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Brown AL, Sok P, Raghubar KP, Lupo PJ, Richard MA, Morrison AC, Yang JJ, Stewart CF, Okcu MF, Chintagumpala MM, Gajjar A, Kahalley LS, Conklin H, Scheurer ME. Genetic susceptibility to cognitive decline following craniospinal irradiation for pediatric central nervous system tumors. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1698-1708. [PMID: 37038335 PMCID: PMC10479777 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) exhibit long-term cognitive difficulties. Goals of this study were to evaluate longitudinal effects of candidate and novel genetic variants on cognitive decline following CSI. METHODS Intelligence quotient (IQ), working memory (WM), and processing speed (PS) were longitudinally collected from patients treated with CSI (n = 241). Genotype-by-time interactions were evaluated using mixed-effects linear regression to identify common variants (minor allele frequency > 1%) associated with cognitive performance change. Novel variants associated with cognitive decline (P < 5 × 10-5) in individuals of European ancestry (n = 163) were considered replicated if they demonstrated consistent genotype-by-time interactions (P < .05) in individuals of non-European ancestries (n = 78) and achieved genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10-8) in a meta-analysis across ancestry groups. RESULTS Participants were mostly males (65%) diagnosed with embryonal tumors (98%) at a median age of 8.3 years. Overall, 1150 neurocognitive evaluations were obtained (median = 5, range: 2-10 per participant). One of the five loci previously associated with cognitive outcomes in pediatric CNS tumors survivors demonstrated significant time-dependent IQ declines (PPARA rs6008197, P = .004). Two variants associated with IQ in the general population were associated with declines in IQ after Bonferroni correction (rs9348721, P = 1.7 × 10-5; rs31771, P = 7.8 × 10-4). In genome-wide analyses, we identified novel loci associated with accelerated declines in IQ (rs116595313, meta-P = 9.4 × 10-9), WM (rs17774009, meta-P = 4.2 × 10-9), and PS (rs77467524, meta-P = 1.5 × 10-8; rs17630683, meta-P = 2.0 × 10-8; rs73249323, meta-P = 3.1 × 10-8). CONCLUSIONS Inherited genetic variants involved in baseline cognitive functioning and novel susceptibility loci jointly influence the degree of treatment-associated cognitive decline in pediatric CNS tumor survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Pagna Sok
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa A Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mehmet Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lisa S Kahalley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather Conklin
- Psychology Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Somanath PR, Chernoff J, Cummings BS, Prasad SM, Homan HD. Targeting P21-Activated Kinase-1 for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082236. [PMID: 37190165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has limited therapeutic options and a high mortality rate. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins is important in cell survival, proliferation, and motility in physiology, and pathologies such as infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neurological diseases as well as cancers. Group-I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) are involved in the regulation of actin dynamics and thus are integral for cell morphology, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and cell motility. They also play prominent roles in cell survival and proliferation. These properties make group-I PAKs a potentially important target for cancer therapy. In contrast to normal prostate and prostatic epithelial cells, group-I PAKs are highly expressed in mPCA and PCa tissue. Importantly, the expression of group-I PAKs is proportional to the Gleason score of the patients. While several compounds have been identified that target group-I PAKs and these are active in cells and mice, and while some inhibitors have entered human trials, as of yet, none have been FDA-approved. Probable reasons for this lack of translation include issues related to selectivity, specificity, stability, and efficacy resulting in side effects and/or lack of efficacy. In the current review, we describe the pathophysiology and current treatment guidelines of PCa, present group-I PAKs as a potential druggable target to treat mPCa patients, and discuss the various ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of PAKs. We also discuss the development and testing of a nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulation of group-I PAK inhibitors and its significant potential advantages as a novel, selective, stable, and efficacious mPCa therapeutic over other PCa therapeutics in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaningal R Somanath
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Brian S Cummings
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sandip M Prasad
- Morristown Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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3
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Santarriaga S, Gerlovin K, Layadi Y, Karmacharya R. Human stem cell-based models to study synaptic dysfunction and cognition in schizophrenia: A narrative review. Schizophr Res 2023:S0920-9964(23)00084-1. [PMID: 36925354 PMCID: PMC10500041 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is the strongest predictor of functional outcomes in schizophrenia and is hypothesized to result from synaptic dysfunction. However, targeting synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in patients remains a significant clinical challenge. A comprehensive understanding of synaptic plasticity and the molecular basis of learning and memory in a disease context can provide specific targets for the development of novel therapeutics targeting cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Here, we describe the role of synaptic plasticity in cognition, summarize evidence for synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia and demonstrate the use of patient derived induced-pluripotent stem cells for studying synaptic plasticity in vitro. Lastly, we discuss current advances and future technologies for bridging basic science research of synaptic dysfunction with clinical and translational research that can be used to predict treatment response and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Santarriaga
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaia Gerlovin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yasmine Layadi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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4
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Saunders GRB, Wang X, Chen F, Jang SK, Liu M, Wang C, Gao S, Jiang Y, Khunsriraksakul C, Otto JM, Addison C, Akiyama M, Albert CM, Aliev F, Alonso A, Arnett DK, Ashley-Koch AE, Ashrani AA, Barnes KC, Barr RG, Bartz TM, Becker DM, Bielak LF, Benjamin EJ, Bis JC, Bjornsdottir G, Blangero J, Bleecker ER, Boardman JD, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Boorgula MP, Bowden DW, Brody JA, Cade BE, Chasman DI, Chavan S, Chen YDI, Chen Z, Cheng I, Cho MH, Choquet H, Cole JW, Cornelis MC, Cucca F, Curran JE, de Andrade M, Dick DM, Docherty AR, Duggirala R, Eaton CB, Ehringer MA, Esko T, Faul JD, Fernandes Silva L, Fiorillo E, Fornage M, Freedman BI, Gabrielsen ME, Garrett ME, Gharib SA, Gieger C, Gillespie N, Glahn DC, Gordon SD, Gu CC, Gu D, Gudbjartsson DF, Guo X, Haessler J, Hall ME, Haller T, Harris KM, He J, Herd P, Hewitt JK, Hickie I, Hidalgo B, Hokanson JE, Hopfer C, Hottenga J, Hou L, Huang H, Hung YJ, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Hwang SJ, Hwu CM, Iacono W, Irvin MR, Jee YH, Johnson EO, Joo YY, Jorgenson E, Justice AE, Kamatani Y, Kaplan RC, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Keller MC, Kelly TN, Kooperberg C, Korhonen T, Kraft P, Krauter K, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lasky-Su J, Lee WJ, Lee JJ, Levy D, Li L, Li K, Li Y, Lin K, Lind PA, Liu C, Lloyd-Jones DM, Lutz SM, Ma J, Mägi R, Manichaikul A, Martin NG, Mathur R, Matoba N, McArdle PF, McGue M, McQueen MB, Medland SE, Metspalu A, Meyers DA, Millwood IY, Mitchell BD, Mohlke KL, Moll M, Montasser ME, Morrison AC, Mulas A, Nielsen JB, North KE, Oelsner EC, Okada Y, Orrù V, Palmer ND, Palviainen T, Pandit A, Park SL, Peters U, Peters A, Peyser PA, Polderman TJC, Rafaels N, Redline S, Reed RM, Reiner AP, Rice JP, Rich SS, Richmond NE, Roan C, Rotter JI, Rueschman MN, Runarsdottir V, Saccone NL, Schwartz DA, Shadyab AH, Shi J, Shringarpure SS, Sicinski K, Skogholt AH, Smith JA, Smith NL, Sotoodehnia N, Stallings MC, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stitzel JA, Sun X, Syed M, Tal-Singer R, Taylor AE, Taylor KD, Telen MJ, Thai KK, Tiwari H, Turman C, Tyrfingsson T, Wall TL, Walters RG, Weir DR, Weiss ST, White WB, Whitfield JB, Wiggins KL, Willemsen G, Willer CJ, Winsvold BS, Xu H, Yanek LR, Yin J, Young KL, Young KA, Yu B, Zhao W, Zhou W, Zöllner S, Zuccolo L, Batini C, Bergen AW, Bierut LJ, David SP, Gagliano Taliun SA, Hancock DB, Jiang B, Munafò MR, Thorgeirsson TE, Liu DJ, Vrieze S. Genetic diversity fuels gene discovery for tobacco and alcohol use. Nature 2022; 612:720-724. [PMID: 36477530 PMCID: PMC9771818 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol use are heritable behaviours associated with 15% and 5.3% of worldwide deaths, respectively, due largely to broad increased risk for disease and injury1-4. These substances are used across the globe, yet genome-wide association studies have focused largely on individuals of European ancestries5. Here we leveraged global genetic diversity across 3.4 million individuals from four major clines of global ancestry (approximately 21% non-European) to power the discovery and fine-mapping of genomic loci associated with tobacco and alcohol use, to inform function of these loci via ancestry-aware transcriptome-wide association studies, and to evaluate the genetic architecture and predictive power of polygenic risk within and across populations. We found that increases in sample size and genetic diversity improved locus identification and fine-mapping resolution, and that a large majority of the 3,823 associated variants (from 2,143 loci) showed consistent effect sizes across ancestry dimensions. However, polygenic risk scores developed in one ancestry performed poorly in others, highlighting the continued need to increase sample sizes of diverse ancestries to realize any potential benefit of polygenic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline M Otto
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clifton Addison
- Jackson Heart Study (JHS) Graduate Training and Education Center (GTEC), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Christine M Albert
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Dean's Office and Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aneel A Ashrani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Tempus, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diane M Becker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meher Preethi Boorgula
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Chavan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John W Cole
