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Williams LR, Emary KRW, Phillips DJ, Hay J, Larwood JPJ, Ramasamy MN, Pollard AJ, Grassly NC, Voysey M. Implementation and adherence to regular asymptomatic testing in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. Vaccine 2024:126167. [PMID: 39060202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For pathogens which cause infections that present asymptomatically, evaluating vaccine efficacy (VE) against asymptomatic infection is important for understanding a vaccine's potential epidemiological impact. Regular testing for subclinical infections is a potentially valuable strategy but its success hinges on participant adherence and minimising false positives. This paper describes the implementation and adherence to weekly testing in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. METHODS COV002 was a phase 2/3 trial assessing the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Asymptomatic infections were detected using weekly self-administered swabs for RT-PCR testing. We analysed adherence using mixed-effects regression models and estimated the probability of true and false positive asymptomatic infections using estimates of adherence and testing characteristics. FINDINGS 356,551 tests were self-administered by 10,811 participants during the 13-month follow-up. Median adherence was 75.0% (IQR 42·6-90·9), which translated to a 74·5% (IQR 50·9-78·8) probability of detecting a positive asymptomatic infection during the swabbing period, and between 21 and 96 false positives during VE evaluation. The odds of returning a swab declined by 8% per week and further after testing positive and unblinding. Adherence was higher in older age groups, females and non-healthcare workers. INTERPRETATION The COV002 trial demonstrated the feasibility of running a long-term regular asymptomatic testing strategy. This information could be valuable for designing future phase III vaccine trials in which infection is an outcome. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, AstraZeneca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy R Williams
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Katherine R W Emary
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Phillips
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie Hay
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica P J Larwood
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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2
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Padilla‐Flores T, Sampieri A, Vaca L. Incidence and management of the main serious adverse events reported after COVID-19 vaccination. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1224. [PMID: 38864106 PMCID: PMC11167235 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2n first appeared in Wuhan, China in 2019. Soon after, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The health crisis imposed by a new virus and its rapid spread worldwide prompted the fast development of vaccines. For the first time in human history, two vaccines based on recombinant genetic material technology were approved for human use. These mRNA vaccines were applied in massive immunization programs around the world, followed by other vaccines based on more traditional approaches. Even though all vaccines were tested in clinical trials prior to their general administration, serious adverse events, usually of very low incidence, were mostly identified after application of millions of doses. Establishing a direct correlation (the cause-effect paradigm) between vaccination and the appearance of adverse effects has proven challenging. This review focuses on the main adverse effects observed after vaccination, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis reported in the context of COVID-19 vaccination. We highlight the symptoms, laboratory tests required for an adequate diagnosis, and briefly outline the recommended treatments for these adverse effects. The aim of this work is to increase awareness among healthcare personnel about the serious adverse events that may arise post-vaccination. Regardless of the ongoing discussion about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination, these adverse effects must be identified promptly and treated effectively to reduce the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Padilla‐Flores
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Alicia Sampieri
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
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3
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Malireddi RKS, Sharma BR, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immunity in Protection and Pathogenesis During Coronavirus Infections and COVID-19. Annu Rev Immunol 2024; 42:615-645. [PMID: 38941608 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the recently emerged β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has had a catastrophic impact, resulting in nearly 7 million fatalities worldwide to date. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections, including the detection and response to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discuss the innate immune mechanisms that sense coronaviruses, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 infection and how these protective responses can become detrimental in severe cases of COVID-19, contributing to cytokine storm, inflammation, long-COVID, and other complications. We also highlight the complex cross talk among cytokines and the cellular components of the innate immune system, which can aid in viral clearance but also contribute to inflammatory cell death, cytokine storm, and organ damage in severe COVID-19 pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss how SARS-CoV-2 evades key protective innate immune mechanisms to enhance its virulence and pathogenicity, as well as how innate immunity can be therapeutically targeted as part of the vaccination and treatment strategy. Overall, we highlight how a comprehensive understanding of innate immune mechanisms has been crucial in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infections and the development of novel host-directed immunotherapeutic strategies for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA;
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA;
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4
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Wu PC, Lin WC, Wang CW, Chung WH, Chen CB. Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccines: Current evidence and potential immune mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110220. [PMID: 38642783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
As the number of vaccinated individuals has increased, there have been increasing reports of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The main COVID-19 vaccines administered include messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, inactivated whole-virus vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. These vaccines contain active components such as polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, aluminum, tromethamine, and disodium edetate dihydrate. Recent advances in understanding the coordination of inflammatory responses by specific subsets of lymphocytes have led to a new classification based on immune response patterns. We categorize these responses into four patterns: T helper (Th)1-, Th2-, Th17/22-, and Treg-polarized cutaneous inflammation after stimulation of COVID-19 vaccines. Although the association between COVID-19 vaccination and these cutaneous adverse reactions remains controversial, the occurrence of rare dermatoses and their short intervals suggest a possible relationship. Despite the potential adverse reactions, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in the ongoing battle against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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5
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Dillard JA, Taft-Benz SA, Knight AC, Anderson EJ, Pressey KD, Parotti B, Martinez SA, Diaz JL, Sarkar S, Madden EA, De la Cruz G, Adams LE, Dinnon KH, Leist SR, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Powers JM, Yount BL, Castillo IN, Morales NL, Burdick J, Evangelista MKD, Ralph LM, Pankow NC, Linnertz CL, Lakshmanane P, Montgomery SA, Ferris MT, Baric RS, Baxter VK, Heise MT. Adjuvant-dependent impact of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during heterologous infection by a SARS-related coronavirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3738. [PMID: 38702297 PMCID: PMC11068739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole virus-based inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide have been critical to the COVID-19 pandemic response. Although these vaccines are protective against homologous coronavirus infection, the emergence of novel variants and the presence of large zoonotic reservoirs harboring novel heterologous coronaviruses provide significant opportunities for vaccine breakthrough, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes like vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. Here, we use a female mouse model of coronavirus disease to evaluate inactivated vaccine performance against either homologous challenge with SARS-CoV-2 or heterologous challenge with a bat-derived coronavirus that represents a potential emerging disease threat. We show that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide can cause enhanced respiratory disease during heterologous infection, while use of an alternative adjuvant does not drive disease and promotes heterologous viral clearance. In this work, we highlight the impact of adjuvant selection on inactivated vaccine safety and efficacy against heterologous coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Dillard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katia D Pressey
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Breantié Parotti
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sabian A Martinez
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Diaz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Izabella N Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah L Morales
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jane Burdick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Ralph
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas C Pankow
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colton L Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Premkumar Lakshmanane
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Dallas Tissue Research, Farmers Branch, TX, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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6
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Iketani S, Ho DD. SARS-CoV-2 resistance to monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:632-657. [PMID: 38640902 PMCID: PMC11084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over four years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific response has been rapid and effective, with many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules developed for clinical use. However, given the ability for viruses to become resistant to antivirals, it is perhaps no surprise that the field has identified resistance to nearly all of these compounds. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the resistance profile for each of these therapeutics. We hope that this resource provides an atlas for mutations to be aware of for each agent, particularly as a springboard for considerations for the next generation of antivirals. Finally, we discuss the outlook and thoughts for moving forward in how we continue to manage this, and the next, pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Galhaut M, Lundberg U, Marlin R, Schlegl R, Seidel S, Bartuschka U, Heindl-Wruss J, Relouzat F, Langlois S, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morin J, Galpin-Lebreau M, Gallouët AS, Gros W, Naninck T, Pascal Q, Chapon C, Mouchain K, Fichet G, Lemaitre J, Cavarelli M, Contreras V, Legrand N, Meinke A, Le Grand R. Immunogenicity and efficacy of VLA2001 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection in male cynomolgus macaques. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:62. [PMID: 38570605 PMCID: PMC10991505 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fight against COVID-19 requires mass vaccination strategies, and vaccines inducing durable cross-protective responses are still needed. Inactivated vaccines have proven lasting efficacy against many pathogens and good safety records. They contain multiple protein antigens that may improve response breadth and can be easily adapted every year to maintain preparedness for future seasonally emerging variants. METHODS The vaccine dose was determined using ELISA and pseudoviral particle-based neutralization assay in the mice. The immunogenicity was assessed in the non-human primates with multiplex ELISA, neutralization assays, ELISpot and intracellular staining. The efficacy was demonstrated by viral quantification in fluids using RT-qPCR and respiratory tissue lesions evaluation. RESULTS Here we report the immunogenicity and efficacy of VLA2001 in animal models. VLA2001 formulated with alum and the TLR9 agonist CpG 1018™ adjuvant generate a Th1-biased immune response and serum neutralizing antibodies in female BALB/c mice. In male cynomolgus macaques, two injections of VLA2001 are sufficient to induce specific and polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses, predominantly Th1-biased, and high levels of antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture. These antibodies also inhibit the binding of the Spike protein to human ACE2 receptor of several variants of concern most resistant to neutralization. After exposure to a high dose of homologous SARS-CoV-2, vaccinated groups exhibit significant levels of protection from viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and from lung tissue inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the VLA2001 adjuvanted vaccine is immunogenic both in mouse and NHP models and prevent cynomolgus macaques from the viruses responsible of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Galhaut
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Romain Marlin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Relouzat
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Morin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maxence Galpin-Lebreau
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Mouchain
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Fichet
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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8
