic diversity, namely average phylogenetic diversity (AvPD), the sum of the higher taxonomic levels (STL) and the sum of the higher taxonomic levels divided by the number of species (STL/spp) for modelled ranges of 5,619 marine fish species. We distinguished all, bony and cartilaginous fish groups and four depth zones namely: whole water column; 0 -200 m; 201-1,000 m; and 1,001-6,000 m; at 5° latitudinal intervals from 75°S to 75°N, and at 100 m depth intervals from 0 m to 3,500 m. Species richness and higher taxonomic richness (STL) were higher in the tropics and subtropics with a small dip at the equator, and were significantly correlated among fish groups and depth zones. Species assemblages had closer phylogenetic relationships (lower AvPD and STL/spp) in warmer (low latitudes and shallow water) than colder environments (high latitudes and deep sea). This supports the hypothesis that warmer shallow latitudes and depths have had higher rates of evolution across a range of higher taxa. We also found distinct assemblages of species in different depth zones such that deeper sea species are not simply a subset of shallow assemblages. Thus, conservation needs to be representative of all latitudes and depth zones to encompass global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Wright
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Lin HY, Costello MJ. Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15880. [PMID: 37701825 PMCID: PMC10493087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional traits of species depend both on species' evolutionary characteristics and their local environmental conditions and opportunities. The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) have been proposed to explain the gradients of body size and trophic level of marine species. However, how functional traits vary both with latitude and depth have not been quantified at a global scale for any marine taxon. We compared the latitudinal gradients of trophic level and maximum body size of 5,619 marine fish from modelled species ranges, based on (1) three body size ranges, <30, 30-100, and >100 cm, and (2) four trophic levels, <2.20, 2.20-2.80, 2.81-3.70, >3.70. These were parsed into 5° latitudinal intervals in four depth zones: whole water column, 0-200, 201-1,000, and 1,001-6,000 m. We described the relationship between latitudinal gradients of functional traits and salinity, sea surface and near seabed temperatures, and dissolved oxygen. We found mean body sizes and mean trophic levels of marine fish were smaller and lower in the warmer latitudes, and larger and higher respectively in the high latitudes except for the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). Fish species with trophic levels ≤2.80 were dominant in warmer and absent in colder environments. We attribute these differences in body size and trophic level between polar regions to the greater environmental heterogeneity of the Arctic compared to Antarctica. We suggest that fish species' mean maximum body size declined with depth because of decreased dissolved oxygen. These results support the TSR, GOLT and TCH hypotheses respectively. Thus, at the global scale, temperature and oxygen are primary factors affecting marine fishes' biogeography and biological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark John Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodo, Norway
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Fenton IS, Aze T, Farnsworth A, Valdes P, Saupe EE. Origination of the modern-style diversity gradient 15 million years ago. Nature 2023; 614:708-712. [PMID: 36792825 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is a prevalent feature of modern ecosystems across diverse clades1-4. Recognized for well over a century, the causal mechanisms for LDGs remain disputed, in part because numerous putative drivers simultaneously covary with latitude1,3,5. The past provides the opportunity to disentangle LDG mechanisms because the relationships among biodiversity, latitude and possible causal factors have varied over time6-9. Here we quantify the emergence of the LDG in planktonic foraminifera at high spatiotemporal resolution over the past 40 million years, finding that a modern-style gradient arose only 15 million years ago. Spatial and temporal models suggest that LDGs for planktonic foraminifera may be controlled by the physical structure of the water column. Steepening of the latitudinal temperature gradient over 15 million years ago, associated with an increased vertical temperature gradient at low latitudes, may have enhanced niche partitioning and provided more opportunities for speciation at low latitudes. Supporting this hypothesis, we find that higher rates of low-latitude speciation steepened the diversity gradient, consistent with spatiotemporal patterns of depth partitioning by planktonic foraminifera. Extirpation of species from high latitudes also strengthened the LDG, but this effect tended to be weaker than speciation. Our results provide a step change in understanding the evolution of marine LDGs over long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Fenton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tracy Aze
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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19
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Molecular ecology meets systematic conservation planning. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:143-155. [PMID: 36210287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrative and proactive conservation approaches are critical to the long-term persistence of biodiversity. Molecular data can provide important information on evolutionary processes necessary for conserving multiple levels of biodiversity (genes, populations, species, and ecosystems). However, molecular data are rarely used to guide spatial conservation decision-making. Here, we bridge the fields of molecular ecology (ME) and systematic conservation planning (SCP) (the 'why') to build a foundation for the inclusion of molecular data into spatial conservation planning tools (the 'how'), and provide a practical guide for implementing this integrative approach for both conservation planners and molecular ecologists. The proposed framework enhances interdisciplinary capacity, which is crucial to achieving the ambitious global conservation goals envisioned for the next decade.
