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Santos AA, Garrute FV, Magalhães VF, Pacheco ABF. Microcystin removal by microbial communities from a coastal lagoon: Influence of abiotic factors, bacterioplankton composition and estimated functions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 135:102646. [PMID: 38830712 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms present a substantial risk to public health due to the production of secondary metabolites, notably microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most prevalent and toxic variant in freshwater. MCs resist conventional water treatment methods, persistently impacting water quality. This study focused on an oligohaline shallow lagoon historically affected by MC-producing cyanobacteria, aiming to identify bacteria capable of degrading MC and investigating the influence of environmental factors on this process. While isolated strains did not exhibit MC degradation, microbial assemblages directly sourced from lagoon water removed MC-LR within seven days at 25 ºC and pH 8.0. The associated bacterial community demonstrated an increased abundance of bacterial taxa assigned to Methylophilales, and also Rhodospirillales and Rhodocyclales to a lesser extent. However, elevated atmospheric temperatures (45 ºC) and acidification (pH 5.0 and 3.0) hindered MC-LR removal, indicating that extreme environmental changes could contribute to prolonged MC persistence in the water column. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental conditions in order to develop strategies to mitigate cyanotoxin contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan A Santos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Felipe V Garrute
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biological Physics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria F Magalhães
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz F Pacheco
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pravadali-Cekic S, Vojvodic A, Violi JP, Mitrovic SM, Rodgers KJ, Bishop DP. Simultaneous Analysis of Cyanotoxins β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and Microcystins-RR, -LR, and -YR Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecules 2023; 28:6733. [PMID: 37764509 PMCID: PMC10537148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its isomers, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine (AEG), along with microcystins (MCs)-RR, -LR, and -YR (the major MC congeners), are cyanotoxins that can cause detrimental health and environmental impacts during toxic blooms. Currently, there are no reverse-phase (RP) LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of BMAA, its isomers, and the major MCs in a single analysis; therefore, multiple analyses are required to assess the toxic load of a sample. Here, we present a newly developed and validated method for the detection and quantification of BMAA, 2,4-DAB, AEG, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR using RP LC-MS/MS. Method validation was performed, assessing linearity (r2 > 0.996), accuracy (>90% recovery for spiked samples), precision (7% relative standard deviation), and limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) (ranging from 0.13 to 1.38 ng mL-1). The application of this combined cyanotoxin analysis on a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa resulted in the simultaneous detection of 2,4-DAB (0.249 ng mg-1 dry weight (DW)) and MC-YR (4828 ng mg-1 DW). This study provides a unified method for the quantitative analysis of BMAA, its isomers, and three MC congeners in natural environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Pravadali-Cekic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Aleksandar Vojvodic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Jake P. Violi
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia;
| | - Simon M. Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - Kenneth J. Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - David P. Bishop
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
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Jeon Y, Baranwal P, Li L, Piezer K, Seo Y. Review: Current understanding on biological filtration for the removal of microcystins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137160. [PMID: 36356807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global problem not only in aquatic habitats but also in public health and safety due to the production of cyanotoxins as their secondary metabolites. Among the various identified cyanotoxin groups, microcystins (MCs) are one of the most prevalent cyanotoxin detected during HABs. Different strategies including advanced physical and chemical treatment processes have been developed to mitigate the threat of cyanotoxins in water utilities, but these have revealed certain limitations in terms of high operational costs, low removal efficacy, and harmful by-products formation. Recently, biological filtration systems (BFS) have gained attention for safe drinking water production as they can treat various natural organic matter (NOM) and emerging contaminants through a highly efficient and environmentally sustainable process. However, limited attention has been given to understand the current research progress, research challenges, and knowledge gaps for the successful implementation of BFS for MC removal. Therefore, in this review, currently identified MC biodegradation pathways and MC-degrading microorganisms with their degradation rates are summarized, which may be pivotal for studying bioaugmented BFS to enhance the MC removal during HABs. Moreover, both laboratory and field studies on BFS for MC removal are reviewed, followed by a discussion of current challenges and future research needs for the practical application of BFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchul Jeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Parul Baranwal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Kayla Piezer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
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Agha R, Gerphagnon M, Schampera C, Rohrlack T, Fastner J, Wolinska J. Fate of hepatotoxin microcystin during infection of cyanobacteria by fungal chytrid parasites. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102288. [PMID: 36195431 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chytrid parasites are increasingly recognized as ubiquitous and potent control agents of phytoplankton, including bloom-forming toxigenic cyanobacteria. In order to explore the fate of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystins (MCs) and assess potential upregulation of their production under parasite attack, a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate short- and long-term variation in extracellular and intracellular MC in the cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii and P. rubescens, both under chytrid infection and in the presence of lysates of previously infected cyanobacteria. MCs release under parasite infection was limited and not different to uninfected cyanobacteria, with extracellular toxin shares never exceeding 10%, substantially below those caused by mechanical lysis induced by a cold-shock. Intracellular MC contents in P. rubescens under infection were not significantly different from uninfected controls, whereas infected P. agardhii showed a 1.5-fold increase in intracellular MC concentrations, but this was detected within the first 48 hours after parasite inoculation and not later, indicating no substantial MC upregulation in cells being infected. The presence of lysates of previously infected cyanobacteria did not elicit higher intracellular MC contents in exposed cyanobacteria, speaking against a putative upregulation of toxin production induced via quorum sensing in response to parasite attack. These results indicate that chytrid epidemics can constitute a bloom decay mechanism that is not accompanied by massive release of toxins into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsy Agha
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mélanie Gerphagnon
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schampera
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rohrlack
- Norwegian University of LifeSciences (NMBU), Department of Environmental Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Section Protection of Drinking Water Resources, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Fei S, Ren H. Determining the Dose-Response Curve of Exoelectrogens: A Microscale Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor for Water Toxicity Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1560. [PMID: 36295913 PMCID: PMC9609928 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of real-time water quality monitoring sensors is critical. However, traditional water monitoring technologies, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, luminescence screening, surface plasma resonance (SPR), and analysis of living bioindicators, are either time consuming or require expensive equipment and special laboratories. Because of the low cost, self-sustainability, direct current output and real-time response, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been implemented as biosensors for water toxicity monitoring. In this paper, we report a microscale MFC biosensor to study the dose-response curve of exoelectrogen to toxic compounds in water. The microscale MFC biosensor has an anode chamber volume of 200 μL, which requires less sample consumption for water toxicity monitoring compared with macroscale or mesoscale MFC biosensors. For the first time, the MFC biosensor is exposed to a large formaldehyde concentration range of more than 3 orders of magnitudes, from a low concentration of 1 × 10-6 g/L to a high concentration of 3 × 10-3 g/L in water, while prior studies investigated limited formaldehyde concentration ranges, such as a small concentration range of 1 × 10-4 g/L to 2 × 10-3 g/L or only one high concentration of 0.1 g/L. As a result, for the first time, a sigmoid dose-response relationship of normalized dose-response versus formaldehyde concentration in water is observed, in agreement with traditional toxicology dose-response curve obtained by other measurement techniques. The biosensor has potential applications in determining dose-response curves for toxic compounds and detecting toxic compounds in water.