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Zhu C, Pang S, Liu J, Duan Q. Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines. Drugs 2024; 84:403-423. [PMID: 38652356 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 772 million confirmed cases, including nearly 7 million deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Leveraging rapid development, accelerated vaccine approval processes, and large-scale production of various COVID-19 vaccines using different technical platforms, the WHO declared an end to the global health emergency of COVID-19 on May 5, 2023. Current COVID-19 vaccines encompass inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. However, the efficacy of these vaccines is diminishing due to the constant mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the heightened immune evasion abilities of emerging variants. This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the biological characteristics of the virus, and its diverse variants. Moreover, the review underscores the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of authorized COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, it analyzes the challenges, strategies, and future prospects of developing a safe, broad-spectrum vaccine that confers sufficient and sustainable immune protection against new variants of SARS-CoV-2. These discussions not only offer insight for the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines but also summarize experiences for combating future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrui Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shengmei Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Allahgholipour A, Safavi-Naini SAA, Shekarriz Foomany Z, Eskandari A, Nazari Rostami H, Honarvar MJ, Mohammadi M, Khalili P, Ilaghi M, Afshar H, Amini Baghbadorani A, Moghimi HR, Chamani Goorabi A, Mehrparvar A, Safari M, Nakhli AS, Mahmoudabadi M, Seifadini A, Sheikhansari S, Khojastehfar S, Mahdavi P, Mohammadi M, Ashrafi Barzideh S, Akbarzadeh N, Delavarpour Moghadam SH, Tavakoli Pirzaman A, Barary M, Emamhadi M. COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: a nationwide survey in Iran. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1348015. [PMID: 38544731 PMCID: PMC10965537 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are different types of COVID-19 vaccines approved worldwide. Since no national studies focus on vaccine-related adverse reactions and breakthrough cases, this study aimed to investigate the rate of adverse events and COVID-19 infection in medical students in Iran. Methods This retrospective cohort study included Iranian medical students who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The medical team gathered the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, type of vaccine, adverse events following vaccination, and history of COVID-19 infection data through a phone interview. The frequency of adverse events and breakthrough infection was stratified by vaccine type (ChAdOx1-S, Gam-COVID-Vac, and BIBP-CorV). Results A total of 3,591 medical students enrolled in this study, of which 57.02% were females, with a mean age of 23.31 + 4.87. A PCR-confirmed and suspicious-for-COVID-19 breakthrough infection rate of 4.51 and 7.02% was detected, respectively. There was no significant relation between breakthrough infection and gender, BMI, blood groups, and comorbidities. However, there was a significant difference in breakthrough infection rate among different types of vaccines (p = 0.001) and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). A total of 16 participants were hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection after vaccination for reasons such as dyspnea, abnormal imaging, or decreased oxygen saturation. No severe infection or death was observed in the studied population. Conclusion Vaccination prevented severe COVID-19 infection, although a high breakthrough infection rate was evident among Iranian medical students during the Delta variant's peak. Vaccine effectiveness may be fragile during emerging new variants and in high-exposure settings. Moreover, adverse events are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the side effects. However, many limitations challenged this study, and the results should be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Allahgholipour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shekarriz Foomany
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Eskandari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nazari Rostami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Javad Honarvar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parnian Khalili
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Ilaghi
- Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Afshar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini Baghbadorani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moghimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Chamani Goorabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Mehrparvar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Safari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Sadat Nakhli
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adib Seifadini
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sobhan Sheikhansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Khojastehfar
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mahdavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maede Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siyamak Ashrafi Barzideh
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia Akbarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hosein Delavarpour Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MohammadAli Emamhadi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mziou E, Hchaichi A, Letaief H, Dhaouadi S, Safer M, Talmoudi K, Mhadhbi R, Elmili N, Bouabid L, Derouiche S, Bougatef S, Bellali H, Bouafif Ép Ben Alaya N. Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19: A test negative case-control study in Tunisia, August 2021. Vaccine 2024; 42:1738-1744. [PMID: 38365483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple vaccines to protect against COVID-19 disease have been developed rapidly. Precise estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) vary according to studies design, outcomes measured and circulating variants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-covid-19 vaccine effectiveness in Tunisia. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study from 2nd to 15th August 2021. Cases and controls were subjects over 60 years of age, selected from the National testing database, regardless vaccine status. A standardized questionnaire was administered for cases and controls to collect information about vaccination status. For cases, vaccination status was defined based on the number of doses received before becoming ill and excludes doses received during the previous two weeks. For matched controls, a reference date based on the case's date of illness onset was defined in order to look at the control's vaccination status before its corresponding case became ill. The odds-ratio was calculated using simple conditional logistic regression. The VE (95 % confidence intervals) was calculated as (1 - odds ratio for vaccination) × 100 %. RESULTS A sample of 977 matched peers for age and Gender, were included between August 2, and August 15, 2021. The overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 70 % [95 % CI 62.8-75.8 %]. Among our sample, 68.1 % of the male population and 56.4 % of the female population were vaccinated with a VE of 73 % [95 % CI 62.9-80.3 %] and 67 % [95 % CI 55.8-75.3 %] respectively, regardless vaccine scheme (complete or incomplete). VE was higher for the age group [60-70 years[ (72.3 % [95 % CI 62.8-79.3 %]). VE was 77.6 % [95 % CI 70.9-82.8 %] to prevent both symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of the disease. Moreover, in prevention from severe forms (treated with oxygen-therapy or admission to an Intensive-care-unit) VE was 86.6 % [95 % CI 75.6-92.7 %] and 98.4 % [95 % CI [79.2-99.8 %] in prevention from COVID-19 deaths with a complete anti-Covid vaccination scheme. CONCLUSION The results of our study showed that the anti-Covid-19 vaccines used in Tunisia are efficient to prevent both SARS-COV-2 infections and severe forms related to the disease. This study provided important data on the performance of vaccines in real-world settings that guide decisions about vaccine sustained use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Mziou
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia.
| | - Aicha Hchaichi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Letaief
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Dhaouadi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Safer
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Talmoudi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Rim Mhadhbi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia
| | - Nawel Elmili
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia
| | - Leila Bouabid
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Derouiche
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia
| | - Souha Bougatef
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia
| | - Hedia Bellali
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Nissaf Bouafif Ép Ben Alaya
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
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11
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Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Lundstrom K, Adilović M, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Serrano-Aroca Á, Uversky VN. Autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103508. [PMID: 38160960 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The complicated relationships between autoimmunity, COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccinations are described, giving insight into their intricacies. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-Ro/SSA, rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, and antibodies against interferon (IFN)-I have all been consistently found in COVID-19 patients, indicating a high prevalence of autoimmune reactions following viral exposure. Furthermore, the discovery of human proteins with structural similarities to SARS-CoV-2 peptides as possible autoantigens highlights the complex interplay between the virus and the immune system in initiating autoimmunity. An updated summary of the current status of COVID-19 vaccines is presented. We present probable pathways underpinning the genesis of COVID-19 autoimmunity, such as bystander activation caused by hyperinflammatory conditions, viral persistence, and the creation of neutrophil extracellular traps. These pathways provide important insights into the development of autoimmune-related symptoms ranging from organ-specific to systemic autoimmune and inflammatory illnesses, demonstrating the wide influence of COVID-19 on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | | | - Muhamed Adilović
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, Brayford Pool Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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12
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Kruglov AA, Bondareva MA, Gogoleva VS, Semin IK, Astrakhantseva IV, Zvartsev R, Lunin AS, Apolokhov VD, Shustova EY, Volok VP, Ustyugov AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Nedospasov SA, Kozlovskaya LI, Drutskaya MS. Inactivated whole virion vaccine protects K18-hACE2 Tg mice against the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant via cross-reactive T cells and nonneutralizing antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350664. [PMID: 38088236 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic inflammatory disease initiated by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Multiple vaccines against the Wuhan variant of SARS-CoV-2 have been developed including a whole virion beta-propiolactone-inactivated vaccine based on the B.1.1 strain (CoviVac). Since most of the population has been vaccinated by targeting the original or early variants of SARS-CoV-2, the emergence of novel mutant variants raises concern over possible evasion of vaccine-induced immune responses. Here, we report on the mechanism of protection by CoviVac, a whole virion-based vaccine, against the Omicron variant. CoviVac-immunized K18-hACE2 Tg mice were protected against both prototype B.1.1 and BA.1-like (Omicron) variants. Subsequently, vaccinated K18-hACE2 Tg mice rapidly cleared the infection via cross-reactive T-cell responses and cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies recognizing the Omicron variant Spike protein. Thus, our data indicate that efficient protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants can be achieved by the orchestrated action of cross-reactive T cells and non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kruglov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina A Bondareva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iaroslav K Semin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina V Astrakhantseva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
| | - Ruslan Zvartsev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr S Lunin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy D Apolokhov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Shustova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
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Senthilkumaran G, Rajarathinam VD, Govindarajan S, V. S. J, Balasubramanian CM, Devaraju PK, Murugesan V, P. S, Lamech TM, Arumugam V, Gopalakrishnan N. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence and Humoral Response to Vaccination in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Indian J Nephrol 2024; 34:129-133. [PMID: 38681012 PMCID: PMC11044672 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients of chronic kidney disease who are on maintenance hemodialysis represent a vulnerable population cohort that is susceptible to severe disease. Hence, it is of utmost importance to prioritize vaccination in this population and to assess their response to said vaccination. Methods This prospective analytical study was conducted at the Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, between August 2021 and February 2022. Patients of chronic kidney disease stage 5 dialysis (CKD5D) who were on maintenance hemodialysis and who consented to receive COVID-19 vaccine were studied. Serum samples were obtained before vaccination, ≥28 days after receiving the first dose of the vaccine, and ≥28 days after receiving the second dose. Antibody titers against the spike protein were estimated using the Roche chemiluminescent immunosorbent assay. Patients were grouped into non-responders/seronegative (<0.8 U/ml) and responders/seropositive (≥0.8 U/ml), with a value ≥250 U/ml considered as robust response. Results A total of 96 patients were included. The mean age was 36.70 (±11.53) years and 77.1% of them were male. The median dialysis vintage was 2 (IQR: 0.95-5) years. Twelve patients (9.9%) had a prior COVID-19 infection. Sixty-seven (69.8%) patients had received Covaxin and 29 (30.2%) had received Covishield vaccines. Among the 17 patients who were seronegative at baseline, 4 (23.52%) became seropositive after the first dose of the vaccine, and 11 (64.7%) were seropositive after the second dose, with high titers ("robust response") achieved in two patients (11.76%). No antibody response, despite two doses of the vaccine, was noted in six patients (35.29%). Conclusion Our study showed a high baseline seropositivity rate, even prior to vaccination, which indicated a high rate of subclinical COVID infection. Among those who were seronegative at baseline, the seroconversion rate after two doses of Covaxin or Covishield was 64.70%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jibia V. S.
