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Valentine Y, Nikolajczyk BS. T cells in obesity-associated inflammation: The devil is in the details. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:25-41. [PMID: 38767210 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity presents a significant health challenge, affecting 41% of adults and 19.7% of children in the United States. One of the associated health challenges of obesity is chronic low-grade inflammation. In both mice and humans, T cells in circulation and in the adipose tissue play a pivotal role in obesity-associated inflammation. Changes in the numbers and frequency of specific CD4+ Th subsets and their contribution to inflammation through cytokine production indicate declining metabolic health, that is, insulin resistance and T2D. While some Th subset alterations are consistent between mice and humans with obesity, some changes mainly characterize male mice, whereas female mice often resist obesity and inflammation. However, protection from obesity and inflammation is not observed in human females, who can develop obesity-related T-cell inflammation akin to males. The decline in female sex hormones after menopause is also implicated in promoting obesity and inflammation. Age is a second underappreciated factor for defining and regulating obesity-associated inflammation toward translating basic science findings to the clinic. Weight loss in mice and humans, in parallel with these other factors, does not resolve obesity-associated inflammation. Instead, inflammation persists amid modest changes in CD4+ T cell frequencies, highlighting the need for further research into resolving changes in T-cell function after weight loss. How lingering inflammation after weight loss affecting the common struggle to maintain lower weight is unknown. Semaglutide, a newly popular pharmaceutical used for treating T2D and reversing obesity, holds promise for alleviating obesity-associated health complications, yet its impact on T-cell-mediated inflammation remains unexplored. Further work in this area could significantly contribute to the scientific understanding of the impacts of weight loss and sex/hormones in obesity and obesity-associated metabolic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolander Valentine
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Azene ZN, Davis SR, McNeil JJ, Tonkin AM, Handelsman DJ, Islam RM. Estrone, sex hormone binding globulin and lipid profiles in older women: an observational study. Climacteric 2023; 26:114-120. [PMID: 36693423 PMCID: PMC10033393 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2165908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether estrone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations are associated with lipid concentrations in older postmenopausal women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 6358 Australian women, aged 70-95 years, recruited between 2010 and 2014. Associations between estrone and SHBG and lipid concentrations were examined in participants not using medications that influence estrogen concentrations or lipid-lowering therapy. Linear regression models included age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, renal function and diabetes, with the lowest quartile (Q1) as the reference for estrone and SHBG. RESULTS The study included 3231 participants with median age of 74.0 (interquartile range 71.7-77.9) years. Estrone concentration Q3 and Q4 were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.017 and p = 0.046, respectively). Inverse associations were seen for estrone Q4 with total cholesterol (p = 0.018), Q2 and Q4 with non-HDL-C (p = 0.045 and p = 0.002, respectively) and Q3 and Q4 with triglycerides (p = 0.030 and p = 0.001, respectively). For SHBG, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were positively associated with HDL-C (all p < 0.001), and inversely with non-HDL-C (all p = 0.001) and triglycerides (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Estrone and SHBG are associated with lipid concentrations in older women. SHBG, but not estrone, may provide additional clinical predictive utility for the assessment of cardiometabolic disease risk in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Azene
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Women's and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - S R Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A M Tonkin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R M Islam
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Lin H, Jia Y, Han F, Xia C, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Li E. Toxic effects of waterborne benzylparaben on the growth, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106197. [PMID: 35623196 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzylparaben (BzP) is a potential endocrine disruptor; however, its antioxidant defense, lipotoxicity and underlying mechanism of BzP in aquatic organisms are unknown. This study investigated the impacts of waterborne low-, environmental-related and high-level benzylparaben on the growth, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and lipidomic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Juvenile tilapia (0.60 ± 0.11 g) were exposed to 0, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 ng/L benzylparaben for 8 weeks in quadruplicate for each group. Benzylparaben increased the body crude fat content but decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity in O. niloticus. Benzylparaben caused oxidative stress, leading to hepatic morphology damage and lipid metabolism disorders in fish. Lipidomic analysis identified 13 lipid classes in fish liver. Benzylparaben exposure induced metabolic disorders of glycerol phospholipids, glycerolipids and sphingomyelins in fish liver. These findings indicate that environmentally related benzylparaben levels (5 to 50 ng/L) could induce an antioxidant response, result in triglyceride accumulation, and increase adipocyte formation and fatty acid intake in tilapia. However, high benzylparaben concentrations inhibit lipid deposition, presumably due to the effects of the antioxidant system, and induce tissue inflammation. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the toxic effects and potential mechanism of benzylparaben in fish, especially from the aspect of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yongyi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Fenglu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Chuyan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Steiner BM, Berry DC. The Regulation of Adipose Tissue Health by Estrogens. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:889923. [PMID: 35721736 PMCID: PMC9204494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.889923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its' associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders are significant health problems confronting many countries. A major driver for developing obesity and metabolic dysfunction is the uncontrolled expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). Specifically, the pathophysiological expansion of visceral WAT is often associated with metabolic dysfunction due to changes in adipokine secretion profiles, reduced vascularization, increased fibrosis, and enrichment of pro-inflammatory immune cells. A critical determinate of body fat distribution and WAT health is the sex steroid estrogen. The bioavailability of estrogen appears to favor metabolically healthy subcutaneous fat over visceral fat growth while protecting against changes in metabolic dysfunction. Our review will focus on the role of estrogen on body fat partitioning, WAT homeostasis, adipogenesis, adipocyte progenitor cell (APC) function, and thermogenesis to control WAT health and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Berry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115012. [PMID: 35393120 PMCID: PMC9050949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is now greater than those underweight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition, and as such, many components contribute to its development and pathogenesis. This is the first of three companion reviews that consider obesity. This review focuses on the genetics, viruses, insulin resistance, inflammation, gut microbiome, and circadian rhythms that promote obesity, along with hormones, growth factors, and organs and tissues that control its development. It shows that the regulation of energy balance (intake vs. expenditure) relies on the interplay of a variety of hormones from adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. It details how integrating central neurotransmitters and peripheral metabolic signals (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY3-36) is essential for controlling energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. It describes the distinct types of adipocytes and how fat cell development is controlled by hormones and growth factors acting via a variety of receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, retinoid X, insulin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, liver X, constitutive androstane, pregnane X, farnesoid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Finally, it demonstrates that obesity likely has origins in utero. Understanding these biochemical drivers of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction throughout the life cycle lends plausibility and credence to the "obesogen hypothesis" (i.e., the importance of environmental chemicals that disrupt these receptors to promote adiposity or alter metabolism), elucidated more fully in the two companion reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Christopher Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States.
