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Abdullah bin Ahmed I. A Comprehensive Review on Weight Gain following Discontinuation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity. J Obes 2024; 2024:8056440. [PMID: 38765635 PMCID: PMC11101251 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8056440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered the leading public health problem in the medical sector. The phenotype includes overweight conditions that lead to several other comorbidities that drastically decrease health. Glucagon-like receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) initially designed for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had demonstrated weight loss benefits in several clinical trials. In vivo studies showed that GLP-1RA encourages reduced food consumption and consequent weight reduction by stimulating brown fat and enhancing energy outlay through the action of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) pathways. Additionally, GLP-1RAs were found to regulate food intake through stimulation of sensory neurons in the vagus, interaction with the hypothalamus and hindbrain, and through inflammation and intestinal microbiota. However, the main concern with the use of GLP-1RA treatment was weight gain after withdrawal or discontinuation. We could identify three different ways that could lead to weight gain. Potential factors might include temporary hormonal adjustment in response to weight reduction, the central nervous system's (CNS) incompetence in regulating weight augmentation owing to the lack of GLP-1RA, and β-cell malfunction due to sustained exposure to GLP-1RA. Here, we also review the data from clinical studies that reported withdrawal symptoms. Although the use of GLP-1RA could be beneficial in multiple ways, withdrawal after years has the symptoms reversed. Clinical studies should emphasize the downside of these views we highlighted, and mechanistic studies must be carried out for a better outcome with GLP-1RA from the laboratory to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abdullah bin Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Cavalu S, Saber S, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Elmorsy EA, Youssef ME. Orexins in apoptosis: a dual regulatory role. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336145. [PMID: 38699177 PMCID: PMC11064656 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexins, also referred to as hypocretins, are neuropeptides that originate from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) region of the brain. They are composed of two small peptides, orexin-A, and orexin-B, which are broadly distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Orexins are recognized to regulate diverse functions, involving energy homeostasis, the sleep-wake cycle, stress responses, and reward-seeking behaviors. Additionally, it is suggested that orexin-A deficiency is linked to sleepiness and narcolepsy. The orexins bind to their respective receptors, the orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), and activate different signaling pathways, which results in the mediation of various physiological functions. Orexin receptors are widely expressed in different parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, lungs, and bone marrow. The expression levels of orexins and their receptors play a crucial role in apoptosis, which makes them a potential target for clinical treatment of various disorders. This article delves into the significance of orexins and orexin receptors in the process of apoptosis, highlighting their expression levels and their potential contributions to different diseases. The article offers an overview of the existing understanding of the orexin/receptor system and how it influences the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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3
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Li SH, Li S, Kirouac GJ. Analysis of Monosynaptic Inputs to Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons Innervating the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens and Central Extended Amygdala. Neuroscience 2024; 537:151-164. [PMID: 38056620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) sends dense projections to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), dorsolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral region of central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Projection specific modulation of these pathways has been shown to regulate appetitive and aversive behavioral responses. The present investigation applied an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach to quantify the brain-wide sources of afferent input to PVT neurons that primarily project to the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL. The results demonstrate that these projection neurons receive monosynaptic input from similar brain regions. The prefrontal cortex and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus were major sources of input to the PVT projection neurons. In addition, the lateral septal nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus and the hypothalamic medial preoptic area, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei were sources of input. The subfornical organ, parasubthalamic nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract were consistent but lesser sources of input. This input-output relationship is consistent with recent observations that PVT neurons have axons that bifurcate extensively to divergently innervate the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada.
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4
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Flores MR, Zúñiga SS. Endogenous Opioids in the Homeostatic Regulation of Hunger, Satiety, and Hedonic Eating: Neurobiological Foundations. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 35:315-327. [PMID: 38874730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This chapter (part one of a trilogy) summarizes the neurobiological foundations of endogenous opioids in the regulation of energy balance and eating behavior, dysregulation of which translates to maladaptive dietary responses in individuals with obesity and eating disorders, including anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. Knowledge of these neurobiological foundations is vital to researchers' and clinicians' understanding of pathophysiology as well as the science-based development of multidisciplinary diagnoses and treatments for obesity and eating disorders. We highlight mechanisms of endogenous opioids in both homeostatic and hedonic feeding behavior, review research on the dysregulation of food reward that plays a role in a wide array of obesity and disordered eating, and the clinical implications of neurobiological responses to food for current science-based treatments for obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- Obesity and Eating Disorders Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sylvana Stephano Zúñiga
- Obesity and Eating Disorders Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico
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5
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Zsombok A, Desmoulins LD, Derbenev AV. Sympathetic circuits regulating hepatic glucose metabolism: where we stand. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:85-101. [PMID: 37440208 PMCID: PMC11281813 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, continues to increase worldwide. Although newer and more advanced therapies are available, current treatments are still inadequate and the search for solutions remains. The regulation of energy homeostasis, including glucose metabolism, involves an exchange of information between the nervous systems and peripheral organs and tissues; therefore, developing treatments to alter central and/or peripheral neural pathways could be an alternative solution to modulate whole body metabolism. Liver glucose production and storage are major mechanisms controlling glycemia, and the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic functions. Autonomic nervous system imbalance contributes to excessive hepatic glucose production and thus to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. At cellular levels, change in neuronal activity is one of the underlying mechanisms of autonomic imbalance; therefore, modulation of the excitability of neurons involved in autonomic outflow governance has the potential to improve glycemic status. Tissue-specific subsets of preautonomic neurons differentially control autonomic outflow; therefore, detailed information about neural circuits and properties of liver-related neurons is necessary for the development of strategies to regulate liver functions via the autonomic nerves. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the hypothalamus-ventral brainstem-liver pathway involved in the sympathetic regulation of the liver, outlines strategies to identify organ-related neurons, and summarizes neuronal plasticity during diabetic conditions with a particular focus on liver-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Lucie D Desmoulins
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Andrei V Derbenev
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Münzberg H, Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL. Sensory spinal interoceptive pathways and energy balance regulation. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101817. [PMID: 37806487 PMCID: PMC10590858 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoception plays an important role in homeostatic regulation of energy intake and metabolism. Major interoceptive pathways include gut-to-brain and adipose tissue-to brain signaling via vagal sensory nerves and hormones, such as leptin. However, signaling via spinal sensory neurons is rapidly emerging as an additional important signaling pathway. Here we provide an in-depth review of the known anatomy and functions of spinal sensory pathways and discuss potential mechanisms relevant for energy balance homeostasis in health and disease. Because sensory innervation by dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons goes far beyond vagally innervated viscera and includes adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and skin, it is in a position to provide much more complete metabolic information to the brain. Molecular and anatomical identification of function specific DRG neurons will be important steps in designing pharmacological and neuromodulation approaches to affect energy balance regulation in disease states such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Al‐Alsheikh AS, Alabdulkader S, Miras AD, Goldstone AP. Effects of bariatric surgery and dietary interventions for obesity on brain neurotransmitter systems and metabolism: A systematic review of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13620. [PMID: 37699864 PMCID: PMC10909448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review collates studies of dietary or bariatric surgery interventions for obesity using positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Of 604 publications identified, 22 met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies assessed bariatric surgery (seven gastric bypass, five gastric bypass/sleeve gastrectomy), and ten dietary interventions (six low-calorie diet, three very low-calorie diet, one prolonged fasting). Thirteen studies examined neurotransmitter systems (six used tracers for dopamine DRD2/3 receptors: two each for 11 C-raclopride, 18 F-fallypride, 123 I-IBZM; one for dopamine transporter, 123 I-FP-CIT; one used tracer for serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 18 F-altanserin; two used tracers for serotonin transporter, 11 C-DASB or 123 I-FP-CIT; two used tracer for μ-opioid receptor, 11 C-carfentanil; one used tracer for noradrenaline transporter, 11 C-MRB); seven studies assessed glucose uptake using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose; four studies assessed regional cerebral blood flow using 15 O-H2 O (one study also used arterial spin labeling); and two studies measured fatty acid uptake using 18 F-FTHA and one using 11 C-palmitate. The review summarizes findings and correlations with clinical outcomes, eating behavior, and mechanistic mediators. The small number of studies using each tracer and intervention, lack of dietary intervention control groups in any surgical studies, heterogeneity in time since intervention and degree of weight loss, and small sample sizes hindered the drawing of robust conclusions across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanouf S. Al‐Alsheikh
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alabdulkader
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Alexander D. Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health SciencesUlster UniversityLondonderryUK
| | - Anthony P. Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
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8
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Ullah R, Shen Y, Zhou YD, Fu J. Perinatal metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus impairs the development of homeostatic feeding circuitry. Metabolism 2023; 147:155677. [PMID: 37543245 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a global increase in childhood obesity. This rise in childhood obesity contributes to the susceptibility of impaired metabolism during both childhood and adulthood. The hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate nucleus (ARC), houses crucial neurons involved in regulating homeostatic feeding. These neurons include proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) secreting neurons. They play a vital role in sensing nutrients and metabolic hormones like insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. The neurogenesis of AGRP and POMC neurons completes at birth; however, axon development and synapse formation occur during the postnatal stages in rodents. Insulin, leptin, and ghrelin are the essential regulators of POMC and AGRP neurons. Maternal obesity and postnatal overfeeding or a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding cause metabolic inflammation, disrupted signaling of metabolic hormones, netrin-1, and neurogenic factors, neonatal obesity, and defective neuronal development in animal models; however, the mechanism is unclear. Within the hypothalamus and other brain areas, there exists a wide range of interconnected neuronal populations that regulate various aspects of feeding. However, this review aims to discuss how perinatal metabolic inflammation influences the development of POMC and AGRP neurons within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China.