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Santos AA, Keim CN, Magalhães VF, Pacheco ABF. Microcystin drives the composition of small-sized bacterioplankton communities from a coastal lagoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33411-33426. [PMID: 35029819 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms affect biotic interactions in aquatic ecosystems, including those involving heterotrophic bacteria. Ultra-small microbial communities are found in both surface water and groundwater and include diverse heterotrophic bacteria. Although the taxonomic composition of these communities has been described in some environments, the involvement of these small cells in the fate of environmentally relevant molecules has not been investigated. Here, we aimed to test if small-sized microbial fractions from a polluted urban lagoon were able to degrade the cyanotoxin microcystin (MC). We obtained cells after filtration through 0.45 as well as 0.22 μm membranes and characterized the morphology and taxonomic composition of bacteria before and after incubation with and without microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Communities from different size fractions (< 0.22 and < 0.45 μm) were able to remove the dissolved MC-LR. The originally small-sized cells grew during incubation, as shown by transmission electron microscopy, and changed in both cell size and morphology. The analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed that communities originated from < 0.22 and < 0.45 μm fractions diverged in taxonomic composition although they shared certain bacterial taxa. The presence of MC-LR shifted the structure of < 0.45 μm communities in comparison to those maintained without toxin. Actinobacteria was initially dominant and after incubation with MC-LR Proteobacteria predominated. There was a clear enhancement of taxa already known to degrade MC-LR such as Methylophilaceae. Small-sized bacteria constitute a diverse and underestimated fraction of microbial communities, which participate in the dynamics of MC-LR in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan A Santos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carolina N Keim
- Laboratory of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goés, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria F Magalhães
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz F Pacheco
- Laboratory of Biological Physics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Development, Validation and Application of a Targeted LC-MS Method for Quantification of Microcystins and Nodularin: Towards a Better Characterization of Drinking Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins can be produced in surface waters by cyanobacterial blooms, mostly during summer and early autumn. Intoxications would result from consumption of water contaminated with the potent hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin. Therefore, the WHO has set a guideline value for drinking water quality concerning one congener of microcystin. Consequently, the design of a validated, public reference method to detect and quantify the hepatotoxins in drinking water is necessary. During this study, a method was developed to quantify cyanotoxins (eight microcystin congeners and nodularin) in water using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, bottled and tap water samples were tested for the presence of cyanotoxins. No cyanotoxins were detected in any of the collected water samples. However, quality controls and the results of a proficiency test show the validity of the method.
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Dulić T, Svirčev Z, Palanački Malešević T, Faassen EJ, Savela H, Hao Q, Meriluoto J. Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030215. [PMID: 35324712 PMCID: PMC8953721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henna Savela
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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Tito JCR, Luna LMG, Noppe WN, Hubert IA. First Report on Microcystin-LR Occurrence in Water Reservoirs of Eastern Cuba, and Environmental Trigger Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030209. [PMID: 35324706 PMCID: PMC8952431 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors related to cyanotoxin occurrence and its social impact, with comprehension and risk perception being the most important issues, are not yet completely understood in the Cuban context. The objectives of this research were to determine the risk extension and microcystin-LR levels, and to identify the environmental factors that trigger the toxic cyanobacteria growth and microcystin-LR occurrence in 24 water reservoirs in eastern Cuba. Samplings were performed in the early morning hours, with in situ determination and physicochemical analysis carried out in the laboratory. Microcystin-LR were determined in water and within the cells (intracellular toxins) using UPLC–MS analysis after solid phase extraction. The reservoirs studied were found to be affected by eutrophication, with high levels of TN:TP ratio and phytoplankton cell concentrations, high water temperatures and low transparency, which cause collateral effect such as cyanobacterial bloom and microcystin-LR occurrence. In Hatillo, Chalóns, Parada, Mícara, Baraguá, Cautillo, La Yaya, Guisa and Jaibo reservoirs, concentrations of MC-LR higher than the WHO limits for drinking water (1 µg·L−1), were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Rodríguez Tito
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Agronomy, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90400, Cuba;
- Correspondence:
| | - Liliana Maria Gomez Luna
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Agronomy, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90400, Cuba;
- National Centre of Applied Electromagnetism, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90400, Cuba
| | - Wim Noppe Noppe
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium;
| | - Inaudis Alvarez Hubert
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santamaria, Valparaiso 2390123, Chile;
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Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Cyanometabolites in the Eutrophic Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to determine the profiles of cyanopeptides and anatoxin synthetized by cyanobacteria in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea) and to characterize their spatial and temporal patterns in this ecosystem. Cyanometabolites were analysed by a LC-MS/MS system and were coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. During the investigation period (2013–2017), 10 microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, 16 anabaenopeptins, including 1 oscillamide, 12 aeruginosins, 1 aeruginosamide, 3 cyanopeptolins and 4 microginins were detected. The most frequently detected metabolites were found at all investigated sites. Demethylated microcystin variants and anabaenopeptins had the strongest relationship with Planktothrix agardhii, while non-demethylated microcystin variants and anatoxin had the strongest relationship with Microcystis spp. Low concentrations of some microcystins: [Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-LR, as well as a few other cyanopeptides: AP-A and AEG-A were found during the cold period (December–March). Over the study period, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix and Microcystis were the main dominant cyanobacteria species, while Planktothrix, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were potentially producers of cyanopeptides and anatoxin detected in samples from the Curonian Lagoon.
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12
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Marinović Z, Tokodi N, Backović DD, Šćekić I, Kitanović N, Simić SB, Đorđević NB, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dulić T, Meriluoto J, Urbányi B, Lujić J, Svirčev Z. Does the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) Effectively Safeguard Lake Balaton from Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms? Microorganisms 2021; 9:960. [PMID: 33946953 PMCID: PMC8145032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Balaton is the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. Its water quality is affected by its biggest inflow, the Zala River. During late 20th century, a wetland area named the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) was constructed in the hopes that it would act as a filter zone and thus ameliorate the water quality of Lake Balaton. The aim of the present study was to test whether the KBWPS effectively safeguards Lake Balaton against toxic cyanobacterial blooms. During April, May, July and September 2018, severe cyanobacterial blooming was observed in the KBWPS with numbers reaching up to 13 million cells/mL at the peak of the bloom (July 2018). MC- and STX-coding genes were detected in the cyanobacterial biomass. Five out of nine tested microcystin congeners were detected at the peak of the bloom with the concentrations of MC-LR reaching 1.29 µg/L; however, accumulation of MCs was not detected in fish tissues. Histopathological analyses displayed severe hepatopancreas, kidney and gill alterations in fish obtained throughout the investigated period. In Lake Balaton, on the other hand, cyanobacterial numbers were much lower; more than 400-fold fewer cells/mL were detected during June 2018 and cyanotoxins were not detected in the water. Hepatic, kidney and gill tissue displayed few alterations and resembled the structure of control fish. We can conclude that the KBWPS acts as a significant buffering zone, thus protecting the water quality of Lake Balaton. However, as MC- and STX-coding genes in the cyanobacterial biomass were detected at both sites, regular monitoring of this valuable ecosystem for the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ilija Šćekić
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nevena Kitanović
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Snežana B. Simić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Nevena B. Đorđević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Center for Reproductive Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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Redouane EM, Lahrouni M, Martins JC, El Amrani Zerrifi S, Benidire L, Douma M, Aziz F, Oufdou K, Mandi L, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B. Protective Role of Native Rhizospheric Soil Microbiota Against the Exposure to Microcystins Introduced into Soil-Plant System via Contaminated Irrigation Water and Health Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020118. [PMID: 33562776 PMCID: PMC7914557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) produced in eutrophic waters may decrease crop yield, enter food chains and threaten human and animal health. The main objective of this research was to highlight the role of rhizospheric soil microbiota to protect faba bean plants from MCs toxicity after chronic exposure. Faba bean seedlings were grown in pots containing agricultural soil, during 1 month under natural environmental conditions of Marrakech city in Morocco (March–April 2018) and exposed to cyanobacterial extracts containing up to 2.5 mg·L−1 of total MCs. Three independent exposure experiments were performed (a) agricultural soil was maintained intact “exposure experiment 1”; (b) agricultural soil was sterilized “exposure experiment 2”; (c) agricultural soil was sterilized and inoculated with the rhizobia strain Rhizobium leguminosarum RhOF34 “exposure experiment 3”. Overall, data showed evidence of an increased sensitivity of faba bean plants, grown in sterilized soil, to MCs in comparison to those grown in intact and inoculated soils. The study revealed the growth inhibition of plant shoots in both exposure experiments 2 and 3 when treated with 2.5 mg·L−1 of MCs. The results also showed that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs, in sterilized soil, exceeded 2.18 and 1.16 times the reference concentrations (0.04 and 0.45 µg of microcysin-leucine arginine (MC-LR). Kg−1 DW) established for humans and cattle respectively, which raises concerns about human food chain contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Redouane
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.R.); (S.E.A.Z.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Bioactives, Health and Environement Laboratory, Biology, Environement & Health Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and technology, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia 52000, Morocco;
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de MatosMatosinhos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.R.); (S.E.A.Z.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Loubna Benidire
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory BiotecV, Laayoune Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, 25 Mars P.B. 3007, Laayoune 70000, Morocco;
| | - Mountassir Douma
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Evironmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (F.P.K), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, P.B. 145, Khouribga 25000, Morocco;
| | - Faissal Aziz
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.R.); (S.E.A.Z.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (B.O.)