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20
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Woodhouse A, Swain A, Fagan WF, Fraass AJ, Lowery CM. Late Cenozoic cooling restructured global marine plankton communities. Nature 2023; 614:713-718. [PMID: 36792824 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The geographic ranges of marine organisms, including planktonic foraminifera1, diatoms, dinoflagellates2, copepods3 and fish4, are shifting polewards owing to anthropogenic climate change5. However, the extent to which species will move and whether these poleward range shifts represent precursor signals that lead to extinction is unclear6. Understanding the development of marine biodiversity patterns over geological time and the factors that influence them are key to contextualizing these current trends. The fossil record of the macroperforate planktonic foraminifera provides a rich and phylogenetically resolved dataset that provides unique opportunities for understanding marine biogeography dynamics and how species distributions have responded to ancient climate changes. Here we apply a bipartite network approach to quantify group diversity, latitudinal specialization and latitudinal equitability for planktonic foraminifera over the past eight million years using Triton, a recently developed high-resolution global dataset of planktonic foraminiferal occurrences7. The results depict a global, clade-wide shift towards the Equator in ecological and morphological community equitability over the past eight million years in response to temperature changes during the late Cenozoic bipolar ice sheet formation. Collectively, the Triton data indicate the presence of a latitudinal equitability gradient among planktonic foraminiferal functional groups which is coupled to the latitudinal biodiversity gradient only through the geologically recent past (the past two million years). Before this time, latitudinal equitability gradients indicate that higher latitudes promoted community equitability across ecological and morphological groups. Observed range shifts among marine planktonic microorganisms1,2,8 in the recent and geological past suggest substantial poleward expansion of marine communities even under the most conservative future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Woodhouse
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Anshuman Swain
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Fraass
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Invertebrate Paleontology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher M Lowery
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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21
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Lin HY, Sun M, Hao YJ, Li D, Gitzendanner MA, Fu CX, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Zhao YP. Phylogenetic diversity of eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct plants is mainly associated with divergence time. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:27-35. [PMID: 36876316 PMCID: PMC9975473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The underlying causes of biodiversity disparities among geographic regions have long been a fundamental theme in ecology and evolution. However, the patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) of congeners that are disjunctly distributed between eastern Asia-eastern North America (EA-ENA disjuncts) and their associated factors remain unknown. Here we investigated the standardized effect size of PD (SES-PD), PBD, and potentially associated factors in 11 natural mixed forest sites (five in EA and six in ENA) where abundant EA-ENA disjuncts occur. We found that the disjuncts in ENA possessed higher SES-PD than those in EA at the continental scale (1.96 vs -1.12), even though the number of disjunct species in ENA is much lower than in EA (128 vs 263). SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts tended to decrease with increasing latitude in 11 sites. The latitudinal diversity gradient of SES-PD was stronger in EA sites than in ENA sites. Based on the unweighted unique fraction metric (UniFrac) distance and the phylogenetic community dissimilarity, PBD showed that the two northern sites in EA were more similar to the six-site ENA group than to the remaining southern EA sites. Based on the standardized effect size of mean pairwise distances (SES-MPD), nine of eleven studied sites showed a neutral community structure (-1.96 ≤ SES-MPD ≤ 1.96). Both Pearson's r and structural equation modeling suggested that SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was mostly associated with mean divergence time. Moreover, SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was positively correlated with temperature-related climatic factors, although negatively correlated with mean diversification rate and community structure. By applying approaches from phylogenetics and community ecology, our work sheds light on historical patterns of the EA-ENA disjunction and paves the way for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ya-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daijiang Li
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew A. Gitzendanner
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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22
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Brodie JF, Mannion PD. The hierarchy of factors predicting the latitudinal diversity gradient. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:15-23. [PMID: 36089412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The numerous explanations for why Earth's biodiversity is concentrated at low latitudes fail to explain variation in the strength and even direction of the gradient through deep time. Consequently, we do not know if today's gradient is representative of what might be expected on other planets or is merely an idiosyncrasy of Earth's history. We propose a hierarchy of factors driving the latitudinal distribution of diversity: (i) over geologically long time spans, diversity is largely predicted by climate; (ii) when climatic gradients are shallow, diversity tracks habitat area; and (iii) historical contingencies linked to niche conservatism have geologically short-term, transient influence at most. Thus, latitudinal diversity gradients, although variable in strength and direction, are largely predictable on our planet and possibly others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94 300 Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
| | - Philip D Mannion
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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23
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Jang YT, Brännström Å, Pontarp M. The interactive effects of environmental gradient and dispersal shape spatial phylogenetic patterns. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1037980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe emergence and maintenance of biodiversity include interacting environmental conditions, organismal adaptation to such conditions, and dispersal. To understand and quantify such ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes, observation and interpretation of phylogenetic relatedness across space (e.g., phylogenetic beta diversity) is arguably a way forward as such patterns contain signals from all the processes listed above. However, it remains challenging to extract information about complex eco-evolutionary and spatial processes from phylogenetic patterns.MethodsWe link environmental gradients and organismal dispersal with phylogenetic beta diversity using a trait-based and eco-evolutionary model of diversification along environmental gradients. The combined effect of the environment and dispersal leads to distinct phylogenetic patterns between subsets of species and across geographical distances.Results and discussionSteep environmental gradients combined with low dispersal lead to asymmetric phylogenies, a high phylogenetic beta diversity, and the phylogenetic diversity between communities increases linearly along the environmental gradient. High dispersal combined with a less steep environmental gradient leads to symmetric phylogenies, low phylogenetic beta diversity, and the phylogenetic diversity between communities along the gradient increases in a sigmoidal form. By disentangling the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that link such interacting environment and dispersal effects and community phylogenetic patterns, our results improve understanding of biodiversity in general and help interpretation of observed phylogenetic beta diversity.
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24
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Princepe D, de Aguiar MAM, Plotkin JB. Mito-nuclear selection induces a trade-off between species ecological dominance and evolutionary lifespan. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1992-2002. [PMID: 36216905 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes must be co-adapted to ensure proper cellular respiration and energy production. Mito-nuclear incompatibility reduces individual fitness and induces hybrid infertility, which can drive reproductive barriers and speciation. Here, we develop a birth-death model for evolution in spatially extended populations under selection for mito-nuclear co-adaptation. Mating is constrained by physical and genetic proximity, and offspring inherit nuclear genomes from both parents, with recombination. The model predicts macroscopic patterns including a community's species diversity, species abundance distribution, speciation and extinction rates, as well as intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation. We explore how these long-term outcomes depend upon the parameters of reproduction: individual fitness governed by mito-nuclear compatibility, constraints on mating compatibility and ecological carrying capacity. We find that strong selection for mito-nuclear compatibility reduces the equilibrium number of species after a radiation, increasing species' abundances and simultaneously increasing both speciation and extinction rates. The negative correlation between species diversity and diversification rates in our model agrees with the broad empirical pattern of lower diversity and higher speciation/extinction rates in temperate regions, compared to the tropics. We conclude that these empirical patterns may be caused in part by latitudinal variation in metabolic demands and corresponding variation in selection for mito-nuclear function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Princepe
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joshua B Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Rabosky DL. Evolutionary time and species diversity in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2090-2105. [PMID: 35899476 PMCID: PMC9796449 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is frequently described as the most dramatic biodiversity pattern on Earth, yet ecologists and biogeographers have failed to reach consensus on its primary cause. A key problem in explaining the LDG involves collinearity between multiple factors that are predicted to affect species richness in the same direction. In terrestrial systems, energy input, geographic area, and evolutionary time for species accumulation tend to covary positively with species richness at the largest spatial scales, such that their individual contributions to the LDG are confounded in global analyses. I review three diversity patterns from marine and freshwater systems that break this collinearity and which may thus provide stronger tests of the influence of time on global richness gradients. Specifically, I contrast biodiversity patterns along oceanic depth gradients, in geologically young versus ancient lakes, and in the north versus south polar marine biomes. I focus primarily on fishes due to greater data availability but synthesize patterns for invertebrates where possible. I find that regional-to-global species richness generally declines with depth in the oceans, despite the great age and stability of the deep-sea biome. Geologically ancient lakes generally do not contain more species than young lakes, and the Antarctic marine biome is not appreciably more species rich than the much younger Arctic marine biome. However, endemism is consistently higher in older systems. Patterns for invertebrate groups are less clear than for fishes and reflect a critical need for primary biodiversity data. In summary, the available data suggest that species richness is either decoupled from or only weakly related to the amount of time for diversification. These results suggest that energy, productivity, or geographic area are the primary drivers of large-scale diversity gradients. To the extent that marine and terrestrial diversity gradients result from similar processes, these examples provide evidence against a primary role for evolutionary time as the cause of the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Michigan2032 Biological Sciences BuildingAnn ArborMI48109USA