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Krogsbaek M, Larsen NY, Landau AM, Sanchez C, Nyengaard JR. Changes in hypothalamic mu-opioid receptor expression following acute olanzapine treatment in female rats: Implications for feeding behavior. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102324. [PMID: 37557929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances have been made in recent years in using opioid receptor antagonists as an adjunct therapy to psychotropic medication to reduce debilitating weight gain and metabolic adverse effects associated with in particular second generation antipsychotics. However, it is unknown whether second generation antipsychotics produce a change in opioid receptor expression in the brain. The present study investigated early changes in opioid receptor expression in the female rat hypothalamus, a master controller of hunger and metabolic regulation, after acute treatment with olanzapine, a commonly used second generation antipsychotic. Using quantitative spatial in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography, expression levels of the three opioid receptors; kappa, mu and delta, were determined at mRNA and protein level, respectively, in the five hypothalamic areas: paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus. After 48 h of olanzapine treatment at clinically relevant plasma concentration weight gain and food intake changes, and increased plasma glucose were observed in female rats. Olanzapine treatment also led to a significant increase in mu opioid receptor availability in the arcuate nucleus, which contains both satiety and hunger controlling neurons. No other areas showed any opioid receptor expressional changes with olanzapine treatment on neither at mRNA nor protein level. Technical difficulties made it impossible to analyze mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamus and overall binding of delta opioid receptors. Thus, the present study provided insights in to how olanzapine at clinically relevant plasma levels already at an early stage modulated the opioid system in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Krogsbaek
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Nick Yao Larsen
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Alkermes Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gnoni V, Zoccolella S, Giugno A, Urso D, Tamburrino L, Filardi M, Logroscino G. Hypothalamus and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: potential implications in sleep disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1193483. [PMID: 37465321 PMCID: PMC10350538 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1193483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor functions, including sleep regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that the hypothalamus, a brain region that plays a critical role in sleep-wake regulation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS-related sleep disturbances. In this review, we have summarized results of studies on sleep disorders in ALS published between 2000 and 2023. Thereafter, we examined possible mechanisms by which hypothalamic dysfunctions may contribute to ALS-related sleep disturbances. Achieving a deeper understanding of the relationship between hypothalamic dysfunction and sleep disturbances in ALS can help improve the overall management of ALS and reduce the burden on patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gnoni
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Zoccolella
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Neurology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Giugno
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
| | - Daniele Urso
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovica Tamburrino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Filardi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione “Card. G. Panico,”Tricase, Italy
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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11
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Fields L, Roberts W, Schwing I, McCoy M, Verplaetse T, Peltier M, Carretta R, Zakiniaeiz Y, Rosenheck R, McKee S. Examining the relationship of concurrent obesity and tobacco use disorder on the development of substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions: Findings from the NESARC-III. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 7:100162. [PMID: 37159814 PMCID: PMC10163607 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Multimorbidity is linked to worse health outcomes than single health conditions. However, recent studies show that obesity may reduce the risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs), particularly in vulnerable populations. We investigated how comorbid obesity and tobacco use disorder (TUD) relate to the risk of SUDs and psychiatric conditions. Methods Data was used from 36,309 individuals who completed the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions - Wave III. Individuals who met the DSM-5 criteria for TUD in the last year were defined as the TUD group. Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. Using this information, individuals were grouped into categories, with people being identified as either having obesity, TUD, both obesity and TUD, or not having either obesity or TUD (comparison). Groups were compared against their comorbid diagnoses of either an additional SUD or psychiatric conditions. Results Controlling for demographic characteristics, we found that individuals with obesity including those individuals with TUD, had lower rates of comorbid SUD diagnosis than individuals with TUD alone. Additionally, individuals with combined TUD and obesity, and those with TUD alone, had the highest rates of comorbid psychiatric disorder diagnosis. Conclusions The current study aligns with previous research suggesting that obesity may reduce risk of substance use disorders, even in individuals who have other risk factors promoting harmful substance use (e.g., tobacco use). These findings may inform targeted intervention strategies for this clinically relevant subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Fields
- Department of Psychology, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Rd, Glenside, PA 19038, United States
| | - W. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - I. Schwing
- Department of Psychology, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Rd, Glenside, PA 19038, United States
| | - M. McCoy
- Department of Psychology, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Rd, Glenside, PA 19038, United States
| | - T.L. Verplaetse
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - M.R. Peltier
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
| | - R.F. Carretta
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Y. Zakiniaeiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - R. Rosenheck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
| | - S.A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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12
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Maternal Over- and Malnutrition and Increased Risk for Addictive and Eating Disorders in the Offspring. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051095. [PMID: 36904093 PMCID: PMC10004806 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human and animal studies has shown that maternal overnutrition and/or obesity are linked with neurobehavioral changes in the offspring. This fetal programming is characterized by adaptive responses to changes in the nutritional state during early life. In the past decade, an association has been made between overconsumption of highly-palatable food by the mother during fetal development and abnormal behaviors resembling addiction in the offspring. Maternal overnutrition can lead to alterations in the offspring's brain reward circuitry leading to hyperresponsiveness of this circuit following exposure to calorie-dense foods later in life. Given the accumulating evidence indicating that the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy balance, and the motivation to seek food, a dysfunction in the reward circuitry may contribute to the addiction-like behaviors observed in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these alterations in the reward circuitry during fetal development and their relevance to the increased risk for the offspring to later develop addictive-like behaviors is still unclear. Here, we review the most relevant scientific reports about the impact of food overconsumption during fetal development and its effect on addictive-like behaviors of the offspring in the context of eating disorders and obesity.