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 511, Av. Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment (BioMAgE) Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco;
| | - Laila Mandi
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.R.); (S.E.A.Z.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (B.O.)
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 511, Av. Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de MatosMatosinhos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de MatosMatosinhos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (A.C.)
- Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223401817
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.R.); (S.E.A.Z.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (B.O.)
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Kalbhenn EM, Bauer T, Stark TD, Knüpfer M, Grass G, Ehling-Schulz M. Detection and Isolation of Emetic Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide by Reversed Phase Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020115. [PMID: 33557428 PMCID: PMC7915282 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emetic toxin cereulide is a 1.2 kDa dodecadepsipeptide produced by the food pathogen Bacillus cereus. As cereulide poses a serious health risk to humans, sensitive and specific detection, as well as toxin purification and quantification, methods are of utmost importance. Recently, a stable isotope dilution assay tandem mass spectrometry (SIDA–MS/MS)-based method has been described, and an method for the quantitation of cereulide in foods was established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, although this SIDA–MS/MS method is highly accurate, the sophisticated high-end MS equipment required for such measurements limits the method’s suitability for microbiological and molecular research. Thus, we aimed to develop a method for cereulide toxin detection and isolation using equipment commonly available in microbiological and biochemical research laboratories. Reproducible detection and relative quantification of cereulide was achieved, employing reversed phase chromatography (RPC). Chromatographic signals were cross validated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The specificity of the RPC method was tested using a test panel of strains that included non-emetic representatives of the B. cereus group, emetic B. cereus strains, and cereulide-deficient isogenic mutants. In summary, the new method represents a robust, economical, and easily accessible research tool that complements existing diagnostics for the detection and quantification of cereulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Kalbhenn
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Timo D. Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Mandy Knüpfer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (G.G.)
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (G.G.)
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Chen G, Wang L, Wang M, Hu T. Comprehensive insights into the occurrence and toxicological issues of nodularins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111884. [PMID: 33307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. Nodularins (NODs) are one of the cyanotoxins group mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena throughout the world. NODs may exert adverse effects on animal and human health, and NOD-R variant is the most widely investigated. However, research focused on them is still limited. In order to understand the realistic risk well, the aim of this review is to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding NODs, including their sources, distribution, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis and degradation, adverse effects in vitro and vivo, and toxicokinetics. More data is urgently needed to integrate the cumulative or synergistic effects of NODs on different species and various cells to better understand, anticipate and aggressively manage their potential toxicity after both short- and long-term exposure in ecosystem, and to minimize or prevent the adverse effects on human health, environment and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Porzani SJ, Lima ST, Metcalf JS, Nowruzi B. In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins: A Mini-Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:109-150. [PMID: 34622370 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing and becoming a worldwide concern as many bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can produce toxic metabolites named cyanotoxins. These include microcystins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins, which can adversely affect humans, animals, and the environment. Different methods to assess these classes of compounds in vitro and in vivo include biological, biochemical, molecular, and physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, toxic effects not attributable to known cyanotoxins can be observed when assessing bloom material. In order to determine exposures to cyanotoxins and to monitor compliance with drinking and bathing water guidelines, it is necessary to have reliable and effective methods for the analysis of these compounds. Many relatively simple low-cost methods can be employed to rapidly evaluate the potential hazard. The main objective of this mini-review is to describe the assessment of toxic cyanobacterial samples using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Newly emerging cyanotoxins, the toxicity of analogs, or the interaction of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other toxicants, among others, still requires bioassay assessment. This review focuses on some biological and biochemical assays (MTT assay, Immunohistochemistry, Micronucleus Assay, Artemia salina assay, Daphnia magna test, Radionuclide recovery, Neutral red cytotoxicity and Comet assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Annexin V-FITC assay and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA)) for the detection and measurement of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, and nodularins. Although most bioassay analyses often confirm the presence of cyanotoxins at low concentrations, such bioassays can be used to determine whether some strains or blooms of cyanobacteria may produce other, as yet unknown toxic metabolites. This review also aims to identify research needs and data gaps concerning the toxicity assessment of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh J Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stella T Lima
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Liu C, Ersan MS, Wagner E, Plewa MJ, Amy G, Karanfil T. Toxicity of chlorinated algal-impacted waters: Formation of disinfection byproducts vs. reduction of cyanotoxins. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116145. [PMID: 32771689 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal algal blooms in surface waters can impact water quality through an input of algal organic matter (AOM) to the pool of dissolved organic matter as well as the release of cyanotoxins. The formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of algal-impacted waters, collected from growth of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of microcystins (MCs) with chlorine and bromine were determined. Finally, the toxicity of chlorinated algal-impacted waters was evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays. Under practical water treatment conditions, algal-impacted waters produced less regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and total organic halogen (TOX) than natural organic matter (NOM). For example, the weight ratios of DBP formation from AOM to NOM (median levels) were approximately 1:5, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:3 for THMs, HAAs, HANs, and TOX, respectively. Increasing initial bromide level significantly enhanced THM and HAN concentrations, and therefore unknown TOX decreased. The second-order rate constant for the reactions of MC-LR (the most common MC species) with chlorine was 60 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.5 and 21 °C, and the rate constants for MC congeners follow the order: MC-WR > MC-LW > MC-YR > MC-LY > MC-LR ≈ MC-RR. The reaction rate constant of bromine with MC-LR is two orders of magnitude higher than that of chlorine. Unchlorinated algal-impacted waters were toxic owning to the presence of MCs, and chlorination enhanced their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity due to the formation of toxic halogenated DBPs. However, the toxicity of treated waters depended on the evolution of cyanotoxins and formation of DBPs (particularly unknown or emerging DBPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA.
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18
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Tamele IJ, Vasconcelos V. Microcystin Incidence in the Drinking Water of Mozambique: Challenges for Public Health Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E368. [PMID: 32498435 PMCID: PMC7354522 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyanotoxins produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria, which constitute a threat to public health due to their negative effects on humans, such as gastroenteritis and related diseases, including death. In Mozambique, where only 50% of the people have access to safe drinking water, this hepatotoxin is not monitored, and consequently, the population may be exposed to MCs. The few studies done in Maputo and Gaza provinces indicated the occurrence of MC-LR, -YR, and -RR at a concentration ranging from 6.83 to 7.78 µg·L-1, which are very high, around 7 times above than the maximum limit (1 µg·L-1) recommended by WHO. The potential MCs-producing in the studied sites are mainly Microcystis species. These data from Mozambique and from surrounding countries (South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania) evidence the need to implement an operational monitoring program of MCs in order to reduce or avoid the possible cases of intoxications since the drinking water quality control tests recommended by the Ministry of Health do not include an MC test. To date, no data of water poisoning episodes recorded were associated with MCs presence in the water. However, this might be underestimated due to a lack of monitoring facilities and/or a lack of public health staff trained for recognizing symptoms of MCs intoxication since the presence of high MCs concentration was reported in Maputo and Gaza provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
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A Mini Review on Microcystins and Bacterial Degradation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040268. [PMID: 32326338 PMCID: PMC7232508 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) classified as hepatotoxic and carcinogenic are the most commonly reported cyanobacterial toxins found in the environment. Microcystis sp. possessing a series of MC synthesis genes (mcyA-mcyJ) are well documented for their excessive abundance, numerous bloom occurrences and MC producing capacity. About 246 variants of MC which exert severe animal and human health hazards through the inhibition of protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) have been characterized. To minimize and prevent MC health consequences, the World Health Organization proposed 1 µg/L MC guidelines for safe drinking water quality. Further the utilization of bacteria that represent a promising biological treatment approach to degrade and remove MC from water bodies without harming the environment has gained global attention. Thus the present review described toxic effects and bacterial degradation of MCs.