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Zuo L, Chen L, Chen X, Liu M, Chen H, Hao G. Pyrethroids exposure induces obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in a sex-different manner. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132935. [PMID: 34798107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
People in the United States and around the world are widely exposed to pyrethroid pesticides. However, little is known about the effect of pyrethroids exposure on obesity in adults. This study examined the association between pyrethroids exposure and obesity in males and females and the role of obesity in the association of pyrethroids exposure with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 and 2007-2014. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid (3-PBA, a validated biomarker for pyrethroids exposure used in the primary analysis) and obesity. Mediation analyses were performed to investigate the mediation role of obesity on the associations of 3-PBA with diabetes and CVD. In this analysis, 7896 participants aged 20 years and above were included, of which 1235 (32.2%) males and 1623 (39.9%) females were diagnosed as obese. There was a significant interaction between sex and 3-PBA (Pinteraction = 0.004) for the risk of obesity. Among females, participants in the highest tertile of urinary 3-PBA had higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.48) compared to those in the lowest tertile after adjusting for covariates. Among males, the association was not statistically significant. Similar trends were found in the associations of log-transformed urinary 3-PBA level with body mass index in males and females. Further, we found that, in males and females, obesity explained the effect of 3-PBA exposure on diabetes by 1.1% (P = 0.850) and 13.6% (P = 0.004), as well as cardiovascular diseases by 5.9% (P = 0.785) and 25.0% (P = 0.016), respectively. In conclusion, 3-PBA was significantly associated with a higher risk of obesity, especially in females. In addition, obesity partially mediated the associations of 3-PBA exposure with diabetes and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zuo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Parasitic Disease and Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Varghese M, Griffin C, Abrishami S, Eter L, Lanzetta N, Hak L, Clemente J, Agarwal D, Lerner A, Westerhoff M, Patel R, Bowers E, Islam M, Subbaiah P, Singer K. Sex hormones regulate metainflammation in diet-induced obesity in mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101229. [PMID: 34599964 PMCID: PMC8526779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Men have a statistically higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease than premenopausal women, but the mechanisms mediating these differences are elusive. Chronic inflammation during obesity contributes to disease risk and is significantly more robust in males. Prior work demonstrated that compared with obese males, obese females have reduced proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Given the paucity of data on how sex hormones contribute to macrophage responses in obesity, we sought to understand the role of sex hormones in promoting obesity-induced myeloid inflammation. We used gonadectomy, estrogen receptor-deficient alpha chimeras, and androgen-insensitive mice to model sex hormone deficiency. These models were evaluated in diet-induced obesity conditions (high-fat diet [HFD]) and in vitro myeloid assays. We found that ovariectomy increased weight gain and adiposity. Ovariectomized females had increased ATMs and bone marrow myeloid colonies compared with sham-gonadectomized females. In addition, castrated males exposed to HFD had improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and adiposity with fewer Ly6chi monocytes and bone marrow myeloid colonies compared with sham-gonadectomized males, although local adipose inflammation was enhanced. Similar findings were observed in androgen-insensitive mice; however, these mice had fewer CD11c+ ATMs, implying a developmental role for androgens in myelopoiesis and adipose inflammation. We concluded that gonadectomy results in convergence of metabolic and inflammatory responses to HFD between the sexes, and that myeloid estrogen receptor alpha contributes minimally to diet-induced inflammatory responses, whereas loss of androgen-receptor signaling improves metabolic and inflammatory outcomes. These studies demonstrate that sex hormones play a critical role in sex differences in obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and myeloid inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mita Varghese
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cameron Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Simin Abrishami
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leila Eter
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas Lanzetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Layla Hak
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy Clemente
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Devyani Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arianna Lerner
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Westerhoff
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Bowers
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Perla Subbaiah
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Sebo ZL, Rodeheffer MS. Testosterone metabolites differentially regulate obesogenesis and fat distribution. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101141. [PMID: 33307216 PMCID: PMC7772371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low testosterone in men (hypogonadism) is associated with obesity and type II diabetes. Testosterone replacement therapy has been shown to reverse these effects. However, the mechanisms by which testosterone regulates total fat mass, fat distribution, and metabolic health are unclear. In this study, we clarify the impact of hypogonadism on these parameters, as well as parse the role of testosterone from its downstream metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol, in the regulation of depot-specific adipose tissue mass. METHODS To achieve this objective, we utilized mouse models of male hypogonadism coupled with hormone replacement therapy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), glucose tolerance tests, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS We observed that castrated mice develop increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and impaired glucose metabolism compared with gonadally intact males. Interestingly, obesity is further accelerated in castrated mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting hypogonadism increases susceptibility to obesogenesis when dietary consumption of fat is elevated. By performing hormone replacement therapy in castrated mice, we show that testosterone impedes visceral and subcutaneous fat mass expansion. Testosterone-derived estradiol selectively blocks visceral fat growth, and DHT selectively blocks the growth of subcutaneous fat. These effects are mediated by depot-specific alterations in adipocyte size. We also show that high-fat diet-induced adipogenesis is elevated in castrated mice and that this can be rescued by androgen treatment. Obesogenic adipogenesis is also elevated in mice where androgen receptor activity is inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that hypogonadism impairs glucose metabolism and increases obesogenic fat mass expansion through adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis. In addition, our findings highlight distinct roles for testosterone, DHT, and estradiol in the regulation of total fat mass and fat distribution and reveal that androgen signaling blocks obesogenic adipogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, USA; Department of Physiology, Yale University, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, USA.
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Clinical epidemiology studies on potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) should exclude subjects with obesity as determined by BMI. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104711. [PMID: 32598900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity as determined by BMI is a confounder in clinical evaluations of the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Validated regulatory tests are used to determine whether a chemical acts via a mode of action (MOA) that affects estrogen, androgen, thyroid or steroidogenic pathways. Test batteries for evaluating EDCs include QSAR, in vitro assays, and animal testing. Studies suggest that EDCs pose the greatest risk during prenatal and early infant development when organ systems are developing. Health effects include lowered fertility, endometriosis, and cancers associated with estrogenic activity. Epidemiology studies on adverse effects of EDCs in the general population are difficult to conduct due to very low exposures of EDCs in non-occupational cohorts, and lack of exposure measurements between cases and controls. In contrast with very low levels of hormonal perturbation from nano-molar to micro-molar exposures to EDCs, adipose tissue in obesity alters estrogen, testosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and inflammation levels. Obesity in pregnancy and gestational diabetes are associated with adverse outcomes in infants and children including autism, poor motor skills, lowered IQ, and altered birth weight. Neonatal effects of obesity are confounded by average lower socio-economic status. The already perturbed endocrine balance in overweight or obese persons renders them particularly worthy subjects for clinical epidemiology investigations on the possible effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, inclusion of subjects with obesity requires accounting for potentially confounding effects of the hormonal influences arising from excess adiposity. If subjects with obesity are to be included in clinical epidemiological evaluations related to hormonal effects, the subjects should be classified by body fat percentage rather than by the much less exact measure of body mass index (BMI).
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Abstract
Regional adipose tissue distribution differs between men and women. Differences in the accumulation of adipose tissue as well as the regulation of secretion of a number of products from adipose tissue are under the control of sex steroids, which act through a wide variety of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to tailor metabolism to the unique needs of each sex. A fuller understanding of sex-based differences in adipose tissue function may help with tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment and provide insights into fundamental differences in the processes that regulate nutrient homeostasis and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12348 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Shay DA, Welly RJ, Givan SA, Bivens N, Kanaley J, Marshall BL, Lubahn DB, Rosenfeld CS, Vieira-Potter VJ. Changes in nucleus accumbens gene expression accompany sex-specific suppression of spontaneous physical activity in aromatase knockout mice. Horm Behav 2020; 121:104719. [PMID: 32081742 PMCID: PMC7387966 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase catalyzes conversion of testosterone to estradiol and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. Suppression of aromatase adversely affects metabolism and physical activity behavior, but mechanisms remain uncertain. The hypothesis tested herein was that whole body aromatase deletion would cause gene expression changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain regulating motivated behaviors such as physical activity, which is suppressed with loss of estradiol. Metabolic and behavioral assessments were performed in male and female wild-type (WT) and aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice. NAc-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with RNAseq, and associations between the measured phenotypic traits were determined. Female ArKO mice had greater percent body fat, reduced spontaneous physical activity (SPA), consumed less energy, and had lower relative resting energy expenditure (REE) than WT females. Such differences were not observed in ArKO males. However, in both sexes, a top DEG was Pts, a gene encoding an enzyme necessary for catecholamine (e.g., dopamine) biosynthesis. In comparing male and female WT mice, top DEGs were related to sexual development/fertility, immune regulation, obesity, dopamine signaling, and circadian regulation. SPA correlated strongly with Per3, a gene regulating circadian function, thermoregulation, and metabolism (r = -0.64, P = .002), which also correlated with adiposity (r = 0.54, P = .01). In conclusion, aromatase ablation leads to gene expression changes in NAc, which may in turn result in reduced SPA and related metabolic abnormalities. These findings may have significance to post-menopausal women and those treated with an aromatase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusti A Shay
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca J Welly
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Jill Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Brittney L Marshall
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA.