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Albaugh VL, He Y, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Yu S, Berthoud HR. Regulation of body weight: Lessons learned from bariatric surgery. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101517. [PMID: 35644477 PMCID: PMC9938317 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric or weight loss surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity and metabolic disease. Unlike dieting and pharmacology, its beneficial effects are sustained over decades in most patients, and mortality is among the lowest for major surgery. Because there are not nearly enough surgeons to implement bariatric surgery on a global scale, intensive research efforts have begun to identify its mechanisms of action on a molecular level in order to replace surgery with targeted behavioral or pharmacological treatments. To date, however, there is no consensus as to the critical mechanisms involved. SCOPE OF REVIEW The purpose of this non-systematic review is to evaluate the existing evidence for specific molecular and inter-organ signaling pathways that play major roles in bariatric surgery-induced weight loss and metabolic benefits, with a focus on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), in both humans and rodents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Gut-brain communication and its brain targets of food intake control and energy balance regulation are complex and redundant. Although the relatively young science of bariatric surgery has generated a number of hypotheses, no clear and unique mechanism has yet emerged. It seems increasingly likely that the broad physiological and behavioral effects produced by bariatric surgery do not involve a single mechanism, but rather multiple signaling pathways. Besides a need to improve and better validate surgeries in animals, advanced techniques, including inducible, tissue-specific knockout models, and the use of humanized physiological traits will be necessary. State-of-the-art genetically-guided neural identification techniques should be used to more selectively manipulate function-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Albaugh
- Translational and Integrative Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Research Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Godoi AR, Fioravante VC, Santos BM, Martinez FE, Pinheiro PFF. Maternal exposure of rats to sodium saccharin during gestation and lactation on male offspring†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:98-106. [PMID: 36219170 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of fetal programming in Sprague-Dawley rats through the maternal consumption of sodium saccharin on the testicular structure and function in male offspring. Feed intake and efficiency, organ and fat weight, quantification and expression of androgen receptor (AR), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins, sperm count, and hormone levels were determined. Consumption alterations were found in the final weeks of the experiment. Decreases in AR and PCNA expression and quantification, tubular diameter, and luminal volume, and increases in epithelial and interstitial relative volumes were observed. Lower sperm count and transit, and lower estradiol concentration were also found. Sodium saccharin consumption by dams programmed male offspring by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis with alterations in the Sertoli cell population, in spermatogonia proliferation, the expression and quantification of AR, and in sperm count. We hypothesized that these changes may be due to an estradiol reduction that caused the loosening of adhesion junctions of the blood-testis barrier, causing cell losses during spermatogenesis, also reflected by a decrease in tubular diameter with an increase in epithelial volume and consequent decrease in luminal volume. We conclude that maternal sodium saccharin consumption during pregnancy and lactation programmed alterations in the reproductive parameters of male offspring, thus influencing spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Rezende Godoi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Caroline Fioravante
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Melo Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
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15
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Elevated Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Level in the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415945. [PMID: 36555587 PMCID: PMC9781792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the brain actions of these drugs are not properly established. We used post mortem microdissected human hypothalamic samples for RT-qPCR and Western blotting. For in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunolabelling, parallel cryosections were prepared from the hypothalamus. We developed in situ hybridization probes for human GLP-1R and oxytocin. In addition, GLP-1 and oxytocin were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed abundant GLP-1R labelling in the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), particularly in its magnocellular subdivision (PVNmc). Quantitative analysis of the mRNA signal demonstrated increased GLP-1R expression in the PVNmc in post mortem hypothalamic samples from T2DM subjects as compared to controls, while there was no difference in the expression level of GLP-1R in the other subdivisions of the PVN, the hypothalamic dorsomedial and infundibular nuclei. Our results in the PVN were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we demonstrated by Western blot technique that the GLP-1R protein level was also elevated in the PVN of T2DM patients. GLP-1 fibre terminals were also observed in the PVNmc closely apposing oxytocin neurons using immunohistochemistry. The data suggest that GLP-1 activates GLP-1Rs in the PVNmc and that GLP-1R is elevated in T2DM patients, which may be related to the dysregulation of feeding behaviour and glucose homeostasis in T2DM.
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16
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Olfactory Sensitivity Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Kv1.3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234986. [PMID: 36501016 PMCID: PMC9736683 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and its hedonistic evaluation. A reduction or loss of smell has been related to malnutrition problems, resulting in excessive weight loss or gain. Voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 are widely expressed in the olfactory bulb, and contribute mainly to the value of the resting membrane potential and to the frequency of action potentials. Mutations in the Kv1.3 gene are associated with alterations in glycemic homeostasis and olfactory sensitivity. We evaluated the olfactory performance in 102 healthy subjects and its association with BMI and polymorphism in the human Kv1.3 gene. Olfactory performance, based on the olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification scores and their summed score (TDI), was measured using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2821557 polymorphism of the Kv1.3 gene, whose major allele T was associated with a super-smeller phenotype, lower plasma glucose levels and resistance to diet-induced obesity as compared with the minor allele C. Based on the Kv1.3 genotype, the TDI and I olfactory scores obtained by the subjects were the following: TT > TC > CC. Subjects who were TT homozygous or heterozygous exhibited lower BMIs and reached higher olfactory scores than those with the CC genotype. The results were sex-dependent: heterozygous females performed better than heterozygous males. These findings show an inverse relationship between olfactory function and BMI, and a significant effect of the Kv1.3 genotypes on the olfactory functions and on the BMIs of the subjects. Finally, they suggest that the sex-related differences in the olfactory function can be partially ascribed to the Kv1.3 gene’s polymorphism.
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Alharbi S, Bawazir M, Altweijri I. A case of postoperative cerebellar mutism with hyperphagia in a child following gross total resection of medulloblastoma occupying the cerebellar vermis. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:2189-2198. [PMID: 35536349 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebellar mutism syndrome is a well-known complication following posterior fossa tumor resection. Its incidence is markedly increased among patients with medulloblastoma. Patients typically present with an inability to communicate verbally due to disruption of the dentato-thalamocortical pathway. CASE DESCRIPTION We present a unique case of cerebellar mutism in a three-year-old girl who underwent gross total resection of medulloblastoma occupying the cerebellar vermis. In addition to mutism, the patient developed hyperphagia. DISCUSSION This case report aims to contribute to current understanding of the role of cerebello-hypothalamic connections in cerebellar mutism and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Alharbi
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Makkah Al Mukarramah Branch Rd, Al Mathar Ash Shamali, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 11564, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Minyal Bawazir
- College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Alshaikh Hassan A. Alshaikh St., Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikhlass Altweijri
- Surgery, King Saud University Medical City, Alshaikh Hassan A. Alshaikh St., Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 12372, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Kuti D, Winkler Z, Horváth K, Juhász B, Szilvásy-Szabó A, Fekete C, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ. The metabolic stress response: Adaptation to acute-, repeated- and chronic challenges in mice. iScience 2022; 25:104693. [PMID: 35880047 PMCID: PMC9307515 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between stress and metabolism. Because acute traumatic- and chronic stress events are often accompanied with metabolic pathophysiology, it is important to understand the details of the metabolic stress response. In this study we directly compared metabolic effects of acute stress with chronic repeated- and chronic unpredictable stress in mouse models. All types of adversities increased energy expenditure, chronic stress exposure decreased body weight gain, locomotor activity and differentially affected fuel utilization. During chronic exposure to variable stressors, carbohydrates were the predominant fuels, whereas fatty acids were catabolized in acutely and repeatedly restrained animals. Chronic exposure to variable stressors in unpredictable manner provoked anxiety. Our data highlight differences in metabolic responses to acute- repeated- and chronic stressors, which might affect coping behavior and underlie stress-induced metabolic and psychopathologies. All forms of stress exposure increase energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate Increased energy expenditure is fueled in challenge-specific manner Acute restraint increases, chronic stress decreases locomotor activity Chronic variable stress, but not repeated restraint provokes anxiety/depression
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Kuti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Winkler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Horváth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Juhász
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Szilvásy-Szabó
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilamér Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Parsons N, Steward T, Clohesy R, Almgren H, Duehlmeyer L. A systematic review of resting-state functional connectivity in obesity: Refining current neurobiological frameworks and methodological considerations moving forward. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:861-879. [PMID: 34159504 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the second most common cause of preventable morbidity worldwide. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used extensively to characterise altered communication between brain regions in individuals with obesity, though findings from this research have not yet been systematically evaluated within the context of prominent neurobiological frameworks. This systematic review aggregated resting-state fMRI findings in individuals with obesity and evaluated the contribution of these findings to current neurobiological models. Findings were considered in relation to a triadic model of problematic eating, outlining disrupted communication between reward, inhibitory, and homeostatic systems. We identified a pattern of consistently increased orbitofrontal and decreased insula cortex resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with obesity in comparison to healthy weight controls. BOLD signal amplitude was also increased in people with obesity across studies, predominantly confined to subcortical regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and putamen. We posit that altered orbitofrontal cortex connectivity may be indicative of a shift in the valuation of food-based rewards and that dysfunctional insula connectivity likely contributes to altered homeostatic signal processing. Homeostatic violation signals in obesity may be maintained despite satiety, thereby 'hijacking' the executive system and promoting further food intake. Moving forward, we provide a roadmap for more reliable resting-state and task-based functional connectivity experiments, which must be reconciled within a common framework if we are to uncover the interplay between psychological and biological factors within current theoretical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Parsons