- Department of Neurology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lilian Fernandes Silva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maiken E Gabrielsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Department of Medicine and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles C Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Translational Sciences Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department Of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ian Hickie
- Youth Mental Health & Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - JoukeJan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - David J Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yon Ho Jee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yoonjung Y Joo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute of Data Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department Of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Translational Sciences Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Center for Medicine and Clinical Research, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Li
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharon M Lutz
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ravi Mathur
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nana Matoba
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Genetics, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick F McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Moll
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Oelsner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Pandit
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Lani Park
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tinca J C Polderman
- Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Reed
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nicole E Richmond
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carol Roan
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Michael N Rueschman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Saccone
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kamil Sicinski
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne Heidi Skogholt
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department Of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Moin Syed
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn J Telen
- Department of Medicine and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Khanh K Thai
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy B White
- Jackson Heart Study Undergraduate Training and Education Center, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS, USA
| | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Dept Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huichun Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kendra A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Health Data Science Centre, Fondazione Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- Oregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR, USA
- BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P David
- Outcomes Research Network & Department of Family Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Centre, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dana B Hancock
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bibo Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Inka2, a novel Pak4 inhibitor, regulates actin dynamics in neuronal development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010438. [PMID: 36301793 PMCID: PMC9612522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin filament is a fundamental part of the cytoskeleton defining cell morphology and regulating various physiological processes, including filopodia formation and dendritic spinogenesis of neurons. Serine/threonine-protein kinase Pak4, an essential effector, links Rho GTPases to control actin polymerization. Previously, we identified the Inka2 gene, a novel mammalian protein exhibiting sequence similarity to Inka1, which serves as a possible inhibitor for Pak4. Although Inka2 is dominantly expressed in the nervous system and involved in focal-adhesion dynamics, its molecular role remains unclear. Here, we found that Inka2-iBox directly binds to Pak4 catalytic domain to suppress actin polymerization. Inka2 promoted actin depolymerization and inhibited the formation of cellular protrusion caused by Pak4 activation. We further generated the conditional knockout mice of the Inka2 gene. The beta-galactosidase reporter indicated the preferential Inka2 expression in the dorsal forebrain neurons. Cortical pyramidal neurons of Inka2-/- mice exhibited decreased density and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines with marked activation/phosphorylation of downstream molecules of Pak4 signal cascade, including LIMK and Cofilin. These results uncovered the unexpected function of endogenous Pak4 inhibitor in neurons. Unlike Inka1, Inka2 is a critical mediator for actin reorganization required for dendritic spine development. Actin filaments are an essential part of the cytoskeleton defining cell morphology and regulating various cellular processes, such as cell migration and synapse formation in the brain. Actin polymerization is controlled by the kinase activity of the Pak4 signaling cascade, including LIMK and Cofilin. Previously, we identified the Inka2 gene, which is strongly expressed in the mammalian central nervous system and a similar sequence as Inka1. Inka1 was reported to serve as a Pak4 inhibitor in cancer cell lines; however, the physiological function of Inka2 is unclear. In this study, we found that (i) Inka2 overexpression inhibits the formation of cell-protrusion caused by Pak4 activation; (ii) Inka2 directly binds to the catalytic domain of Pak4 to inhibit intracellular actin polymerization; (iii) Inka2 is specifically expressed in neurons in the forebrain region, including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus that are known to be essential for brain plasticity, such as learning and memory; and (iv) cortical neurons of Inka2-deficient mice showed decreased synapse formation and abnormal spine morphology, probably due to the marked phosphorylation of LIMK and Cofilin. These results indicate that Inka2 is an endogenous Pak4 inhibitor in neurons required for normal synapse formation through the modulation of actin reorganization.
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Ying L, Zhao J, Ye Y, Liu Y, Xiao B, Xue T, Zhu H, Wu Y, He J, Qin S, Jiang Y, Guo F, Zhang L, Liu N, Zhang L. Regulation of Cdc42 signaling by the dopamine D2 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13588. [PMID: 35415964 PMCID: PMC9124300 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial spine loss in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and abnormal behaviors are common features of Parkinson's disease (PD). The caudate putamen (CPu) mainly contains MSNs expressing dopamine D1 receptor (dMSNs) and dopamine D2 receptor (iMSNs) exerting critical effects on motor and cognition behavior. However, the molecular mechanisms contributing to spine loss and abnormal behaviors in dMSNs and iMSNs under parkinsonian state remain unknown. In the present study, we revealed that Cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42) signaling was significantly decreased in the caudate putamen (CPu) in parkinsonian mice. In addition, overexpression of constitutively active Cdc42 in the CPu reversed spine abnormalities and improved the behavior deficits in parkinsonian mice. Utilizing conditional dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) or D2 receptor (D2R) knockout mice, we found that such a decrease under parkinsonian state was further reduced by conditional knockout of the D2R but not D1R. Moreover, the thin spine loss in iMSNs and deficits in motor coordination and cognition induced by conditional knockout of D2R were reversed by overexpression of constitutively active Cdc42 in the CPu. Additionally, conditional knockout of Cdc42 from D2R‐positive neurons in the CPu was sufficient to induce spine and behavior deficits similar to those observed in parkinsonian mice. Overall, our results indicate that impaired Cdc42 signaling regulated by D2R plays an important role in spine loss and behavioral deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ying
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jinlan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yingshan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Tao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Hangfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Sifei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology Children's Hospital Research Foundation Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Basic Medical Sciences Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Nuyun Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center Elderly Health Services Research Center Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education School of Basic Medical Sciences Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
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The Roc domain of LRRK2 as a hub for protein-protein interactions: a focus on PAK6 and its impact on RAB phosphorylation. Brain Res 2022; 1778:147781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Baskaran Y, Tay FPL, Ng EYW, Swa CLF, Wee S, Gunaratne J, Manser E. Proximity proteomics identifies PAK4 as a component of Afadin-Nectin junctions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5315. [PMID: 34493720 PMCID: PMC8423818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human PAK4 is an ubiquitously expressed p21-activated kinase which acts downstream of Cdc42. Since PAK4 is enriched in cell-cell junctions, we probed the local protein environment around the kinase with a view to understanding its location and substrates. We report that U2OS cells expressing PAK4-BirA-GFP identify a subset of 27 PAK4-proximal proteins that are primarily cell-cell junction components. Afadin/AF6 showed the highest relative biotin labelling and links to the nectin family of homophilic junctional proteins. Reciprocally >50% of the PAK4-proximal proteins were identified by Afadin BioID. Co-precipitation experiments failed to identify junctional proteins, emphasizing the advantage of the BioID method. Mechanistically PAK4 depended on Afadin for its junctional localization, which is similar to the situation in Drosophila. A highly ranked PAK4-proximal protein LZTS2 was immuno-localized with Afadin at cell-cell junctions. Though PAK4 and Cdc42 are junctional, BioID analysis did not yield conventional cadherins, indicating their spatial segregation. To identify cellular PAK4 substrates we then assessed rapid changes (12') in phospho-proteome after treatment with two PAK inhibitors. Among the PAK4-proximal junctional proteins seventeen PAK4 sites were identified. We anticipate mammalian group II PAKs are selective for the Afadin/nectin sub-compartment, with a demonstrably distinct localization from tight and cadherin junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohendran Baskaran
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia Pei-Ling Tay
- FB Laboratory, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elsa Yuen Wai Ng