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20
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Filatova D, Núñez O, Farré M. Ultra-Trace Analysis of Cyanotoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040247. [PMID: 32290413 PMCID: PMC7232229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of episodes of harmful algal blooms of cyanobacterial origin is a risk to ecosystems and human health. The main human hazard may arise from drinking water supply and recreational water use. For this reason, efficient multiclass analytical methods are needed to assess the level of cyanotoxins in water reservoirs and tackle these problems. This work describes the development of a fast, sensitive, and robust analytical method for multiclass cyanotoxins determination based on dual solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a polymeric cartridge, Oasis HLB (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), and a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge, SupelcleanTM ENVI-CarbTM (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-HRMS). This method enabled the analysis of cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, nodularin, and seven microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW, MC-LF). The method limits of detection (MLOD) of the validated approach were between 4 and 150 pg/L. The analytical method was applied to assess the presence of the selected toxins in 21 samples collected in three natural water reservoirs in the Ter River in Catalonia (NE of Spain) used to produce drinking water for Barcelona city (Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Filatova
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Serra Húnter Professor, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Spoof L, Jaakkola S, Važić T, Häggqvist K, Kirkkala T, Ventelä AM, Kirkkala T, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J. Elimination of cyanobacteria and microcystins in irrigation water-effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8638-8652. [PMID: 31907814 PMCID: PMC7048868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans due to the toxins they may produce. Humans may be subjected to cyanobacterial toxins through many routes, e.g., by consuming contaminated drinking water, fish, and crop plants or through recreational activities. In earlier studies, cyanobacterial cells have been shown to accumulate on leafy plants after spray irrigation with cyanobacteria-containing water, and microcystin (MC) has been detected in the plant root system after irrigation with MC-containing water. This paper reports a series of experiments where lysis of cyanobacteria in abstracted lake water was induced by the use of hydrogen peroxide and the fate of released MCs was followed. The hydrogen peroxide-treated water was then used for spray irrigation of cultivated spinach and possible toxin accumulation in the plants was monitored. The water abstracted from Lake Köyliönjärvi, SW Finland, contained fairly low concentrations of intracellular MC prior to the hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.04 μg L-1 in July to 2.4 μg L-1 in September 2014). Hydrogen peroxide at sufficient doses was able to lyse cyanobacteria efficiently but released MCs were still present even after the application of the highest hydrogen peroxide dose of 20 mg L-1. No traces of MC were detected in the spinach leaves. The viability of moving phytoplankton and zooplankton was also monitored after the application of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg L-1 or higher had a detrimental effect on the moving phytoplankton and zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Spoof
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sauli Jaakkola
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Tamara Važić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Kerstin Häggqvist
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Kirkkala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Teija Kirkkala
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
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Zaki S, Merican F, Muangmai N, Convey P, Broady P. Discovery of microcystin-producing Anagnostidinema pseudacutissimum from cryopreserved Antarctic cyanobacterial mats. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101800. [PMID: 32307064 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and have been well-documented in temperate and tropical regions. However, knowledge of the production of MCs in extremely cold environments is still in its infancy. Recently, examination of 100-year-old Antarctic cyanobacterial mats collected from Ross Island and the McMurdo Ice Shelf during Captain R.F. Scott's Discovery Expedition revealed that the presence of MCs in Antarctica is not a new phenomenon. Here, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses are used to identify a new microcystin-producing freshwater cyanobacterium, Anagnostidinema pseudacutissimum. The strain was isolated from a deep-frozen (-15 °C) sample collected from a red-brown cyanobacterial mat in a frozen pond at Cape Crozier (Ross Island, continental Antarctica) in 1984-1985. Amplification of the mcyE gene fragment involved in microcystin biosynthesis from A. pseudacutissimum confirmed that it is identical to the sequence from other known microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. Analysis of extracts from this A. pseudacutissimum strain by HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of MC-LR and -YR at concentrations of 0.60 μg/L and MC-RR at concentrations of 0.20 μg/L. This is the first report of microcystin production from a species of Anagnostidinema from Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syazana Zaki
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Faradina Merican
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Broady
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Perez JL, Chu T. Effect of Zinc on Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385 and Its Toxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020092. [PMID: 32019107 PMCID: PMC7076789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are primarily caused by man-made eutrophication and increasing climate-change conditions. The presence of heavy metal runoff in affected water systems may result in CHABs alteration to their ecological interactions. Certain CHABs produce by-products, such as microcystin (MC) cyanotoxins, that have detrimentally affected humans through contact via recreation activities within implicated water bodies, directly drinking contaminated water, ingesting biomagnified cyanotoxins in seafood, and/or contact through miscellaneous water treatment. Metallothionein (MT) is a small, metal-sequestration cysteine rich protein often upregulated within the stress response mechanism. This study focused on zinc metal resistance and stress response in a toxigenic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385, by monitoring cells with (0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L) ZnCl2 treatment. Flow cytometry and phase contrast microscopy were used to evaluate physiological responses in cultures. Molecular assays and an immunosorbent assay were used to characterize the expression of MT and MC under zinc stress. The results showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2. Flow cytometry and phase contrast microscopy showed morphological changes occurred in cultures exposed to 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of selected cDNA samples showed significant upregulation of Mmt through all time points, significant upregulation of mcyC at a later time point. ELISA MC-LR analysis showed extracellular MC-LR (µg/L) and intracellular MC-LR (µg/cell) quota measurements persisted through 15 days, although 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2 treatment produced half the normal cell biomass and 0.5 mg/L treatment largely inhibited growth. The 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells demonstrated a ~40% and 33% increase of extracellular MC-LR(µg/L) equivalents, respectively, as early as Day 5 compared to control cells. The 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells showed higher total MC-LR (µg/cell) quota yield by Day 8 than both 0 mg/L ZnCl2 control cells and 0.1 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells, indicating release of MCs upon cell lysis. This study showed this Microcystis aeruginosa strain is able to survive in 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2 concentration. Certain morphological zinc stress responses and the upregulation of mt and mcy genes, as well as periodical increased extracellular MC-LR concentration with ZnCl2 treatment were observed.
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Measurement of Microcystin and Nodularin Activity in Human Urine by Immunocapture-Protein Phosphatase 2A Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120729. [PMID: 31847123 PMCID: PMC6950260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) are toxins released by cyanobacteria during harmful algal blooms. They are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and cause a variety of adverse symptoms in humans and animals if ingested. More than 250 chemically diverse congeners of MCs have been identified, but certified reference materials are only available for a few. A diagnostic test that does not require each reference material for detection is necessary to identify human exposures. To address this need, our lab has developed a method that uses an antibody to specifically isolate MCs and NOD from urine prior to detection via a commercially available PP2A kit. This assay quantitates the summed inhibitory activity of nearly all MCs and NOD on PP2A relative to a common MC congener, microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The quantitation range for MC-LR using this method is from 0.050–0.500 ng/mL. No background responses were detected in a convenience set of 50 individual urines. Interday and intraday % accuracies ranged from 94%–118% and relative standard deviations were 15% or less, meeting FDA guidelines for receptor binding assays. The assay detected low levels of MCs in urines from three individuals living in close proximity to harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Florida.