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Clohesy
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannes Almgren
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Kirouac GJ, Li S, Li S. Convergence of monosynaptic inputs from neurons in the brainstem and forebrain on parabrachial neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2409-2437. [PMID: 35838792 PMCID: PMC9418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) projects to areas of the forebrain involved in regulating behavior. Homeostatic challenges and salient cues activate the PVT and evidence shows that the PVT regulates appetitive and aversive responses. The brainstem is a source of afferents to the PVT and the present study was done to determine if the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) is a relay for inputs to the PVT. Retrograde tracing experiments with cholera toxin B (CTB) demonstrate that the LPB contains more PVT projecting neurons than other regions of the brainstem including the catecholamine cell groups. The hypothesis that the LPB is a relay for signals to the PVT was assessed using an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach. Sources of inputs to LPB included the reticular formation; periaqueductal gray (PAG); nucleus cuneiformis; and superior and inferior colliculi. Distinctive clusters of input cells to LPB-PVT projecting neurons were also found in the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Anterograde viral tracing demonstrates that LPB-PVT neurons densely innervate all regions of the PVT in addition to providing collateral innervation to the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, zona incerta and PAG but not the BSTDL and CeL. The paper discusses the anatomical evidence that suggests that the PVT is part of a network of interconnected neurons involved in arousal, homeostasis, and the regulation of behavioral states with forebrain regions potentially providing descending modulation or gating of signals relayed from the LPB to the PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Shuanghong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
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21
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Davoudi P, Do DN, Colombo SM, Rathgeber B, Miar Y. Application of Genetic, Genomic and Biological Pathways in Improvement of Swine Feed Efficiency. Front Genet 2022; 13:903733. [PMID: 35754793 PMCID: PMC9220306 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.903733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant improvement of feed efficiency (FE) in pigs over the past decades, feed costs remain a major challenge for producers profitability. Improving FE is a top priority for the global swine industry. A deeper understanding of the biology underlying FE is crucial for making progress in genetic improvement of FE traits. This review comprehensively discusses the topics related to the FE in pigs including: measurements, genetics, genomics, biological pathways and the advanced technologies and methods involved in FE improvement. We first provide an update of heritability for different FE indicators and then characterize the correlations of FE traits with other economically important traits. Moreover, we present the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and possible candidate genes associated with FE in pigs and outline the most important biological pathways related to the FE traits in pigs. Finally, we present possible ways to improve FE in swine including the implementation of genomic selection, new technologies for measuring the FE traits, and the potential use of genome editing and omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
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22
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Morales I. Brain regulation of hunger and motivation: The case for integrating homeostatic and hedonic concepts and its implications for obesity and addiction. Appetite 2022; 177:106146. [PMID: 35753443 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and other eating disorders are marked by dysregulations to brain metabolic, hedonic, motivational, and sensory systems that control food intake. Classic approaches in hunger research have distinguished between hedonic and homeostatic processes, and have mostly treated these systems as independent. Hindbrain structures and a complex network of interconnected hypothalamic nuclei control metabolic processes, energy expenditure, and food intake while mesocorticolimbic structures are though to control hedonic and motivational processes associated with food reward. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that hedonic and homeostatic brain systems do not function in isolation, but rather interact as part of a larger network that regulates food intake. Incentive theories of motivation provide a useful route to explore these interactions. Adapting incentive theories of motivation can enable researchers to better how motivational systems dysfunction during disease. Obesity and addiction are associated with profound alterations to both hedonic and homeostatic brain systems that result in maladaptive patterns of consumption. A subset of individuals with obesity may experience pathological cravings for food due to incentive sensitization of brain systems that generate excessive 'wanting' to eat. Further progress in understanding how the brain regulates hunger and appetite may depend on merging traditional hedonic and homeostatic concepts of food reward and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA.
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23
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Morari J, Haddad-Tóvolli R, Silva Nogueira PA, Teixeira CJ, Maróstica R, Tobar N, Ramos CD, Velloso LA, Dias Bobbo VC, Anhê GF. Body mass variability in age-matched outbred male Swiss mice is associated to differential control of food intake by ghrelin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 550:111646. [PMID: 35413387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Swiss mice belong to an outbred strain of mice largely used as a model for experimental obesity induced by high fat diet (HFD). We have previously demonstrated that a given cohort of age-matched Swiss mice is hallmarked by heterogeneous changes in body weight when exposed to HFD. The reasons underlying such variability, however, are not completely understood. Therefore we aimed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the variability in spontaneous weight gain in age-matched male swiss mice. To achieve that, individuals in a cohort of age-matched male Swiss mice were categorized as prone to body mass gain (PBMG) and resistant to body mass gain (RBMG). PBMG animals had higher caloric intake and body mass gain. RBMG and PBMG mice had a similar reduction in food intake when challenged with leptin but only RBMG exhibited a drop in ghrelin concentrations after refeeding. PBMG also showed increased midbrain levels of ghrelin receptor (Ghsr) and Dopamine receptor d2 (Drd2) mRNAs upon refeeding. Pharmacological blockade of GHSR with JMV3002 failed to reduce food intake in PMBG mice as it did in RBMG. On the other hand, the response to JMV3002 seen in PBMG was hallmarked by singular transcriptional response in the midbrain characterized by a simultaneous increase in both tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and Proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) expressions. In conclusion, our data show that differences in the expression of genes related to the reward system in the midbrain as well as in ghrelin concentrations in serum correlate with spontaneous variability in body mass and food intake seen in age-matched male Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Morari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil; Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Silva Nogueira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Caio Jordão Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, 1524. Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave., ICB1, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maróstica
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Natália Tobar
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Celso Dario Ramos
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Dias Bobbo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil
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Cao C, Siegel PB, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. Epigenetic modifiers identified as regulators of food intake in a unique hypophagic chicken model. Animal 2022; 16:100549. [PMID: 35679817 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that influences gene transcription; however, the effects of methylation-influencing chemicals on appetite are unknown. We evaluated the effects of single administration of a methyl donor, S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), or methylation inhibitor, 5-Azacytidine (AZA), on immediate and later-age food intake in an anorexic chick model. The doses of intracerebroventricularly-injected SAM were 0 (vehicle), 0.1, 1, and 10 μg, and of AZA were 0 (vehicle), 1, 5, and 25 μg. When injected on day 5 posthatch, there was no effect of SAM on food intake in either fed or fasted chicks, whereas AZA increased food consumption in the fasted state but decreased it in fed chicks. We then performed a single injection (same doses) at hatch and measured food intake on day 5 in response to neuropeptide Y (NPY; 0.2 μg) injection. Irrespective of NPY, chicks injected with 1 μg of SAM ate more than others on day 5. In contrast, chicks injected with AZA (5 and 25 μg doses) consumed less on day 5. In conclusion, we identified DNA methylation-regulating chemicals as regulators of food intake. AZA but not SAM affected food intake in the short-term, feeding state dependently. Later, both chemicals injected on the day of hatch were associated with food intake changes at a later age, suggesting that feeding pathways might be altered through changes in methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - P B Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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25
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Brugaletta G, Greene E, Ramser A, Maynard CW, Tabler TW, Sirri F, Anthony NB, Orlowski S, Dridi S. Effect of Cyclic Heat Stress on Hypothalamic Oxygen Homeostasis and Inflammatory State in the Jungle Fowl and Three Broiler-Based Research Lines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905225. [PMID: 35692291 PMCID: PMC9174949 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is devastating to poultry production sustainability due its detrimental effects on performance, welfare, meat quality, and profitability. One of the most known negative effects of HS is feed intake depression, which is more pronounced in modern high-performing broilers compared to their ancestor unselected birds, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully defined. The present study aimed, therefore, to determine the hypothalamic expression of a newly involved pathway, hypoxia/oxygen homeostasis, in heat-stressed broiler-based research lines and jungle fowl. Three populations of broilers (slow growing ACRB developed in 1956, moderate growing 95RB from broilers available in 1995, and modern fast growing MRB from 2015) and unselected Jungle fowl birds were exposed to cyclic heat stress (36°C, 9 h/day for 4 weeks) in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental design. Total RNAs and proteins were extracted from the hypothalamic tissues and the expression of target genes and proteins was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. It has been previously shown that HS increased core body temperature and decreased feed intake in 95RB and MRB, but not in ACRB or JF. HS exposure did not affect the hypothalamic expression of HIF complex, however there was a line effect for HIF-1α (P = 0.02) with higher expression in JF under heat stress. HS significantly up regulated the hypothalamic expression of hemoglobin subunits (HBA1, HBBR, HBE, HBZ), and HJV in ACRB, HBA1 and HJV in 95RB and MRB, and HJV in JF, but it down regulated FPN1 in JF. Additionally, HS altered the hypothalamic expression of oxygen homeostasis- up and down-stream signaling cascades. Phospho-AMPKThr172 was activated by HS in JF hypothalamus, but it decreased in that of the broiler-based research lines. Under thermoneutral conditions, p-AMPKThr172 was higher in broiler-based research lines compared to JF. Ribosomal protein S6K1, however, was significantly upregulated in 95RB and MRB under both environmental conditions. HS significantly upregulated the hypothalamic expression of NF-κB2 in MRB, RelB, and TNFα in ACRB, abut it down regulated RelA in 95RB. The regulation of HSPs by HS seems to be family- and line-dependent. HS upregulated the hypothalamic expression of HSP60 in ACRB and 95RB, down regulated HSP90 in JF only, and decreased HSP70 in all studied lines. Taken together, this is the first report showing that HS modulated the hypothalamic expression of hypoxia- and oxygen homeostasis-associated genes as well as their up- and down-stream mediators in chickens, and suggests that hypoxia, thermotolerance, and feed intake are interconnected, which merit further in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Alison Ramser