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26
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Liang J, Gamarra JGP, Picard N, Zhou M, Pijanowski B, Jacobs DF, Reich PB, Crowther TW, Nabuurs GJ, de-Miguel S, Fang J, Woodall CW, Svenning JC, Jucker T, Bastin JF, Wiser SK, Slik F, Hérault B, Alberti G, Keppel G, Hengeveld GM, Ibisch PL, Silva CA, Ter Steege H, Peri PL, Coomes DA, Searle EB, von Gadow K, Jaroszewicz B, Abbasi AO, Abegg M, Yao YCA, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Zambrano AMA, Altman J, Alvarez-Dávila E, Álvarez-González JG, Alves LF, Amani BHK, Amani CA, Ammer C, Ilondea BA, Antón-Fernández C, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Azihou AF, Baard JA, Baker TR, Balazy R, Bastian ML, Batumike R, Bauters M, Beeckman H, Benu NMH, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Briseno-Reyes J, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bulte E, Catlin AC, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cienciala E, Colletta GD, Corral-Rivas JJ, Cuchietti A, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dar JA, Dayanandan S, de Haulleville T, Decuyper M, Delabye S, Derroire G, DeVries B, Diisi J, Do TV, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Durrheim GP, Obiang NLE, Ewango CEN, Eyre TJ, Fayle TM, Feunang LFN, Finér L, Fischer M, Fridman J, Frizzera L, de Gasper AL, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Gonzalez-Elizondo MS, Gorenstein L, Habonayo R, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Herold M, Hillers A, Hubau W, Ibanez T, Imai N, Imani G, Jagodzinski AM, Janecek S, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jumbam B, Kabelong BLPR, Kahsay GA, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kassi JN, Kearsley E, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Khan ML, Kigomo JN, Kim HS, Klauberg C, Klomberg Y, Korjus H, Kothandaraman S, Kraxner F, Kumar A, Kuswandi R, Lang M, Lawes MJ, Leite RV, Lentner G, Lewis SL, Libalah MB, Lisingo J, López-Serrano PM, Lu H, Lukina NV, Lykke AM, Maicher V, Maitner BS, Marcon E, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Mbayu FM, Mbuvi MTE, Meave JA, Merow C, Miscicki S, Moreno VS, Morera A, Mukul SA, Müller JC, Murdjoko A, Nava-Miranda MG, Ndive LE, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Nforbelie LN, Ngoh ML, N'Guessan AE, Ngugi MR, Ngute ASK, Njila ENN, Nyako MC, Ochuodho TO, Oleksyn J, Paquette A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pollastrini M, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Sagheb-Talebi K, Saikia P, Sainge MN, Salas-Eljatib C, Salis A, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Šebeň V, Sellan G, Selvi F, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Sist P, Souza AF, Stereńczak KJ, Sullivan MJP, Sundarapandian S, Svoboda M, Swaine MD, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Trethowan LA, Tropek R, Mukendi JT, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Vaglio Laurin G, Valentini R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Vega-Nieva DJ, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira SA, Vleminckx J, Waite CE, Wang HF, Wasingya EK, Wekesa C, Westerlund B, Wittmann F, Wortel V, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhu J, Zhu X, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Hui C. Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1423-1437. [PMID: 35941205 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mo Zhou
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bryan Pijanowski
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Evironmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- INP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny), University of Montpellier, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Sesto, Italy
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geerten M Hengeveld
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pierre L Ibisch
- Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Carlos A Silva
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric B Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Akane O Abbasi
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss National Forest Inventory/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
- Escuela ECAPMA, National Open University and Distance (Colombia) | UNAD, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Christian A Amani
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bhely Angoboy Ilondea
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Akomian F Azihou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Johan A Baard
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa
| | | | - Radomir Balazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rodrigue Batumike
- Department of Environment, Universtité du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | | | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Francis Q Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaime Briseno-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erwin Bulte
- Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ann Christine Catlin
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, Brazil
| | | | - Anibal Cuchietti
- Dirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Javid A Dar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, India
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thales de Haulleville
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Delabye
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Diisi
- National Forest Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tran Van Do
- Department of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Graham P Durrheim
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa
| | | | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Leena Finér
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Fridman
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - André L de Gasper
- Herbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Lev Gorenstein
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard Habonayo
- Département des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Faculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annika Hillers
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, Liberia
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ibanez
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerard Imani
- Biology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Andrzej M Jagodzinski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stepan Janecek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Blaise Jumbam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Banoho L P R Kabelong
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Goytom Abraha Kahsay
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Justin N Kassi
- Labo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - John N Kigomo
- Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carine Klauberg
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yannick Klomberg
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Subashree Kothandaraman
- Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Florian Kraxner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Relawan Kuswandi
- Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Manokwari, Indonesia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, Estonia
| | - Michael J Lawes
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Rodrigo V Leite
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey Lentner
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moses B Libalah
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Janvier Lisingo
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vincent Maicher
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric Marcon
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
- AgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Olga Martynenko
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | - Faustin M Mbayu
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cory Merow
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Stanislaw Miscicki
- Department of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Albert Morera
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jörg C Müller
- Fieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Agustinus Murdjoko
- Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Louis N Nforbelie
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael L Ngoh
- Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Anny E N'Guessan
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alain S K Ngute
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emile Narcisse N Njila
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Melanie C Nyako
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Thomas O Ochuodho
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Alain Paquette
- UQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena I Parfenova
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Urban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Maria T F Piedade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Hans Pretzsch
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Khosro Sagheb-Talebi
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Moses Nsanyi Sainge
- Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon
- Institute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonello Salis
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Institution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Giacomo Sellan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- CNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Federico Selvi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Indonesia
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Martin J P Sullivan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Somaiah Sundarapandian
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Mike D Swaine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Natalia Targhetta
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Robert Tropek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Ural State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel José Vega-Nieva
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone A Vieira
- Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catherine E Waite
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Eric Katembo Wasingya
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Chemuku Wekesa
- Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, Kenya
| | - Bertil Westerlund
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, Germany
| | - Verginia Wortel
- Department of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa.