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Prem K. Devaraju
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoj Murugesan
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shankar P.
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanuj M. Lamech
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesh Arumugam
- Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Wu X, Xu K, Zhan P, Liu H, Zhang F, Song Y, Lv T. Comparative efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in phase III trials: a network meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:234. [PMID: 38383356 PMCID: PMC10880292 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a dozen vaccines are in or have completed phase III trials at an unprecedented speed since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. In this review, we aimed to compare and rank these vaccines indirectly in terms of efficacy and safety using a network meta-analysis. METHODS We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library for phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from their inception to September 30, 2023. Two investigators independently selected articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes included efficacy in preventing symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) according to vaccine type and individual vaccines in adults and elderly individuals. The risk ratio and mean differences were calculated with 95% confidence intervals using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 25 RCTs involving 22 vaccines were included in the study. None of vaccines had a higher incidence of SAEs than the placebo. Inactivated virus vaccines might be the safest, with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value of 0.16. BIV1-CovIran showed the highest safety index (SUCRA value: 0.13), followed by BBV152, Soberana, Gam-COVID-Vac, and ZF2001. There were no significant differences among the various types of vaccines regarding the efficacy in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, although there was a trend toward higher efficacy of the mRNA vaccines (SUCRA value: 0.09). BNT162b2 showed the highest efficacy (SUCRA value: 0.02) among the individual vaccines, followed by mRNA-1273, Abdala, Gam-COVID-Vac, and NVX-CoV2373. BNT162b2 had the highest efficacy (SUCRA value: 0.08) in the elderly population, whereas CVnCoV, CoVLP + AS03, and CoronaVac were not significantly different from the placebo. CONCLUSIONS None of the different types of vaccines were significantly superior in terms of efficacy, while mRNA vaccines were significantly inferior in safety to other types. BNT162b2 had the highest efficacy in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and the elderly, whereas BIV1-CovIran had the lowest incidence of SAEs in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yong Song
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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15
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Cheng MQ, Weng ZY, Li R, Song G. Efficacy of adjuvant-associated COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in randomized controlled trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e35201. [PMID: 38363919 PMCID: PMC10869057 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvants may enhance the efficacy of vaccines. however, the efficacy of adjuvant-associated COVID-19 vaccines (ACVs) remains unclear since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of ACVs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 CoV (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC). METHODS A systematic search was conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the vaccine efficacy (VE) of ACVs against VOC (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, or Omicron), up to May 27, 2023. The DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model was used to assess VE with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through meta-analysis. Cochrane Risk of Bias tools were used to assess the risk of bias in RCTs. RESULTS Eight RCTs with 113,202 participants were included in the analysis, which incorporated 4 ACVs [Matrix-M (NVX-CoV2373), Alum (BBV152), CpG-1018/Alum (SCB-2019), and AS03 (CoVLP]). The pooled efficacy of full vaccination with ACVs against VOC was 88.0% (95% CI: 83.0-91.5). Full vaccination was effective against Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Gamma variants, with VE values of 93.66% (95% CI: 86.5-100.74), 64.70% (95% CI: 41.87-87.54), 75.95% (95% CI: 67.9-83.99), and 91.26% (95% CI: 84.35-98.17), respectively. Currently, there is a lack of RCT evidence regarding the efficacy of ACVs against the Omicron variant. CONCLUSION In this meta-analysis, it should be that full vaccination with ACVs has high efficacy against Alpha or Gamma variants and moderate efficacy against Beta and Delta variants. Notably, with the exception of the aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine, the other ACVs had moderate to high efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 variant. This raises concerns about the effectiveness of ACVs booster vaccinations against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-qun Cheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Pu’er People’s Hospital, Pu’er, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Pu’er People’s Hospital, Pu’er, China
| | - Gao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The Pu’er People’s Hospital, Pu’er, China
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16
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Samanta S, Banerjee J, Das A, Das S, Ahmed R, Das S, Pal A, Ali KM, Mukhopadhyay R, Giri B, Dash SK. Enhancing Immunological Memory: Unveiling Booster Doses to Bolster Vaccine Efficacy Against Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutant Variants. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:91. [PMID: 38311669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of re-infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in previously immunized individuals has sparked discussions about the potential need for a booster vaccine dosage to counteract declining antibody levels and new strains. The protective immunity produced by vaccinations, and past illnesses relies on immunological memory. CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses are all components of the adaptive immune system that can generate and maintain this immunological memory. Since novel mutant variants have emerged one after the other, the world has been hit by repeated waves. Various vaccine formulations against SARS-CoV-2 have been administered across the globe. Thus, estimating the efficacy of those vaccines against gradually developed mutant stains is the essential parameter regarding the fate of those vaccine formulations and the necessity of booster doses and their frequency. In this review, focus has also been given to how vaccination stacks up against moderate and severe acute infections in terms of the longevity of the immune cells, neutralizing antibody responses, etc. However, hybrid immunity shows a greater accuracy of re-infection of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 than infection and immunization. The review conveys knowledge of detailed information about several marketed vaccines and the status of their efficacy against specific mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, this review discusses the status of immunological memory after infection, mixed infection, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparna Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnali Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Pal
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kazi Monjur Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College, B.C. Road, Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India.
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17
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Gan J, Zhang H, Wu J, Liu Y, Liu P, Cheng R, Tang X, Yang L, Luo W, Li W. Effect of inactivated vaccine boosters against severe and critical COVID-19 during the Omicron BA.5 wave: A retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients in China. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29402. [PMID: 38380744 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Few real-world analyses of the ability of vaccines to protect against severe COVID-19 have been published. In this real-world study, we compared the prevalence of severe or critical COVID-19 between patients at our hospital who were not vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or who had been vaccinated partial, full, or booster course with the CoronaVac, containing inactivated virus propagated in Vero cells. Data from electronic health records were retrospectively analyzed for 4090 inpatients with COVID-19 who were treated at West China Hospital, Chengdu between December 6, 2022 and February 14, 2023. Clinicodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 severity were compared among patients who had been vaccinated 0, 1, 2 or more times with inactivated vaccine CoronaVac. To evaluate vaccine effectiveness over time, we plotted Kaplan-Meier curves with the percentage of patients with the outcome of severe or critical COVID-19 from the time of their last vaccine dose according to vaccination status. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations between vaccination status and COVID-19 severity. Cox regression was used to identify risk factors for severe or critical COVID-19. Among the 4090 patients, 171 had been vaccinated partial and 423 twice with the full CoronaVac regimens, while 905 had been vaccinated three times (boosted). The prevalence of severe or critical COVID-19 among patients was 11 percentage points lower among those vaccinated (40%) at least twice than among those unvaccinated (51%) (p<0.001), while it was 10% points lower among those who had received a booster (41%) than among those unvaccinated (51%) (p<0.001). Protection against severe or critical COVID-19 due to vaccination was significantly weakened by being older than 65 years, being male, or having diabetes, chronic heart disease, autoimmune disease, or chronic lung disease. Completing a full course of immunization with inactivated vaccine CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2 can reduce the risk of severe or critical COVID-19 due to the Omicron BA.5 subvariant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Gan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huohuo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | | | - Ruixin Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiumei Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Institute of Hospital Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Linhui Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, The Research Units of West China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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18
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Lundstrom K. COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Did We Stand at the End of 2023? Viruses 2024; 16:203. [PMID: 38399979 PMCID: PMC10893040 DOI: 10.3390/v16020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been highly successful in slowing down the COVID-19 pandemic. A wide spectrum of approaches including vaccines based on whole viruses, protein subunits and peptides, viral vectors, and nucleic acids has been developed in parallel. For all types of COVID-19 vaccines, good safety and efficacy have been obtained in both preclinical animal studies and in clinical trials in humans. Moreover, emergency use authorization has been granted for the major types of COVID-19 vaccines. Although high safety has been demonstrated, rare cases of severe adverse events have been detected after global mass vaccinations. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants possessing enhanced infectivity have affected vaccine protection efficacy requiring re-design and re-engineering of novel COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Furthermore, insight is given into preparedness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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19
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Goryaynov S, Gurova O. Effect of Platform Type on Clinical Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Prime Vaccination Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:130. [PMID: 38400114 PMCID: PMC10892687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the association between platform type and the clinical efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using the meta-regression of randomized controlled trials to compare the rates of the first appearance of symptomatic COVID-19 on the platforms. The trial search was conducted using PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the EU Clinical Trials Register. The main selection criteria included: non-active control, immunocompetent individuals without previous vaccination, and a low risk of bias. The platform effect was summarized with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) and a 95% confidence interval for every platform category against the reference. IRR was obtained by random-effect meta-regression with adjustment for confounding by effect modifiers. The analysis was conducted in per-protocol (PP) and modified intention-to-treat (mITT) sets. Six vaccine types with 35 trials were included. Vector vaccines were a reference category. In the PP set, rates of symptomatic COVID-19 on mRNA and protein subunit vaccines were significantly lower than on the vector: IRR = 0.30 [0.19; 0.46], p = 0.001 and 0.63 [0.46; 0.86], p = 0.012, respectively. There was no difference for inactivated and virus-like particle vaccines compared to the vector: IRR = 0.98 [0.71; 1.36], p = 0.913 and 0.70 [0.41; 1.20], p = 0.197, respectively. The rate of cases on DNA vaccines was significantly higher than that on the vector: IRR = 2.58 [1.17; 5.68], p = 0.034. Results for the mITT set were consistent. Platform type is an effect modifier of the clinical efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olesya Gurova
- Department of Endocrinology No. 1, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
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20