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Craig W. Maynard
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Travis W. Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sara Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Sami Dridi
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26
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Zhang P, Wu GW, Tang LR, Yu FX, Li MY, Wang Z, Yang ZH, Zhang ZT, Lv H, Liu Y, Wang ZC. Altered Brain Structural Reorganization and Hierarchical Integrated Processing in Obesity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:796792. [PMID: 35368267 PMCID: PMC8971659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.796792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain receives sensory information about food, evaluates its desirability and value, and responds with approach or withdrawal. The evaluation process of food in the brain with obesity may involve a variety of neurocircuit abnormalities in the integration of internal and external information processing. There is a lack of consistency of the results extant reported for aberrant changes in the brain with obesity that prohibits key brain alterations to be identified. Moreover, most studies focus on the observation of neural plasticity of function or structure, and the evidence for functional and structural correlations in the neuronal plasticity process of obesity is still insufficient. The aims of this article are to explore the key neural structural regions and the hierarchical activity pattern of key structural nodes and evaluate the correlation between changes in functional modulation and eating behavior. Forty-two participants with obesity and 33 normal-weight volunteers were recruited. Gray matter volume (GMV) and Granger causality analysis (GCA) were performed using the DPARSF, CAT12, and DynamicBC toolbox. Compared with the normal weight group, the obesity group exhibited significantly increased GMV in the left parahippocampal gyrus (PG). The obesity group showed decreased causal inflow to the left PG from the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right calcarine, and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA). Decreased causal outflow to the left OFC, right precuneus, and right SMA from the left PG, as well as increased causal outflow to the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG) were observed in the obesity group. Negative correlations were found between DEBQ-External scores and causal outflow from the left PG to the left OFC, and DEBQ-Restraint scores and causal inflow from the left OFC to the left PG in the obesity group. Positive correlation was found between DEBQ-External scores and causal outflow from the left PG to the left MOG. These results show that the increased GMV in the PG may play an important role in obesity, which may be related to devalued reward system, altered behavioral inhibition, and the disengagement of attentional and visual function for external signals. These findings have important implications for understanding neural mechanisms in obesity and developing individual-tailored strategies for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-wei Wu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li-rong Tang
- Department of Clinical Psychology Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-xia Yu
- Medical Imaging Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-han Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Han Lv,
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
- Yang Liu,
| | - Zhen-chang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Zhen-chang Wang,
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27
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NPFF Decreases Activity of Human Arcuate NPY Neurons: A Study in Embryonic-Stem-Cell-Derived Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063260. [PMID: 35328681 PMCID: PMC8948797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoring the control of food intake is the key to obesity management and prevention. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus is extensively being studied as a potential anti-obesity target. Animal studies showed that neuropeptide FF (NPFF) reduces food intake by its action in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons of the hypothalamic ARC, but the detailed mode of action observed in human neurons is missing, due to the lack of a human-neuron-based model for pharmacology testing. Here, we validated and utilized a human-neural-stem-cell-based (hNSC) model of ARC to test the effects of NPFF on cellular pathways and neuronal activity. We found that in the human neurons, decreased cAMP levels by NPFF resulted in a reduced rate of cytoplasmic calcium oscillations, indicating an inhibition of ARC NPY neurons. This suggests the therapeutic potential of NPFFR2 in obesity. In addition, we demonstrate the use of human-stem-cell-derived neurons in pharmacological applications and the potential of this model to address functional aspects of human hypothalamic neurons.
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28
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Keller BN, Hajnal A, Browning KN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Involvement of the Dorsal Vagal Complex in Alcohol-Related Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:801825. [PMID: 35330845 PMCID: PMC8940294 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.801825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are complex and involve a wide variety of within and between systems neuroadaptations. While classic reward, preoccupation, and withdrawal neurocircuits have been heavily studied in terms of AUD, viable treatment targets from this established literature have not proven clinically effective as of yet. Therefore, examination of additional neurocircuitries not classically studied in the context of AUD may provide novel therapeutic targets. Recent studies demonstrate that various neuropeptides systems are important modulators of alcohol reward, seeking, and intake behaviors. This includes neurocircuitry within the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), which is involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system, control of intake of natural rewards like food, and acts as a relay of interoceptive sensory information via interactions of numerous gut-brain peptides and neurotransmitter systems with DVC projections to central and peripheral targets. DVC neuron subtypes produce a variety of neuropeptides and transmitters and project to target brain regions critical for reward such as the mesolimbic dopamine system as well as other limbic areas important for the negative reinforcing and aversive properties of alcohol withdrawal such as the extended amygdala. This suggests the DVC may play a role in the modulation of various aspects of AUD. This review summarizes the current literature on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides systems in the DVC (e.g., norepinephrine, glucagon-like peptide 1, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone), and their potential relevance to alcohol-related behaviors in humans and rodent models for AUD research. A better understanding of the role of the DVC in modulating alcohol related behaviors may lead to the elucidation of novel therapeutic targets for drug development in AUD.
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29
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Cancelier ACL, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Trevisol DJ, Atkinson RL. Adenovirus 36 infection and obesity risk: current understanding and future therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:143-152. [PMID: 35255768 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2044303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity, a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction between genetic characteristics, metabolism, lifestyle, and environmental factors, is a major global health problem and is currently defined as a pandemic phenomenon. This disease is determined by an interaction of several factors, but the imbalance between energy consumption and expenditure seems to be the crucial point. In some cases, there is no linearity between exposure to those factors that cause the onset of obesity. A striking example of the occurrence of obesity despite no obvious risk factors is that of obesity induced by viral infections. The most important of such viruses appears to be human adenovirus 36 (Adv36). AREAS COVERED This review covers the relation between obesity and infection by Adv36 in humans. Also, discussed are the opportunities of prevention or treatment for the effects of Adv36 in human body. EXPERT OPINION The role of Ad36 in the development of obesity has already been established. Future research should focus on the development of vaccines against this agent, drug discovery for infected individuals, and effective therapeutic uses of E4orf1 gene protein for diabetes and other diseases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
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30
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Roger C, Lasbleiz A, Guye M, Dutour A, Gaborit B, Ranjeva JP. The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 8:760914. [PMID: 35047539 PMCID: PMC8762294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus (HT), this small structure often perceived through the prism of neuroimaging as morphologically and functionally homogeneous, plays a key role in the primitive act of feeding. The current paper aims at reviewing the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of the role of the HT in food intake regulation. It focuses on the different MRI techniques that have been used to describe structurally and functionally the Human HT. The latest advances in HT parcellation as well as perspectives in this field are presented. The value of MRI in the study of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen Roger
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Adèle Lasbleiz
- Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Dutour
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Bénédicte Gaborit
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
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31
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Impact of Nutritional Intervention on Taste Perception-A Scoping Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112747. [PMID: 34829027 PMCID: PMC8625746 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present scoping review was to evaluate the impact of experimental meal loads or observational diet changes/habits on taste tests in both healthy subjects and patients. A systematic search performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science electronic databases retrieved, respectively 2981, 6258, and 7555 articles from January 2000 to December 2020. A total of 17 articles were included for full-text review. Literature results were stratified according to the observational/interventional approach, the involvement of healthy subjects or patients, the taste test, and the meal/dietary changes. The present scoping review reinforced the notions postulating that certain taste tests (for example focusing on fatty acid, salt, or sugar) might be specifically influenced by the nutritional intervention and that other ones might be susceptible to a wide span of changes beyond the extent of tastant included in the specific food changes. This could also depend on the inhomogeneity of literature trend: The short duration of the intervention or the random type of meal load, unsuitability of the taste test chosen, and the presence of underlying disorders. Future studies for a better comprehension of taste tests reliability in relation to specific food changes are thus to be fostered.