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12
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Savva C, Korach-André M. Estrogen Receptor beta (ERβ) Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis-Does Sex Matter? Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030116. [PMID: 32244965 PMCID: PMC7143602 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this communication, we aim to summarize the role of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in lipid metabolism in the main metabolic organs with a special focus on sex differences. The action of ERβ is tissue-specific and acts in a sex-dependent manner, emphasizing the necessity of developing sex- and tissue-selective targeting drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Metabolism and Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Metabolism and Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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13
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Brown KA, Andreopoulou E, Andreopoulou P. Endocrine Therapy-related Endocrinopathies-Biology, Prevalence and Implications for the Management of Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:17-22. [PMID: 33841882 DOI: 10.17925/ohr.2020.16.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 270,000 new breast cancer cases are predicted to be diagnosed in the USA in 2019 with more than 70% being estrogen receptor positive and treated using endocrine therapy. The suppression of estrogen biosynthesis or action via the use of ovarian suppression, aromatase inhibitors and selective estrogen receptor modulators/degraders, respectively, is effective in approximately 70% of women. The systemic inhibition of estrogen during breast cancer treatment is also associated with side effects due to the important endocrine functions of this steroid hormone, including its role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and bone health. The current work will present perspectives of the impact of endocrine therapy from the point of view of breast medical oncology, endocrinology, and basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Aromatase deficiency in hematopoietic cells improves glucose tolerance in male mice through skeletal muscle-specific effects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227830. [PMID: 31971970 PMCID: PMC6977739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are important for maintaining metabolic health in males. However, the key sources of local estrogen production for regulating energy metabolism have not been fully defined. Immune cells exhibit aromatase activity and are resident in metabolic tissues. To determine the relative contribution of immune cell-derived estrogens for metabolic health in males, C57BL6/J mice underwent bone marrow transplant with marrow from either wild-type (WT(WT)) or aromatase-deficient (WT(ArKO)) donors. Body weight, body composition, and glucose and insulin tolerance were assessed over 24 weeks with mice maintained on a regular chow diet. No differences were found in insulin sensitivity between groups, but WT(ArKO) mice were more glucose tolerant than WT(WT) mice 20 weeks after transplant, suggestive of enhanced glucose disposal (AUCglucose 6061±3349 in WT(WT) mice versus 3406±1367 in WT(ArKO) mice, p = 0.01). Consistent with this, skeletal muscle from WT(ArKO) mice showed higher expression of the mitochondrial genes Ppargc1a (p = 0.03) and Nrf1 (p = 0.01), as well as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4, Scl2a4; p = 0.02). Skeletal muscle from WT(ArKO) mice had a lower concentration of 17β-estradiol (5489±2189 pg/gm in WT(WT) mice versus 3836±2160 pg/gm in WT(ArKO) mice, p = 0.08) but higher expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα, Esr1), raising the possibility that aromatase deficiency in immune cells led to a compensatory increase in ERα signaling. No differences between groups were found with regard to body weight, adiposity, or gene expression within adipose tissue or liver. Immune cells are a key source of local 17β-estradiol production and contribute to metabolic regulation in males, particularly within skeletal muscle. The respective intracrine and paracrine roles of immune cell-derived estrogens require further delineation, as do the pathways that regulate aromatase activity in immune cells specifically within metabolic tissues.
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15
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. Exposure to chemicals formed from natural processes is ubiquitous. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320922940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals produced by natural processes is ubiquitous. First, in addition to the products of normal metabolism produced in humans of normal body weight, adipose tissue produces a large number of chemicals, including estrogen, testosterone from the produced estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone, leptin and approximately 500 other molecules termed adipokines, and a large number of inflammatory mediators. Second, the gut biome contains approximately the same number of bacteria as cells found in the entire body and produces a large number of small molecules. Third, the overwhelming majority (99.9%) of pesticide exposure occurs during ingestion of natural plant pesticides from eating vegetables. Fourth, consumption of cooked muscles meats leads to significant exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic amines, and nitropyrenes. Fifth, many common beverages, for example, beer, coffee, and tea contain organic chemicals that display mutagenic activity. As compared with man-made production levels, from 1945 to 2015, an estimated 5000-fold more organic compounds were produced by a variety of natural processes, including common wood-degrading and forest litter-degrading fungi, microorganisms in temperate and boreal forest soils, bacteria in marine sponges, marine macro-algae, volcanoes, and forest fires. Exposure to these naturally produced organic compounds occurs via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and water, and contact with soil, freshwater, and seawater. Contact with several thousand different endogenous or exogenous chemicals per day is unavoidable. This understanding might assist in better allocating resources toward controlling exposures to agents of highest concern as determined by current concepts of chronic disease causation.
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16
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Murphy CS, Liaw L, Reagan MR. In vitro tissue-engineered adipose constructs for modeling disease. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1:27. [PMID: 32133436 PMCID: PMC7055683 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is a vital tissue in mammals that functions to insulate our bodies, regulate our internal thermostat, protect our organs, store energy (and burn energy, in the case of beige and brown fat), and provide endocrine signals to other organs in the body. Tissue engineering of adipose and other soft tissues may prove essential for people who have lost this tissue from trauma or disease. MAIN TEXT In this review, we discuss the applications of tissue-engineered adipose tissue specifically for disease modeling applications. We provide a basic background to adipose depots and describe three-dimensional (3D) in vitro adipose models for obesity, diabetes, and cancer research applications. CONCLUSIONS The approaches to engineering 3D adipose models are diverse in terms of scaffold type (hydrogel-based, silk-based and scaffold-free), species of origin (H. sapiens and M. musculus) and cell types used, which allows researchers to choose a model that best fits their application, whether it is optimization of adipocyte differentiation or studying the interaction of adipocytes and other cell types like endothelial cells. In vitro 3D adipose tissue models support discoveries into the mechanisms of adipose-related diseases and thus support the development of novel anti-cancer or anti-obesity/diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S. Murphy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
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17
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Khristi V, Ratri A, Ghosh S, Pathak D, Borosha S, Dai E, Roy R, Chakravarthi VP, Wolfe MW, Karim Rumi MA. Disruption of ESR1 alters the expression of genes regulating hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in male rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 490:47-56. [PMID: 30974146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The liver helps maintain energy homeostasis by synthesizing and storing glucose and lipids. Gonadal steroids, particularly estrogens, play an important role in regulating metabolism. As estrogens are considered female hormones, metabolic disorders related to the disruption of estrogen signaling have mostly been studied in females. Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) is the predominant receptor in both the male and female liver, and it mediates the hepatic response to estrogens. Loss of ESR1 increases weight gain and obesity in female rats, while reducing the normal growth in males. Although Esr1-/- male rats have a reduced body weight, they exhibit increased adipose deposition and impaired glucose tolerance. We further investigated whether these metabolic disorders in Esr1-/- male rats were linked with the loss of transcriptional regulation by ESR1 in the liver. To identify the ESR-regulated genes, RNA-sequencing was performed on liver mRNAs from wildtype and Esr1-/- male rats. Based on an absolute fold change of ≥2 with a p-value ≤ 0.05, a total of 706 differentially expressed genes were identified in the Esr1-/- male liver: 478 downregulated, and 228 upregulated. Pathway analyses demonstrate that the differentially expressed genes include transcriptional regulators (Cry1, Nr1d1, Nr0b2), transporters (Slc1a2), and regulators of biosynthesis (Cyp7b1, Cyp8b1), and hormone metabolism (Hsd17b2, Sult1e1). Many of these genes are also integral parts of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the liver. Interestingly, certain critical regulators of the metabolic pathways displayed a sexual dimorphism in expression, which may explain the divergent weight gain in Esr1-/- male and female rats despite common metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincentaben Khristi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anamika Ratri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Subhra Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Devansh Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Shaon Borosha
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Eddie Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Richita Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - V Praveen Chakravarthi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Michael W Wolfe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - M A Karim Rumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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18