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Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Zayou L, Ibraim IC, Quadiri A, Coulon PG, Tifrea DF, Suzer B, Shaik AM, Chilukuri A, Edwards RA, Singer M, Vahed H, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Ulmer JB, Gil D, Jones TM, BenMohamed L. Cross-protection induced by highly conserved human B, CD4 +, and CD8 + T-cell epitopes-based vaccine against severe infection, disease, and death caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328905. [PMID: 38318166 PMCID: PMC10839970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created one of the largest global health crises in almost a century. Although the current rate of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has decreased significantly, the long-term outlook of COVID-19 remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the mortality rate still substantially surpassing even that recorded for influenza viruses. The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including multiple heavily mutated Omicron sub-variants, has prolonged the COVID-19 pandemic and underscores the urgent need for a next-generation vaccine that will protect from multiple SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Methods We designed a multi-epitope-based coronavirus vaccine that incorporated B, CD4+, and CD8+ T- cell epitopes conserved among all known SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and selectively recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells from asymptomatic COVID-19 patients irrespective of VOC infection. The safety, immunogenicity, and cross-protective immunity of this pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were studied against six VOCs using an innovative triple transgenic h-ACE-2-HLA-A2/DR mouse model. Results The pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (i) is safe , (ii) induces high frequencies of lung-resident functional CD8+ and CD4+ TEM and TRM cells , and (iii) provides robust protection against morbidity and virus replication. COVID-19-related lung pathology and death were caused by six SARS-CoV-2 VOCs: Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma or P1 (B.1.1.28.1), Delta (lineage B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). Conclusion A multi-epitope pan-variant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine bearing conserved human B- and T- cell epitopes from structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 antigens induced cross-protective immunity that facilitated virus clearance, and reduced morbidity, COVID-19-related lung pathology, and death caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Izabela Coimbra Ibraim
- High Containment Facility, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pierre Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amruth Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Trevor M Jones
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospitalist Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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21
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Bouchlarhem A, Boulouiz S, Bazid Z, Ismaili N, El Ouafi N. Is There a Causal Link Between Acute Myocarditis and COVID-19 Vaccination: An Umbrella Review of Published Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2024; 18:11795468231221406. [PMID: 38249317 PMCID: PMC10798131 DOI: 10.1177/11795468231221406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction A few months after the beginning of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, several reports of myocarditis secondary to the vaccines were published, sometimes with fulminant cases, but until today there is no proven causal link between these 2 events, but with many hypotheses proposed. Methods A systematic review of current evidence regarding myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination was performed by searching several databases including PubMed/Medline and Web of Science. The quality of Meta-analysis was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool as well as other qualitative criteria. Results Our umbrella review appraised 4 Meta-analysis of retrospective studies (range: 5-12), The number of vaccine doses included ranged from 12 to 179 million, with the number of myocarditis cases observed ranging from 343 to 1489. All types of vaccines were evaluated, with no exclusions. The overall incidence ranged from 0.89 to 2.36 cases of myocarditis per 100 000 doses of vaccine received. Heterogeny was assessed in 3 of the Meta-analysis, and was highly significant (>75%) in all included studies, and with a significant P-value (P < .05). Regarding publication bias, 3 of the Meta-analysis conducted the egger and begg regression, with a significant result in only 1. Regarding the assessment of the methodology by the AMSTAR-2 scale indicating that the quality was very critical in 1, low in 2, and moderate in 1 Meta-analysis. Conclusion The quality of current non-randomized evidence on real causality and incidence of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccine is still low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bouchlarhem
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Soumia Boulouiz
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Bazid
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Nabila Ismaili
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, LAMCESM, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Noha El Ouafi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, LAMCESM, Oujda, Morocco
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22
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Vukčević M, Šerović K, Despot M, Nikolić-Kokić A, Vujović A, Nikolić M, Blagojević D, Jovanović T, Despot D. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:122. [PMID: 38256955 PMCID: PMC10818859 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. METHODS We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. RESULTS Our results showed that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vukčević
- Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.); (K.Š.); (D.D.)
| | - Katarina Šerović
- Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.); (K.Š.); (D.D.)
| | - Mateja Despot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.N.-K.); (D.B.)
| | | | - Milan Nikolić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Duško Blagojević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.N.-K.); (D.B.)
| | - Tanja Jovanović
- Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.); (K.Š.); (D.D.)
| | - Dragana Despot
- Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.); (K.Š.); (D.D.)
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23
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Phuensan P, Sirimongkolkasem J, Tantawichien T, Phannajit J, Kerr SJ, Hansasuta P, Chantharit P, Wongsa A, Fuengfoo P, Chittinandana A, Vareesangthip K, Chayakulkeeree M, Jangsirikul S, Schmidt A, Wanvimonsuk K, Winichakoon P, Kajeekul R, Prayoonwiwat W, Rerknimitr R. Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with inactivated and adenoviral vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines - A prospective multi-center study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23246. [PMID: 38163241 PMCID: PMC10756999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the peak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Thailand when the emergence of delta variant reduced the efficacy of inactivated vaccine, Thailand had abundance of inactivated vaccine but mRNA vaccine was not available and the supply of adenoviral-vectored vaccine was limited. The heterologous vaccination using CoronaVac and ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccines was applied. We aim to compare the immunogenicity of immune response of primary vaccination with homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and heterologous vaccination with CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Methods A total of 430 adults, scheduled to receive ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 as their second dose of primary COVID-19 vaccination, were enrolled. Participants were classified into two groups based on the first dose vaccine as CoronaVac (heterologous group) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (homologous group). The primary outcome was antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) titres at 28 days after the second dose of vaccination. Secondary outcomes were anti-RBD titres at 90 days, surrogate viral neutralizing test (sVNT) at 28 and 90 days, and adverse events. Findings In 358 participants with correct vaccine interval, the anti-RBD geometric mean titre ratio for the heterologous versus homologous group was 0.55 (95%CI; 0.44-0.067); p < 0.001 at day 28, and 0.80 (95%CI; 0.65-1.00); P = 0.05 at day 90. Median sVNT neutralizing activity was not significantly different in the heterologous versus homologous group at 28 days (93.5 vs 92.7 %); p = 0.13, but significantly higher in the heterologous group at day 90 (82.9 vs 76.4 %); p = 0.01. Interpretation The homologous vaccination resulted in higher anti-RBD titres at 28 days after vaccination, but titres in the homologous group showed more rapid decline at 90 days. In the sVNT assay, median neutralization was similar at 28 days, but was longer-lasting and higher in the heterologous group at 90 days. Funding This research received funding from the Royal College of Physicians of Thailand special grant 2021 for research initiative during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawat Phuensan
- Division of Hospital and Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Jarongkorn Sirimongkolkasem
- Division of Hospital and Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Jeerath Phannajit
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand
| | - Stephen J. Kerr
- Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Pokrath Hansasuta
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Prawat Chantharit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Adisorn Wongsa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Pusit Fuengfoo
- Department of Surgery, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Anutra Chittinandana
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Vareesangthip
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Methee Chayakulkeeree
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Jangsirikul
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Gastroenterology and Liver Center, MedPark Hospital, Thailand
| | - Araya Schmidt
- Gastroenterology and Liver Center, MedPark Hospital, Thailand
| | - Kanyika Wanvimonsuk
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, Royal Thai Airforce Hospital (Sikan), Thailand
| | - Poramed Winichakoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Rattagan Kajeekul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Thailand
| | - Wichai Prayoonwiwat
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
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González-Sánchez ÓA, Zaldívar D, Cuevas E, González-Ortiz LJ. Mathematical Optimization Strategy for Effectiveness Profile Estimation in Two-Dose Vaccines and Its Use in Designing Improved Vaccination Strategies Focused on Pandemic Containment. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:81. [PMID: 38250894 PMCID: PMC10819090 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019, most efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic have focused on developing vaccines. By mid-2020, some vaccines fulfilled international regulations for their application. However, these vaccines have shown a decline in effectiveness several weeks after the last dose, highlighting the need to optimize vaccine administration due to supply chain limitations. While methods exist to prioritize population groups for vaccination, there is a lack of research on how to optimally define the time between doses when two-dose vaccines are administrated to such groups. Under such conditions, modeling the real effect of each vaccine on the population is critical. Even though several efforts have been made to characterize vaccine effectiveness profiles, none of these initiatives enable characterization of the individual effect of each dose. Thus, this paper presents a novel methodology for estimating the vaccine effectiveness profile. It addresses the vaccine characterization problem by considering a deconvolution of relevant data profiles, treating them as an optimization process. The results of this approach enabled the independent estimation of the effectiveness profiles for the first and second vaccine doses and their use to find sweet spots for designing efficient vaccination strategies. Our methodology can enable a more effective and efficient contemporary response against the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as for any other disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar A. González-Sánchez
- Division of Technologies for the Cyber-Human Integration, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Daniel Zaldívar
- Division of Technologies for the Cyber-Human Integration, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Erik Cuevas
- Division of Technologies for the Cyber-Human Integration, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - L. Javier González-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico;
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Xu K, Li J, Lu X, Ge X, Wang K, Wang J, Qiao Z, Quan Y, Li C. The Immunogenicity of CpG, MF59-like, and Alum Adjuvant Delta Strain Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:60. [PMID: 38250873 PMCID: PMC10819607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution and mutation of SARS-CoV-2 have highlighted the need for more effective vaccines. In this study, CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were prepared, and the immunogenicity of these vaccines in mice was evaluated. The Delta + MF59-like vaccine group produced the highest levels of S- and RBD-binding antibodies and live Delta virus neutralization levels after one shot of immunization, while mice in the Delta + Alum vaccine group had the highest levels of these antibodies after two doses, and the Delta + MF59-like and Delta + Alum vaccine groups produced high levels of cross-neutralization antibodies against prototype, Beta, and Gamma strain SARS-CoV-2 viruses. There was no significant decrease in neutralizing antibody levels in any vaccine group during the observation period. CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines excited different antibody subtypes compared with unadjuvanted vaccines; the Delta + CpG vaccine group had a higher proportion of IgG2b antibodies, indicating bias towards Th1 immunity. The proportions of IgG1 and IgG2b in the Delta + MF59-like vaccine group were similar to those of the unadjuvanted vaccine. However, the Delta + Alum vaccine group had a higher proportion of IgG1 antibodies, indicating bias towards Th2 immunity. Antigen-specific cytokine secretion CD4/8+ T cells were analyzed. In conclusion, the results of this study show differences in the immune efficacy of CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in mice, which have significant implications for the selection strategy for vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
| | - Jing Li
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xu Lu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
| | - Xiaoqin Ge
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhizhong Qiao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
| | - Yaru Quan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (K.X.)