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32
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Cao C, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. DNA methylation-modifiers reduced food intake in juvenile chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136230. [PMID: 34500001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the major endogenous methyl donor for methyltransferase reactions, while 5-Azacytidine (AZA) is a synthetic drug inhibiting DNA methyltransferase activity. Both molecules can thus influence DNA methylation patterns in an organism and thereby affect gene expression and ultimately behavior in the long-term. Whether or not effects on behavior are exerted on a shorter time scale is unclear. The goal of this study was to explore the direct effects of SAM and AZA on appetite regulation, using broiler chicken and Japanese quail as the animal models. Fed or 180 min-fasted broilers (at day 4 post-hatch) or 360 min-fasted quail (at day 7 post-hatch) were intracerebroventricularly injected with SAM or AZA and food intake was measured for 360 min. For broilers, there was no effect of AZA, at any dose, on food intake in either fed or fasted chicks at any time point. In contrast, 1 and 10 µg doses of SAM reduced food intake in fed chicks at 60 min post-injection. In fasted chicks, although there were no differences for the first 30 min post-injection, SAM suppressed food intake during the second 30-min period. For quail, however, AZA (25 µg dose) decreased food intake at 60 and 150-360 min post-injection in fasted birds. A reduction in food intake was also observed at 120- and 360-min post-injection in fed quail in response to 5 and 25 µg doses of AZA, respectively. SAM had no effect when quail were fasted, whereas 1 µg dose of SAM suppressed food consumption in fed quail during the third 30-min period. Thus, when administered directly into the central nervous system, SAM may act as a transient appetite suppressant in both broilers and quail, whereas the direct inhibitory effect of AZA on food consumption depends on species and nutritional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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33
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Cao C, Tachibana T, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. Prostaglandin E2-induced anorexia involves hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ghrelin in chicks. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106574. [PMID: 34102274 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Central administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with potent anorexia in rodents and chicks, although hypothalamic mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to identify hypothalamic nuclei and appetite-related factors that are involved in this anorexigenic effect, using chickens as a model. Intracerebroventricular injection of 2.5, 5, and 10 nmol of PGE2 suppressed food and water intake in broiler chicks in a dose-dependent manner. c-Fos immunoreactivity was increased in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) at 60 min post injection of 5 nmol of PGE2. Under the same treatment condition, hypothalamic expression of melanocortin receptor 3 and ghrelin mRNAs increased, whereas neuropeptide Y receptor sub-type 5 and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) mRNAs decreased in PGE2-treated chicks. In the PVN, chicks injected with PGE2 had more brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ghrelin, and c-Fos mRNA but less corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1), CRFR2, and TrkB mRNA expression. In conclusion, PGE2 injection resulted in decreased food and water intake that likely involves BDNF and ghrelin originating in the PVN. Because the anorexigenic effect is so potent and hypothalamic mechanisms are similar in chickens and rodents, a greater understanding of the role of PGE2 in acute appetite regulation may have implications for treating eating and metabolic disorders in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anorexia/chemically induced
- Anorexia/metabolism
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Chickens
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Male
- Eating/drug effects
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/drug effects
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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34
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Koop S, Oster H. Eat, sleep, repeat - endocrine regulation of behavioural circadian rhythms. FEBS J 2021; 289:6543-6558. [PMID: 34228879 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of organisms to a rhythmic environment is mediated by an internal timing system termed the circadian clock. In mammals, molecular clocks are found in all tissues and organs. This circadian clock network regulates the release of many hormones, which in turn influence some of the most vital behavioural functions. Sleep-wake cycles are under strict circadian control with strong influence of rhythmic hormones such as melatonin, cortisol and others. Food intake, in contrast, receives circadian modulation through hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin and orexin. A third behavioural output covered in this review is mating and bonding behaviours, regulated through circadian rhythms in steroid hormones and oxytocin. Together, these data emphasize the pervasive influence of the circadian clock system on behavioural outputs and its mediation through endocrine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koop
- Centre of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Centre of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
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35
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Bayer D, Antonucci S, Müller HP, Saad R, Dupuis L, Rasche V, Böckers TM, Ludolph AC, Kassubek J, Roselli F. Disruption of orbitofrontal-hypothalamic projections in a murine ALS model and in human patients. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 34059131 PMCID: PMC8168014 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased catabolism has recently been recognized as a clinical manifestation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The hypothalamic systems have been shown to be involved in the metabolic dysfunction in ALS, but the exact extent of hypothalamic circuit alterations in ALS is yet to be determined. Here we explored the integrity of large-scale cortico-hypothalamic circuits involved in energy homeostasis in murine models and in ALS patients. Methods The rAAV2-based large-scale projection mapping and image analysis pipeline based on Wholebrain and Ilastik software suites were used to identify and quantify projections from the forebrain to the lateral hypothalamus in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model (hypermetabolic) and the FusΔNLS ALS mouse model (normo-metabolic). 3 T diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 83 ALS and 65 control cases to investigate cortical projections to the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) in ALS. Results Symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice displayed an expansion of projections from agranular insula, ventrolateral orbitofrontal and secondary motor cortex to the LHA. These findings were reproduced in an independent cohort by using a different analytic approach. In contrast, in the FusΔNLS ALS mouse model hypothalamic inputs from insula and orbitofrontal cortex were maintained while the projections from motor cortex were lost. The DTI-MRI data confirmed the disruption of the orbitofrontal-hypothalamic tract in ALS patients. Conclusion This study provides converging murine and human data demonstrating the selective structural disruption of hypothalamic inputs in ALS as a promising factor contributing to the origin of the hypermetabolic phenotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00241-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bayer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,CEMMA (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Aging) Research Training Group, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Rami Saad
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luc Dupuis
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Volker Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Böckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany.
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36
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Fortin SM, Chen J, Grill HJ, Hayes MR. The Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus Controls Food Intake and Body Weight via Hindbrain POMC Projections. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051642. [PMID: 34068091 PMCID: PMC8152732 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Mes5) processes oral sensory–motor information, but its role in the control of energy balance remains unexplored. Here, using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we show that the Mes5 expresses the melanocortin-4 receptor. Consistent with MC4R activation in other areas of the brain, we found that Mes5 microinjection of the MC4R agonist melanotan-II (MTII) suppresses food intake and body weight in the mouse. Furthermore, NTS POMC-projecting neurons to the Mes5 can be chemogenetically activated to drive a suppression in food intake. Taken together, these findings highlight the Mes5 as a novel target of melanocortinergic control of food intake and body weight regulation, although elucidating the endogenous role of this circuit requires future study. While we observed the sufficiency of Mes5 MC4Rs for food intake and body weight suppression, these receptors do not appear to be necessary for food intake or body weight control. Collectively, the data presented here support the functional relevance of the NTS POMC to Mes5 projection pathway as a novel circuit that can be targeted to modulate food intake and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Harvey J. Grill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.M.F.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Saruco E, Pleger B. A Systematic Review of Obesity and Binge Eating Associated Impairment of the Cognitive Inhibition System. Front Nutr 2021; 8:609012. [PMID: 33996871 PMCID: PMC8116510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.609012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered functioning of the inhibition system and the resulting higher impulsivity are known to play a major role in overeating. Considering the great impact of disinhibited eating behavior on obesity onset and maintenance, this systematic review of the literature aims at identifying to what extent the brain inhibitory networks are impaired in individuals with obesity. It also aims at examining whether the presence of binge eating disorder leads to similar although steeper neural deterioration. We identified 12 studies that specifically assessed impulsivity during neuroimaging. We found a significant alteration of neural circuits primarily involving the frontal and limbic regions. Functional activity results show BMI-dependent hypoactivity of frontal regions during cognitive inhibition and either increased or decreased patterns of activity in several other brain regions, according to their respective role in inhibition processes. The presence of binge eating disorder results in further aggravation of those neural alterations. Connectivity results mainly report strengthened connectivity patterns across frontal, parietal, and limbic networks. Neuroimaging studies suggest significant impairment of various neural circuits involved in inhibition processes in individuals with obesity. The elaboration of accurate therapeutic neurocognitive interventions, however, requires further investigations, for a deeper identification and understanding of obesity-related alterations of the inhibition brain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Saruco