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Wang A, Han TL, Chen Z, Zhou X, Yu X, Qi H, Baker PN, Zhang H. Metabolic analysis of adipose tissues in a rodent model of pre-pregnancy maternal obesity combined with offsprings on high-carbohydrate diet. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:29-38. [PMID: 31071317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with adverse effects on the health of offsprings. Consumption of a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet has been found to promote abnormal fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue. Therefore, we hypothesised that maternal obesity combined with an offspring HC diet would alter the fatty acid metabolism of adipose tissue and subsequently contribute to offspring obesity. Leprdb/+ mice were used to model pre-pregnancy maternal obesity and the C57BL/6 wildtype were used as a control group. Offspring were fed either HC diet or a normal-carbohydrate (NC) diet after weaning. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) were collected from offspring at 20 weeks of age and their fatty acid metabolome was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that HC diet increased the body weight of offspring (males increased by 14.70% and females increased by 1.05%) compared to control mothers. However, maternal obesity alone caused a 7.9% body weight increase in female offspring. Maternal obesity combined with an offspring HC diet resulted in dynamic alterations of the fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue in male offspring. Under the impact of a HC diet, the fatty acid metabolome was solely elevated in female WAT, whereas, the fatty acid metabolites in BAT showed a similar trend in the male and female offsprings. 6,9-octadecadienoic acid and 12,15-cis-octadecatrienoic acid were significantly affected in female WAT, in response to offspring consumption of a HC diet. Our study demonstrated that maternal obesity and offspring HC diet have different metabolic effects on adipose tissue in male and female offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xin Qiao Hospital, The Second Medical College of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Philip N Baker
- Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Canada - China -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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19
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Grossmann M, Wierman ME, Angus P, Handelsman DJ. Reproductive Endocrinology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:417-446. [PMID: 30500887 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver and the reproductive system interact in a multifaceted bidirectional fashion. Sex steroid signaling influences hepatic endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism and contributes to the pathogenesis of functional and structural disorders of the liver. In turn, liver function affects the reproductive axis via modulating sex steroid metabolism and transport to tissues via sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The liver senses the body's metabolic status and adapts its energy homeostasis in a sex-dependent fashion, a dimorphism signaled by the sex steroid milieu and possibly related to the metabolic costs of reproduction. Sex steroids impact the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including development of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Preclinical studies in male rodents demonstrate that androgens protect against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance both via androgen receptor signaling and, following aromatization to estradiol, estrogen receptor signaling, through regulating genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism. In female rodents in contrast to males, androgens promote hepatic steatosis and dysglycemia, whereas estradiol is similarly protective against liver disease. In men, hepatic steatosis is associated with modest reductions in circulating testosterone, in part consequent to a reduction in circulating SHBG. Testosterone treatment has not been demonstrated to improve hepatic steatosis in randomized controlled clinical trials. Consistent with sex-dimorphic preclinical findings, androgens promote hepatic steatosis and dysglycemia in women, whereas endogenous estradiol appears protective in both men and women. In both sexes, androgens promote hepatic fibrosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas estradiol is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Angus
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Bernasochi GB, Bell JR, Simpson ER, Delbridge LM, Boon WC. Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:457-475. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Shay DA, Vieira-Potter VJ, Rosenfeld CS. Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Aromatase on Neurobehavioral Responses. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:374. [PMID: 30374289 PMCID: PMC6196265 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatase is the enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to estradiol. In mammals, aromatase is expressed in the testes, ovaries, brain, and other tissues. While estrogen is traditionally associated with reproduction and sexual behavior in females, our current understanding broadens this perspective to include such biological functions as metabolism and cognition. It is now well-recognized that aromatase plays a vital lifetime role in brain development and neurobehavioral function in both sexes. Thus, ongoing investigations seek to highlight potentially vital sex differences in the role of aromatase, particularly regarding its centrally mediated effects. To characterize the role of aromatase in mediating such functions, effects of aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatments on humans and animal models have been determined. Aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice that systemically lack the enzyme have also been employed. Humans possessing mutations in the gene encoding aromatase, CYP19, have also provided critical insight into how aromatase affects brain function in a possible sex-dependent manner. A better understanding of how AIs, used to treat breast cancer and other clinical conditions, may detrimentally affect neurobehavioral responses will likely promote development of future therapies to combat these effects. Herein, we will provide a critical review of the current knowledge of sex differences in aromatase regulation of various neurobehavioral functions. Although many species have been used to better understand the functions of aromatase, this review focuses on rodent models and humans. Critical gaps in our present understanding of this area will be considered, and important future research directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusti A Shay
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States.,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sex differences are pervasive in metabolic and cardiovascular traits, yet they have often been ignored in human and animal model research. Sex differences can arise from reversible hormonal effects, from irreversible organizational (developmental) processes, and from gene expression differences from the X and Y chromosomes. We briefly review our current understanding of the impact of these factors in metabolic traits and disorders, with an emphasis on the recent literature. RECENT FINDINGS Novel sex differences continue to be identified for metabolic and cardiovascular traits. For example, it is now clear that gut microbiota tend to differ between men and women, with potentially large implications for disease susceptibility. Also, tissue-specific gene regulation differs between men and women, contributing to differential metabolism. These new insights will open up personalized therapeutic avenues for cardiometabolic diseases. SUMMARY Sex differences in body fat distribution, glucose homeostasis, insulin signaling, ectopic fat accumulation, and lipid metabolism during normal growth and in response to hormonal or nutritional imbalance are mediated partly through sex hormones and the sex chromosome complement. Most of these differences are mediated in a tissue-specific manner. Important future goals are to better understand the interactions between genetic variation and sex differences, and to bring an understanding of sex differences into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology
- Department of Micro-biology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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23
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Mathew H, Castracane VD, Mantzoros C. Adipose tissue and reproductive health. Metabolism 2018; 86:18-32. [PMID: 29155136 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of adipose tissue role has evolved from that of a depot energy storage organ to a dynamic endocrine organ. While genetics, sexual phenotype and sex steroids can impact the mass and distribution of adipose tissue, there is a counter-influence of white adipocytes on reproduction. This primarily occurs via the secretion of adipokines, the most studied of which- leptin and adiponectin- are highlighted in this article. Leptin, the "satiety hormone" primarily acts on the hypothalamus via pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons to translate acute changes in nutrition and energy expenditure, as well as chronic adipose accumulation into changes in appetite and potentially mediate insulin resistance via shared pathway and notably impacting reproductive health via influence on GnRH secreting neurons. Meanwhile, adiponectin is notable for its action in mediating insulin sensitivity, with receptors found at every level of the reproductive axis. Both have been examined in the context of physiologic and pathologic reproductive conditions. Leptin has been shown to influence puberty, pregnancy, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and lipodystrophy, and with a potential therapeutic role for both metabolic and reproductive health. Adiponectin mediates the relative state of insulin resistance in pregnancy, and has been implicated in conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and reproductive malignancies. There are numerous other adipokines, including resistin, visfatin, chemerin and retinol binding protein-4, which may also play roles in reproductive health and disease states. The continued examination of these and other adipokines in both normal reproduction and reproductive pathologies represents an important avenue for continued study. Here, we seek to provide a broad, yet comprehensive overview of many facets of these relationships and highlight areas of consideration for clinicians and future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mathew