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Krammer F. The role of vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic: what have we learned? Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:451-468. [PMID: 37436465 PMCID: PMC11136744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged late in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has so far claimed approximately 20 million lives. Vaccines were developed quickly, became available in the end of 2020, and had a tremendous impact on protection from SARS-CoV-2 mortality but with emerging variants the impact on morbidity was diminished. Here I review what we learned from COVID-19 from a vaccinologist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Luvira V, Pitisuttithum P. Effect of homologous or heterologous vaccine booster over two initial doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:283-293. [PMID: 38369699 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2320861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inactivated vaccines were delivered to low- and middle-income countries during the early pandemics of COVID-19. Currently, more than 10 inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have been developed. Most inactivated vaccines contain an inactivated whole-cell index SARS-CoV-2 strain that is adjuvant. Whole virions inactivated with aluminum hydroxide vaccines were among the most commonly used. However, with the emerging of COVID-19 variants and waning of the immunity of two doses of after 3 months, WHO and many local governments have recommended the booster-dose program especially with heterologous platform vaccine. AREA COVERED This review was conducted through a literature search of the MEDLINE database to identify articles published from 2020 to 2023 covered the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines primary series with homologous and heterologous booster focusing on safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness. EXPERT OPINION The inactivated vaccines, especially whole virion inactivated in aluminum hydroxide appeared to be safe and had good priming effects. Immune responses generated after one dose of heterologous boost were high and able to preventing severity of disease and symptomatic infection. A new approach to inactivated vaccine has been developed using inactivating recombinant vector virus-NDV-HXP-S vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravarn Luvira
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Almouslem A, Al Lawati T, Al Shirawi A, Al Amri U. New-onset Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis Post-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report. Oman Med J 2024; 39:e597. [PMID: 38410178 PMCID: PMC10895335 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2024.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence in the medical literature has linked the COVID-19 vaccine as a potential trigger for the development or exacerbation of various autoimmune rheumatic diseases. To the best of our knowledge, we report one of the first cases of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed after the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Almouslem
- Adult Rheumatology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Talal Al Lawati
- Adult Rheumatology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali Al Shirawi
- Adult Rheumatology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Usama Al Amri
- Adult Rheumatology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Hossaini S, Keramat F, Cheraghi Z, Zareie B, Doosti-Irani A. Comparing the Efficacy and Adverse Events of Available COVID-19 Vaccines Through Randomized Controlled Trials: Updated Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Res Health Sci 2023; 23:e00593. [PMID: 38315908 PMCID: PMC10843317 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different vaccines have so far been developed and approved to cope with COVID-19 in the world. The aim of this updated network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare and rank all available vaccines in terms of efficacy and complications simultaneously. Study Design: A systematic review. METHODS Three major international databases, including Web of Science, Medline via PubMed, and Scopus, were searched through September 2023. The transitivity assumption was evaluated qualitatively in terms of epidemiologic effect modifiers. The exposure of interest in this study was receiving any available COVID-19 vaccine, and the primary outcome of interest was the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19. In this NMA, the relative risk of symptomatic COVID-19 was used to summarize the efficacy of vaccines in preventing COVID-19. The data were analyzed using the frequentist-based approach, and the results were reported using a random-effects model. Finally, the vaccines were ranked using a P-score. RESULTS In total, 34 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and NMA out of 3682 retrieved references. Based on the results of the NMA, mRNA-1273 was the most effective vaccine in preventing COVID-19 and demonstrated the highest P-score (0.93). The relative risk (RR) for mRNA-1273 versus placebo was 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03, 0.17). The second and third-ranked vaccines were BNT-162b2 (RR=0.08; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.15; P-score=0.93) and Gam-COVID-Vac (0.09; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.25; 0.88). CONCLUSION Based on the results of this NMA, it seems that all available vaccines were effective in COVID-19 prevention. However, the top three ranked vaccines were mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2, and Gam-COVID-Vac, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hossaini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fariba Keramat
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Cheraghi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Bushra Zareie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amin Doosti-Irani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Graf J, Simoes E, Kranz A, Weinert K, Abele H. The Importance of Gender-Sensitive Health Care in the Context of Pain, Emergency and Vaccination: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:13. [PMID: 38276801 PMCID: PMC10815689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
So far, health care has been insufficiently organized in a gender-sensitive way, which makes the promotion of care that meets the needs of women and men equally emerge as a relevant public health problem. The aim of this narrative review was to outline the need for more gender-sensitive medical care in the context of pain, emergency care and vaccinations. In this narrative review, a selective search was performed in Pubmed, and the databases of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Institute for Gender Equality and the German Federal Ministry of Health were searched. Study data indicate that there are differences between men and women with regard to the ability to bear pain. On the other hand, socially constructed role expectations in pain and the communication of these are also relevant. Studies indicate that women receive adequate pain medication less often than men with a comparable pain score. Furthermore, study results indicate that the female gender is associated with an increased risk of inadequate emergency care. In terms of vaccine provision, women are less likely than men to utilize or gain access to vaccination services, and there are gender-sensitive differences in vaccine efficacy and safety. Sensitization in teaching, research and care is needed to mitigate gender-specific health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Graf
- Institute for Health Sciences, University Hospital Tuebingen, Midwifery Science, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 9, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.); (K.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Elisabeth Simoes
- Department for Women’s Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Angela Kranz
- Institute for Health Sciences, University Hospital Tuebingen, Midwifery Science, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 9, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.); (K.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Konstanze Weinert
- Institute for Health Sciences, University Hospital Tuebingen, Midwifery Science, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 9, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.); (K.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Harald Abele
- Institute for Health Sciences, University Hospital Tuebingen, Midwifery Science, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 9, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.); (K.W.); (H.A.)
- Department for Women’s Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Baboo S, Diedrich JK, Torres JL, Copps J, Singh B, Garrett PT, Ward AB, Paulson JC, Yates JR. Evolving spike-protein N-glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539897. [PMID: 37214937 PMCID: PMC10197516 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since >3 years, SARS-CoV-2 has plunged humans into a colossal pandemic. Henceforth, multiple waves of infection have swept through the human population, led by variants that were able to partially evade acquired immunity. The co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants with human immunity provides an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between viral pathogens and their human hosts. The heavily N-glycosylated spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in initiating infection and is the target for host immune-response, both of which are impacted by host-installed N-glycans. Using highly-sensitive DeGlyPHER approach, we compared the N-glycan landscape on spikes of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain to seven WHO-defined variants of concern/interest, using recombinantly expressed, soluble spike-protein trimers, sharing same stabilizing-mutations. We found that N-glycan processing is conserved at most sites. However, in multiple variants, processing of N-glycans from high mannose- to complex-type is reduced at sites N165, N343 and N616, implicated in spike-protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick T. Garrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Sathu S, Kumar R, Maley DK, Eppakayala S, Kashyap A, NynaSindhu A, Madhu Latha K, Lakkireddy M. Increased Frequency of Low Back Pain in Recent Times: Does the Answer Lie in COVID-19? Cureus 2023; 15:e50021. [PMID: 38186417 PMCID: PMC10767474 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many people's activities of daily living and health. It has also created economic burdens and caused mental turmoil across the world. Musculoskeletal symptoms, especially low back pain, have been observed in subjects of post-COVID-19 infection and post-vaccination. Aim In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between low back pain and COVID-19 infection and vaccination, as well as associated factors and characteristics. Methods We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional observational study at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) Bibinagar between September 2021 and March 2022. We collected data from individuals through physical and Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California). Results We included a total of 535 individuals in the study: 274 (51.2%) were previously positive for COVID-19 infection (group A), and 261 (48.8%) were vaccinated against COVID-19 without a history of COVID-19 infection (group B). Each group was divided into two categories based on whether they had low back pain before COVID-19 infection or vaccination. In group A, 90.1% of individuals experienced an aggravation of low back pain after COVID-19 infection, which was found to be significant (p<0.001). In group B, there was an insignificant increase in low back pain following COVID-19 vaccination (p=0.275). The study also revealed a significant association between comorbidities and low back pain in both groups (p<0.001). Additionally, several differences were observed between the two groups, including duration (p<0.001), severity (p=0.012), and intensity (p<0.001) of low back pain, usage of a back support or brace (p=0.043), and intake of vitamin D (p=0.002). Conclusion Low back pain is an ignored feature of one of the musculoskeletal symptoms of COVID-19 and was aggravated by COVID-19 infection in our patients compared to those who received the vaccination. The findings of this study have implications for raising awareness, improving management and rehabilitation, and guiding future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Sathu