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27
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Velasco JA, Pinto-Ledezma JN. Mapping species diversification metrics in macroecology: Prospects and challenges. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.951271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of macroecology and macroevolution is one of today’s most active research in biology. In the last decade, we have witnessed a steady increment of macroecological studies that use metrics attempting to capture macroevolutionary processes to explain present-day biodiversity patterns. Evolutionary explanations of current species richness gradients are fundamental for understanding how diversity accumulates in a region. Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the patterns we observe in nature, it is well-known that the present-day diversity patterns result from speciation, extinction, colonization from nearby areas, or a combination of these macroevolutionary processes. Whether these metrics capture macroevolutionary processes across space is unknown. Some tip-rate metrics calculated directly from a phylogenetic tree (e.g., mean root distance -MRD-; mean diversification rate -mDR-) seem to return very similar geographical patterns regardless of how they are estimated (e.g., using branch lengths explicitly or not). Model-based tip-rate metrics —those estimated using macroevolutionary mixtures, e.g., the BAMM approach— seem to provide better net diversification estimates than only speciation rates. We argue that the lack of appropriate estimates of extinction and dispersal rates in phylogenetic trees may strongly limit our inferences about how species richness gradients have emerged at spatial and temporal scales. Here, we present a literature review about this topic and empirical comparisons between select taxa with several of these metrics. We implemented a simple null model approach to evaluate whether mapping of these metrics deviates from a random sampling process. We show that phylogenetic metrics by themselves are relatively poor at capturing speciation, extinction, and dispersal processes across geographical gradients. Furthermore, we provide evidence of how parametric biogeographic methods can improve our inference of past events and, therefore, our conclusions about the evolutionary processes driving biodiversity patterns. We recommend that further studies include several approaches simultaneously (e.g., spatial diversification modeling, parametric biogeographic methods, simulations) to disentangle the relative role of speciation, extinction, and dispersal in the generation and maintenance of species richness gradients at regional and global scales.
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28
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Gates TA, Cai H, Hu Y, Han X, Griffith E, Burgener L, Hyland E, Zanno LE. Estimating ancient biogeographic patterns with statistical model discrimination. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022. [PMID: 36151605 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The geographic ranges in which species live is a function of many factors underlying ecological and evolutionary contingencies. Observing the geographic range of an individual species provides valuable information about these historical contingencies for a lineage, determining the distribution of many distantly related species in tandem provides information about large-scale constraints on evolutionary and ecological processes generally. We present a linear regression method that allows for the discrimination of various hypothetical biogeographical models for determining which landscape distributional pattern best matches data from the fossil record. The linear regression models used in the discrimination rely on geodesic distances between sampling sites (typically geologic formations) as the independent variable and three possible dependent variables: Dice/Sorensen similarity; Euclidean distance; and phylogenetic community dissimilarity. Both the similarity and distance measures are useful for full-community analyses without evolutionary information, whereas the phylogenetic community dissimilarity requires phylogenetic data. Importantly, the discrimination method uses linear regression residual error to provide relative measures of support for each biogeographical model tested, not absolute answers or p-values. When applied to a recently published dataset of Campanian pollen, we find evidence that supports two plant communities separated by a transitional zone of unknown size. A similar case study of ceratopsid dinosaurs using phylogenetic community dissimilarity provided no evidence of a biogeographical pattern, but this case study suffers from a lack of data to accurately discriminate and/or too much temporal mixing. Future research aiming to reconstruct the distribution of organisms across a landscape has a statistical-based method for determining what biogeographic distributional model best matches the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Gates
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hengrui Cai
- Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ethan Hyland
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsay E Zanno
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Wu W, Wang X, Zhao T, Zhang W, Fang S, Xu Y, Zhang K. Tropical-temperate comparisons in insect seed predation vary between study levels and years. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9256. [PMID: 36188509 PMCID: PMC9484303 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotic interaction hypothesis, which states the species interaction becomes stronger in the tropics, is deeply rooted in classic ecological literature and widely accepted to contribute to the latitudinal gradients of biodiversity. Tests in latitudinal insect-plant interaction have emphasized leaf-eating insects on a single or a few plant species rather than within an entire community and mixed accumulating evidence, leaving the biotic interaction hypothesis disputed. We aimed to test the hypothesis by quantifying insect seed predation in a pair of tropical and temperate forest communities with similar elevations. We applied a consistent study design to sample predispersal seeds with systematically set seed traps in 2019-2020 and examined internally feeding insects. The intensity of seed predation was measured and further applied to tropical versus temperate comparison at two levels (cross-species and community-wide). Our results showed every latitudinal pattern associated with different study levels and years, that is, negative (greater granivory in the tropics in community-wide comparison in 2020), positive (less granivory in the tropics in community-wide and cross-species comparison in 2019), and missing (similar level of granivory in the tropics in cross-species comparisons in 2020). The cross-species level analyses ignore differences among species in seed production and weaken or even lose the latitudinal trend detected by community-wide comparisons. The between-year discrepancy in tropical-temperate comparisons relates to the highly variable annual seed composition in the temperate forest due to mast seeding of dominant species. Our study highlights that long-term community-level researches across biomes are essential to assess the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Wu
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Wenfu Zhang
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Shuai Fang
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyangChina
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
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30
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Velásquez Londoño M, Stuckert AMM, Vivero RJ, Matute DR. Diversity of cave Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Colombian cave. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106515. [PMID: 35605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sandflies are vector species of Leishmania, among many other pathogens, with a global distribution and a variety of ecological niches. Previous samplings have found that karstic formations (i.e., caves, grottos, and folds formed by the erosion of limestone) serve as a natural habitat to sandfly species. The majority of samplings of cave sandfly diversity have occurred in Brazil and to date none have studied the species composition in a cave in the Northern Andes. We collected sandflies in the Cave "Los Guácharos", in the state of Antioquia, Colombia. The sampling was carried out during two consecutive nights in September 2019. CDC-type light traps were installed inside the cavern and in other surrounding karst systems (caves, rock-breaks, and folds). In total, we identified 17 species of sandfly from the cave and surrounding karst systems, including a new record for Colombia (Bichromomyia olmeca), and provide the first karstic reports for four other species (Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia hartmanni, Pintomyia ovallesi, and Psychodopygus panamensis). We then used the results of our survey and published literature to test two hypotheses. First, that sandfly diversity in Neotropical caves is richest nearer to the equator, and second that there is a phylogenetic signal of karstic habitat use in sandflies. Counter to our predictions, we found no evidence that diversity follows a latitudinal gradient. Further, we find no evidence of a phylogenetic signal of karstic habitat use, instead finding that the use of caves likely evolved multiple times across several genera. Our results highlight the importance of a wide sampling to understand the natural habitat of sandflies and other disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M M Stuckert
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, 250 Bell Tower Drive, Genome Sciences Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, United States
| | - Rafael J Vivero
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia; Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, 250 Bell Tower Drive, Genome Sciences Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, United States.