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire Lee Foon Swa
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Manser
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Cong C, Liang W, Zhang C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Huo D, Wang H, Wang D, Feng H. PAK4 suppresses motor neuron degeneration in hSOD1 G93A -linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cell and rat models. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13003. [PMID: 33615605 PMCID: PMC8016643 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons (MN). CREB pathway-mediated inhibition of apoptosis contributes to neuron protection, and PAK4 activates CREB signalling in diverse cell types. This study aimed to investigate PAK4's effect and mechanism of action in ALS. METHODS We analysed RNA levels by qRT-PCR, protein levels by immunofluorescence and Western blotting, and apoptosis by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Cell transfection was performed for in vitro experiment. Mice were injected intraspinally to evaluate PAK4 function in vivo experiment. Rotarod test was performed to measure motor function. RESULTS The expression and activation of PAK4 significantly decreased in the cell and mouse models of ALS as the disease progressed, which was caused by the negative regulation of miR-9-5p. Silencing of PAK4 increased the apoptosis of MN by inhibiting CREB-mediated neuroprotection, whereas overexpression of PAK4 protected MN from hSOD1G93A -induced degeneration by activating CREB signalling. The neuroprotective effect of PAK4 was markedly inhibited by CREB inhibitor. In ALS models, the PAK4/CREB pathway was inhibited, and cell apoptosis increased. In vivo experiments revealed that PAK4 overexpression in the spinal neurons of hSOD1G93A mice suppressed MN degeneration, prolonged survival and promoted the CREB pathway. CONCLUSIONS PAK4 protects MN from degeneration by activating the anti-apoptotic effects of CREB signalling, suggesting it may be a therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Cong
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yueqing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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10
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Zhang K, Wang Y, Fan T, Zeng C, Sun ZS. The p21-activated kinases in neural cytoskeletal remodeling and related neurological disorders. Protein Cell 2020; 13:6-25. [PMID: 33306168 PMCID: PMC8776968 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine p21-activated kinases (PAKs), as main effectors of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, represent a group of important molecular switches linking the complex cytoskeletal networks to broad neural activity. PAKs show wide expression in the brain, but they differ in specific cell types, brain regions, and developmental stages. PAKs play an essential and differential role in controlling neural cytoskeletal remodeling and are related to the development and fate of neurons as well as the structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. PAK-mediated actin signaling and interacting functional networks represent a common pathway frequently affected in multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Considering specific small-molecule agonists and inhibitors for PAKs have been developed in cancer treatment, comprehensive knowledge about the role of PAKs in neural cytoskeletal remodeling will promote our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying neurological diseases, which may also represent potential therapeutic targets of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tianda Fan
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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11
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Uechi L, Jalali M, Wilbur JD, French JL, Jumbe NL, Meaney MJ, Gluckman PD, Karnani N, Sakhanenko NA, Galas DJ. Complex genetic dependencies among growth and neurological phenotypes in healthy children: Towards deciphering developmental mechanisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242684. [PMID: 33270668 PMCID: PMC7714163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms of childhood development in its many facets remain largely undeciphered. In the population of healthy infants studied in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) program, we have identified a range of dependencies among the observed phenotypes of fetal and early childhood growth, neurological development, and a number of genetic variants. We have quantified these dependencies using our information theory-based methods. The genetic variants show dependencies with single phenotypes as well as pleiotropic effects on more than one phenotype and thereby point to a large number of brain-specific and brain-expressed gene candidates. These dependencies provide a basis for connecting a range of variants with a spectrum of phenotypes (pleiotropy) as well as with each other. A broad survey of known regulatory expression characteristics, and other function-related information from the literature for these sets of candidate genes allowed us to assemble an integrated body of evidence, including a partial regulatory network, that points towards the biological basis of these general dependencies. Notable among the implicated loci are RAB11FIP4 (next to NF1), MTMR7 and PLD5, all highly expressed in the brain; DNMT1 (DNA methyl transferase), highly expressed in the placenta; and PPP1R12B and DMD (dystrophin), known to be important growth and development genes. While we cannot specify and decipher the mechanisms responsible for the phenotypes in this study, a number of connections for further investigation of fetal and early childhood growth and neurological development are indicated. These results and this approach open the door to new explorations of early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Uechi
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mahjoubeh Jalali
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jayson D. Wilbur
- Metrum Research Group, Tariffville, CT, United States of America
| | | | - N. L. Jumbe
- Pharmactuarials LLC, Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nikita A. Sakhanenko
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJG); (NAS)
| | - David J. Galas
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJG); (NAS)
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12
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Gong CC, Li TT, Pei DS. PAK6: a potential anti-cancer target. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000318315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Xuzhou Medical University, China; Xuzhou Medical University, China
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13
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Ablondi M, Eriksson S, Tetu S, Sabbioni A, Viklund Å, Mikko S. Genomic Divergence in Swedish Warmblood Horses Selected for Equestrian Disciplines. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E976. [PMID: 31783652 PMCID: PMC6947233 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The equestrian sport horse Swedish Warmblood (SWB) originates from versatile cavalry horses. Most modern SWB breeders have specialized their breeding either towards show jumping or dressage disciplines. The aim of this study was to explore the genomic structure of SWB horses to evaluate the presence of genomic subpopulations, and to search for signatures of selection in subgroups of SWB with high or low breeding values (EBVs) for show jumping. We analyzed high density genotype information from 380 SWB horses born in the period 2010-2011, and used Principal Coordinates Analysis and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components to detect population stratification. Fixation index and Cross Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity scores were used to scan the genome for potential signatures of selection. In accordance with current breeding practice, this study highlights the development of two separate breed subpopulations with putative signatures of selection in eleven chromosomes. These regions involve genes with known function in, e.g., mentality, endogenous reward system, development of connective tissues and muscles, motor control, body growth and development. This study shows genetic divergence, due to specialization towards different disciplines in SWB horses. This latter evidence can be of interest for SWB and other horse studbooks encountering specialized breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ablondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Susanne Eriksson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.E.); (S.T.); (Å.V.)
| | - Sasha Tetu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.E.); (S.T.); (Å.V.)
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Åsa Viklund
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.E.); (S.T.); (Å.V.)
| | - Sofia Mikko
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.E.); (S.T.); (Å.V.)
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14
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Goyette SR, Schott E, Uwimana A, Nelson DW, Boganski J. Detection of the steroid receptor interacting protein, PAK6, in a neuronal cell line. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01294. [PMID: 30923762 PMCID: PMC6423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PAK6 is a Group II p21 activated kinase that unlike traditional signal transduction proteins interacts with multiple binding partners including sex-steroid receptors. PAK6 acts as a nodal checkpoint integrating multiple cellular inputs to promote distinct cellular outcomes, some of which are associated with cytoskeletal remodeling. Despite the possibility that PAK6 may couple sex-specific neuronal function and therefore serve as a valuable research, diagnostic and therapeutic target, there is currently no standardized protocol for assessing PAK6 activity in a neuronal cell line. Here, we present a protocol for assessing PAK6 levels in a commonly used neuronal cell line, PC-12. In comparison with other methodology, this approach (1) does not require ex-planted tissue to identify PAK6 in neurons and (2) unlike other protocols which require steroid depleted media for detection of PAK6 in non-neuronal cell lines, such as prostate cancer cell lines, we were easily able to detect PAK6 in PC-12 cells grown in complete, steroid-containing media. Thus the present protocol allows for the efficient detection of native PAK6 in PC-12 cells to expedite targeted basic research of the emerging importance of PAK6 function in the brain as well as to accelerate the identification and isolation of potential therapeutic targets not only in cancerous but brain disease states as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Schott
- Shields Science Center, Stonehill College, Easton MA, 02357, USA
| | | | - David W Nelson
- Shields Science Center, Stonehill College, Easton MA, 02357, USA
| | - Jacob Boganski
- Shields Science Center, Stonehill College, Easton MA, 02357, USA
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15
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The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1653-1663. [PMID: 30467120 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.