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Rajkot, IND
| | - Deepak K Maley
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Srikanth Eppakayala
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Adinarayana Kashyap
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Akula NynaSindhu
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Karra Madhu Latha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Maheshwar Lakkireddy
- Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, IND
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Kumar S, Delipan R, Chakraborty D, Kanjo K, Singh R, Singh N, Siddiqui S, Tyagi A, Jha V, Thakur KG, Pandey R, Varadarajan R, Ringe RP. Mutations in S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike strongly influence its conformation, fusogenicity, and neutralization sensitivity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092223. [PMID: 37861334 PMCID: PMC10688319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00922-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Omicron subvariants have substantially evaded host-neutralizing antibodies and adopted an endosomal route of entry. The virus has acquired several mutations in the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of S1 subunit, but remarkably, also incorporated mutations in S2 which are fixed in Omicron sub-lineage. Here, we found that the mutations in the S2 subunit affect the structural and biological properties such as neutralization escape, entry route, fusogenicity, and protease requirement. In vivo, these mutations may have significant roles in tropism and replication. A detailed understanding of the effects of S2 mutations on Spike function, immune evasion, and viral entry would inform the vaccine design, as well as therapeutic interventions aiming to block the essential proteases for virus entry. Thus, our study has identified the crucial role of S2 mutations in stabilizing the Omicron spike and modulating neutralization resistance to antibodies targeting the S1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rathina Delipan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kawkab Kanjo
- Molecular Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Nittu Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Akansha Tyagi
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Vinitaa Jha
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Krishan G. Thakur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
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Bansal A. From rejection to the Nobel Prize: Karikó and Weissman's pioneering work on mRNA vaccines, and the need for diversity and inclusion in translational immunology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1306025. [PMID: 38022662 PMCID: PMC10663363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1306025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were given the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their findings of nucleoside base modifications that lead to the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. This was a remarkable achievement, given that their initial manuscript was rejected by Nature and Science in 2005. The development of mRNA vaccines lagged for more than a decade for several reasons, including the lack of funding, the perceived risks of the technology, and the scepticism of many scientists. Furthermore, Karikó and Weissman's study appeared to be technical and difficult to understand. The COVID-19 pandemic, on the other hand, has shown the importance of mRNA vaccine technology. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been highly effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death. The Nobel Prize for Karikó and Weissman highlights the importance of perseverance, diversity, and inclusion in translational immunology. We need to build a more inclusive scientific community, where scientists from all backgrounds are supported and their work is valued. This will result in more scientific breakthroughs and better healthcare for everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bansal
- Bergen COVID-19 Research Group and Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Singhal V, Gupta S. Post-COVID-19 Vaccination and Thyrotoxicosis (ASIA Syndrome): Single-Centre Experience from India with Review of Literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27:524-529. [PMID: 38371178 PMCID: PMC10871005 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_202_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyrotoxicosis is not uncommon after immunization. It is known as 'autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome)' and is caused by immunological reaction to adjuvants. However, there is insufficient information on thyrotoxicosis after COVID-19 vaccination in the Indian subcontinent. Aims/Objectives To investigate the spectrum of thyrotoxicosis after COVID-19 immunization. Settings and Design A single-centre retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care academic institute in India. Materials and Methods We studied the clinical symptoms, biochemical markers, imaging characteristics and treatment of every patient who was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis within 60 days of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Results Following COVID-19 vaccination, we diagnosed ten people (mean age 39.9 years, range 22-63 years) with thyrotoxicosis [Graves' disease (GD, n-6) and subacute thyroiditis (SAT, n-4)]. The typical duration for symptoms to appear was 2 to 60 days. The majority of patients (n-9) received the COVISHIELD™ vaccine, whereas only one received the COVAXIN® vaccine. After vaccination, two patients with GD developed mildly severe Graves' orbitopathy, with symptoms emerging two days and sixty days later, respectively. Anti-thyroid drugs (methimazole or carbimazole) were required for all GD patients. All SAT patients were treated conservatively with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and had positive outcomes. Conclusions SAT, GD and GO may occur as a manifestation of ASIA syndrome, following immunization with COVISHIELD™ and COVAXIN®. Despite the obvious benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, clinicians should be aware of any potential autoimmune and inflammatory thyroid problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Singhal
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Heise M, Dillard J, Taft-Benz S, Knight A, Anderson E, Pressey K, Parotti B, Martinez S, Diaz J, Sarkar S, Madden E, De la Cruz G, Adams L, Dinnon K, Leist S, Martinez D, Schaefer A, Powers J, Yount B, Castillo I, Morales N, Burdick J, Evangelista MK, Ralph L, Pankow N, Linnertz C, Lakshmanane P, Montgomery S, Ferris M, Baric R, Baxter V. Adjuvant-dependent effects on the safety and efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during heterologous infection by a SARS-related coronavirus. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3401539. [PMID: 37961507 PMCID: PMC10635311 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3401539/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated whole virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) are among the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines globally and have been critical to the COVID-19 pandemic response. Although these vaccines are protective against homologous virus infection in healthy recipients, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and the presence of large zoonotic reservoirs provide significant opportunities for vaccine breakthrough, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes including vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). To evaluate this possibility, we tested the performance of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (iCoV2) in combination with Alum against either homologous or heterologous coronavirus challenge in a mouse model of coronavirus-induced pulmonary disease. Consistent with human results, iCoV2 + Alum protected against homologous challenge. However, challenge with a heterologous SARS-related coronavirus, Rs-SHC014-CoV (SHC014), up to at least 10 months post-vaccination, resulted in VAERD in iCoV2 + Alum-vaccinated animals, characterized by pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates, enhanced pulmonary pathology, delayed viral clearance, and decreased pulmonary function. In contrast, vaccination with iCoV2 in combination with an alternative adjuvant (RIBI) did not induce VAERD and promoted enhanced SHC014 clearance. Further characterization of iCoV2 + Alum-induced immunity suggested that CD4+ T cells were a major driver of VAERD, and these responses were partially reversed by re-boosting with recombinant Spike protein + RIBI adjuvant. These results highlight potential risks associated with vaccine breakthrough in recipients of Alum-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines and provide important insights into factors affecting both the safety and efficacy of coronavirus vaccines in the face of heterologous virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Heise
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Prem Lakshmanane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | - Victoria Baxter
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Kulkarni PS, Gunale B, Kohli S, Lalwani S, Tripathy S, Kar S, Raut S, Kulkarni P, Apte A, Bavdekar A, Bhalla HL, Plested JS, Cloney-Clark S, Zhu M, Kalkeri R, Pryor M, Hamilton S, Thakar M, Sannidhi RS, Baranwal P, Bhamare C, Dharmadhikari A, Gupta M, Poonawalla CS, Shaligram U, Kapse D. A Phase 3, randomized, non-inferiority study of a heterologous booster dose of SARS CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine in adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16579. [PMID: 37789040 PMCID: PMC10547846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to waning immunity following primary immunization with COVID-19 vaccines, booster doses may be required. The present study assessed a heterologous booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (spike protein vaccine) in adults primed with viral vector and inactivated vaccines. In this Phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active controlled study, a total of 372 adults primed with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 186) or BBV152 (n = 186) at least six months ago, were randomized to receive a booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 or control vaccine (homologous booster of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152). Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed at days 1, 29, and 181. Non-inferiority (NI) of SII-NVX-CoV2373 to the control vaccine was assessed based on the ratio of geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU) of anti-S IgG and geometric mean titers (GMT) of nAbs (NI margin > 0.67) as well as seroresponse (≥ 2 fold-rise in titers) (NI margin -10%) at day 29. Safety was assessed throughout the study period. In both the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime and BBV152 prime cohorts, 186 participants each received the study vaccines. In the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 2.05 (95% CI 1.73, 2.43) and the GMT ratio was 1.89 (95% CI 1.55, 2.32) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 49.32% (95% CI 36.49, 60.45) for anti-S IgG and 15% (95% CI 5.65, 25.05) for nAbs on day 29. In the BBV152 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 5.12 (95% CI 4.20, 6.24) and the GMT ratio was 4.80 (95% CI 3.76, 6.12) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 74.08% (95% CI 63.24, 82.17) for anti-S IgG and 24.71% (95% CI 16.26, 34.62) for nAbs on day 29. The non-inferiority of SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster to the control vaccine for each prime cohort was met. SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster showed significantly higher immune responses than BBV152 homologous booster. On day 181, seroresponse rates were ≥ 70% in all the groups for both nAbs and anti-S IgG. Solicited adverse events reported were transient and mostly mild in severity in all the groups. No causally related SAE was reported. SII-NVX-CoV2373 as a heterologous booster induced non-inferior immune responses as compared to homologous boosters in adults primed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBV152. SII-NVX-CoV2373 showed a numerically higher boosting effect than homologous boosters. The vaccine was also safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Kulkarni
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India.