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Calado SLDM, Vicentini M, Santos GS, Pelanda A, Santos H, Coral LA, Magalhães VDF, Mela M, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HC. Sublethal effects of microcystin-LR in the exposure and depuration time in a neotropical fish: Multibiomarker approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109527. [PMID: 31400723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is an ecological process that results in cyanobacterial blooms. Microcystin-LR is the most toxic variant of microcystins and may cause toxic effects in the organisms, mainly in hepatic tissues. The aims of this study were to use multiple biomarkers in order to evaluate the sublethal effects of a low concentration of MC-LR (1 μg/L) in fish Geophagus brasiliensis by waterborne exposure; and evaluate the depuration of this toxin during 15 days. A group of 30 fish was exposed to 1 μg/L of MC-LR solution for 96 h in a static bioassay. After this time, blood, brain, muscle, liver, gonad and gills were collected from half of the exposed fish group in order to evaluate chemical, biochemical, histological and genotoxic biomarkers. The rest of the fish group was submitted to the depuration experiment with free MC-LR water for 15 days. After this time the same tissues were collected and evaluated using biomarkers analysis. Toxic effects were found mostly in the fish liver from depuration time as alterations on the antioxidant system and histopathologies. The results showed that even low concentrations can cause sublethal effects to aquatic organisms, and cyanotoxins monitoring and regulation tools are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Maiara Vicentini
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Ana Pelanda
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Hayanna Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Lucila Andriani Coral
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technical University of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Maritana Mela
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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Redouane EM, El Amrani Zerrifi S, El Khalloufi F, Oufdou K, Oudra B, Lahrouni M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Mode of action and fate of microcystins in the complex soil-plant ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:270-281. [PMID: 30877921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, global warming has increasingly stimulated the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, in which toxic cyanobacteria produce various congeners of cyanotoxins, mainly dominated by microcystins (MCs). MCs introduced into agricultural soils have deleterious effects on the germination, growth and development of plants and their associated microbiota, leading to remarkable yield losses. Phytotoxicity of MCs may refer to the inhibition of phosphatases activity, generating deleterious reactive oxygen species, altering gene functioning and phytohormones translocation within the plant. It is also known that MCs can pass through the root membrane barrier, translocate within plant tissues and accumulate into different organs, including edible ones. Also, MCs impact the microbial activity in soil via altering plant-bacterial symbioses and decreasing bacterial growth rate of rhizospheric microbiota. Moreover, MCs can persist in agricultural soils through adsorption to clay-humic acid particles and results in a long-term contact with the plant-microflora complex. However, their bioavailability to plants and half-life in soil seem to be influenced by biodegradation process and soil physicochemical properties. This review reports the latest and most relevant information regarding MCs-phytotoxicity and impact on soil microbiota, the persistence in soil, the degradation by native microflora and the bioaccumulation within plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Redouane
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP. 145 Khouribga, 25000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, BP. 509, 52000, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Takaara T, Sasaki S, Fujii M, Ito H, Masago Y, Omura T. Lectin-stimulated cellular iron uptake and toxin generation in the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:25-33. [PMID: 31097253 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lectin family is composed of mono- and oligosaccharide binding proteins that could activate specific cellular activities, such as cell-cell attachment and toxin production. In the present study, the effect of the external addition of lectins to culture media containing the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on its metabolic activities, such as iron uptake and toxin production was investigated. Among the three lectins examined in this study (concanavalin A [Con A], wheat germ agglutinin [WGA] and peanut agglutinin [PNA]), PNA substantially increased the accumulated intracellular and extracellular iron content. The binding of PNA and Con A to M. aeruginosa cells was visualized via fluorescence microscopy using a lectin adjunct with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and resulted in carbohydrate and protein accumulation in the cellular capsule. Given that the highest carbohydrate accumulation was seen in the Con A system (where iron accumulation was relatively lower), carbohydrate quality is likely important factor that influences cellular iron accumulation. Since PNA specifically binds to sugars such as galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, these saccharide species could be important candidates for intracellular and extracellular iron accumulation and transport. Microcystin biosynthesis was stimulated in the presence of PNA and WGA, whereas cellular iron uptake increased only in the presence of PNA. Thus, the iron uptake was not necessarily congruent with the upregulation of microcystin synthesis, which suggested that the positive effect of lectin on iron uptake is probably attributable to the PNA-assisted iron accumulation around the cell surface. Overall, the present study provides insights into the interactions of lectin that influence cellular metabolic activities such as iron uptake, extracellular polymeric substance accumulation, and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takaara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, Japan
| | - Shiori Sasaki
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nation University, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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First observation of microcystin- and anatoxin-a-producing cyanobacteria in the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland (the Baltic Sea). Toxicon 2019; 157:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Leite TPB, Wojciechowski J, Nadaline M, Bozza DC, Magalhães VFD, Cestari MM, Prodocimo V, Silva de Assis HC. Depuration time and sublethal effects of microcystins in a freshwater fish from water supply reservoir. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:805-815. [PMID: 30041158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins that have been considered to be a worldwide problem due the effects that they can cause to environmental and human health systems. The Iraí Reservoir, located in the South of Brazil, is used as a water supply and MCs concentrations have been reported in this ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the MCs concentrations in the Iraí Reservoir and to evaluate the MCs depuration time and the health of Geophagus brasiliensis using biomarkers. Water and fish samples were collected in the Iraí Reservoir from August 2015 to May 2016. Phytoplankton and chemical analyses were conducted using water samples and the fish were divided into two groups; the Immediate Group (IMM) and the Depuration Group (DEP). In the IMM group, the blood, liver, muscle, brain and gills were collected, in order to evaluate the genotoxic, biochemical and chemical biomarkers. The DEP group was used in the depuration experiment for 90 days, and after this period the fish were submitted to the same procedure as the IMM group. Our results suggested that fish accumulated MCs and it may have caused oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and molecular damage. Furthermore, MCs concentrations increased during the depuration time and it resulted in molecular damage over the first 30 days. After 90 days, the recovery of the antioxidant system occurred. The depuration started on the 15th day, however, the toxins were still present in the samples. Therefore, the effects and the persistence of MCs are a risk to environmental systems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Talitha Pires Borges Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Wojciechowski
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Mário Nadaline
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Deivyson Cattine Bozza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Prodocimo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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Major Y, Kifle D, Spoof L, Meriluoto J. Cyanobacteria and microcystins in Koka reservoir (Ethiopia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26861-26873. [PMID: 30003488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of cyanobacteria and their toxins, microcystins (MCs), and cylindrospermopsins (CYN) were investigated using samples collected at monthly intervals from the Amudde side of Koka Reservoir from May 2013 to April 2014. Cyanobacteria were the most abundant and persistent phytoplankton taxa with Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis species alternately dominating the phytoplankton community of the reservoir and accounting for up to 84.3 and 11.9% of total cyanobacterial abundance, respectively. Analyses of cyanotoxins in filtered samples by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS identified and quantified five variants of MCs (MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, MC-dmLR, and MC-LA) in all samples, with their total concentrations ranging from 1.86 to 28.3 μg L-1 and from 1.71 to 33 μg L-1, respectively. Despite the presence and occasional abundance of Cylindrospermopsis sp., cylindrospermopsin was not detected. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the environmental variables explained 82.7% of the total variance in cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin concentration. The presence of considerably high levels of MCs almost throughout the year represents a serious threat to public health and life of domestic and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshiemebet Major
- Applied Biology Program, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Kifle