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Maliqueo M, Benrick A, Marcondes RR, Johansson J, Sun M, Stener-Victorin E. Acupuncture does not ameliorate metabolic disturbances in the P450 aromatase inhibitor-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Exp Physiol 2018; 102:113-127. [PMID: 27790765 DOI: 10.1113/ep085983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The effectiveness of low-frequency electroacupuncture in the treatment of metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in sex steroid production, is controversial. What is the main finding and its importance? In a rat model of PCOS induced by the inhibition of P450 aromatase, low-frequency electroacupuncture increased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol but did not improve the insulin resistance or the adipose tissue dysfunction, suggesting that a balance of sex steroids is needed to restore the metabolic function in this rat model of PCOS. Low-frequency electroacupuncture restores sex steroid synthesis and sympathetic activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which may ameliorate its metabolic disturbances, probably by modulating sympathetic nerve activity or sex steroid synthesis. We investigated whether low-frequency electroacupuncture regulates the metabolic function to the same extent as treatment with estradiol or β-adrenergic blocking in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by a P450 aromatase inhibitor (letrozole). Letrozole (200 μg day-1 ) or placebo pellets were implanted in prepubertal Wistar rats. Six weeks thereafter, rats were treated for 5-6 weeks with the following: low-frequency electroacupuncture (5 days per week); a β-adrenergic blocker (propranolol hydrochloride, 0.1 mg kg-1 , 5 days per week); or 17β-estradiol (2.0 μg) every fourth day. Body weight development, body composition, locomotor activity, insulin sensitivity, tissue-specific glucose uptake, lipid profile, adipocyte size, serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin, and gene expression in inguinal fat were measured. All treatments increased circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Estradiol treatment restored locomotor activity and increased insulin sensitivity but did not modify the glucose uptake in muscle and fat. An upregulation of genes related to insulin sensitivity and downregulation of genes related to adipogenesis were observed in subcutaneous adipose tissue from rats exposed to letrozole. Only estradiol treatment normalized the expression of these genes. In conclusion, low-frequency electroacupuncture increased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol without affecting insulin sensitivity or adipose tissue function, which could suggest effects on hepatic lipid regulation, probably mediated by the action of estradiol or the β-adrenergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Maliqueo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Departamento de Medicina Occidente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anna Benrick
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Marcondes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratório de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular (LIM 58), Disciplina de Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Johansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
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Van Sinderen M, Steinberg G, Jorgensen SB, Honeyman J, Chow JDY, Simpson ER, Jones MEE, Boon WC. Sexual dimorphism in the glucose homeostasis phenotype of the Aromatase Knockout (ArKO) mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 170:39-48. [PMID: 27353462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of estrogens on glucose homeostasis using the Aromatase Knockout (ArKO) mouse, which is unable to convert androgens into estrogens. The ArKO mouse is a model of total estrogen ablation which develops symptoms of metabolic syndrome. To determine the development and progression of whole body state of insulin resistance of ArKO mice, comprehensive whole body tolerance tests were performed on WT, ArKO and estrogen administrated mice at 3 and 12 months of age. The absence of estrogens in the male ArKO mice leads to hepatic insulin resistance, glucose and pyruvate intolerance from 3 to 12 months with consistent improvement upon estrogen treatment. Estrogen absence in the female ArKO mice leads to glucose intolerance without pyruvate intolerance or insulin resistance. The replacement of estrogens in the female WT and ArKO mice exhibited both insulin sensitizing and resistance effects depending on age and dosage. In conclusion, this study presents information on the sexually dimorphic roles of estrogens on glucose homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Van Sinderen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic 3180, Australia; Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory Steinberg
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian B Jorgensen
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia; Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jane Honeyman
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia
| | - Jenny D Y Chow
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Evan R Simpson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic 3180, Australia
| | | | - Wah Chin Boon
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3000, Australia; Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
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26
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Blocking FSH induces thermogenic adipose tissue and reduces body fat. Nature 2017; 546:107-112. [PMID: 28538730 DOI: 10.1038/nature22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is associated with bone loss and enhanced visceral adiposity. A polyclonal antibody that targets the β-subunit of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) increases bone mass in mice. Here, we report that this antibody sharply reduces adipose tissue in wild-type mice, phenocopying genetic haploinsufficiency for the Fsh receptor gene Fshr. The antibody also causes profound beiging, increases cellular mitochondrial density, activates brown adipose tissue and enhances thermogenesis. These actions result from the specific binding of the antibody to the β-subunit of Fsh to block its action. Our studies uncover opportunities for simultaneously treating obesity and osteoporosis.
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27
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Abnormal lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and high plasma testosterone levels in male but not female aromatase-knockout mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 622:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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López M, Tena-Sempere M. Estradiol effects on hypothalamic AMPK and BAT thermogenesis: A gateway for obesity treatment? Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:109-122. [PMID: 28351720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their prominent roles in the control of reproduction, estrogens are important modulators of energy balance, as evident in conditions of deficiency of estrogens, which are characterized by increased feeding and decreased energy expenditure, leading to obesity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous cellular energy gauge that is activated under conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy wasting. Centrally, the AMPK pathway is a canonical route regulating energy homeostasis, by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with neuronal networks. As a result of those actions, hypothalamic AMPK modulates feeding, as well as brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we will review the central actions of estrogens on energy balance, with particular focus on hypothalamic AMPK. The relevance of this interaction is noteworthy, because some agents with known actions on metabolic homeostasis, such as nicotine, metformin, liraglutide, olanzapine and also natural molecules, such as resveratrol and flavonoids, exert their actions by modulating AMPK. This evidence highlights the possibility that hypothalamic AMPK might be a potential target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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29
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Newell-Fugate AE. The role of sex steroids in white adipose tissue adipocyte function. Reproduction 2017; 153:R133-R149. [PMID: 28115579 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing knowledge that gender influences normal physiology, much biomedical research has begun to focus on the differential effects of sex on tissue function. Sexual dimorphism in mammals is due to the combined effects of both genetic and hormonal factors. Hormonal factors are mutable particularly in females in whom the estrous cycle dominates the hormonal milieu. Given the severity of the obesity epidemic and the fact that there are differences in the obesity rates in men and women, the role of sex in white adipose tissue function is being recognized as increasingly important. Although sex differences in white adipose tissue distribution are well established, the mechanisms affecting differential function of adipocytes within white adipose tissue in males and females remain largely understudied and poorly understood. One of the largest differences in the endocrine environment in males and females is the concentration of circulating androgens and estrogens. This review examines the effects of androgens and estrogens on lipolysis/lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity and adipokine production in adipocytes from white adipose tissue with a specific emphasis on the sexual dimorphism of adipocyte function in white adipose tissue during both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and PharmacologyTexas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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30
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Rubinow KB. Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:285-313. [PMID: 29224100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the metabolic roles of sex steroids in men has evolved substantially over recent decades. Whereas testosterone once was believed to contribute to metabolic risk in men, the importance of adequate androgen exposure for the maintenance of metabolic health has been demonstrated unequivocally. A growing body of evidence now also supports a critical role for estrogens in metabolic regulation in men. Recent data from clinical intervention studies indicate that estradiol may be a stronger determinant of adiposity than testosterone in men, and even short-term estradiol deprivation contributes to fat mass accrual. The following chapter will outline findings to date regarding the mechanisms, whereby estrogens contribute to the regulation of body weight and adiposity in men. It will present emergent clinical data as well as preclinical findings that reveal mechanistic insights into estrogen-mediated regulation of body composition. Findings in both males and females will be reviewed, to draw comparisons and to highlight knowledge gaps regarding estrogen action specifically in males. Finally, the clinical relevance of estrogen exposure in men will be discussed, particularly in the context of a rising global prevalence of obesity and expanding clinical use of sex steroid-based therapies in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Stafford JM. Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:227-256. [PMID: 29224098 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that differentiates this risk. In this review, we discuss the literature around how the endogenous sex hormones and hormone treatment approaches after menopause regulate fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol metabolism to influence cardiovascular risk.The important regulatory functions of estrogen signaling pathways with regard to lipid metabolism have been in part obscured by clinical trials with hormone treatment of women after menopause, due to different formulations, routes of delivery, and pairings with progestins. Oral hormone treatment with several estrogen preparations increases VLDL triglyceride production. Progestins oppose this effect by stimulating VLDL clearance in both humans and animals. Transdermal estradiol preparations do not increase VLDL production or serum triglycerides.Many aspects of sex differences in atherosclerotic heart disease risk are influenced by the distributed actions of estrogens in the muscle, adipose, and liver. In humans, 17β-estradiol (E2) is the predominant circulating estrogen and signals through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Over 1000 human liver genes display a sex bias in their expression, and the top biological pathways are in lipid metabolism and genes related to cardiovascular disease. Many of these genes display variation depending on estrus cycling in the mouse. Future directions will likely rely on targeting estrogens to specific tissues or specific aspects of the signaling pathways in order to recapitulate the protective physiology of premenopause therapeutically after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John M Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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32