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31
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Delabye S, Storch D, Sedláček O, Albrecht T, Hořák D, Maicher V, Tószögyová A, Tropek R. Moth Diversity Increases along a Continent-Wide Gradient of Environmental Productivity in South African Savannahs. INSECTS 2022; 13:778. [PMID: 36135479 PMCID: PMC9500993 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental productivity, i.e., the amount of biomass produced by primary producers, belongs among the key factors for the biodiversity patterns. Although the relationship of diversity to environmental productivity differs among studied taxa, detailed data are largely missing for most groups, including insects. Here, we present a study of moth diversity patterns at local and regional scales along a continent-wide gradient of environmental productivity in southern African savannah ecosystems. We sampled diversity of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) at 120 local plots along a gradient of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Namib Desert to woodland savannahs along the Zambezi River. By standardized light trapping, we collected 12,372 specimens belonging to 487 moth species. The relationship between species richness for most analyzed moth groups and environmental productivity was significantly positively linear at the local and regional scales. The absence of a significant relationship of most moth groups' abundance to environmental productivity did not support the role of the number of individuals in the diversity-productivity relationship for south African moths. We hypothesize the effects of water availability, habitat complexity, and plant diversity drive the observed moth diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Delabye
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Storch
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague and the Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 11000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Studenec 122, 67502 Koněšín, Czech Republic
| | - David Hořák
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Maicher
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Dr., Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Tószögyová
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague and the Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 11000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Tropek
- Departments of Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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32
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Skeels A, Bach W, Hagen O, Jetz W, Pellissier L. Temperature-dependent evolutionary speed shapes the evolution of biodiversity patterns across tetrapod radiations. Syst Biol 2022:6637530. [PMID: 35809070 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity varies predictably with environmental energy around the globe, but the underlaying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The evolutionary speed hypothesis predicts that environmental kinetic energy shapes variation in speciation rates through temperature- or life history-dependent rates of evolution. To test whether variation in evolutionary speed can explain the relationship between energy and biodiversity in birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, we simulated diversification over 65 million years of geological and climatic change with a spatially explicit eco-evolutionary simulation model. We modelled four distinct evolutionary scenarios in which speciation-completion rates were dependent on temperature (M1), life history (M2), temperature and life history (M3), or were independent of temperature and life-history (M0). To assess the agreement between simulated and empirical data, we performed model selection by fitting supervised machine learning models to multidimensional biodiversity patterns. We show that a model with temperature-dependent rates of speciation (M1) consistently had the strongest support. In contrast to statistical inferences, which showed no general relationships between temperature and speciation rates in tetrapods, we demonstrate how process-based modelling can disentangle the causes behind empirical biodiversity patterns. Our study highlights how environmental energy has played a fundamental role in the evolution of biodiversity over deep time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skeels
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - W Bach
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - O Hagen
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - W Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - L Pellissier
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
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33
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A colourful tropical world. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:502-503. [PMID: 35379936 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Calderón‐Sanou I, Zinger L, Hedde M, Martinez‐Almoyna C, Saillard A, Renaud J, Gielly L, Khedim N, Lionnet C, Ohlmann M, Consortium O, Münkemüller T, Thuiller W. Energy and physiological tolerance explain multi‐trophic soil diversity in temperate mountains. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Calderón‐Sanou
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Lucie Zinger
- Département de biologie Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS) École normale supérieure CNRS INSERM Université PSL Paris France
| | - Mickael Hedde
- Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRA IRD Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier France
| | - Camille Martinez‐Almoyna
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Amelie Saillard
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Norine Khedim
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
- Univ. Savoie Mont‐Blanc Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS EDYTEM Chambéry France
| | - Clement Lionnet
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Marc Ohlmann
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | | | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
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35
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Smith GR, Lemos-Espinal JA. Factors related to species richness, endemism, and conservation status of the herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of Mexican states. Zookeys 2022; 1097:85-101. [PMID: 35837582 PMCID: PMC9046365 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1097.80424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico is a megadiverse country with high endemicity in its herpetofauna. We examine how species richness, proportion of state and country endemic species, and proportion of species in a category of conservation concern using listings in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and the Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) in 27 of 32 Mexican states are related to environmental and human demographic and socioeconomic variables. Amphibian and reptile species richness were positively related to latitude range and number of physiographic regions and negatively related to latitude. The proportion of state endemic amphibian species in a state was negatively related to latitude whereas no variables influenced the proportion in reptiles. The proportion of country endemics in a state was positively related to human population density and the number of physiographic regions and negatively related to per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and latitude range for amphibians; it was positively related to human population density and elevation range and negatively related to latitude range for reptiles. The proportion of amphibian species in an IUCN category of concern in a state was positively related to human population density and negatively related to latitude; for reptiles, it was negatively related to human population density. The proportion of SEMARNAT-listed species in a state was positively related to human population density for both amphibians and reptiles and negatively related to latitude range for amphibians. Our analyses found that larger macroecological patterns (e.g., latitudinal species gradient, heterogeneity-richness relationships) and human population density play important roles in determining the richness and conservation status of Mexican amphibians and reptiles.