- Aquatic Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Wan X, Xie L. Bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners in soil-plant system and human health risk assessment: A field study from Lake Taihu region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:44-50. [PMID: 29729568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 120-day field study was carried out near Lake Taihu to evaluate the bioaccumulation of microcystin (MC) congeners in a soil-plant system, as well as to assess human health risk when consuming edible plants irrigated with MCs-contaminated water. Natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water (lake water) and half-diluted natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water with tap water (half-lake water) were used to irrigate lettuce and rice. An additional treatment involving fertilization with a cyanobacteria bloom was applied just to the lettuce experiment. MCs in soils, roots, leaves and grains (rice) were detected. In the soil-lettuce system, the three MC congeners in soils fertilized with a cyanobacteria bloom were not detected. The highest concentrations of MCs detected in soils, lettuce roots and leaves were 24.8 (MC-LR 10.1, MC-RR 10.5, MC-YR 4.2) μg kg-1, 424 (MC-LR 168, MC-RR 194, MC-YR 61.5) μg kg-1 and 183 (MC-LR 78.0, MC-RR 76.8, MC-YR 28.1) μg kg-1, respectively, in the lake water treatment. In the soil-rice system, the highest concentration of MCs was accumulated in roots 1504 (MC-LR 634, MC-RR 573, MC-YR 297) μg kg-1, in the lake water treatment. However, the concentration of MCs that accumulated in grains was extremely low with a total MCs concentration of 5.2 (MC-LR 2.1, MC-RR 2.0, MC-YR 1.1) μg kg-1 in the lake water treatment. According to the estimated daily intake (EDI) value, fertilizing with an appropriate amount (0.2% or less, w/w, dry weight (DW)) of a cyanobacteria bloom, as well as consuming rice irrigated with lake water would not pose a threat to human health. However, the EDI values for both adults and children reached tolerable daily intake (TDI) value, assuming they consumed lettuce irrigated with lake water. Results obtained from the growth and yield indicators suggest that MCs bioaccumulation in edible plants is not necessarily coupled with phytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Wan X, Xie L. Combined toxicity of microcystin-LR and copper on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:474-482. [PMID: 29775940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins and copper commonly co-exist in the natural environment, but their combined toxicity remains unclear, especially in terrestrial plants. The present study investigated the toxicity effects of microcystin-LR (0, 5, 50, 500, 1000 μg L-1) and copper (0, 50, 500, 1000, 2000 μg L-1), both individually and in mixture, on the germination, growth and oxidative response of lettuce. The bioaccumulation of microcystin-LR and copper was also evaluated. Results showed that the decrease in lettuce germination induced by copper alone was not significantly different from that induced by the mixture, and the combined toxicity assessment showed a simple additive effect. Lettuce growth was not significantly reduced by microcystin-LR alone, whereas it was significantly reduced by copper alone and the mixture when copper concentration was higher than 500 μg L-1. High concentrations of microcystin-LR (1000 μg L-1) and copper (≥50 μg L-1),as well as their mixture (≥50 + 500 μg L-1), induced oxidative stress in lettuce. A synergistic effect on the growth and antioxidative system of lettuce was observed when exposed to low concentrations of the mixture (≤50 + 500 μg L-1), whereas an antagonistic effect was observed at high concentrations (≥1000 + 2000 μg L-1). Moreover, the interaction of microcystin-LR and copper can increase their accumulation in lettuce. Our results suggest that the toxicity effects of microcystin-LR and copper are exacerbated when they co-exist in the natural environment at low concentrations, which not only negatively affects plant growth but also poses a potential risk to human health via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Yao L, Xie L. Effects of light, microorganisms, farming chemicals and water content on the degradation of microcystin-LR in agricultural soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:141-147. [PMID: 29549737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of farming activities on microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation in soils. Three farming activities were assessed: 1) fertilization via addition of different nitrogen sources and organic matter; 2) pesticide application by addition of different commercial pesticides; and 3) irrigation by addition of different amount of water. The contribution of the two major degradation processes of MC-LR in soils, photodegradation and biodegradation, were also evaluated. MC-LR was added into the soil samples to create a concentration of 500 μg kg-1 for each treatment. Results showed that natural degradation of MC-LR in soils was mainly by biodegradation rather than photodegradation. MC-degradation was stimulated by the addition of NaNO3 and humic acid, whereas degradation was inhibited by addition of NH4Cl, glucose, and glycine. Application of high concentrations of glyphosate and chlorothalonil significantly inhibited the degradation of MC-LR in soils and the half-life was almost twice as long as the control. No significant effect was found by addition of CO(NH2)2 and dimethoate. Both low (10%) and high water content (60%) could lead to inhibition of MC-LR degradation. Results from our study help to inform farm practices that could alleviate contamination by MC-LR in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Lei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Pitois F, Fastner J, Pagotto C, Dechesne M. Multi-Toxin Occurrences in Ten French Water Resource Reservoirs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070283. [PMID: 29987192 PMCID: PMC6071237 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are known to produce a wide array of metabolites, including various classes of toxins. Among these, hepatotoxins (Microcystins), neurotoxins (Anatoxin-A and PSP toxins) or cytotoxins (Cylindrospermopsins) have been subjected to numerous, individual studies during the past twenty years. Reports of toxins co-occurrences, however, remain scarce in the literature. The present work is an inventory of cyanobacteria with a particular focus on Nostocales and their associated toxin classes from 2007 to 2010 in ten lakes used for drinking water production in France. The results show that potential multiple toxin producing species are commonly encountered in cyanobacteria populations. Individual toxin classes were detected in 75% of all samples. Toxin co-occurrences appeared in 40% of samples as two- or three-toxin combinations (with 35% for the microcystins–anatoxin combination), whereas four-toxin class combinations only appeared in 1% of samples. Toxin co-occurrences could be partially correlated to species composition and water temperature. Peak concentrations however could never be observed simultaneously and followed distinct, asymmetrical distribution patterns. As observations are the key for preventive management and risk assessment, these results indicate that water monitoring should search for all four toxin classes simultaneously instead of focusing on the most frequent toxins, i.e., microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Pitois
- Limnologie sarl, 16 rue Paul Langevin, 35200 Rennes, France.
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Magali Dechesne
- Veolia Recherche & Innovation, Chemin de la Digue, 78603 Maisons-Laffitte, France.
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Costa ML, Rodrigues JA, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Eiras E, Campos MG. Hepatotoxicity induced by paclitaxel interaction with turmeric in association with a microcystin from a contaminated dietary supplement. Toxicon 2018; 150:207-211. [PMID: 29857089 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 67-year-old Caucasian male with lung cancer was presented to the Emergency Department with asthenia, anorexia, jaundice and choluria. The patient's lung cancer was being treated medically by a combination of paclitaxel/carboplatin with bi-monthly frequency. The patient was also self-medicating with several natural products, including Chlorella (520 mg/day), Silybum marianum (total of 13.5 mg silymarin/day), zinc sulphate (5.5 mg), selenium (50 μg) and 15 g/day of Curcuma longa. In first chemotherapy cycle no toxicity was observed even he was taking other medications as budesonide and sitagliptin. The toxic events started only after the introduction of the dietary products. Chlorella had contamination with cyanobacteria (Oscillatoriales) and 1.08 μg of cyanotoxin Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) per gram of biomass was found. Patient was consuming ca 0.01 μg MC-LR/kg/day. This case report describes the first known case of paclitaxel toxicity probably related to pharmacokinetic interaction with Turmeric and a contaminated Chlorella supplement resulting in an acute toxic hepatitis and the impact on oncologic patient health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luísa Costa
- Observatory of Herb-Drug Interactions/Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José A Rodrigues
- Observatory of Herb-Drug Interactions/Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Eiras
- Internal Medicine Service, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Graça Campos
- Observatory of Herb-Drug Interactions/Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CQ - Centre of Chemistry - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Rietzler AC, Botta CR, Ribeiro MM, Rocha O, Fonseca AL. Accelerated eutrophication and toxicity in tropical reservoir water and sediments: an ecotoxicological approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13292-13311. [PMID: 27761862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to jointly show the results of three independent ecotoxicological studies performed to investigate pollutants in three Brazilian tropical reservoirs undergoing accelerated eutrophication. In order to accomplish this goal, the full toxicity identification and evaluation procedure (TIE approach) was performed, at Pampulha (Minas Gerais State) and Salto Grande and Barra Bonita reservoirs (São Paulo State). Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed using the cladocerans Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia (exotic) and Daphnia laevis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (native) as test organisms. Results from TIE procedure stage I indicated the existence of nonpolar organic and filterable compounds in the water from Pampulha, probably cyanotoxins, and oxidants as part of the toxic agents. TIE results for sediments identified ammonia (Pampulha and Salto Grande), organic compounds (Pampulha), metals (Pampulha, Barra Bonita, and Salto Grande), and acidity (Salto Grande) as responsible for toxicity. Whole-sediment remediation experiments for Pampulha reservoir confirmed, through reproduction decrease, ammonia and organic compounds as contaminants. Such pollutants represent threats to aquatic biota and must be prevented. Higher temperatures as predicted from global climate change will severely affect tropical shallow reservoirs, accelerating eutrophication, the release of contaminants from sediments, and increasing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rietzler