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16
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Abstract
The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol acts throughout the body to support circadian processes and adaptation to stress. The glucocorticoid receptor is the target of cortisol and of synthetic glucocorticoids, which are used widely in the clinic. Both agonism and antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor may be beneficial in disease, but given the wide expression of the receptor and involvement in various processes, beneficial effects are often accompanied by unwanted side effects. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators are ligands that induce a receptor conformation that allows activation of only a subset of downstream signaling pathways. Such molecules thereby combine agonistic and antagonistic properties. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying selective receptor modulation and their promise in treating diseases in several organ systems where cortisol signaling plays a role.
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17
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Won SY, Park MH, You ST, Choi SW, Kim HK, McLean C, Bae SC, Kim SR, Jin BK, Lee KH, Shin EY, Kim EG. Nigral dopaminergic PAK4 prevents neurodegeneration in rat models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:367ra170. [PMID: 27903866 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. No neuroprotective treatments have successfully prevented the progression of this disease. We report that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a key survival factor for DA neurons. We observed PAK4 immunoreactivity in rat and human DA neurons in brain tissue, but not in microglia or astrocytes. PAK4 activity was markedly decreased in postmortem brain tissue from PD patients and in rodent models of PD. Expression of constitutively active PAK4S445N/S474E (caPAK4) protected DA neurons in both the 6-hydroxydopamine and α-synuclein rat models of PD and preserved motor function. This neuroprotective effect of caPAK4 was mediated by phosphorylation of CRTC1 [CREB (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein)-regulated transcription coactivator] at S215. The nonphosphorylated form of CRTC1S215A compromised the ability of caPAK4 to induce the expression of the CREB target proteins Bcl-2, BDNF, and PGC-1α. Our results support a neuroprotective role for the PAK4-CRTC1S215-CREB signaling pathway and suggest that this pathway may be a useful therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Mee-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae You
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Seung-Won Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Hyong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea.
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18
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Civiero L, Cogo S, Kiekens A, Morganti C, Tessari I, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Taymans JM, Chartier-Harlin MC, Franchin C, Arrigoni G, Lewis PA, Piccoli G, Bubacco L, Cookson MR, Pinton P, Greggio E. PAK6 Phosphorylates 14-3-3γ to Regulate Steady State Phosphorylation of LRRK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:417. [PMID: 29311810 PMCID: PMC5735978 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and, as such, LRRK2 is considered a promising therapeutic target for age-related neurodegeneration. Although the cellular functions of LRRK2 in health and disease are incompletely understood, robust evidence indicates that PD-associated mutations alter LRRK2 kinase and GTPase activities with consequent deregulation of the downstream signaling pathways. We have previously demonstrated that one LRRK2 binding partner is P21 (RAC1) Activated Kinase 6 (PAK6). Here, we interrogate the PAK6 interactome and find that PAK6 binds a subset of 14-3-3 proteins in a kinase dependent manner. Furthermore, PAK6 efficiently phosphorylates 14-3-3γ at Ser59 and this phosphorylation serves as a switch to dissociate the chaperone from client proteins including LRRK2, a well-established 14-3-3 binding partner. We found that 14-3-3γ phosphorylated by PAK6 is no longer competent to bind LRRK2 at phospho-Ser935, causing LRRK2 dephosphorylation. To address whether these interactions are relevant in a neuronal context, we demonstrate that a constitutively active form of PAK6 rescues the G2019S LRRK2-associated neurite shortening through phosphorylation of 14-3-3γ. Our results identify PAK6 as the kinase for 14-3-3γ and reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of 14-3-3/LRRK2 complex in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudia Morganti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, JPArc, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1172, Team “Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease”, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, JPArc, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1172, Team “Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease”, Lille, France
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Civiero L, Greggio E. PAKs in the brain: Function and dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:444-453. [PMID: 29129728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) comprise a family of proteins covering a central role in signal transduction. They are downstream effectors of Rho GTPases and can affect a variety of processes in different cell types and tissues by remodeling the cytoskeleton and by promoting gene transcription and cell survival. Given the relevance of cytoskeletal organization in neuronal development as well as synaptic function and the importance of pro-survival signals in controlling neuronal cell fate, accumulating studies investigated the role of PAKs in the nervous system. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the role of PAKs in the nervous system, both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and discuss their potential link with neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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van der Stijl R, Withoff S, Verbeek DS. Spinocerebellar ataxia: miRNAs expose biological pathways underlying pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:148-158. [PMID: 28823930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders including the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in the shared pathogenesis of the different SCA types. We examine the novel findings of a recent cell-type-specific RNA-sequencing study in mouse brain and discuss how the identification of Purkinje-cell-enriched miRNAs highlights biological pathways that expose the mechanisms behind pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration in SCA. These key pathways are likely to contain targets for therapeutic development and represent potential candidate genes for genetically unsolved SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier van der Stijl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Pdx1-Cre-driven conditional gene depletion suggests PAK4 as dispensable for mouse pancreas development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7031. [PMID: 28765528 PMCID: PMC5539201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive depletion of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) in the mouse causes embryonic lethality associated with heart and brain defects. Given that conventional gene depletion of PAK1 or PAK3 caused functional deficits in the mouse pancreas, while gene depletion of PAK5 or PAK6 did not, we asked if PAK4 might have a functional role in pancreas development. We therefore introduced conditional, Pdx1-Cre-mediated, pancreatic PAK4 gene depletion in the mouse, verified by loss of PAK4 protein expression in the pancreas. PAK4 knock-out (KO) mice were born at Mendelian ratios in both genders. Further, morphological and immunohistochemical examinations and quantifications indicated that exocrine, endocrine and ductal compartments retained the normal proportions and distributions upon PAK4 gene depletion. In addition, body weight records and a glucose tolerance test revealed no differences between WT and PAK4 KO mice. Together, this suggests that PAK4 is dispensable for mouse pancreas development. This will facilitate future use of our Pdx1-Cre-driven conditional PAK4 KO mouse model for testing in vivo potential functions of PAK4 in pancreatic disease models such as for pancreatitis and different pancreatic cancer forms.
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22
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Abstract
The limited regenerative capacity of neuronal cells requires tight orchestration of cell death and survival regulation in the context of longevity, age-associated diseases as well as during the development of the nervous system. Subordinate to genetic networks epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in the regulation of neuronal development, function and aging. DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), mostly correlated with gene silencing, is a dynamic and reversible process. In addition to their canonical actions performing cytosine methylation, DNMTs influence gene expression by interactions with histone modifying enzymes or complexes increasing the complexity of epigenetic transcriptional networks. DNMTs are expressed in neuronal progenitors, post-mitotic as well as adult neurons. In this review, we discuss the role and mode of actions of DNMTs including downstream networks in the regulation of neuronal survival in the developing and aging nervous system and its relevance for associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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23
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Frahm C, Srivastava A, Schmidt S, Mueller J, Groth M, Guenther M, Ji Y, Priebe S, Platzer M, Witte OW. Transcriptional profiling reveals protective mechanisms in brains of long-lived mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 52:23-31. [PMID: 28110102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain plays a central role in organismal aging but is itself most sensitive to aging-related functional impairments and pathologies. Insights into processes underlying brain aging are the basis to positively impact brain health. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we monitored cerebral gene expression in mice throughout their whole lifespan (2, 9, 15, 24, and 30 months). Differentially expressed genes were clustered in 6 characteristic temporal expression profiles, 3 of which revealed a distinct change between 24 and 30 months, the period when most mice die. Functional annotation of these genes indicated a participation in protection against cancer and oxidative stress. Specifically, the most enriched pathways for the differentially expressed genes with higher expression at 30 versus 24 months were found to be glutathione metabolism and chemokine signaling pathway, whereas those lower expressed were enriched in focal adhesion and pathways in cancer. We therefore conclude that brains of very old mice are protected from certain aspects of aging, in particular cancer, which might have an impact on organismal health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Frahm
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Akash Srivastava
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvio Schmidt
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jule Mueller
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Madlen Guenther
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Kumar R, Sanawar R, Li X, Li F. Structure, biochemistry, and biology of PAK kinases. Gene 2016; 605:20-31. [PMID: 28007610 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PAKs, p21-activated kinases, play central roles and act as converging junctions for discrete signals elicited on the cell surface and for a number of intracellular signaling cascades. PAKs phosphorylate a vast number of substrates and act by remodeling cytoskeleton, employing scaffolding, and relocating to distinct subcellular compartments. PAKs affect wide range of processes that are crucial to the cell from regulation of cell motility, survival, redox, metabolism, cell cycle, proliferation, transformation, stress, inflammation, to gene expression. Understandably, their dysregulation disrupts cellular homeostasis and severely impacts key cell functions, and many of those are implicated in a number of human diseases including cancers, neurological disorders, and cardiac disorders. Here we provide an overview of the members of the PAK family and their current status. We give special emphasis to PAK1 and PAK4, the prototypes of groups I and II, for their profound roles in cancer, the nervous system, and the heart. We also highlight other family members. We provide our perspective on the current advancements, their growing importance as strategic therapeutic targets, and our vision on the future of PAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center of Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India.