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González-García I, Tena-Sempere M, López M. Estradiol Regulation of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:315-335. [PMID: 29224101 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically, estrogens carry out a myriad of functions, the most essential being the regulation of the reproductive axis. Currently, it is also dogmatic that estrogens play an important role modulating energy balance and metabolism. In this sense, it is well known that low estrogens levels, occurring due to ovarian insufficiency, in conditions such as menopause or ovariectomy (OVX), are associated with increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure, leading to weight gain and obesity at long term. Concerning energy expenditure, the main effect of estradiol (E2) is on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Thus, acting through a peripheral or a central action, E2 activates brown fat activity and increases body temperature, which is negatively associated with body weight. Centrally, the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates the E2 action on BAT thermogenesis. In this chapter, we will summarize E2 regulation of BAT thermogenesis and how this can influence energy balance and metabolism in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain. .,FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Miao YF, Su W, Dai YB, Wu WF, Huang B, Barros RPA, Nguyen H, Maneix L, Guan YF, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. An ERβ agonist induces browning of subcutaneous abdominal fat pad in obese female mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38579. [PMID: 27922125 PMCID: PMC5138613 DOI: 10.1038/srep38579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen, via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), exerts several beneficial effects on metabolism and energy homeostasis by controlling size, enzymatic activity and hormonal content of adipose tissue. The actions of estrogen on sympathetic ganglia, which are key players in the browning process, are less well known. In the present study we show that ERβ influences browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) via its actions both on sympathetic ganglia and on the SAT itself. A 3-day-treatment with a selective ERβ agonist, LY3201, induced browning of SAT in 1-year-old obese WT and ERα−/− female mice. Browning was associated with increased expression of ERβ in the nuclei of neurons in the sympathetic ganglia, increase in tyrosine hydroxylase in both nerve terminals in the SAT and sympathetic ganglia neurons and an increase of β3-adrenoceptor in the SAT. LY3201 had no effect on browning in young female or male mice. In the case of young females browning was already maximal while in males there was very little expression of ERβ in the SAT and very little expression of the β3-adrenoceptor. The increase in both sympathetic tone and responsiveness of adipocytes to catecholamines reveals a novel role for ERβ in controlling browning of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Miao
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wen Su
- Center for Nephrology and Urology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu-Bing Dai
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wan-Fu Wu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rodrigo P A Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hao Nguyen
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Laure Maneix
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - You-Fei Guan
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Ovarian steroids, such as estradiol (E2), control a vastness of physiological processes, such as puberty, reproduction, growth, development and metabolic rate. In fact, physiological, pathological, pharmacological or genetically-induced estrogen deficiency causes increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure, promoting weight gain and ultimately leading to obesity. Remarkably, estrogen replacement reverts those effects. Interestingly, although a wealth of evidence has shown that E2 can directly modulate peripheral tissues to exert their metabolic actions, novel data gathered in recent years have shown that those effects are mainly central and occur in the hypothalamus. Here, we will review what is known about the actions of E2 on energy homeostasis, with particular focus on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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36
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Zhao H, Zhou L, Shangguan AJ, Bulun SE. Aromatase expression and regulation in breast and endometrial cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R19-33. [PMID: 27067638 PMCID: PMC5519084 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to excess estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer and type 1 endometrial cancer. Most of the estrogen in premenopausal women is synthesized by the ovaries, while extraovarian subcutaneous adipose tissue is the predominant tissue source of estrogen after menopause. Estrogen and its metabolites can cause hyperproliferation and neoplastic transformation of breast and endometrial cells via increased proliferation and DNA damage. Several genetically modified mouse models have been generated to help understand the physiological and pathophysiological roles of aromatase and estrogen in the normal breast and in the development of breast cancers. Aromatase, the key enzyme for estrogen production, is comprised of at least ten partially tissue-selective and alternatively used promoters. These promoters are regulated by distinct signaling pathways to control aromatase expression and estrogen formation via recruitment of various transcription factors to their cis-regulatory elements. A shift in aromatase promoter use from I.4 to I.3/II is responsible for the excess estrogen production seen in fibroblasts surrounding malignant epithelial cells in breast cancers. Targeting these distinct pathways and/or transcription factors to modify aromatase activity may lead to the development of novel therapeutic remedies that inhibit estrogen production in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna Junjie Shangguan
- Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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37
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Bushkofsky JR, Maguire M, Larsen MC, Fong YH, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 affects external control of mouse hepatocytes, fatty acid homeostasis and signaling involving HNF4α and PPARα. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 597:30-47. [PMID: 27036855 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) is expressed in endothelia, stellate cells and pre-adipocytes, but not hepatocytes. Deletion alters liver fatty acid metabolism and prevents obesity and hepatic steatosis. This suggests a novel extra-hepatocyte regulation directed from cells that express Cyp1b1. To characterize these mechanisms, microarray gene expression was analyzed in livers of normal and congenic Cyp1b1-ko C57BL/6 J mice fed either low or high fat diets. Cyp1b1-ko gene responses indicate suppression of endogenous PPARα activity, a switch from triglyceride storage to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and decreased oxidative stress. Many gene responses in Cyp1b1-ko are sexually dimorphic and correspond to increased activity of growth hormone mediated by HNF4α. Male responses stimulated by GH pulses are enhanced, whereas responses that decline exhibit further suppression, including Cyp regulation by PPARα, CAR and PXR. These effects of Cyp1b1 deletion overlap with effects caused by deletion of the small heterodimeric partner, a suppressor of these nuclear factors. Redirection of gene expression associated with liver fat homeostasis in Cyp1b1-ko mice that directs hypothalamic control of GH and leptin. Cyp1b1-ko suppresses neonatal Scd1 and delays adult maturation of dimorphic GH/HNF4α signaling. Alternatively, deletion may diminish hypothalamic metabolism of estradiol, which establishes adult GH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Bushkofsky
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Meghan Maguire
- Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Yee Hoon Fong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
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38
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Kocarnik BM, Boyko EJ, Matsumoto AM, Fujimoto WY, Hayashi T, Leonetti DL, Page ST. Baseline estradiol concentration in community-dwelling Japanese American men is not associated with intra-abdominal fat accumulation over 10 years. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:624-632. [PMID: 26747209 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM The role of plasma estradiol in the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat (IAF) in men is uncertain. Cross-sectional studies using imaging of IAF have shown either a positive or no association. In contrast, a randomised controlled trial using an aromatase inhibitor to suppress estradiol production found an association between oestrogen deficiency and short-term IAF accumulation. No longitudinal study has been conducted to examine the relationship between plasma estradiol concentration and the change in IAF area measured using direct imaging. METHODS This is a longitudinal observational study in community-dwelling Japanese-American men (n=215, mean age 52 years, BMI 25.4kg/m2). IAF and subcutaneous fat areas were assessed using computerized tomography (CT) at baseline, 5 and 10 years. Baseline plasma estradiol concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Univariate analysis found no association between baseline estradiol concentration and baseline IAF, or 5- or 10-year changes in IAF area (r=-0.05 for both time points, p=0.45 and p=0.43, respectively). Multivariate linear regression analysis of the change in IAF area by baseline estradiol concentration adjusted for age, baseline IAF area, and weight change found no association with either the 5- or 10-year IAF area change (p=0.52 and p=0.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Plasma estradiol concentration was not associated with baseline IAF nor with change in IAF area over 5 or 10 years based on serial CT scans in community-dwelling Japanese-American men. These results do not support a role for oestrogen deficiency in IAF accumulation in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly M Kocarnik
- General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Edward J Boyko
- General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wilfred Y Fujimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomoshige Hayashi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Donna L Leonetti