- General Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - C R Botta
- Centre of Water Resources and Environmental Studies, State University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - M M Ribeiro
- General Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - O Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - A L Fonseca
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil
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Shen F, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Effects of lanthanum on Microcystis aeruginosa: Attention to the changes in composition and content of cellular microcystins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:9-16. [PMID: 29324395 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms threaten human health and aquatic ecosystem through the production of microcystins (MCs) by toxic strains. The accumulation of rare earth elements (REEs) in water affects the growth and physiological activities of algae. However, whether or how REEs affect cellular microcystins (MCs) is largely unknown. In this study, the effects of lanthanum ion [La(III)], a type of REE, on the MCs in Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated, and the mechanism of the effect was analyzed using ecological stoichiometry. The different concentrations of La(III) were selected to correlate environmental pollution status. Low-dose La(III) (0.2, 2.0, and 4.0 μM) exposure increased the total content of MCs and the percentage contents of microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and microcystin-LW (MC-LW) and decreased the percentage content of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). High-dose La(III) (8.0, 20, 40, and 60 μM) exposure decreased the total content of the MCs, increased the percentage content of MC-LR, and decreased the percentage contents of MC-YR and MC-LW. The changes in the total MCs content were positively associated with the ratios of C:P and N:P in algal cells. The composition of MCs was dependent on the ratio of C:N in algal cells; for example, the percentage content of MC-LR decreased and the percentage content of MC-YR and MC-LW increased as the ratio of C:N in algal cells increased. In conclusion, La(III) could affect the content and composition of MCs via changes in the growth and chlorophyll-a content of Microcystis aeruginosa, and these effects depended on the ratios of C:P, N:P, and C:N in Microcystis aeruginosa. Such changes may influence the toxicity of Microcystis blooms. The results provides a new insight into the mechanism of REEs effects on algal toxins and provide references for evaluating environmental risks of REEs pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Wuxi, 214121, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Lee EH, Chua B, Son A. Detection of Cyanobacteria in Eutrophic Water Using a Portable Electrocoagulator and NanoGene Assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1375-1385. [PMID: 29304280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the detection of cyanobacteria in eutrophic water samples using a portable electrocoagulator and NanoGene assay. The electrocoagulator is designed to preconcentrate cyanobacteria from water samples prior to analysis via NanoGene assay. Using Microcystis aeruginosa laboratory culture and environmental samples (cell densities ranging from 1.7 × 105 to 4.1 × 106 and 6.5 × 103 to 6.6 × 107 cells·mL-1, respectively), the electrocoagulator was evaluated and compared with a conventional centrifuge. Varying the operation duration from 0 to 300 s with different cell densities was first investigated. Preconcentration efficiencies (obtained via absorbance measurement) and dry cell weight of preconcentrated cyanobacteria were then obtained and compared. For laboratory samples at cell densities from 3.2 × 105 to 4.1 × 106 cells·mL-1, the preconcentration efficiencies of electrocoagulator appeared to be stable at ∼60%. At lower cell densities (1.7 and 2.2 × 105 cells·mL-1), the preconcentration efficiencies decreased to 33.9 ± 0.2 and 40.4 ± 5.4%, respectively. For environmental samples at cell densities of 2.7 × 105 and 6.6 × 107 cells·mL-1, the electrocoagulator maintained its preconcentration efficiency at ∼60%. On the other hand, the centrifuge's preconcentration efficiencies decreased to nondetectable and below 40%, respectively. This shows that the electrocoagulator outperformed the centrifuge when using eutrophic water samples. Finally, the compatibility of the electrocoagulator with the NanoGene assay was verified via the successful detection of the microcystin synthetase D (mcyD) gene in environmental samples. The viability of the electrocoagulator as an in situ compatible alternative to the centrifuge is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beelee Chua
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahjeong Son
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fastner J, Beulker C, Geiser B, Hoffmann A, Kröger R, Teske K, Hoppe J, Mundhenk L, Neurath H, Sagebiel D, Chorus I. Fatal Neurotoxicosis in Dogs Associated with Tychoplanktic, Anatoxin-a Producing Tychonema sp. in Mesotrophic Lake Tegel, Berlin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020060. [PMID: 29385106 PMCID: PMC5848161 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2017, at least 12 dogs showed signs of acute neurotoxicosis after swimming in or drinking from Lake Tegel, a mesotrophic lake in Berlin, Germany, and several of the affected dogs died shortly afterwards despite intensive veterinary treatment. Cyanobacterial blooms were not visible at the water surface or the shorelines. However, detached and floating water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) with high amounts of Tychonema sp., a potential anatoxin-a (ATX) producing cyanobacterium, was found near the beaches where the dogs had been swimming and playing. Necropsies of two of the dogs revealed no specific lesions beside the anamnestic neurotoxicosis. ATX was detected in concentrations up to 8700 µg L−1 in the stomach contents, while other (neuro)toxic substances were not found. In the aqueous fraction of Fontinalis/Tychonema clumps sampled after the casualties, ATX was found in concentrations up to 1870 µg L−1. This is the first report of a dense population of Tychonema sp. in stands of Fontinalis resulting in high ATX contents. This case emphasizes the need for further investigation of potentially toxic, non-bloom forming cyanobacteria in less eutrophic water bodies and underlines the novel challenge of developing appropriate surveillance schemes for respective bathing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Camilla Beulker
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory Abt. IV, Invalidenstr. 60, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Anja Hoffmann
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory Abt. IV, Invalidenstr. 60, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roswitha Kröger
- State Office for Health & Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Postfach 31-09-29, 10639 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kinga Teske
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Judith Hoppe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hartmud Neurath
- Toxicological Laboratory, Medical University Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Sagebiel
- State Office for Health & Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Postfach 31-09-29, 10639 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Chorus
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Su X, Xie L. Effects of microcystins contamination on soil enzyme activities and microbial community in two typical lakeside soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:134-142. [PMID: 28797902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 30-day indoor incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of microcystin (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg eq. MC-LR L-1) on soil enzyme activity, soil respiration, physiological profiles, potential nitrification, and microbial abundance (total bacteria, total fungi, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea) in two lakeside soils in China (Soil A from the lakeside of Lake Poyanghu at Jiujiang; Soil B from the lakeside of Lake Taihu at Suzhou). Of the enzymes tested, only phenol oxidase activity was negatively affected by microcystin application. In contrast, dehydrogenase activity was stimulated in the 1000 μg treatment, and a stimulatory effect also occurred with soil respiration in contaminated soil. The metabolic profiles of the microbial communities indicated that overall carbon metabolic activity in the soils treated with high microcystin concentrations was inhibited, and high concentrations of microcystin also led to different patterns of potential carbon utilization. High microcystin concentrations (100, 1000 μg eq. MC-LR L-1 in Soil A; 10, 100 1000 μg eq. MC-LR L-1 in Soil B) significantly decreased soil potential nitrification rate. Furthermore, the decrease in soil potential nitrification rate was positively correlated with the decrease of the amoA gene abundance, which corresponds to the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community. We conclude that application of microcystin-enriched irrigation water can significantly impact soil microbial community structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiaomei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Toxicological and biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to cyanobacteria toxins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15954. [PMID: 29162925 PMCID: PMC5698456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Irrigation with eutrophic water containing cyanobacteria toxins poses a potential risk to soil animals. To evaluate ecotoxicological effect of microcystins (MCs) on earthworms, filter paper acute toxicity test, avoidance test and a 14-d artificial soil test were carried out. No acute toxicity was found in the filter paper test, and earthworms showed no avoidance response to MCs exposure. In the artificial soil test, Eisenia fetida were allowed to grow in presence or absence of MCs (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 μg kg−1 of soil) for 1, 7, and 14 d. Results showed that MCs could bioaccumulated in earthworm. A stimulatory effect on catalase and glutathione oxidase activities induced by MCs was found on day 1, and both of them were significantly inhibited at 100 and 1000 μg kg−1 on days 14. The superoxide dismutase activity was relatively insensitive. Significant increase of malondialdehyde content and decrease of neutral red retention time were observed at 100 and 1000 μg kg−1 on days 7 and 14. Our results suggest that MCs induces oxidative stress on earthworms, which leads to disruption of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations in lysosomal membrane stability.