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Rosin JM, Sinha S, Biernaskie J, Kurrasch DM. A subpopulation of embryonic microglia respond to maternal stress and influence nearby neural progenitors. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1326-1345.e6. [PMID: 33887203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between hypothalamic neurons and microglia as they integrate stressors to regulate homeostasis is of growing interest. We asked if microglia in the embryonic hypothalamus were likewise stress responsive and, if so, whether their precocious activation perturbs nearby neural stem cell (NSC) programs. We performed single-cell transcriptomics to define embryonic hypothalamic microglia heterogeneity and identified four microglial subsets, including a subpopulation adjacent to NSCs that was responsive to gestational cold stress. Stress exposure elevated CCL3 and CCL4 secretion, but only in male brains, and ex vivo CCL4 treatment of hypothalamic NSCs altered proliferation and differentiation. Concomitantly, gestational stress decreased PVN oxytocin neurons only in male embryos, which was reversed by microglia depletion. Adult offspring exposed to gestational stress displayed altered social behaviors, which was likewise microglia dependent, but only in males. Collectively, immature hypothalamic microglia play an unappreciated role in translating maternal stressors to sexually dimorphic perturbation of neurodevelopmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Yu Y, He X, Zhang J, Tang C, Rong P. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation inhibits hypothalamic P2Y1R expression and attenuates weight gain without decreasing food intake in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211009669. [PMID: 33848220 PMCID: PMC10358456 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211009669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats that harbor a mutation in the leptin receptor innately develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) with obesity. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) has an antidiabetic effect in ZDF rats. However, the underlying mechanisms of the weight-gain attenuating effect in ZDF rats by taVNS is still unclear. This study aimed to assess whether the weight-gain attenuating effect of taVNS in ZDF rats is associated with changes in the central nervous system (CNS) expression of P2Y1 receptors (P2Y1R). Adult male ZDF rats were subjected to taVNS and transcutaneous non-vagal nerve stimulation (tnVNS). Their food intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. P2Y1R expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus was evaluated by western blotting. Hypothalamic P2Y1R expressing cells were detected using immunohistochemistry. Naïve ZDF rats were much heavier (p < 0.05) than their lean littermates (ZL rats), with elevated hypothalamic P2Y1R expression (p < 0.05). Further, taVNS but not tnVNS attenuated weight gain (p < 0.05) without decreasing food intake (p > 0.05) and suppressed hypothalamic P2Y1R expression in ZDF rats (p < 0.05). Moreover, P2Y1R showed major expression in astrocytes of ZDF rats' hypothalamus. ZDF rats innately develop obesity associated with elevated hypothalamic P2Y1R expression. taVNS attenuates weight gain in ZDF rats without changes in food intake, suggesting increased energy expenditure. Whether the reduced hypothalamic P2Y1R expression in response to taVNS is mechanistically linked to the increased energy expenditure remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Yu
- Acupuncture Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun He
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Life-course effects of early life adversity exposure on eating behavior and metabolism. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 97:237-273. [PMID: 34311901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variations in early life influence brain development, making individuals more vulnerable to psychiatric and metabolic disorders. Early life stress (ELS) has a strong impact on the development of eating behavior. However, eating is a complex behavior, determined by an interaction between signals of energy homeostasis, neuronal circuits involved in its regulation, and circuits related to rewarding properties of the food. Although mechanisms underlying ELS-induced altered feeding behavior are not completely understood, evidence suggest that the effects of ELS on metabolic, mood, and emotional disorders, as well as reward system dysfunctions can contribute directly or indirectly to altered feeding behavior. The focus of this chapter is to discuss the effects of ELS on eating behavior and metabolism, considering different factors that control appetite such as energy homeostasis, hedonic properties of the food, emotional and cognitive status. After highlighting classic studies on the association between ELS and eating behavior alterations, we discuss how exposure to adversity can interact with genetics characteristics to predict variable outcomes.
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41
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Fibromyalgia and obesity: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:409-424. [PMID: 33676126 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity has been associated with several complications, including musculoskeletal disorders. Aim of the present systematic review was to identify all available evidence on the relationship between fibromyalgia (FM) and obesity, including epidemiological association, impact of obesity on FM severity and effect of weight loss strategies on FM symptoms. METHODS MedLine, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science databases were searched up to September 2020 to identify eligible articles. Data from studies reporting the prevalence of obesity in FM patients were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS After removal of duplicate records, 393 studies proceeded to review. A total of 41 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in final synthesis. Quality assessment revealed that the overall risk of bias was high. The overall prevalence of obesity in FM was 35.7% (95% CI: 31.8 - 39.9%), with higher figures reported for USA. The majority of studies included demonstrated that obesity is associated with different domains of the disorder, including composite measures of activity, pain severity, tender point count, stiffness, fatigue, physical functioning/disability, sleep, cognitive dysfunction, and quality of life; the strength of correlation was weak on average. Inconsistent data were available regarding the correlation with depression and anxiety. Only few studies addressed the effect of therapeutic weight loss in FM, either by bariatric surgery, diet/exercise combination or behavioral weight loss, providing preliminary evidence for a potential benefit of weight loss in ameliorating FM symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Available data support a potential interplay between obesity and FM-related symptoms. Weight management should be encouraged in patients with FM.
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He W, Li H, Lai Y, Wu Y, Wu Y, Ramirez-Zamora A, Yi W, Zhang C. Weight Change After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Isolated Dystonia. Front Neurol 2021; 12:632913. [PMID: 33716933 PMCID: PMC7944092 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.632913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an effective treatment method for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and isolated dystonia and provides marked improvement of major motor symptoms. In addition, non-motor effects have been reported including weight gain (WG) in patients with PD after STN-DBS. However, it is still unclear whether patients with isolated dystonia also experience WG. Methods: Data from 47 patients with isolated dystonia who underwent bilateral STN-DBS surgery between October 2012 and June 2019 were retrospectively collected. The severity of dystonia was assessed via the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). Changes in the body mass index (BMI) and BFMDRS score were analyzed using paired Student's t-tests. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors that affected the BMI after surgery. Results: Postoperative WG was observed in 78.7% of patients. The percentage of overweight and obese patients increased from 25.5% (before STN-DBS) to 48.9% (at the last follow-up). The mean BMI and mean percentage change in BMI increased by 1.32 ± 1.83 kg/m2 (P < 0.001) and 6.28 ± 8.34%, respectively. BMI increased more in female than in male patients. At the last follow-up, BFMDRS movement and disability scores improved by 69.76 ± 33.23% and 65.66 ± 31.41%, respectively (both P < 0.001). The final regression model analysis revealed that sex and preoperative BMI alone were independently associated with BMI change (P < 0.05). Conclusions: STN-DBS is associated with postoperative WG with patients with isolated dystonia. WG is more prominent in female patients and is associated with preoperative weight but not with the efficacy of STN-DBS on motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Lai
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhao Wu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Fixel Center for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dionysopoulou S, Charmandari E, Bargiota A, Vlahos NF, Mastorakos G, Valsamakis G. The Role of Hypothalamic Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obesity and Its Association with Cognitive and Mood Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:498. [PMID: 33546219 PMCID: PMC7913301 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with cognitive and mood disorders. Recent evidence suggests that obesity may cause hypothalamic inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the hypothesis that there is a causal link between obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and cognitive and mood disorders. Inflammation may influence hypothalamic inter-connections with regions important for cognition and mood, while it may cause dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and influence monoaminergic systems. Exercise, healthy diet, and glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists, which can reduce hypothalamic inflammation in obese models, could improve the deleterious effects on cognition and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dionysopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Hippocratio General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Larisa, Medical School of Larisa, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos F Vlahos
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Larisa, Medical School of Larisa, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece;
- Endocrine Unit, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
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Abstract
Energy balance is centrally regulated by the brain through several interacting neuronal systems involving external, peripheral, and central factors within the brain. The hypothalamus integrates these factors and is the key brain area in the regulation of energy balance. In this review, we will explain the structure of the hypothalamus and its role in the regulation of energy balance. An important part of energy balance regulation is the sensing of nutrient status and availability. This review will focus on the sensing of the two main sources of energy by the hypothalamus: glucose and fat. As many common health problems and chronic diseases can be traced back to a disrupted hypothalamic function, we will also discuss hypothalamic sensing of glucose and fats in these pathologies. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge and discuss how this may be applied clinically and for future research perspectives.