| | - Rahul Sanawar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center of Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Chinese Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Chinese Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Cerebellum Transcriptome of Mice Bred for High Voluntary Activity Offers Insights into Locomotor Control and Reward-Dependent Behaviors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167095. [PMID: 27893846 PMCID: PMC5125674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in motivation and addictive behaviors is less understood than that in control and coordination of movements. High running can be a self-rewarding behavior exhibiting addictive properties. Changes in the cerebellum transcriptional networks of mice from a line selectively bred for High voluntary running (H) were profiled relative to an unselected Control (C) line. The environmental modulation of these changes was assessed both in activity environments corresponding to 7 days of Free (F) access to running wheel and to Blocked (B) access on day 7. Overall, 457 genes exhibited a significant (FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05) genotype-by-environment interaction effect, indicating that activity genotype differences in gene expression depend on environmental access to running. Among these genes, network analysis highlighted 6 genes (Nrgn, Drd2, Rxrg, Gda, Adora2a, and Rab40b) connected by their products that displayed opposite expression patterns in the activity genotype contrast within the B and F environments. The comparison of network expression topologies suggests that selection for high voluntary running is linked to a predominant dysregulation of hub genes in the F environment that enables running whereas a dysregulation of ancillary genes is favored in the B environment that blocks running. Genes associated with locomotor regulation, signaling pathways, reward-processing, goal-focused, and reward-dependent behaviors exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction (e.g. Pak6, Adora2a, Drd2, and Arhgap8). Neuropeptide genes including Adcyap1, Cck, Sst, Vgf, Npy, Nts, Penk, and Tac2 and related receptor genes also exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction. The majority of the 183 differentially expressed genes between activity genotypes (e.g. Drd1) were under-expressed in C relative to H genotypes and were also under-expressed in B relative to F environments. Our findings indicate that the high voluntary running mouse line studied is a helpful model for understanding the molecular mechanisms in the cerebellum that influence locomotor control and reward-dependent behaviors.
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PAK5 is auto-activated by a central domain that promotes kinase oligomerization. Biochem J 2016; 473:1777-89. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows for the first time that self-association of PAK5 in vivo underlies its high basal activity, which contrasts with the inactive state of cellular PAK4. Such PAK5 self-association interferes with the engagement of the auto-inhibitory (AID) with the catalytic domain.
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Genome-wide coexpression of steroid receptors in the mouse brain: Identifying signaling pathways and functionally coordinated regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2738-43. [PMID: 26811448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520376113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors are pleiotropic transcription factors that coordinate adaptation to different physiological states. An important target organ is the brain, but even though their effects are well studied in specific regions, brain-wide steroid receptor targets and mediators remain largely unknown due to the complexity of the brain. Here, we tested the idea that novel aspects of steroid action can be identified through spatial correlation of steroid receptors with genome-wide mRNA expression across different regions in the mouse brain. First, we observed significant coexpression of six nuclear receptors (NRs) [androgen receptor (Ar), estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1), estrogen receptor beta (Esr2), glucocorticoid receptor (Gr), mineralocorticoid receptor (Mr), and progesterone receptor (Pgr)] with sets of steroid target genes that were identified in single brain regions. These coexpression relationships were also present in distinct other brain regions, suggestive of as yet unidentified coordinate regulation of brain regions by, for example, glucocorticoids and estrogens. Second, coexpression of a set of 62 known NR coregulators and the six steroid receptors in 12 nonoverlapping mouse brain regions revealed selective downstream pathways, such as Pak6 as a mediator for the effects of Ar and Gr on dopaminergic transmission. Third, Magel2 and Irs4 were identified and validated as strongly responsive targets to the estrogen diethylstilbestrol in the mouse hypothalamus. The brain- and genome-wide correlations of mRNA expression levels of six steroid receptors that we provide constitute a rich resource for further predictions and understanding of brain modulation by steroid hormones.
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Halnes G, Devor A, Witoelar A, Bettella F, Djurovic S, Wang Y, Einevoll GT, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Functional Effects of Schizophrenia-Linked Genetic Variants on Intrinsic Single-Neuron Excitability: A Modeling Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:49-59. [PMID: 26949748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SCZ) featuring ion channels and calcium transporters. For some of these risk factors, independent prior investigations have examined the effects of genetic alterations on the cellular electrical excitability and calcium homeostasis. In the present proof-of-concept study, we harnessed these experimental results for modeling of computational properties on layer V cortical pyramidal cells and identified possible common alterations in behavior across SCZ-related genes. METHODS We applied a biophysically detailed multicompartmental model to study the excitability of a layer V pyramidal cell. We reviewed the literature on functional genomics for variants of genes associated with SCZ and used changes in neuron model parameters to represent the effects of these variants. RESULTS We present and apply a framework for examining the effects of subtle single nucleotide polymorphisms in ion channel and calcium transporter-encoding genes on neuron excitability. Our analysis indicates that most of the considered SCZ-related genetic variants affect the spiking behavior and intracellular calcium dynamics resulting from summation of inputs across the dendritic tree. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alteration in the ability of a single neuron to integrate the inputs and scale its excitability may constitute a fundamental mechanistic contributor to mental disease, alongside the previously proposed deficits in synaptic communication and network behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Halnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Devor
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Closing the translational gap between mutant mouse models and the clinical reality of psychotic illness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Civiero L, Cirnaru MD, Beilina A, Rodella U, Russo I, Belluzzi E, Lobbestael E, Reyniers L, Hondhamuni G, Lewis PA, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Bandopadhyay R, Bubacco L, Piccoli G, Cookson MR, Taymans JM, Greggio E. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 interacts with p21-activated kinase 6 to control neurite complexity in mammalian brain. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1242-56. [PMID: 26375402 PMCID: PMC4715492 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a causative gene for Parkinson's disease, but the physiological function and the mechanism(s) by which the cellular activity of LRRK2 is regulated are poorly understood. Here, we identified p21‐activated kinase 6 (PAK6) as a novel interactor of the GTPase/ROC domain of LRRK2. p21‐activated kinases are serine‐threonine kinases that serve as targets for the small GTP binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac1 and have been implicated in different morphogenetic processes through remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton such as synapse formation and neuritogenesis. Using an in vivo neuromorphology assay, we show that PAK6 is a positive regulator of neurite outgrowth and that LRRK2 is required for this function. Analyses of post‐mortem brain tissue from idiopathic and LRRK2 G2019S carriers reveal an increase in PAK6 activation state, whereas knock‐out LRRK2 mice display reduced PAK6 activation and phosphorylation of PAK6 substrates. Taken together, these results support a critical role of LRRK2 GTPase domain in cytoskeletal dynamics in vivo through the novel interactor PAK6, and provide a valuable platform to unravel the mechanism underlying LRRK2‐mediated pathophysiology.