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Van Pelt RE, Gavin KM, Kohrt WM. Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015; 44:663-76. [PMID: 26316249 PMCID: PMC4555869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence points to an important role of estradiol (E2) in the regulation of body composition and bioenergetics. Basic and preclinical research shows that the disruption of E2 signaling through either genetic manipulation or surgical intervention accelerates fat accumulation, with a disproportionate increase in abdominal fat. Clinical evidence for the regulation of body composition and bioenergetics by E2 is less consistent. Evidence exists both for and against menopause as the mediator of changes in body composition. Thus, a need remains to better understand the metabolic actions of estrogens in women and the potential impact on health after the menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Van Pelt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop B179, Academic Office One, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 8111, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop B179, Academic Office One, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 8111, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop B179, Academic Office One, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 8111, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Van Sinderen ML, Steinberg GR, Jørgensen SB, Honeyman J, Chow JD, Herridge KA, Winship AL, Dimitriadis E, Jones MEE, Simpson ER, Boon WC. Effects of Estrogens on Adipokines and Glucose Homeostasis in Female Aromatase Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136143. [PMID: 26317527 PMCID: PMC4552801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of glucose homeostasis within the body is crucial for constant and precise performance of energy balance and is sustained by a number of peripheral organs. Estrogens are known to play a role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice are estrogen-deficient and display symptoms of dysregulated glucose metabolism. We aim to investigate the effects of estrogen ablation and exogenous estrogen administration on glucose homeostasis regulation. Six month-old female wildtype, ArKO, and 17β-estradiol (E2) treated ArKO mice were subjected to whole body tolerance tests, serum examination of estrogen, glucose and insulin, ex-vivo muscle glucose uptake, and insulin signaling pathway analyses. Female ArKO mice display increased body weight, gonadal (omental) adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, and liver triglycerides, which were ameliorated upon estrogen treatment. Tolerance tests revealed that estrogen-deficient ArKO mice were pyruvate intolerant hence reflecting dysregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis. Analyses of skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissues supported a hepatic-based glucose dysregulation, with a down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation (a key insulin signaling pathway molecule) in the ArKO liver, which was improved with E2 treatment. Concurrently, estrogen treatment lowered ArKO serum leptin and adiponectin levels and increased inflammatory adipokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL6). Furthermore, estrogen deficiency resulted in the infiltration of CD45 macrophages into gonadal adipose tissues, which cannot be reversed by E2 treatment. This study describes the effects of estrogens on glucose homeostasis in female ArKO mice and highlights a primary phenotype of hepatic glucose dysregulation and a parallel estrogen modified adipokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Van Sinderen
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia
| | - Sebastian B. Jørgensen
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia
| | - Jane Honeyman
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia
| | - Jenny D. Chow
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton Vic 3800, Australia
| | | | - Amy L. Winship
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
| | | | - Margaret E. E. Jones
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Evan R. Simpson
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
| | - Wah Chin Boon
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Vic 3180 Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville Vic 3000, Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton Vic 3800, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Tchernof A, Mansour MF, Pelletier M, Boulet MM, Nadeau M, Luu-The V. Updated survey of the steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:56-69. [PMID: 25448733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, adipose tissues have been increasingly known for their endocrine properties, that is, their ability to secrete a number of adipocytokines that may exert local and/or systemic effects. In addition, adipose tissues have long been recognized as significant sites for steroid hormone transformation and action. We hereby provide an updated survey of the many steroid-converting enzymes that may be detected in human adipose tissues, their activities and potential roles. In addition to the now well-established role of aromatase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 1, many enzymes have been reported in adipocyte cell lines, isolated mature cells and/or preadipocytes. These include 11β-HSD type 2, 17β-HSDs, 3β-HSD, 5α-reductases, sulfatases and glucuronosyltransferases. Some of these enzymes are postulated to bear relevance for adipose tissue physiology and perhaps for the pathophysiology of obesity. This elaborate set of steroid-converting enzymes in the cell types of adipose tissue deserves further scientific attention. Our work on 20α-HSD (AKR1C1), 3α-HSD type 3 (AKR1C2) and 17β-HSD type 5 (AKR1C3) allowed us to clarify the relevance of these enzymes for some aspects of adipose tissue function. For example, down-regulation of AKR1C2 expression in preadipocytes seems to potentiate the inhibitory action of dihydrotestosterone on adipogenesis in this model. Many additional studies are warranted to assess the impact of intra-adipose steroid hormone conversions on adipose tissue functions and chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Nadeau
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Van Luu-The
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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42
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Estrogen signaling in metabolic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:615917. [PMID: 25400333 PMCID: PMC4226184 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interference of inflammatory activation with metabolism. Obesity, mainly visceral obesity, is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, triggered by metabolic surplus where specialized metabolic cells such as adipocytes activate cellular stress initiating and sustaining the inflammatory program. The increasing prevalence of obesity, resulting in increased cardiometabolic risk and precipitating illness such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, cirrhosis, and certain types of cancer, constitutes a good example of this association. The metabolic actions of estrogens have been studied extensively and there is also accumulating evidence that estrogens influence immune processes. However, the connection between these two fields of estrogen actions has been underacknowledged since little attention has been drawn towards the possible action of estrogens on the modulation of metabolism through their anti-inflammatory properties. In the present paper, we summarize knowledge on the modification inflammatory processes by estrogens with impact on metabolism and highlight major research questions on the field. Understanding the regulation of metabolic inflammation by estrogens may provide the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to the management of metabolic dysfunctions.
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Martínez de Morentin PB, González-García I, Martins L, Lage R, Fernández-Mallo D, Martínez-Sánchez N, Ruíz-Pino F, Liu J, Morgan DA, Pinilla L, Gallego R, Saha AK, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Rahmouni K, Tena-Sempere M, López M. Estradiol regulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via hypothalamic AMPK. Cell Metab 2014; 20:41-53. [PMID: 24856932 PMCID: PMC4082097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a major role in the modulation of energy balance through central and peripheral actions. Here, we demonstrate that central action of estradiol (E2) inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) selectively in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), leading to activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in a feeding-independent manner. Genetic activation of AMPK in the VMH prevented E2-induced increase in BAT-mediated thermogenesis and weight loss. Notably, fluctuations in E2 levels during estrous cycle also modulate this integrated physiological network. Together, these findings demonstrate that E2 regulation of the VMH AMPK-SNS-BAT axis is an important determinant of energy balance and suggest that dysregulation in this axis may account for the common changes in energy homeostasis and obesity linked to dysfunction of the female gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Martínez de Morentin
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Luís Martins
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Diana Fernández-Mallo
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruíz-Pino
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leonor Pinilla
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Asish K Saha
- Diabetes Research Unit, EBRC-827, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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Davis KE, Carstens EJ, Irani BG, Gent LM, Hahner LM, Clegg DJ. Sexually dimorphic role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in modulating energy homeostasis. Horm Behav 2014; 66:196-207. [PMID: 24560890 PMCID: PMC4051842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". The classical estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β are well established in the regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis in both male and female mice, whereas, the role for G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) as a modulator of energy homeostasis remains controversial. This study sought to determine whether gene deletion of GPER (GPER KO) alters body weight, body adiposity, food intake, and energy homeostasis in both males and females. Male mice lacking GPER developed moderate obesity and larger adipocyte size beginning at 8 weeks of age, with significant reductions in energy expenditure, but not food intake or adipocyte number. Female GPER KO mice developed increased body weight relative to WT females a full 6 weeks later than the male GPER KO mice. Female GPER KO mice also had reductions in energy expenditure, but no significant increases in body fat content. Consistent with their decrease in energy expenditure, GPER KO males and females showed significant reductions in two brown fat thermogenic proteins. GPER KO females, prior to their divergence in body weight, were less sensitive than WT females to the feeding-inhibitory effects of leptin and CCK. Additionally, body weight was not as modulated by ovariectomy or estradiol replacement in GPER KO mice. Estradiol treatment activated phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in WT but not GPER KO females. For the first time, GPER expression was found in the adipocyte but not the stromal fraction of adipose tissue. Together, these results provide new information elucidating a sexual dimorphism in GPER function in the development of postpubertal energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Davis
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8860, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Carstens
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, School of Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Boman G Irani
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lana M Gent
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lisa M Hahner
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA.