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36
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Goldberg EE, Price T. Effects of plasticity on elevational range size and species richness. Am Nat 2022; 200:316-329. [DOI: 10.1086/720412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Weilhoefer CL, Schmits S. Leveraging remote learning during the Covid-19 pandemic to enhance student understanding of biodiversity. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8729. [PMID: 35356567 PMCID: PMC8938226 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether individual nature-based ecological (NBE) study used in tandem with group collaboration enhanced undergraduate student understanding of ecological concepts and pro-environmental perceptions. In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, we developed a multiweek unit on the latitude diversity gradient (LDG) for fully online instruction that leveraged the unique situation of students learning in disparate geographic locations. Student understanding of the LDG and pro-environmental perceptions were assessed with surveys administered both pre- and post-activity in an introductory-level biology laboratory course. Student understanding of the geographic location where biodiversity is the highest was high prior to the start of the laboratory unit and exhibited only a small improvement after the unit. In contrast, students' higher order thinking around the LDG was enhanced by the lab activity. Student environmental perceptions shifted toward ecocentric views and away from anthropocentric views after the laboratory unit. The greatest gains in ecological understanding and shifts toward ecocentric viewpoints occurred in the group of students who visited their field sites most often. Our results provide further evidence as to the value of NBE for the introductory biology laboratory, even in an online learning setting. The lab unit described in this study provides a potential approach to teaching ecology in an online format that could easily be adapted to fit the needs of a particular curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Schmits
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PortlandPortlandOregonUSA
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38
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Moen DS, Cabrera-Guzmán E, Caviedes-Solis IW, González-Bernal E, Hanna AR. Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274250. [PMID: 35119071 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic studies of adaptation are uncommon in biomechanics and physiology. Such studies require data collection from many species, a challenge when this is experimentally intensive. Moreover, researchers struggle to employ the most biologically appropriate phylogenetic tools for identifying adaptive evolution. Here, we detail an established but greatly underutilized phylogenetic comparative framework - the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process - that explicitly models long-term adaptation. We discuss challenges in implementing and interpreting the model, and we outline potential solutions. We demonstrate use of the model through studying the evolution of thermal physiology in treefrogs. Frogs of the family Hylidae have twice colonized the temperate zone from the tropics, and such colonization likely involved a fundamental change in physiology due to colder and more seasonal temperatures. However, which traits changed to allow colonization is unclear. We measured cold tolerance and characterized thermal performance curves in jumping for 12 species of treefrogs distributed from the Neotropics to temperate North America. We then conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses to examine how tolerances and performance curves evolved and to test whether that evolution was adaptive. We found that tolerance to low temperatures increased with the transition to the temperate zone. In contrast, jumping well at colder temperatures was unrelated to biogeography and thus did not adapt during dispersal. Overall, our study shows how comparative phylogenetic methods can be leveraged in biomechanics and physiology to test the evolutionary drivers of variation among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Guzmán
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Itzue W Caviedes-Solis
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Edna González-Bernal
- CONACYT - CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, C.P. 71230, Oaxaca, México
| | - Allison R Hanna
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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39
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Kinnunen RP, Fraser KC, Schmidt C, Garroway CJ. The socioeconomic status of cities covaries with avian life‐history strategies. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka P. Kinnunen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kevin C. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Chloé Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Colin J. Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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40
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Vasconcelos T, O’Meara BC, Beaulieu JM. Retiring “Cradles” and “Museums” of Biodiversity. Am Nat 2021; 199:194-205. [DOI: 10.1086/717412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Brian C. O’Meara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jeremy M. Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
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Saito T, Hirano T, Ye B, Prozorova L, Shovon MS, Do TV, Kimura K, Surenkhorloo P, Kameda Y, Morii Y, Fukuda H, Chiba S. A comprehensive phylogeography of the widespread pond snail genus Radix revealed restricted colonization due to niche conservatism. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18446-18459. [PMID: 35003683 PMCID: PMC8717273 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the effect of niche conservatism on evolutionary history, we focused on freshwater snails, which have different ecological and phylogenetic properties from previously tested taxa. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using 750 lymnaeid individuals from 357 sites of eleven Radix species. Then, we estimated the ancestral distribution using the geographic coordinates and colonization routes. In addition, a statistical test of the colonization distances in the latitudinal and longitudinal directions was performed. We also conducted ecological niche modeling for two widely distributed species using climatic data. Ancestral geographic reconstruction estimated the origin of the genus to be around the Indian subcontinental region and showed that latitudinal immigration distances were shorter than longitudinal immigration distances in the diversification process. Ecological niche models suggested that the current distribution was restricted by climate, with annual mean temperature and precipitation of the driest month as particularly strong factors. Niche conservatism to the climate can affect the diversification of freshwater snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Saito
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceToho UniversityFunabashiJapan
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Bin Ye
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Larisa Prozorova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial BiodiversityFar Eastern BranchRussian Academy of SciencesVladivostokRussia
| | | | - Tu Van Do
- Institute of Ecology and Biological ResourcesVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHa NoiVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHa NoiVietnam
| | - Kazuki Kimura
- Department of BiologyResearch Institute for Ulleung‐do and Dok‐do IslandsKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | | | - Yuichi Kameda
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity ResearchNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaJapan
| | - Yuta Morii
- Laboratory of Animal EcologyDepartment of ZoologyGraduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- The Hakubi CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuda
- Conservation of Aquatic BiodiversityFaculty of AgricultureOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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42
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Schmidt C, Dray S, Garroway CJ. Genetic and species-level biodiversity patterns are linked by demography and ecological opportunity. Evolution 2021; 76:86-100. [PMID: 34806781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The processes that give rise to species richness gradients are not well understood, but may be linked to resource-based limits on the number of species a region can support. Ecological limits placed on regional species richness should also affect population demography, suggesting that these processes could also generate genetic diversity gradients. If true, we might better understand how broad-scale biodiversity patterns are formed by identifying the common causes of genetic diversity and species richness. We develop a hypothetical framework based on the consequences of regional variation in ecological limits set by resource availability and heterogeneity to simultaneously explain spatial patterns of species richness and neutral genetic diversity. Repurposing raw genotypic data spanning 38 mammal species sampled across 801 sites in North America, we show that estimates of genome-wide genetic diversity and species richness share spatial structure. Notably, species richness hotspots tend to harbor lower levels of within-species genetic variation. A structural equation model encompassing eco-evolutionary processes related to resource availability, habitat heterogeneity, and contemporary human disturbance supports the spatial patterns we detect. These results suggest broad-scale patterns of species richness and genetic diversity could both partly be caused by intraspecific demographic and evolutionary processes acting simultaneously across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dray