We propose p21‐activated kinase 6 (PAK6) as a novel interactor of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a kinase involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). In health, PAK6 regulates neurite complexity in the brain and LRRK2 is required for its function, (a) whereas PAK6 is aberrantly activated in LRRK2‐linked PD brain (b) suggesting that LRRK2 toxicity is mediated by PAK6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alexandra Beilina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Umberto Rodella
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauran Reyniers
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geshanthi Hondhamuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- San Raffaele Science Park and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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31
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Yarosh HL, Meda SA, de Wit H, Hart AB, Pearlson GD. Multivariate analysis of subjective responses to d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers finds novel genetic pathway associations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2781-94. [PMID: 25843748 PMCID: PMC4504822 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Researchers studying behavioral and physiologic effects of d-amphetamine have explored individual response differences to the drug. Concurrently, genome-wide analyses have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these traits. Univariate methods can identify SNPs associated with behavioral and physiological traits, but multivariate analyses allow identification of clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components in the responses of healthy individuals to d-amphetamine using multivariate analysis. METHODS Individuals (N = 375) without substance abuse histories completed surveys and detailed cardiovascular monitoring during randomized, blinded sessions: d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) and placebo. We applied parallel independent component analysis (Para-ICA) to data previously analyzed with univariate approaches, revealing new associations between genes and behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. RESULTS Three significantly associated (p < .001) phenotype-genotype pairs emerged. The first component included physiologic measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) along with SNPs in calcium and glutamatergic signaling pathways. The second associated components included the "Anger" items from the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the marijuana effects from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (Cuyas, Verdejo-Garcia et al.), with enriched genetic pathways involved in cardiomyopathy and MAPK signaling. The final pair included "Anxious," "Fatigue," and "Confusion" items from the POMS questionnaire, plus functional pathways related to cardiac muscle contraction and cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Multifactorial genetic networks related to calcium signaling, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapse function, and amphetamine addiction appear to mediate common behavioral and cardiovascular responses to d-amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Yarosh
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shashwath A. Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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32
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Selamat W, Tay PLF, Baskaran Y, Manser E. The Cdc42 Effector Kinase PAK4 Localizes to Cell-Cell Junctions and Contributes to Establishing Cell Polarity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129634. [PMID: 26068882 PMCID: PMC4466050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 is a Cdc42 effector whose role is not well understood; overexpression of PAK4 has been associated with some cancers, and there are reports that correlate kinase level with increased cell migration in vitro. Here we report that PAK4 is primarily associated with cell-cell junctions in all the cell lines we tested, and fails to accumulate at focal adhesions or at the leading edge of migrating cells. In U2OS osteosarcoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, PAK4 depletion did not affect collective cell migration, but affected cell polarization. By contrast, Cdc42 depletion (as reported by many studies) caused a strong defect in junctional assembly in multiple cells lines. We also report that the depletion of PAK4 protein or treatment of cells with the PAK4 inhibitor PF-3758309 can lead to defects in centrosome reorientation (polarization) after cell monolayer wounding. These experiments are consistent with PAK4 forming part of a conserved cell-cell junctional polarity Cdc42 complex. We also confirm β-catenin as a target for PAK4 in these cells. Treatment of cells with PF-3758309 caused inhibition of β-catenin Ser-675 phosphorylation, which is located predominantly at cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widyawilis Selamat
- small G-protein Signaling and Kinases (sGSK) Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei-Ling Felicia Tay
- small G-protein Signaling and Kinases (sGSK) Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yohendran Baskaran
- small G-protein Signaling and Kinases (sGSK) Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ed Manser
- small G-protein Signaling and Kinases (sGSK) Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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33
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Ha BH, Morse EM, Turk BE, Boggon TJ. Signaling, Regulation, and Specificity of the Type II p21-activated Kinases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12975-83. [PMID: 25855792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.650416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are a family of six serine/threonine kinases that act as key effectors of RHO family GTPases in mammalian cells. PAKs are subdivided into two groups: type I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) and type II PAKs (PAK4, PAK5, and PAK6). Although these groups are involved in common signaling pathways, recent work indicates that the two groups have distinct modes of regulation and have both unique and common substrates. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular level details that govern regulation of type II PAK signaling. We also consider mechanisms by which signal transduction is regulated at the level of substrate specificity. Finally, we discuss the implications of these studies for clinical targeting of these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth M Morse
- Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Rudolph J, Crawford JJ, Hoeflich KP, Wang W. Inhibitors of p21-activated kinases (PAKs). J Med Chem 2014; 58:111-29. [PMID: 25415869 DOI: 10.1021/jm501613q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases plays important roles in cytoskeletal organization, cellular morphogenesis, and survival, and members of this family have been implicated in many diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. Owing to their large and flexible ATP binding cleft, PAKs, particularly group I PAKs (PAK1, -2, and -3), are difficult to drug; hence, few PAK inhibitors with satisfactory kinase selectivity and druglike properties have been reported to date. Examples are a recently discovered group II PAK (PAK4, -5, -6) selective inhibitor series based on a benzimidazole core, a group I PAK selective series based on a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-one core, and an allosteric dibenzodiazepine PAK1 inhibitor series. Only one compound, an aminopyrazole based pan-PAK inhibitor, entered clinical trials but did not progress beyond phase I trials. Clinical proof of concept for pan-group I, pan-group II, or PAK isoform selective inhibition has yet to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Rudolph
- Discovery Chemistry, and ‡Structural Biology, Genentech , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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He S, Feng M, Liu M, Yang S, Yan S, Zhang W, Wang Z, Hu C, Xu Q, Chen L, Zhu H, Xu N. P21-activated kinase 7 mediates cisplatin-resistance of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells with Aurora-A overexpression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113989. [PMID: 25436453 PMCID: PMC4250179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A overexpression is common in various types of cancers and has been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis through different signaling pathways, yet how the deregulation affects cancer therapeutics remains elusive. Here we showed that overexpression of Aurora-A rendered esophageal cancer cells resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) by inhibiting apoptosis. By using an apoptosis array, we identified a downstream gene, p21-activated kinase 7 (PAK7). PAK7 was upregulated by Aurora-A overexpression at both mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, the expression levels of Aurora-A and PAK7 were correlated in ESCC primary samples. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that binding of E2F1 to the promoter of PAK7 was significantly enhanced upon Aurora-A activation, and knockdown of transcription factor E2F1 decreased PAK7 expression, suggesting that Aurora-A regulated PAK7 through E2F1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PAK7 knockdown led to increased apoptosis, and Aurora-A-induced resistance to CDDP was reversed by downregulation of PAK7, suggesting PAK7 was a downstream player of Aurora-A that mediated chemoresistance of ESCC cells to CDDP. Our data suggest that PAK7 may serve as an attractive candidate for therapeutics in ESCC patients with Aurora-A abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun He
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital/West China Women's and Children's Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangbin Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaozao Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenfei Hu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lechuang Chen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (NX)
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (NX)
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Boeckx C, Benítez-Burraco A. Globularity and language-readiness: generating new predictions by expanding the set of genes of interest. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1324. [PMID: 25505436 PMCID: PMC4243498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study builds on the hypothesis put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), according to which the developmental changes expressed at the levels of brain morphology and neural connectivity that resulted in a more globular braincase in our species were crucial to understand the origins of our language-ready brain. Specifically, this paper explores the links between two well-known 'language-related' genes like FOXP2 and ROBO1 implicated in vocal learning and the initial set of genes of interest put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), with RUNX2 as focal point. Relying on the existing literature, we uncover potential molecular links that could be of interest to future experimental inquiries into the biological foundations of language and the testing of our initial hypothesis. Our discussion could also be relevant for clinical linguistics and for the interpretation of results from paleogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Linguistics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Elsherif L, Ozler M, Zayed MA, Shen JH, Chernoff J, Faber JE, Parise LV. Potential compensation among group I PAK members in hindlimb ischemia and wound healing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112239. [PMID: 25379771 PMCID: PMC4224450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PAKs are serine/threonine kinases that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell migration. PAK1 is activated by binding to the small EF hand protein, CIB1, or to the Rho GTPases Rac1 or Cdc42. The role of PAK1 in angiogenesis was established based only on in vitro studies and its role in angiogenesis in vivo has never been examined. Here we tested the hypothesis that PAK1 is an essential regulator of ischemic neovascularization (arteriogenesis and angiogenesis) and wound healing using a global PAK1 knockout mouse. Neovascularization was assessed using unilateral hindlimb ischemia. We found that plantar perfusion, limb use and appearance were not significantly different between 6-8 week old PAK1-/- and PAK1+/+ mice throughout the 21-day period following hindlimb ischemia; however a slightly delayed healing was observed in 16 week old PAK1-/- mice. In addition, the wound healing rate, as assessed with an ear punch assay, was unchanged in PAK1-/- mice. Surprisingly, however, we observed a notable increase in PAK2 expression and phosphorylation in ischemic gastrocnemius tissue from PAK1-/- but not PAK1+/+ mice. Furthermore, we observed higher levels of activated ERK2, but not AKT, in ischemic and non-ischemic muscle of PAK1-/- mice upon hindlimb ischemic injury. A group I PAK inhibitor, IPA3, significantly inhibited endothelial cell sprouting from aortic rings in both PAK1-/- and PAK1+/+ mice, implying that PAK2 is a potential contributor to this process. Taken together, our data indicate that while PAK1 has the potential to contribute to neovascularization and wound healing, PAK2 may functionally compensate when PAK1 is deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Elsherif
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Ozler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jessica H. Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James E. Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Leslie V. Parise
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Abstract