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Xu C, Wang X, Zhou S, Wu J, Geng Q, Ruan D, Qiu Y, Quan J, Ding R, Cai G, Wu Z, Zheng E, Yang J. Brain Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Transcription Factors and Biological Pathways Associated with Feed Efficiency in Commercial DLY Pigs. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 40:272-282. [PMID: 33297854 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is one of the most important economic traits in the porcine industry. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was first utilized for brain tissue transcriptome analysis in pigs to indicate the potential genes and biological pathways related to FE in pigs. A total of 8 pigs with either extremely high-FE group (HE-group) or low-FE group (LE-group) were selected from 225 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) pigs for transcriptomic analysis. RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HE- and LE-group, and 430 DEGs were identified in brain tissues of pigs (|log2(FoldChange)| > 1; adjusted p-values <0.05). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in synaptic signaling or transmission, and hormone secretion pathways, in which insulin secretion, and oxytocin signaling pathways were closely associated with FE by regulating feeding behavior and energy metabolism (adjusted p-values <0.05). Further, the transcription factors (TFs) analysis and gene co-expression network analysis indicated three hub differentially expressed TFs (NR2F2, TFAP2D, and HNF1B) that affected FE by mainly regulating feeding behavior, insulin sensitivity, or energy metabolism. Our findings suggest several potential TFs and biological pathways for further investigations of FE in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cineng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xingwang Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shenping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Geng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Ruan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Quan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Cancelier ACL, Rezin GT, Fernandes J, Silva HCG, Trevisol DJ, Atkinson RL, Schuelter-Trevisol F. Adenovirus-36 as one of the causes of obesity: the review of the pathophysiology. Nutr Res 2020; 86:60-67. [PMID: 33551256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increase of people affected by obesity worldwide seems to be influenced by external factors independent of eating habits, physical exercise, or genetic characteristics. There may be a number of such factors, but one hypothesis is that there is person-to-person transmission, causing an epidemic effect, as occurs with infectious diseases. In animal models, experimental infection with human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) causes obesity. Humans cannot be experimentally infected, but a number of studies found a correlation of positive serology for Adv36 with overweight/obesity in humans. In vitro studies have shown that Adv36 accelerates the differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes into adipocytes and increases their lipid concentration. Another viral mechanism involved is the activation of a noninsulin-dependent process that increases glucose uptake, mainly in adipose tissue and muscle. The increased glucose, coupled with increased lipogenesis due to increased fatty acid synthase and the action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) in stimulating adipocyte differentiation from adult stem cells enhances fat accumulation within the adipocytes. In studies conducted to date, the Adv36 E4 open reading frame 1 gene (E4orf1), which activates the glucose transporter protein isoform 4 (GLUT4) and glucose transporter protein isoform 1 (GLUT1) glucose transporters, appears to play a major role in the virus adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to review the pathophysiology of obesity and the role of Adv36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Lobor Cancelier
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil;.
| | - Jaime Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Richard Lee Atkinson
- Obetech Obesity Research Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Du Y, Huo Q, Li T, Sun D, Sun T, Lu Z. Construction of a Mex3c Gene-Deficient Mouse Model to Study C-FOS Expression in Hypothalamic Nuclei and Observe Morphological Differences in Embryonic Neural Tube Development. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927334. [PMID: 33191393 PMCID: PMC7678243 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to construct a Mex3c gene-deficient mouse model, and studied C-FOS expression in hypothalamic nuclei. Material/Methods Thirty Mex3c−/+ mice, 30 mice in the normal group, and 30 Mex3c−/+ mice were randomly divided into control, leptin, and ghrelin groups according to different intraperitoneal injections. HE and Nissl staining were performed to observe the morphology of hypothalamic nerve cells. The C-FOS expression in hypothalamic nuclei of each group was analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques. HE staining was used to observe neural tube morphology, and LFB staining was used to observe nerve myelin sheath morphology. TEM was used to observe neuronal ultrastructure and immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to analyze nestin expression. Results C-FOS expression was lower in the normal control group than in the leptin and ghrelin groups. The Mex3c control group and the leptin group had higher C-FOS expression than the ghrelin group. In neural tube studies, no significant differences were found in the neural tube pathological sections of E14.5-day embryos in each group. Nestin results demonstrated lower expression in the normal group and there was little difference between the HD and Mex3c groups. Conclusions Mex3c appears to participate in the regulation of energy metabolism by inducing C-FOS expression in the hypothalamus. The neural tubes of the offspring of Mex3c−/+ mice had defects during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland).,Department of Pediatric Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Quan Huo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Dongjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Sun
- Biological Sample Bank, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiguo Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
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Vail GM, Roepke TA. Organophosphate Flame Retardants Excite Arcuate Melanocortin Circuitry and Increase Neuronal Sensitivity to Ghrelin in Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5910086. [PMID: 32961558 PMCID: PMC7575050 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a class of chemicals that have become near ubiquitous in the modern environment. While OPFRs provide valuable protection against flammability of household items, they are increasingly implicated as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). We previously reported that exposure to a mixture of OPFRs causes sex-dependent disruptions of energy homeostasis through alterations in ingestive behavior and activity in adult mice. Because feeding behavior and energy expenditure are largely coordinated by the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that OPFR disruption of energy homeostasis may occur through EDC action on melanocortin circuitry within the arcuate nucleus. To this end, we exposed male and female transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in either neuropeptide Y (NPY) or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to a common mixture of OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate; each 1 mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 4 weeks. We then electrophysiologically examined neuronal properties using whole-cell patch clamp technique. OPFR exposure depolarized the resting membrane of NPY neurons and dampened a hyperpolarizing K+ current known as the M-current within the same neurons from female mice. These neurons were further demonstrated to have increased sensitivity to ghrelin excitation, which more potently reduced the M-current in OPFR-exposed females. POMC neurons from female mice exhibited elevated baseline excitability and are indicated in receiving greater excitatory synaptic input when exposed to OPFRs. Together, these data support a sex-selective effect of OPFRs to increase neuronal output from the melanocortin circuitry governing feeding behavior and energy expenditure, and give reason for further examination of OPFR impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, and New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Ekizceli G, Halk KZ, Minbay Z, Eyigor O. Nesfatin-1 and neuronostatin neurons are co-expressed with glucocorticoid receptors in the hypothalamus. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:555-561. [PMID: 33054452 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1832703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 and neuronostatin in the central nervous system participate in regulating stress responses. Glucocorticoid hormones affect the brain through glucocorticoid receptors (GR). We investigated in the rat the possibility of co-localizing nesfatin-1 and neuronostatin neurons in hypothalamic areas with GR. using immunohistochemistry. We counted nesfatin-1 and neuronostatin stained neurons. We counted GR positive nesfatin-1 neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and GR positive neuronostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus (PeN). The percentage of nesfatin-1 neurons that expressed GR was 38.4% in female rats and 21.9% in male rats in the ARC, and 33.3% in female rats and 29.2% in male rats in the PVN. The percentage of neuronostatin neurons that expressed GR was 39.1% in female rats and 39.9% in male rats in the PeN. We found that a substantial portion of nesfatin-1 and neuronostatin neurons were stained for GR. We speculate that the pattern of GR might permit secretion of neuropeptides to be stimulated by peripheral glucocorticoid signals. Stress can suppress food intake, in part, through the GR in neurons that express nesfatin-1, which is a satiety molecule, and in neurons that express neuronostatin, which is an anorexigenic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ekizceli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Health and Technology University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Bursa, Turkey
| | - K Z Halk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Z Minbay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bursa Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - O Eyigor
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bursa Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Delezie J, Gill JF, Santos G, Karrer-Cardel B, Handschin C. PGC-1β-expressing POMC neurons mediate the effect of leptin on thermoregulation in the mouse. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16888. [PMID: 33060645 PMCID: PMC7567876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus is a key regulator of food intake, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, and locomotor activity. Whole-body deficiency of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) disrupts mouse circadian locomotor activity and BAT-regulated thermogenesis, in association with altered gene expression at the central level. We examined whether PGC-1β expression in the ARC is required for proper energy balance and locomotor behavior by generating mice lacking the PGC-1β gene specifically in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. POMC neuron-specific deletion of PGC-1β did not impact locomotor behavior, food intake, body composition, energy fuel utilization and metabolic rate in fed, 24-h fasted and 24-h refed conditions. In contrast, in the fed state, deletion of PGC-1β in POMC cells elevated core body temperature during the nighttime period. Importantly, this higher body temperature is not associated with changes in BAT function and gene expression. Conversely, we provide evidence that mice lacking PGC-1β in POMC neurons are more sensitive to the effect of leptin on heat dissipation. Our data indicate that PGC-1β-expressing POMC neurons are part of a circuit controlling body temperature homeostasis and that PGC-1β function in these neurons is involved in the thermoregulatory effect of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Delezie
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan F Gill
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gesa Santos
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Handschin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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