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France
| | - Colin J Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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43
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Overcast I, Ruffley M, Rosindell J, Harmon L, Borges PAV, Emerson BC, Etienne RS, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H, Mahler DL, Massol F, Parent CE, Patiño J, Peter B, Week B, Wagner C, Hickerson MJ, Rominger A. A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity reveals the mechanisms structuring ecological communities. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2782-2800. [PMID: 34569715 PMCID: PMC9297962 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Within ecological communities drift, dispersal, speciation, and selection operate simultaneously to shape patterns of biodiversity. Reconciling the relative importance of these is hindered by current models and inference methods, which tend to focus on a subset of processes and their resulting predictions. Here we introduce massive ecoevolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS), a unified mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: (i) species richness and abundances, (ii) population genetic diversities, and (iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. Using simulations we demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. MESS is unique in generating predictions of community-scale genetic diversity, and in characterizing joint patterns of genetic diversity, abundance, and trait values. MESS unlocks the full potential for investigation of biodiversity processes using multidimensional community data including a genetic component, such as might be produced by contemporary eDNA or metabarcoding studies. We combine MESS with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of data availability scenarios, and spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Overcast
- Biology DepartmentGraduate Center of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Biology DepartmentCity College of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Division of Vertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkUSA
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST)University of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotBerkshireUK
| | - Luke Harmon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity GroupFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do AmbienteUniversidade dos AçoresAçoresPortugal
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research GroupInstitute of Natural Products and AgrobiologyIPNA‐CSIC)La Laguna, TenerifeCanary IslandsSpain
| | - Rampal S. Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - D. Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Francois Massol
- CNRSInsermCHU LilleUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- Center for Infection and Immunity of LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleLilleFrance
- CNRSEvo‐Eco‐PaleoSPICI GroupUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Christine E. Parent
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST)University of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research GroupInstitute of Natural Products and AgrobiologyIPNA‐CSIC)La Laguna, TenerifeCanary IslandsSpain
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography GroupDepartamento de BotánicaEcología y Fisiología VegetalFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de La LagunaTenerifeIslas CanariasSpain
| | - Ben Peter
- Group of Genetic Diversity through Space and TimeDepartment of Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Bob Week
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Catherine Wagner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
| | - Michael J. Hickerson
- Biology DepartmentGraduate Center of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Biology DepartmentCity College of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Division of Invertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
- Maine Center for Genetics in the EnvironmentUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
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44
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Explanations for tropical diversity gradients are rooted in the deep past. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2116942118. [PMID: 34663736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116942118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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45
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Moreno RA, Labra FA, Cotoras DD, Camus PA, Gutiérrez D, Aguirre L, Rozbaczylo N, Poulin E, Lagos NA, Zamorano D, Rivadeneira MM. Evolutionary drivers of the hump-shaped latitudinal gradient of benthic polychaete species richness along the Southeastern Pacific coast. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12010. [PMID: 34692242 PMCID: PMC8483006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. Despite of its apparent generality, a growing body of evidence shows that 'anomalous' LDG (i.e., inverse or hump-shaped trends) are common among marine organisms along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) coast. Here, we evaluate the shape of the LDG of marine benthic polychaetes and its underlying causes using a dataset of 643 species inhabiting the continental shelf (<200 m depth), using latitudinal bands with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, along the SEP (3-56° S). The explanatory value of six oceanographic (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST range, salinity, salinity range, primary productivity and shelf area), and one macroecological proxy (median latitudinal range of species) were assessed using a random forest model. The taxonomic structure was used to estimate the degree of niche conservatism of predictor variables and to estimate latitudinal trends in phylogenetic diversity, based on three indices (phylogenetic richness (PDSES), mean pairwise distance (MPDSES), and variation of pairwise distances (VPD)). The LDG exhibits a hump-shaped trend, with a maximum peak of species richness at ca. 42° S, declining towards northern and southern areas of SEP. The latitudinal pattern was also evident in local samples controlled by sampling effort. The random forest model had a high accuracy (pseudo-r2 = 0.95) and showed that the LDG could be explained by four variables (median latitudinal range, SST, salinity, and SST range), yet the functional relationship between species richness and these predictors was variable. A significant degree of phylogenetic conservatism was detected for the median latitudinal range and SST. PDSES increased toward the southern region, whereas VPD showed the opposite trend, both statistically significant. MPDSES has the same trend as PDSES, but it is not significant. Our results reinforce the idea that the south Chile fjord area, particularly the Chiloé region, was likely the evolutionary source of new species of marine polychaetes along SEP, creating a hotspot of diversity. Therefore, in the same way as the canonical LDG shows a decline in diversity while moving away from the tropics; on this case the decline occurs while moving away from Chiloé Island. These results, coupled with a strong phylogenetic signal of the main predictor variables suggest that processes operating mainly at evolutionary timescales govern the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darko D Cotoras
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricio A Camus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dimitri Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y de Cambio Climático, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú
| | - Luis Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LaBSIM), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Nicolás Rozbaczylo
- FAUNAMAR Ltda. Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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46
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Influence of historical changes in tropical reef habitat on the diversification of coral reef fishes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20731. [PMID: 34671048 PMCID: PMC8528860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Past environmental changes are expected to have profoundly impacted diversity dynamics through time. While some previous studies showed an association between past climate changes or tectonic events and important shifts in lineage diversification, it is only recently that past environmental changes have been explicitly integrated in diversification models to test their influence on diversification rates. Here, we used a global reconstruction of tropical reef habitat dynamics during the Cenozoic and phylogenetic diversification models to test the influence of (i) major geological events, (ii) reef habitat fragmentation and (iii) reef area on the diversification of 9 major clades of tropical reef fish (Acanthuridae, Balistoidea, Carangoidea, Chaetodontidae, Haemulinae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae). The diversification models revealed a weak association between paleo-habitat changes and diversification dynamics. Specifically, the fragmentation of tropical reef habitats over the Cenozoic was found to be a driver of tropical reef fish diversification for 2 clades. However, overall, our approach did not allow the identification of striking associations between diversification dynamics and paleo-habitat fragmentation in contrast with theoretical model's predictions.