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Zhang H, Yang S, Beier RC, Beloglazova NV, Lei H, Sun X, Ke Y, Zhang S, Wang Z. Simple, high efficiency detection of microcystins and nodularin-R in water by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 992:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Liu H, Song X, Guan Y, Pan D, Li Y, Xu S, Fang Y. Role of illumination intensity in microcystin development using Microcystis aeruginosa as the model algae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23261-23272. [PMID: 28831771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) is one of the most common genera of cyanobacteria in algal blooms. In the present work, the impact of the illumination intensity on the growth of M. aeruginosa has been studied and a grinding method for the extraction of intracellular microcystins (MCs) was developed. The variations of algal density, pH, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) have been investigated during MCs' culturing period. Results showed that the extraction efficiency of MC-YR by the grinding method was 275% higher than the sonication method, and the extraction efficiencies of MC-RR and MC-LR by the grinding method were similar to the sonication method. The optimal illumination intensity for M. aeruginosa was found to be 19-38 μmol m-2 s-1 with suitable pH range of 7.5-10.5. Active release of extracellular MCs was not significantly observed when illumination intensities were ≤ 38 μmol m-2 s-1. Furthermore, the intracellular MC yields under different illumination intensities were found to be a relatively stable level. However, excess illumination intensity (≥ 47 μmol m-2 s-1) led to the lysis of algal cell and increased the concentrations of extracellular MCs, with MC-RR as the dominant compound. The calculated intracellular/extracellular MCs ratios for MC-RR, MC-LR, and MC-YR were 2.38 (N = 100, SD = 2.44), 2.68 (N = 64, SD = 3.48), and 1.25 (N = 30, SD = 1.64), respectively. Strong illumination intensity and cell lysis were found to be the two major factors influencing the release of extracellular MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Xiao Song
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yongnian Guan
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Ding Pan
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Suyun Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yueying Fang
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
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Lee S, Jiang X, Manubolu M, Riedl K, Ludsin SA, Martin JF, Lee J. Fresh produce and their soils accumulate cyanotoxins from irrigation water: Implications for public health and food security. Food Res Int 2017; 102:234-245. [PMID: 29195944 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC), a hepatotoxin that can adversely affect human health, has become more prevalent in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, owing to an increase in toxic cyanobacteria blooms. While consumption of water and fish are well-documented exposure pathways of MCs to humans, less is known about the potential transfer to humans through consumption of vegetables that have been irrigated with MC-contaminated water. Likewise, the impact of MC on the performance of food crops is understudied. To help fill these information gaps, we conducted a controlled laboratory experiment in which we exposed lettuce, carrots, and green beans to environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LR (0, 1, 5, and 10μg/L) via two irrigation methods (drip and spray). We used ELISA and LC-MS/MS to quantify MC-LR concentrations and in different parts of the plant (edible vs. inedible fractions), measured plant performance (e.g., size, mass, edible leaves, color), and calculated human exposure risk based on accumulation patterns. MC-LR accumulation was positively dose-dependent, with it being greater in the plants (2.2-209.2μg/kg) than in soil (0-19.4μg/kg). MC-LR accumulation varied among vegetable types, between plant parts, and between irrigation methods. MC-LR accumulation led to reduced crop growth and quality, with MC-LR persisting in the soil after harvest. Observed toxin accumulation patterns in edible fractions of plants also led to estimates of daily MC-LR intake that exceeded both the chronic reference dose (0.003μg/kg of body weight) and total daily intake guidelines (0.04μg/kg of body weight). Because the use of MC-contaminated water is common in many parts of the world, our collective findings highlight the need for guidelines concerning the use of MC-contaminated water in irrigation, as well as consumption of these crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Manjunath Manubolu
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ken Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stuart A Ludsin
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay F Martin
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio Sea Grant, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Analysis of microcystin-LR and nodularin using triple quad liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and histopathology in experimental fish. Toxicon 2017; 138:82-88. [PMID: 28803056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyanobacterial metabolites produced sporadically in aquatic environments under favorable environmental conditions. Affinity of these toxins to covalently bind with protein phosphatases poses a challenge in their detection. Lemieux oxidation to release 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB), a common moiety to all MCs congeners, has been used in detection of these compounds, however a lack of sensitivity has limited the usefulness of the method. In this study, modifications of the oxidation and solid phase extraction procedures, combined with a sensitive LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) detection, have resulted in 25 ng/g method detection limits in both liver and plasma samples. Samples harvested from six fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) dosed intraperitoneally with a sublethal MC-LR dose of 250 μg/kg were analyzed, and microcystin concentrations ranging from 370 to 670 ng/g in plasma and 566-1030 ng/g in liver were detected. Similarly, 250 μg/kg nodularin-dosed channel catfish fish were found to contain 835-1520 ng/g in plasma and 933-1140 ng/g in liver. Detection of the toxins in serum and liver combined with the presence of histopathological lesions consistent with these hepatocellular toxin in exposed fish and no positive findings in the control fish demonstrates the usefulness of this analytical procedure for the diagnosis of suspected algal toxicity cases.
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Machado J, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Freitas M. Effects of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on plant-soil systems: A review of their relevance for agricultural plant quality and public health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:191-204. [PMID: 27702441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are recognized as an emerging environmental threat worldwide. Although microcystin-LR is the most frequently documented cyanotoxin, studies on cylindrospermopsin have been increasing due to the invasive nature of cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria. The number of studies regarding the effects of cyanotoxins on agricultural plants has increased in recent years, and it has been suggested that the presence of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin in irrigation water may cause toxic effects in edible plants. The uptake of these cyanotoxins by agricultural plants has been shown to induce morphological and physiological changes that lead to a potential loss of productivity. There is also evidence that edible terrestrial plants can bioaccumulate cyanotoxins in their tissues in a concentration dependent-manner. Moreover, the number of consecutive cycles of watering and planting in addition to the potential persistence of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin in the environment are likely to result in groundwater contamination. The use of cyanotoxin-contaminated water for agricultural purposes may therefore represent a threat to both food security and food safety. However, the deleterious effects of cyanotoxins on agricultural plants and public health seem to be dependent on the concentrations studied, which in most cases are non-environmentally relevant. Interestingly, at ecologically relevant concentrations, the productivity and nutritional quality of some agricultural plants seem not to be impaired and may even be enhanced. However, studies assessing if the potential tolerance of agricultural plants to these concentrations can result in cyanotoxin and allergen accumulation in the edible tissues are lacking. This review combines the most current information available regarding this topic with a realistic assessment of the impact of cyanobacterial toxins on agricultural plants, groundwater quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Department of Environmental Health, School of Allied Health Technologies, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, P 440-330 Gaia, Portugal.
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Machado J, Azevedo J, Freitas M, Pinto E, Almeida A, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Analysis of the use of microcystin-contaminated water in the growth and nutritional quality of the root-vegetable, Daucus carota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:752-764. [PMID: 27752954 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are often observed in freshwaters and may reflect the increased eutrophication of these environments and alterations in climate. Cyanotoxins, such as microcystins (MCs), are an effective threat to many life forms, ranging from plants to humans. Despite the research conducted to date on cyanotoxins, the risks associated to the use of contaminated water in agriculture require further elucidation. To tackle this aim, a research was conducted with the root-vegetable Daucus carota. The specific aims of this work were the following: (i) to evaluate the effects of MC-LR on the plant growth and photosynthesis; (ii) to evaluate the nutritional quality of carrot roots; and (iii) to measure bioaccumulation. To this purpose, young carrots were grown in soil during 1 month in natural conditions and exposed to Mycrocystis aeruginosa aqueous extracts containing environmentally realistic concentrations of MC-LR (10 and 50 MC-LR μg/L). The results showed that MC-LR may decrease root growth after 28 days of exposure to 50 μg/L and increase photosynthetic efficiency. We also observed changes in mineral and vitamin content in carrots as a result of the exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, MC-LR was detected in carrot roots by ELISA at very low concentration 5.23 ± 0.47 ng MC eq./g FW. The soil retained 52.7 % of the toxin potentially available for plants. This result could be attributed to MC-LR adsorption by soil particles or due to microbial degradation of the toxin. We conclude that the prolonged use of MC-LR-contaminated water may affect crop growth, alter the nutritional value of vegetable products, and potentiate contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health of School of Allied Health Technologies, and CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, P 440-330, Gaia, Portugal
| | - E Pinto
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health of School of Allied Health Technologies, and CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, P 440-330, Gaia, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - V Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
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49
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Svirčev Z, Obradović V, Codd GA, Marjanović P, Spoof L, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Petković A, Nenin T, Simeunović J, Važić T, Meriluoto J. Massive fish mortality and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1353-1363. [PMID: 27352231 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a massive fish mortality during a Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake, Serbia in mid-December 2012. According to a preliminary investigation of the samples taken on November 6 before the fish mortalities and to extended analyses of samples taken on November 15, no values of significant physicochemical parameters emerged to explain the cause(s) of the fish mortality. No industrial pollutants were apparent at this location, and results excluded the likelihood of bacterial infections. Even after freezing, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water was sufficient for fish survival. High concentrations of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin occurred in the lake, and phytoplankton bloom samples were lethal in Artemia salina bioassays. A bloom of the cyanobacterium C. raciborskii was recorded during November. Although the A. salina bioassays indicated the presence of toxic compounds in the cyanobacterial cells, the cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesna Obradović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Prvoslav Marjanović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Tanja Nenin
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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50
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Production of monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity and development of an immunoassay for microcystins and nodularin in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6037-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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