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Modification of abdominal fat distribution after aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer patients visualized using 3-D computed tomography volumetry. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 14:365-70. [PMID: 24850544 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe modification of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distributions in breast cancer patients after aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy using computed tomography (CT) volumetric measurement of abdominal body fat distribution. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-four consecutive patients who were receiving adjuvant AI therapy were included in this study. Patients were evaluated using CT before and after at least 6 months of AI therapy with imaging follow-up of 4.3 ± 2.2 years. Abdominal fat distribution was automatically calculated using a workstation that obtained total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) area (mm(3)). SAT was manually segmented and VAT was determined as TAAT - SAT. Percentages were calculated for change of TAAT, VAT, and SAT. VAT/SAT ratio was calculated. RESULTS Percentage of TAAT after AI therapy was increased by a mean of 9.1% from baseline (16,280.3 ± 6953.3 mm(3)) to (17,763.6 ± 6850.8 mm(3)). Two groups of patients were observed; those with an increase in TAAT and those with a decrease. Modification of VAT/SAT ratio was observed (from 1.38 to 1.69) in all subjects, reflecting a relative increased volume of VAT (mean, 18%) and slight mean reduction of SAT (mean 1.9%). CONCLUSION In our study, therapy with AI in breast cancer patients was accompanied with a change in fat distribution to relatively greater VAT/SAT ratio in patients, regardless of whether they gained or lost weight after therapy. Because this pattern of fat distribution is associated with metabolic disorders, attention must be paid to these clinical manifestations in patients during their follow-up management.
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Yang HJ, Kwon DY, Kim MJ, Kim DS, Kang S, Shin BK, Lee JJ, Moon NR, Daily JW, Park S. Red peppers with different pungencies and bioactive compounds differentially modulate energy and glucose metabolism in ovariectomized rats fed high fat diets. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hepatic glucose intolerance precedes hepatic steatosis in the male aromatase knockout (ArKO) mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87230. [PMID: 24520329 PMCID: PMC3919708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are known to play a role in modulating metabolic processes within the body. The Aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice have been shown to harbor factors of Metabolic syndrome with central adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and male-specific hepatic steatosis. To determine the effects of estrogen ablation and subsequent replacement in males on whole body glucose metabolism, three- and six-month-old male ArKO mice were subjected to whole body glucose, insulin and pyruvate tolerance tests and analyzed for ensuing metabolic changes in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Estrogen-deficient male ArKO mice showed increased gonadal adiposity which was significantly reduced upon 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment. Concurrently, elevated ArKO serum leptin levels were significantly reduced upon E2 treatment and lowered serum adiponectin levels were restored to wild type levels. Three-month-old male ArKO mice were hyperglycemic, and both glucose and pyruvate intolerant. These phenotypes continued through to 6 months of age, highlighting a loss of glycemic control. ArKO livers displayed changes in gluconeogenic enzyme expression, and in insulin signaling pathways upon E2 treatment. Liver triglycerides were increased in the ArKO males only after 6 months of age, which could be reversed by E2 treatment. No differences were observed in insulin-stimulated ex vivo muscle glucose uptake nor changes in ArKO adipose tissue and muscle insulin signaling pathways. Therefore, we conclude that male ArKO mice develop hepatic glucose intolerance by the age of 3 months which precedes the sex-specific development of hepatic steatosis. This can be reversed upon the administration of exogenous E2.
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Juang PS, Peng S, Allehmazedeh K, Shah A, Coviello AD, Herbst KL. Testosterone with Dutasteride, but Not Anastrazole, Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Young Obese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sex Med 2014; 11:563-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JPA, Salvador IC, Martins EL, Jardim-Messeder D, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Galina A, Carvalho DP. Role of estrogen on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in ovariectomized rats: a time course study in different fiber types. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:779-89. [PMID: 24458744 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00121.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are prone to develop obesity and insulin resistance, which might be related to skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction. In a rat model of ovariectomy (OVX), skeletal muscle mitochondrial function was examined at short- and long-term periods after castration. Mitochondrial parameters in the soleus and white gastrocnemius muscle fibers were analyzed. Three weeks after surgery, there were no differences in coupled mitochondrial respiration (ATP synthesis) with pyruvate, malate, and succinate; proton leak respiration; or mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. However, after 3 wk of OVX, the soleus and white gastrocnemius muscles of the OVX animals showed a lower use of palmitoyl-carnitine and glycerol-phosphate substrates, respectively, and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression. Estrogen replacement reverted all of these phenotypes. Eight weeks after OVX, ATP synthesis was lower in the soleus and white gastrocnemius muscles of the OVX animals than in the sham-operated and estrogen-treated animals; however, when normalized by citrate synthase activity, these differences disappeared, indicating a lower muscle mitochondria content. No differences were observed in the proton leak parameter. Mitochondrial alterations did not impair the treadmill exercise capacity of the OVX animals. However, blood lactate levels in the OVX animals were higher after the physical test, indicating a compensatory extramitochondrial ATP synthesis system, but this phenotype was reverted by estrogen replacement. These results suggest early mitochondrial dysfunction related to lipid substrate use, which could be associated with the development of the overweight phenotype of ovariectomized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P A Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Prunus mume and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Extracts Synergistically Prevent Visceral Adiposity by Improving Energy Metabolism through Potentiating Hypothalamic Leptin and Insulin Signalling in Ovariectomized Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:750986. [PMID: 24319483 PMCID: PMC3844196 DOI: 10.1155/2013/750986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antiobesity and hypoglycemic properties of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc (PMA; Japanese apricot) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc (LES; gromwell) extracts in ovariectomized (OVX) rats that impaired energy and glucose homeostasis. OVX rats consumed either 5% dextrose, 5% PMA extract, 5% LES extract, or 2.5% PMA+2.5% LES extract in the high fat diet. After 8 weeks of treatment, PMA+LES prevented weight gain and visceral fat accumulation in OVX rats by lowering daily food intake and increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation. PMA+LES prevented the attenuation of leptin and insulin signaling by increasing the expression of leptin receptor in the hypothalamus in OVX rats. PMA+LES significantly reversed the decrease of energy expenditure in OVX rats by increasing expression of UCP-1 in the brown adipose tissues and UCP-2 and UCP-3 in the quadriceps muscles. PMA+LES also increased CPT-1 expression and decreased FAS, ACC, and SREBP-1c in the liver and quadriceps muscles to result in reducing triglyceride accumulation. PMA+LES improved insulin sensitivity in OVX rats. In conclusion, PMA+LES synergistically prevented the impairment of energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism by OVX through potentiating hypothalamic leptin and insulin signaling. PMA+LES may be a useful intervention for alleviating the symptoms of menopause in women.
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