| | - Bhagwat Gunale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Sunil Kohli
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Aditi Apte
- KEM Hospital Research Centre-Community Health Research Unit, P.O. Manchar, Pune, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre-Community Health Research Unit, P.O. Manchar, Pune, India
| | - Hira Lal Bhalla
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Gorakhpur, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chetanraj Bhamare
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Abhijeet Dharmadhikari
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Cyrus S Poonawalla
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Dhananjay Kapse
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
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Farahmand B, Sadat Larijani M, Fotouhi F, Biglari A, Sorouri R, Bagheri Amiri F, Eslamifar A, Jalali T, Salehi-Vaziri M, Banifazl M, Dahmardeh S, Eshratkhah Mohammadnejad A, Bavand A, Tavakoli M, Verez-Bencomo V, Mostafavi E, Noori Daloii H, Ashrafian F, Saberpour M, Ramezani A. Evaluation of PastoCovac plus vaccine as a booster dose on vaccinated individuals with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20555. [PMID: 37810803 PMCID: PMC10551543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has been managed through global vaccination programs. However, the antibody waning in various types of vaccines came to notice. Hereby, PastoCovac Plus as a protein subunit vaccine was investigated in immunized health care workers by COVAXIN (BBV152). The booster vaccine was recommended at least three months post the second dose of COVAXIN. Sera collection was done before and after each injection. SARS-CoV-2 PCR test was done monthly to detect any asymptomatic and symptomatic vaccine breakthrough. 47.9 and 24.3% of the participants were seronegative for anti-N and anti-S antibodies three months after the second dose of COVAXIN, respectively. On average, fold-rises of 70, 93, 8 and mean-rises of 23.32, 892.4, 5.59 were recorded regarding neutralizing antibody, quantitative and semi-quantitative anti-Spike antibody, respectively. Anti-Spike and neutralizing antibodies seroconversion was seen 59.3% and 45.7%, respectively. The vaccine breakthrough assessment showed that all the isolated samples belonged to SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. PastoCovac Plus boosting is strongly recommended in combination with inactivated vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sorouri
- IPI Directorate, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Eslamifar
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support of Patients with Infectious Disease, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Dahmardeh
- Vaccination Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Bavand
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Tavakoli
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Noori Daloii
- Health and Safety Department, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafian
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Saberpour
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Mohraz M, Vahdat K, Ghamari SH, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Ghasemi E, Ghabdian Y, Rezaei N, Pouya MA, Abdoli A, Malekpour MR, Koohgir K, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Tabarsi P, Moghadami M, Khorvash F, Khodashahi R, Salehi M, Hosseini H. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus-particle vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, BIV1-CovIran: randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, multicentre, phase 3 clinical trial. BMJ 2023; 382:e070464. [PMID: 37734752 PMCID: PMC10520577 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the efficacy, safety, and exploratory immunogenicity findings of two 5 µg doses of the BIV1-CovIran vaccine. DESIGN Randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, multicentre, phase 3 clinical trial. SETTING In six cities of Iran, including Bushehr, Isfahan, Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, and Tehran. The first vaccine or placebo injection of the first participant was on 16 May 2021 in Tehran. The last vaccine or placebo injection of the last participant occurred on 15 July 2021 in Isfahan. PARTICIPANTS 20 000 participants aged 18-75 years were randomly assigned to the intervention or placebo groups with a ratio of 2:1. INTERVENTION 5 µg vaccine or placebo with the interval of 28 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vaccine efficacy for a 90 day follow-up period, safety and explanatory immunogenicity assessment, and variant detection during the trial. RESULTS 20 000 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to receive BIV1-CovIran (n=13 335 (66.7%)) or placebo (n=6665 (33.3%)). Participants' mean age was 38.3 (standard deviation 11.2) years, and 6913 (34.6%) were female. Among vaccinated participants that had covid-19 reported during the follow-up (median 83 days), 758 (5.9%) had symptoms, 144 (1.1%) had severe infection, and seven (0.1%) were critical. Among participants who received placebo during the follow-up, 688 (10.7%) had symptoms, 221 (3.4%) had severe infection, and 19 (0.3%) were critical. Overall efficacy was 50.2% (95% confidence interval 44.7% to 55.0%) against symptomatic covid-19, 70.5% (63.7% to 76.1%) against severe disease, and 83.1% (61.2% to 93.5%) against critical cases. Two deaths were reported in the efficacy population in the placebo group, no deaths were from the intervention group. During follow-up, 41 922 adverse events were reported: 28 782 (68.7%) were adverse reactions, of which 19 363 (67.3%) were in the intervention group. Most adverse reactions were mild or moderate in severity (grade 1 or 2) and self-limiting. No serious adverse events were related to the injections. For variant investigation, of 119 participants positive for the SARS-CoV-2 variant, 106 (89.1%) were positive for the delta variant. CONCLUSIONS A two dose regimen of the BIV1-CovIran vaccine conferred efficacy of 50.2% against symptomatic covid-19, 70.5% against severe disease, and 83.1% against critical disease. Vaccination was well tolerated, with no safety concerns raised. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20201202049567N3. FUNDING Shifa-Pharmed Industrial Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Vahdat
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Ghabdian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amini Pouya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Amirabad Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Unit, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Koohgir
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghadami
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzin Khorvash
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rozita Khodashahi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Salehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Hosseini
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Trial Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rakshit S, Babji S, Parthiban C, Madhavan R, Adiga V, J SE, Chetan Kumar N, Ahmed A, Shivalingaiah S, Shashikumar N, V M, Johnson AR, Ramesh N, B RG, Asokan M, Mayor S, Kang G, D'souza G, Dias M, Vyakarnam A. Polyfunctional CD4 T-cells correlating with neutralising antibody is a hallmark of COVISHIELD TM and COVAXIN ® induced immunity in COVID-19 exposed Indians. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:134. [PMID: 37709772 PMCID: PMC10502007 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterisation of immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines rolled out in India: COVISHIELDTM (CS) and COVAXIN® (CO) in a pre-exposed population is only recently being discovered. We addressed this issue in subjects who received their primary series of vaccination between November 2021 and January 2022. Both vaccines are capable of strongly boosting Wuhan Spike-specific neutralising antibody, polyfunctional Th1 cytokine producing CD4+ T-cells and single IFN-γ + CD8+ T-cells. Consistent with inherent differences in vaccine platform, the vector-based CS vaccine-induced immunity was of greater magnitude, breadth, targeting Delta and Omicron variants compared to the whole-virion inactivated vaccine CO, with CS vaccinees showing persistent CD8+ T-cells responses until 3 months post primary vaccination. This study provides detailed evidence on the magnitude and quality of CS and CO vaccine induced responses in subjects with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity in India, thereby mitigating vaccine hesitancy arguments in such a population, which remains a global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon Eveline J
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nandini Shashikumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha V
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Naveen Ramesh
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George D'souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
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41
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Jing X, Han M, Wang X, Zhou L. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infection in the older adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:577. [PMID: 37667195 PMCID: PMC10478381 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) has recently declined, and reports about COVID-19 breakthrough infection have increased. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on population-based studies of the prevalence and incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection amongst older adults worldwide. METHODS Studies from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically screened to determine the prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in older adults from inception to November 2, 2022. Our meta-analysis included 30 studies, all published in English. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random-effect model through the inverse variance method. Publication bias was tested through funnel plots and Egger's regression test, and sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the robustness of the results. This research was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS Thirty publications were included in this meta-analysis (17 on prevalence, 17 on incidence, and 4 on both). The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 breakthrough infection among older adults was 7.7 per 1,000 persons (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 4.0-15.0). At the same time, the pooled incidence was 29.1 per 1000 person-years (95%CI 15.2-55.7). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides estimates of prevalence and incidence in older adults. We concluded that the prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-19 breakthrough infection in older people was low. The prevalence and incidence of breakthrough infection admitted to hospital, severe-critical, and deathly was significantly lower. Otherwise, there was considerable heterogeneity among estimates in this study, which should be considered when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Jing
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China.
| | - Menglin Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China
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Gao A, Chen Y, Liang H, Cui X, Zhang A, Cui D. Developing an efficient MGCR microneedle nanovaccine patch for eliciting Th 1 cellular response against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Theranostics 2023; 13:4821-4835. [PMID: 37771766 PMCID: PMC10526668 DOI: 10.7150/thno.83390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Novel vaccine R&D is essential to interrupt the COVID-19 pandemic and other epidemics in the future. Subunit vaccines have received tremendous attention for their low cost and safety. To improve the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, we developed a novel vaccine adjuvant system. Methods: Here we rationally designed a CpG 1018 and graphene oxide-based bi-adjuvant system to deliver the Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and obtained the graphene oxide-based complex adjuvant nanovaccine (GCR). Furthermore, we developed a microneedle patch vaccine (MGCR) based on the GCR vaccine. Results: GCR nanovaccine displayed superb antigen loading and encapsulation efficiency. Two dosages of vaccination of GCR nanovaccine could elicit adequate RBD-specific binding antibody response with 2.14-fold higher IgG titer than Alum adjuvant vaccine. The peptide pools assay demonstrated the robust RBD-specific Type 1 Cellular response induced by the GCR nanovaccine in CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we prepared an MGCR microneedle patch, which generated a similar RBD-specific binding antibody response to the GCR vaccine, sustained a high antibody level above 16 weeks, and significantly elevated the Tcm proportion in mouse spleen. The MGCR microneedle patch vaccine also could be stably stored at room temperature for several months and administrated without medical staff, which maximizes the vaccine distribution efficiency. Conclusion: The vaccine system could significantly improve the vaccine distribution rate in low-income areas and offer a potential vaccination approach to fight against the SARS-Cov-2 infection and other pandemics occurred in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Gao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Radiology Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- Radiology Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Amin Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Maurya SP, Singh R, Tyagi S, Gautam H, Das BK. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG Antibodies in Individuals Vaccinated with Covaxin (BBV152): An Independent Assessment. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:369-372. [PMID: 37781012 PMCID: PMC10533754 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post vaccination with Covaxin (BBV152), Serum from healthcare professionals of Microbiology Department at apex tertiary referral hospital of India were tested for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies. 70% individuals at 14-30 days, 63.1% individuals at 30-60 days but only 36.8% individuals at 60-90 days after second dose of vaccine had detectable SARS-CoV-2 spike protein specific IgG antibodies. However, 80% individuals at 14-30 days, 89.4% individuals at 30-60 days while 94.7% individuals at 60-90 days after second dose of vaccine had detectable SARS-CoV-2 whole cell antigen specific IgG antibodies. Males were lacking SARS-CoV-2 spike protein specific IgG antibodies in higher proportion than females and had lower index wherever detected. Age and co-morbidities were non-significant factors for post vaccination IgG response but not in breakthrough infection. 8.3% individuals developed mild COVID-19 symptoms post 14-90 days of second dose and none had severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein specific IgG antibodies induced by Covaxin are drastically reduced in 60-90 days among fully vaccinated individuals which could be a potential risk for breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, if not severe COVID-19. It may be essential to have additional antigenic stimulations/boosters for continued protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shesh Prakash Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 2062, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 2062, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sonu Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 2062, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Hitender Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 2062, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 2062, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Gordeychuk IV, Kozlovskaya LI, Siniugina AA, Yagovkina NV, Kuzubov VI, Zakharov KA, Volok VP, Dodina MS, Gmyl LV, Korotina NA, Theodorovich RD, Ulitina YI, Vovk DI, Alikova MV, Kataeva AA, Kalenskaya AV, Solovjeva IV, Tivanova EV, Kondrasheva LY, Ploskireva AA, Akimkin VG, Subbotina KA, Ignatyev GM, Korduban AK, Shustova EY, Bayurova EO, Zhitkevich AS, Avdoshina DV, Piniaeva AN, Kovpak AA, Antonova LP, Rogova YV, Shishova AA, Ivin YY, Sotskova SE, Chernov KA, Ipatova EG, Korduban EA, Ishmukhametov AA. Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Whole Virion COVID-19 Vaccine CoviVac in Clinical Trials in 18-60 and 60+ Age Cohorts. Viruses 2023; 15:1828. [PMID: 37766235 PMCID: PMC10537914 DOI: 10.3390/v15091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial phase I/II of the tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of the inactivated whole virion concentrated purified coronavirus vaccine CoviVac in volunteers aged 18-60 and open multi-center comparative phase IIb clinical trial in volunteers aged 60 years and older. The safety of the vaccine was assessed in 400 volunteers in the 18-60 age cohort who received two doses of the vaccine (n = 300) or placebo (n = 100) and in 200 volunteers in 60+ age cohort all of whom received three doses of the vaccine. The studied vaccine has shown good tolerability and safety. No deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), or other significant AEs related to vaccination have been detected. The most common AE in vaccinated participants was pain at the injection site (p < 0.05). Immunogenicity assessment in stage 3 of Phase II was performed on 167 volunteers (122 vaccinated and 45 in Placebo Group) separately for the participants who were anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAB negative (69/122 in Vaccine Group and 28/45 in Placebo Group) or positive (53/122 in Vaccine Group and 17/45 in Placebo Group) at screening. On Day 42 after the 1st vaccination, the seroconversion rate in participants who were seronegative at screening was 86.9%, with the average geometric mean neutralizing antibody (nAB) titer of 1:20. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in IFN-γ production by peptide-stimulated T-cells was observed at Days 14 and 21 after the 1st vaccination. In participants who were seropositive at screening but had nAB titers below 1:256, the rate of fourfold increase in nAB levels was 85.2%, while in the participants with nAB titers > 1:256, the rate of fourfold increase in nAB levels was below 45%; the participants who were seropositive at screening of the 2nd vaccination did not lead to a significant increase in nAB titers. In conclusion, inactivated vaccine CoviVac has shown good tolerability and safety, with over 85% NT seroconversion rates after complete vaccination course in participants who were seronegative at screening in both age groups: 18-60 and 60+. In participants who were seropositive at screening and had nAB titers below 1:256, a single vaccination led to a fourfold increase in nAB levels in 85.2% of cases. These findings indicate that CoviVac can be successfully used both for primary vaccination in a two-dose regimen and for booster vaccination as a single dose in individuals with reduced neutralizing antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A. Siniugina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Yagovkina
- Kirov State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 610998 Kirov, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Kuzubov
- Healthcare Unit No. 163 of Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 630559 Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | | | - Viktor P. Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S. Dodina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa V. Gmyl
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya A. Korotina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rostislav D. Theodorovich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna V. Kalenskaya
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Solovjeva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Tivanova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa Y. Kondrasheva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina A. Ploskireva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia A. Subbotina
- Perm State Medical University named after E. A. Wagner of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 614000 Perm, Russia
| | - Georgy M. Ignatyev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia K. Korduban
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Y. Shustova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O. Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla S. Zhitkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V. Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Piniaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Kovpak
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliya P. Antonova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Rogova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Shishova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Y. Ivin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Sotskova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Chernov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G. Ipatova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Korduban
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydar A. Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Singh C, Verma S, Reddy P, Diamond MS, Curiel DT, Patel C, Jain MK, Redkar SV, Bhate AS, Gundappa V, Konatham R, Toppo L, Joshi AC, Kushwaha JS, Singh AP, Bawankule S, Ella R, Prasad S, Ganneru B, Chiteti SR, Kataram S, Vadrevu KM. Phase III Pivotal comparative clinical trial of intranasal (iNCOVACC) and intramuscular COVID 19 vaccine (Covaxin ®). NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:125. [PMID: 37596281 PMCID: PMC10439197 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most preferable characteristics for a COVID-19 vaccine candidate is the ability to reduce transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to disease prevention. Unlike intramuscular vaccines, intranasal COVID-19 vaccines may offer this by generating mucosal immunity. In this open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 clinical trial (CTRI/2022/02/40065; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05522335), healthy adults were randomised to receive two doses, 28 days apart, of either intranasal adenoviral vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV154) or licensed intramuscular vaccine, Covaxin®. Between April 16 and June 4, 2022, we enrolled 3160 subjects of whom, 2971 received 2 doses of BBV154 and 161 received Covaxin. On Day 42, 14 days after the second dose, BBV154 induced significant serum neutralization antibody titers against the ancestral (Wuhan) virus, which met the pre-defined superiority criterion for BBV154 over Covaxin®. Further, both vaccines showed cross protection against Omicron BA.5 variant. Salivary IgA titers were found to be higher in BBV154. In addition, extensive evaluation of T cell immunity revealed comparable responses in both cohorts due to prior infection. However, BBV154 showed significantly more ancestral specific IgA-secreting plasmablasts, post vaccination, whereas Covaxin recipients showed significant Omicron specific IgA-secreting plasmablasts only at day 42. Both vaccines were well tolerated. Overall reported solicited reactions were 6.9% and 25.5% and unsolicited reactions were 1.2% and 3.1% in BBV154 and Covaxin® participants respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savita Verma
- Pt. BD Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Reddy
- Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Maharaja Agrasen Super Speciality Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Gundappa
- Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rambabu Konatham
- Visakha Institute of Medical Science, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Leelabati Toppo
- Malla Reddy Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | | | - Shilpa Bawankule
- Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai Prasad
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Hyderabad, India
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Akahata W, Sekida T, Nogimori T, Ode H, Tamura T, Kono K, Kazami Y, Washizaki A, Masuta Y, Suzuki R, Matsuda K, Komori M, Morey AL, Ishimoto K, Nakata M, Hasunuma T, Fukuhara T, Iwatani Y, Yamamoto T, Smith JF, Sato N. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA vaccine expressing an anchored RBD: A randomized, observer-blind phase 1 study. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101134. [PMID: 37586325 PMCID: PMC10439244 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
VLPCOV-01 is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine that expresses a membrane-anchored receptor-binding domain (RBD) derived from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. A phase 1 study of VLPCOV-01 is conducted (jRCT2051210164). Participants who completed two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine previously are randomized to receive one intramuscular vaccination of 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μg VLPCOV-01, 30 μg BNT162b2, or placebo. No serious adverse events have been reported. VLPCOV-01 induces robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers against the RBD protein that are maintained up to 26 weeks in non-elderly participants, with geometric means ranging from 5,037 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1,272-19,940) at 0.3 μg to 12,873 (95% CI 937-17,686) at 3 μg compared with 3,166 (95% CI 1,619-6,191) with 30 μg BNT162b2. Neutralizing antibody titers against all variants of SARS-CoV-2 tested are induced. VLPCOV-01 is immunogenic following low-dose administration. These findings support the potential for saRNA as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Akahata
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sekida
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kono
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yoko Kazami
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Mai Komori
- VLP Therapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Misako Nakata
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hasunuma
- Department of Research, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0072, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan; Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Sato
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
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Gupta SL, Goswami S, Anand A, Naman N, Kumari P, Sharma P, Jaiswal RK. An assessment of the strategy and status of COVID-19 vaccination in India. Immunol Res 2023; 71:565-577. [PMID: 37041424 PMCID: PMC10089693 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease continues to cause devastation for almost 3 years of its identification. India is one of the leading countries to set clinical trials, production, and administration of COVID-19 vaccination. Recent COVID-19 vaccine tracker record suggests that 12 vaccines are approved in India, including protein subunit, RNA/DNA, non-replicating viral vector, and inactivated vaccine. Along with that 16 more vaccines are undergoing clinical trials to counter COVID-19. The availability of different vaccines gives alternate and broad perspectives to fight against viral immune resistance and, thus, viruses escaping the immune system by mutations. Using the recently published literature on the Indian vaccine and clinical trial sites, we have reviewed the development, clinical evaluation, and registration of vaccines trial used in India against COVID-19. Moreover, we have also summarized the status of all approved vaccines in India, their associated registered clinical trials, manufacturing, efficacy, and their related safety and immunogenicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surbhi Goswami
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Ananya Anand
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Bihar, India
| | - Namrata Naman
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Bihar, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Bihar, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Bihar, India
| | - Rishi K. Jaiswal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Zhao T, Cai Y, Jiang Y, He X, Wei Y, Yu Y, Tian X. Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:283. [PMID: 37468460 PMCID: PMC10356842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which the innate immune response controls the antigen-specific response, the adjuvants' action mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. Adjuvants can be categorized as immunostimulants and delivery systems. Immunostimulants are danger signal molecules that lead to the maturation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by targeting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to promote the production of antigen signals and co-stimulatory signals, which in turn enhance the adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, delivery systems are carrier materials that facilitate antigen presentation by prolonging the bioavailability of the loaded antigens, as well as targeting antigens to lymph nodes or APCs. The adjuvants' action mechanisms are systematically summarized at the beginning of this review. This is followed by an introduction of the mechanisms, properties, and progress of classical vaccine adjuvants. Furthermore, since some of the adjuvants under investigation exhibit greater immune activation potency than classical adjuvants, which could compensate for the deficiencies of classical adjuvants, a summary of the adjuvant platforms under investigation is subsequently presented. Notably, we highlight the different action mechanisms and immunological properties of these adjuvant platforms, which will provide a wide range of options for the rational design of different vaccines. On this basis, this review points out the development prospects of vaccine adjuvants and the problems that should be paid attention to in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmei Zhao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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50
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Miller SM, Crouse B, Hicks L, Amin H, Cole S, Bazin HG, Burkhart DJ, Pravetoni M, Evans JT. A lipidated TLR7/8 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a vaccine against fentanyl in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:97. [PMID: 37429853 PMCID: PMC10333387 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) and opioid-related fatal overdoses are a public health concern in the United States. Approximately 100,000 fatal opioid-related overdoses occurred annually from mid-2020 to the present, the majority of which involved fentanyl or fentanyl analogs. Vaccines have been proposed as a therapeutic and prophylactic strategy to offer selective and long-lasting protection against accidental or deliberate exposure to fentanyl and closely related analogs. To support the development of a clinically viable anti-opioid vaccine suitable for human use, the incorporation of adjuvants will be required to elicit high titers of high-affinity circulating antibodies specific to the target opioid. Here we demonstrate that the addition of a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist, INI-4001, but not a synthetic TLR4 agonist, INI-2002, to a candidate conjugate vaccine consisting of a fentanyl-based hapten, F1, conjugated to the diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM), significantly increased generation of high-affinity F1-specific antibody concentrations, and reduced drug distribution to the brain after fentanyl administration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Linda Hicks
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Hardik Amin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Shelby Cole
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Helene G Bazin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David J Burkhart
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA.
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