PAKs 4, 5 and 6 are members of the group B family of p21-activated kinases. Among this group, PAK4 has been most extensively studied. While it has essential roles in embryonic development, in adults high levels of PAK4 are frequently associated with cancer. PAK4 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, and the Pak4 gene is amplified in some cancers. PAK4 overexpression is sufficient to cause oncogenic transformation in cells and in mouse models. The tight connection between PAK4 and cancer make it a promising diagnostic tool as well as a potential drug target. The group B PAKs also have important developmental functions. PAK4 is important for many early developmental processes, while PAK5 and PAK6 play roles in learning and memory in mice. This chapter provides an overview of the roles of the group B PAKs in cancer as well as development, and includes a discussion of PAK mediated signaling pathways and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Minden
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research; Department of Chemical Biology; Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, NJ USA
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Abstract
p21-activated kinases are a family of highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are increasingly recognized as playing essential roles in a variety of key signaling processes. Genetic analyses in mice, using constitutive or regulated gene disruption, have provided important new insights into PAK function. In this paper, we review the genetic analysis of all six PAK genes in mice. These data address the singular and redundant functions of the various PAK genes and suggest therapeutic possibilities for small molecule PAK inhibitors or activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie L Kelly
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Panossian A, Hamm R, Wikman G, Efferth T. Mechanism of action of Rhodiola, salidroside, tyrosol and triandrin in isolated neuroglial cells: an interactive pathway analysis of the downstream effects using RNA microarray data. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1325-1348. [PMID: 25172797 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to identify the targets (genes, interactive signaling pathways, and molecular networks) of Rhodiola rosea extract in isolated neuroglia cells and to predict the effects of Rhodiola extract on cellular functions and diseases. In addition, the potential mechanism of action of Rhodiola rosea extract was elucidated, and the "active principle" among the three isolated constituents (salidroside, triandrin, and tyrosol) was identified. METHODS Gene expression profiling was performed using the T98G human neuroglia cell line after treatment with the Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract and several of its individual constituents (salidroside, triandrin and tyrosol). An interactive pathway analysis of the downstream effects was performed using datasets containing significantly up- and down-regulated genes, and the effects on cellular functions and diseases were predicted. RESULTS In total, the expression of 1062 genes was deregulated by the Rhodiola extract (631 analyzed, 336 - up-regulated, 295 - down-regulated), and 1052, 1062, and 1057 genes were deregulated by salidroside, triandrin, and tyrosol, respectively. The analysis of the downstream effects shows that the most significant effects of Rhodiola are associated with cardiovascular (72 deregulated genes), metabolic (63 genes), gastrointestinal (163 genes), neurological (95 genes), endocrine (60 genes), behavioral (50 genes), and psychological disorders (62 genes). The most significantly affected canonical pathways across the entire dataset, which contains the 1062 genes deregulated by Rhodiola, were the following: (a) communication between innate and adaptive immune cells, (b) eNOS signaling, (c) altered T and B cell signaling in rheumatoid arthritis, (d) axonal guidance signaling, (e) G-protein coupled receptor signaling, (f) glutamate receptor signaling, (g) ephrin receptor signaling, (h) cAMP-mediated, and (i) atherosclerosis signaling pathways. Genes associated with behavior and behavioral diseases were identified within intracellular signaling pathways (d) through (h). The analysis of the downstream effects predicted decreases in emotional and aggressive behavior, which corroborates the results from preclinical and clinical studies of the use of Rhodiola for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Of the 17 genes that regulate emotional behavior, nine exhibit expression patterns that are consistent with decreases in emotional behavior (z-score -2.529), and all five relevant genes are expressed in a manner consistent with decreases in aggressive behavior (z-score -2.197). A decrease in seizures and infarct sizes and an increase in the chemotaxis of cells were predicted to accompany the decrease in emotional and aggressive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Rhodiola exhibits a multi-targeted effect on transcription to regulate the cellular response, affecting the various signaling pathways and molecular networks associated with beneficial effects on emotional behavior, particularly aggressive behavior, and with psychological, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, and gastrointestinal disorders. Each of the purified compounds has its own pharmacological profile, which is both similar to and different from that of the total Rhodiola extract. In general, several compounds contribute to the specific cellular or/and physiological function of the extract in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hamm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Wikman
- Swedish Herbal Institute Research and Development, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Morris DW, Pearson RD, Cormican P, Kenny EM, O'Dushlaine CT, Perreault LPL, Giannoulatou E, Tropea D, Maher BS, Wormley B, Kelleher E, Fahey C, Molinos I, Bellini S, Pirinen M, Strange A, Freeman C, Thiselton DL, Elves RL, Regan R, Ennis S, Dinan TG, McDonald C, Murphy KC, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL, Walsh D, O'Donovan M, Grozeva D, Craddock N, Stone J, Scolnick E, Purcell S, Sklar P, Coe B, Eichler EE, Ophoff R, Buizer J, Szatkiewicz J, Hultman C, Sullivan P, Gurling H, Mcquillin A, St Clair D, Rees E, Kirov G, Walters J, Blackwood D, Johnstone M, Donohoe G, O'Neill FA, Kendler KS, Gill M, Riley BP, Spencer CCA, Corvin A. An inherited duplication at the gene p21 Protein-Activated Kinase 7 (PAK7) is a risk factor for psychosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3316-26. [PMID: 24474471 PMCID: PMC4030770 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying rare, highly penetrant risk mutations may be an important step in dissecting the molecular etiology of schizophrenia. We conducted a gene-based analysis of large (>100 kb), rare copy-number variants (CNVs) in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2) schizophrenia sample of 1564 cases and 1748 controls all from Ireland, and further extended the analysis to include an additional 5196 UK controls. We found association with duplications at chr20p12.2 (P = 0.007) and evidence of replication in large independent European schizophrenia (P = 0.052) and UK bipolar disorder case-control cohorts (P = 0.047). A combined analysis of Irish/UK subjects including additional psychosis cases (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) identified 22 carriers in 11 707 cases and 10 carriers in 21 204 controls [meta-analysis Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel P-value = 2 × 10(-4); odds ratio (OR) = 11.3, 95% CI = 3.7, ∞]. Nineteen of the 22 cases and 8 of the 10 controls carried duplications starting at 9.68 Mb with similar breakpoints across samples. By haplotype analysis and sequencing, we identified a tandem ~149 kb duplication overlapping the gene p21 Protein-Activated Kinase 7 (PAK7, also called PAK5) which was in linkage disequilibrium with local haplotypes (P = 2.5 × 10(-21)), indicative of a single ancestral duplication event. We confirmed the breakpoints in 8/8 carriers tested and found co-segregation of the duplication with illness in two additional family members of one of the affected probands. We demonstrate that PAK7 is developmentally co-expressed with another known psychosis risk gene (DISC1) suggesting a potential molecular mechanism involving aberrant synapse development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Morris
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Richard D Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paul Cormican
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Kenny
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm T O'Dushlaine
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetics Research of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Louis-Philippe Lemieux Perreault
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniela Tropea
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brion S Maher
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Brandon Wormley
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Eric Kelleher
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciara Fahey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ines Molinos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefania Bellini
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Amy Strange
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Colin Freeman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dawn L Thiselton
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Rachel L Elves
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Regina Regan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, RCSI Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Eadbhard O'Callaghan
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Services, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dermot Walsh
- Health Research Board, 73 Lower Baggot St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Detelina Grozeva
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetics Research of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ed Scolnick
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetics Research of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetics Research of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142, USA The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetics Research of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142, USA The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bradley Coe
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jacobine Buizer
- Rudolf Magnus Institute, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jin Szatkiewicz
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Christina Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hugh Gurling
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew Mcquillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - James Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Douglas Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK and
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK and
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Francis A O'Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brien P Riley
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Chris C A Spencer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Lamprecht R. The actin cytoskeleton in memory formation. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 117:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression of p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) is discovered in many tumors, probably due to its regulation in cytoskeleton, antiapoptosis and proliferation. A better understanding of the modulation mechanisms of PAK5 is needed for the development of tumor treatment where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of PAK5 functions as an oncogenic kinase in tumor cellular regulation. Mechanisms of action and molecular pathways involved in cytoskeleton regulation, antiapoptosis and proliferation of tumors are discussed. EXPERT OPINION PAKs are serine/threonine kinases and downstream effectors for Cdc42 and Rac, the subfamilies of Rho small GTPases. PAK5 shares sequence identities in p21-GTPase-binding domain and kinase domain and is completely different in other regions compared with other PAKs. Overexpression of PAK5 has been found in several tumors, probably due to its contribution to proliferation, cytoskeleton and anti-apoptosis. Additional regulation mechanisms which are independent of Rho GTPases also indicate that PAK5 functions as a special signal molecule in cellular signaling pathways of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College , 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China +86 0516 85582513 ; ;
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Abstract
p21-Activated protein kinases (PAKs) are centrally involved in a plethora of cellular processes and functions. Their function as effectors of small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 has been extensively studied during the past two decades, particularly in the realms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hence tumorigenesis, as well as cytoskeletal remodeling and related cellular events in health and disease. In recent years, a large number of studies have shed light onto the fundamental role of group I PAKs, most notably PAK1, in metabolic homeostasis. In skeletal muscle, PAK1 was shown to mediate the function of insulin on stimulating GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake, while in pancreatic β-cells, PAK1 participates in insulin granule localization and vesicle release. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PAK1 mediates the cross talk between insulin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and hence regulates gut proglucagon gene expression and the production of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The utilization of chemical inhibitors of PAK and the characterization of Pak1(-/-) mice enabled us to gain mechanistic insights as well as to assess the overall contribution of PAKs in metabolic homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of PAKs, with an emphasis on the emerging roles of PAK1 in glucose homeostasis.