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47
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National-scale changes in crop diversity through the Anthropocene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20361. [PMID: 34645880 PMCID: PMC8514462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of crops beyond their centres of domestication is a defining feature of the Anthropocene Epoch. This process has fundamentally altered the diversity of croplands, with likely consequences for the ecological functioning and socio-economic stability of agriculture under environmental change. While changes in crop diversity through the Anthropocene have been quantified at large spatial scales, the patterns, drivers, and consequences of change in crop diversity and biogeography at national-scales remains less explored. We use production data on 339 crops, grown in over 150 countries from 1961 to 2017, to quantify changes in country-level crop richness and evenness. Virtually all countries globally have experienced significant increases in crop richness since 1961, with the early 1980s marking a clear onset of a ~ 9-year period of increase in crop richness in countries worldwide. While these changes have increased the similarity of diversity of croplands among countries, only half of countries experienced increases in crop evenness through time. Ubiquitous increases in crop richness within nearly all countries between 1980 and 2000 are a unique biogeographical feature of the Anthropocene. At the same time, we detected opposing changes in crop evenness, and only modest signatures of increased homogenization of croplands among countries. Therefore context-dependent and, at least, national-scale assessments are needed to understand and predict how changes in crop diversity influence agricultural resistance and resilience to environmental change.
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48
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Earth history events shaped the evolution of uneven biodiversity across tropical moist forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026347118. [PMID: 34599095 PMCID: PMC8501849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026347118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical moist forests harbor much of the world’s biodiversity, but this diversity is not evenly distributed globally, with tropical moist forests in the Neotropics and Indomalaya generally exhibiting much greater diversity than in the Afrotropics. Here, we assess the ubiquity of this “pantropical diversity disparity” (PDD) using the present-day distributions of over 150,000 species of plants and animals, and we compare these distributions with a spatial model of diversification combined with reconstructions of plate tectonics, temperature, and aridity. Our study demonstrates that differences in paleoenvironmental dynamics between continents, including mountain building, aridification, and global temperature fluxes, can explain the PDD by shaping spatial and temporal patterns of species origination and extinction, providing a close match to observed distributions of plants and animals. Far from a uniform band, the biodiversity found across Earth’s tropical moist forests varies widely between the high diversity of the Neotropics and Indomalaya and the relatively lower diversity of the Afrotropics. Explanations for this variation across different regions, the “pantropical diversity disparity” (PDD), remain contentious, due to difficulty teasing apart the effects of contemporary climate and paleoenvironmental history. Here, we assess the ubiquity of the PDD in over 150,000 species of terrestrial plants and vertebrates and investigate the relationship between the present-day climate and patterns of species richness. We then investigate the consequences of paleoenvironmental dynamics on the emergence of biodiversity gradients using a spatially explicit model of diversification coupled with paleoenvironmental and plate tectonic reconstructions. Contemporary climate is insufficient in explaining the PDD; instead, a simple model of diversification and temperature niche evolution coupled with paleoaridity constraints is successful in reproducing the variation in species richness and phylogenetic diversity seen repeatedly among plant and animal taxa, suggesting a prevalent role of paleoenvironmental dynamics in combination with niche conservatism. The model indicates that high biodiversity in Neotropical and Indomalayan moist forests is driven by complex macroevolutionary dynamics associated with mountain uplift. In contrast, lower diversity in Afrotropical forests is associated with lower speciation rates and higher extinction rates driven by sustained aridification over the Cenozoic. Our analyses provide a mechanistic understanding of the emergence of uneven diversity in tropical moist forests across 110 Ma of Earth’s history, highlighting the importance of deep-time paleoenvironmental legacies in determining biodiversity patterns.
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49
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Lewerentz A, Hoffmann M, Sarmento Cabral J. Depth diversity gradients of macrophytes: Shape, drivers, and recent shifts. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13830-13845. [PMID: 34707821 PMCID: PMC8525089 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating diversity gradients helps to understand biodiversity drivers and threats. However, one diversity gradient is rarely assessed, namely how plant species distribute along the depth gradient of lakes. Here, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of depth diversity gradient (DDG) of alpha, beta, and gamma species richness of submerged macrophytes across multiple lakes. We characterize the DDG for additive richness components (alpha, beta, gamma), assess environmental drivers, and address temporal change over recent years. We take advantage of yet the largest dataset of macrophyte occurrence along lake depth (274 depth transects across 28 deep lakes) as well as of physiochemical measurements (12 deep lakes from 2006 to 2017 across Bavaria), provided publicly online by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment. We found a high variability in DDG shapes across the study lakes. The DDGs for alpha and gamma richness are predominantly hump-shaped, while beta richness shows a decreasing DDG. Generalized additive mixed-effect models indicate that the depth of the maximum richness (D max) is influenced by light quality, light quantity, and layering depth, whereas the respective maximum alpha richness within the depth gradient (R max) is significantly influenced by lake area only. Most observed DDGs seem generally stable over recent years. However, for single lakes we found significant linear trends for R max and D max going into different directions. The observed hump-shaped DDGs agree with three competing hypotheses: the mid-domain effect, the mean-disturbance hypothesis, and the mean-productivity hypothesis. The DDG amplitude seems driven by lake area (thus following known species-area relationships), whereas skewness depends on physiochemical factors, mainly water transparency and layering depth. Our results provide insights for conservation strategies and for mechanistic frameworks to disentangle competing explanatory hypotheses for the DDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lewerentz
- Ecosystem ModellingCenter for Computational and Theoretical Ecology (CCTB)University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Limnological StationChair of Aquatic Systems BiologyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem ModellingCenter for Computational and Theoretical Ecology (CCTB)University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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50
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Pontarp M. Ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations reveal eco-evolutionary perspectives on community structure in competitive communities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19560. [PMID: 34599238 PMCID: PMC8486866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ecological and evolutionary processes act in concert while shaping biological communities. Diversification can, for example, arise through ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations and competition play an essential role in such diversification. Eco-evolutionary components of competition are thus important for our understanding of community assembly. Such understanding in turn facilitates interpretation of trait- and phylogenetic community patterns in the light of the processes that shape them. Here, I investigate the link between competition, diversification, and trait- and phylogenetic- community patterns using a trait-based model of adaptive radiations. I evaluate the paradigm that competition is an ecological process that drives large trait- and phylogenetic community distances through limiting similarity. Contrary to the common view, I identify low or in some cases counterintuitive relationships between competition and mean phylogenetic distances due to diversification late in evolutionary time and peripheral parts of niche space when competition is weak. Community patterns as a function of competition also change as diversification progresses as the relationship between competition and trait similarity among species can flip from positive to negative with time. The results thus provide novel perspectives on community assembly and emphasize the importance of acknowledging eco-evolutionary processes when interpreting community data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pontarp
- Department of Biology, Lund University Biology Building, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
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