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Staben ST, Feng JA, Lyle K, Belvin M, Boggs J, Burch JD, Chua CC, Cui H, DiPasquale AG, Friedman LS, Heise C, Koeppen H, Kotey A, Mintzer R, Oh A, Roberts DA, Rouge L, Rudolph J, Tam C, Wang W, Xiao Y, Young A, Zhang Y, Hoeflich KP. Back Pocket Flexibility Provides Group II p21-Activated Kinase (PAK) Selectivity for Type I 1/2 Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1033-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401768t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ching-ching Chua
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX144SA, United Kingdom
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Pharmaron-Beijing, 6 Taihe Road, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Antonio G. DiPasquale
- X-ray
Crystallography Facility, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Kotey
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Evotec, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX144SA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yisong Xiao
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yamin Zhang
- Pharmaron-Beijing, 6 Taihe Road, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) are positioned at the nexus of several oncogenic signalling pathways. Overexpression or mutational activation of PAK isoforms frequently occurs in various human tumours, and recent data suggest that excessive PAK activity drives many of the cellular processes that are the hallmarks of cancer. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of PAK activation in cancer, the key substrates that mediate the developmental and oncogenic effects of this family of kinases, and how small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes might be best developed and deployed for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Radu
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Galina Semenova
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachelle Kosoff
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Biology program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jonathan Chernoff, Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA, Tel.: (215) 728 5319; Fax: (215) 728 3616;
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Role of p-21-activated kinases in cancer progression. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:347-87. [PMID: 24529727 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p-21-activated kinases (PAKs) are downstream effectors of Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42. The PAK family consists of six members which are segregated into two subgroups (Group I and Group II) based on sequence homology. Group I PAKs (PAK1-3) are the most extensively studied but there is increasing interest in the functionality of Group II PAKs (PAK4-6). The PAK family proteins are thought to play an important role in many different cellular processes, some of which have particular significance in the context of cancer progression. This review explores established and more recent data, linking the PAK family kinases to cancer progression including expression profiles, evasion of apoptosis, promotion of cell survival, and regulation of cell invasion. Finally, we discuss attempts to therapeutically target the PAK family and outline the major obstacles that still need to be overcome.
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Furnari MA, Jobes ML, Nekrasova T, Minden A, Wagner GC. Differential sensitivity of Pak5, Pak6, and Pak5/Pak6 double-knockout mice to the stimulant effects of amphetamine and exercise-induced alterations in body weight. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:109-15. [PMID: 23710594 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PAK5 and PAK6 are protein kinases highly expressed in the brain. Previously, we observed that Pak6 knockout mice gained significantly more weight during development than Pak5 knockout mice as well as wild-type controls and double-knockout mice lacking both Pak5 and Pak6. In this study, we assessed the effects of exercise on food intake and weight gain of these mice as well as their sensitivity to the stimulant effects of amphetamine. METHODS Mice of each genotype were placed in cages with free access to run wheel exercise or in cages without run wheels for a total of 74 days. Food and fluid intake as well as body weight of each mouse were measured on a weekly basis. Finally, mice were given a high dose of amphetamine and activity levels were observed immediately thereafter for 90 minutes. Brains and testes of mice were assayed for protein levels of the estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors. RESULTS While run wheel mice consumed significantly more food, they weighed less than non-run wheel mice. In addition, although Pak6 knockout mice consumed the same amount of food as wild-type mice, they were significantly heavier regardless of run wheel condition. Pak5 knockout mice were found to be more active than other genotypes after amphetamine treatment. Finally, protein levels of the progesterone and estrogen alpha receptors were altered in brain and testes of the Pak6 knockout mice. DISCUSSION Collectively, these data suggest that PAK6 play a role in weight gain unrelated to exercise and caloric intake and that Pak5 knockout mice are more sensitive to the stimulant effects of amphetamine.
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Wen YY, Wang XX, Pei DS, Zheng JN. p21-Activated kinase 5: a pleiotropic kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6636-9. [PMID: 24215894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The PAKs (p21-activated kinases) are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases which comprise six mammalian PAKs. PAK5 (p21-activated kinase 5) is the least understood member of PAKs that regulate many intracellular processes when they are stimulated by activated forms of the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac. PAK5 takes an important part in multiple signal pathways in mammalian cells and controls a variety of cellular functions including cytoskeleton organization, cell motility and apoptosis. The main goal of this review is to describe the structure, mechanisms underlying its activity regulation, its role in apoptosis and the likely directions of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
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Gao J, Ha BH, Lou HJ, Morse EM, Zhang R, Calderwood DA, Turk BE, Boggon TJ. Substrate and inhibitor specificity of the type II p21-activated kinase, PAK6. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77818. [PMID: 24204982 PMCID: PMC3810134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are important effectors of Rho-family small GTPases. The PAK family consists of two groups, type I and type II, which have different modes of regulation and signaling. PAK6, a type II PAK, influences behavior and locomotor function in mice and has an ascribed role in androgen receptor signaling. Here we show that PAK6 has a peptide substrate specificity very similar to the other type II PAKs, PAK4 and PAK5 (PAK7). We find that PAK6 catalytic activity is inhibited by a peptide corresponding to its N-terminal pseudosubstrate. Introduction of a melanoma-associated mutation, P52L, into this peptide reduces pseudosubstrate autoinhibition of PAK6, and increases phosphorylation of its substrate PACSIN1 (Syndapin I) in cells. Finally we determine two co-crystal structures of PAK6 catalytic domain in complex with ATP-competitive inhibitors. We determined the 1.4 Å co-crystal structure of PAK6 with the type II PAK inhibitor PF-3758309, and the 1.95 Å co-crystal structure of PAK6 with sunitinib. These findings provide new insights into the structure-function relationships of PAK6 and may facilitate development of PAK6 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-biosciences, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Byung Hak Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Morse
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David A. Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Titus J. Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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