1
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Wang Q, Wang X, Ding J, Huang L, Wang Z. Structural insight of cell surface sugars in viral infection and human milk glycans as natural antiviral substance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133867. [PMID: 39009265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are caused by the adhesion of viruses to host cell receptors, including sialylated glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and human blood group antigens (HBGAs). Atomic-level structural information on the interactions between viral particles or proteins with glycans can be determined to provide precise targets for designing antiviral drugs. Milk glycans, existing as free oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates, have attracted increasing attention; milk glycans protect infants against infectious diseases, particularly poorly manageable viral infections. Furthermore, several glycans containing structurally distinct sialic acid/fucose/sulfate modifications in human milk acting as a "receptor decoy" and serving as the natural antiviral library, could interrupt virus-receptor interaction in the first line of defense for viral infection. This review highlights the basis of virus-glycan interactions, presents specific glycan receptor binding by gastroenterovirus viruses, including norovirus, enteroviruses, and the breakthroughs in the studies on the antiviral properties of human milk glycans, and also elucidates the role of glycans in respiratory viruses infection. In addition, recent advances in methods for performing virus/viral protein-glycan interactions were reported. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of the studies on the clinical application of human milk glycan for viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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2
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Gormley A, Garavito-Duarte Y, Kim SW. The Role of Milk Oligosaccharides in Enhancing Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Function in Pigs: A Comparative Review. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:663. [PMID: 39336091 PMCID: PMC11428639 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify the characteristics and functional roles of milk coproducts from human, bovine, and porcine sources and their impacts on the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immunity of suckling and nursery pigs. Modern pig production weans piglets at 3 to 4 weeks of age, which is earlier than pigs would naturally be weaned outside of artificial rearing. As a result, the immature intestines of suckling and nursery pigs face many challenges associated with intestinal dysbiosis, which can be caused by weaning stress or the colonization of the intestines by enteric pathogens. Milk oligosaccharides are found in sow milk and function as a prebiotic in the intestines of pigs as they cannot be degraded by mammalian enzymes and are thus utilized by intestinal microbial populations. The consumption of milk oligosaccharides during suckling and through the nursery phase can provide benefits to young pigs by encouraging the proliferation of beneficial microbial populations, preventing pathogen adhesion to enterocytes, and through directly modulating immune responses. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the specific functional components of milk oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and porcine sources, and identify potential strategies to utilize milk oligosaccharides to benefit young pigs through the suckling and nursery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (A.G.); (Y.G.-D.)
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3
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Cagnoni AJ, Massaro M, Cutine AM, Gimeno A, Pérez-Sáez JM, Manselle Cocco MN, Maller SM, Di Lella S, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ardá A, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Exploring galectin interactions with human milk oligosaccharides and blood group antigens identifies BGA6 as a functional galectin-4 ligand. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107573. [PMID: 39009340 PMCID: PMC11367503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins (Gals), a family of multifunctional glycan-binding proteins, have been traditionally defined as β-galactoside binding lectins. However, certain members of this family have shown selective affinity toward specific glycan structures including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and blood group antigens. In this work, we explored the affinity of human galectins (particularly Gal-1, -3, -4, -7, and -12) toward a panel of oligosaccharides including HMOs and blood group antigens using a complementary approach based on both experimental and computational techniques. While prototype Gal-1 and Gal-7 exhibited differential affinity for type I versus type II Lac/LacNAc residues and recognized fucosylated neutral glycans, chimera-type Gal-3 showed high binding affinity toward poly-LacNAc structures including LNnH and LNnO. Notably, the tandem-repeat human Gal-12 showed preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans, a unique feature among members of the galectin family. Finally, Gal-4 presented a distinctive glycan-binding activity characterized by preferential recognition of specific blood group antigens, also validated by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Particularly, we identified oligosaccharide blood group A antigen tetraose 6 (BGA6) as a biologically relevant Gal-4 ligand, which specifically inhibited interleukin-6 secretion induced by this lectin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings highlight unique determinants underlying specific recognition of HMOs and blood group antigens by human galectins, emphasizing the biological relevance of Gal-4-BGA6 interactions, with critical implications in the development and regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Massaro
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabela M Cutine
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan M Pérez-Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Montana N Manselle Cocco
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián M Maller
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic & Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Instituto de Tecnología (INTEC), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Jepsen SD, Lund A, Matwiejuk M, Andresen L, Christensen KR, Skov S. Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379042. [PMID: 38903508 PMCID: PMC11187579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in high numbers in milk of lactating women. They are beneficial to gut health and the habitant microbiota, but less is known about their effect on cells from the immune system. In this study, we investigated the direct effect of three structurally different HMOs on human derived macrophages before challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The study demonstrates that individual HMO structures potently affect the activation, differentiation and development of monocyte-derived macrophages in response to S. aureus. 6´-Sialyllactose (6'SL) had the most pronounced effect on the immune response against S. aureus, as illustrated by altered expression of macrophage surface markers, pointing towards an activated M1-like macrophage-phenotype. Similarly, 6'SL increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and IL-1β, when exposing cells to 6'SL in combination with S. aureus compared with S. aureus alone. Interestingly, macrophages treated with 6'SL exhibited an altered proliferation profile and increased the production of the classic M1 transcription factor NF-κB. The HMOs also enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and uptake of S. aureus. Importantly, the different HMOs did not notably affect macrophage activation and differentiation without S. aureus exposure. Together, these findings show that HMOs can potently augment the immune response against S. aureus, without causing inflammatory activation in the absence of S. aureus, suggesting that HMOs assist the immune system in targeting important pathogens during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Dam Jepsen
- dsm-firmenich, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Astrid Lund
- Immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Andresen
- Immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Skov
- Immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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5
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Dedola S, Ahmadipour S, de Andrade P, Baker AN, Boshra AN, Chessa S, Gibson MI, Hernando PJ, Ivanova IM, Lloyd JE, Marín MJ, Munro-Clark AJ, Pergolizzi G, Richards SJ, Ttofi I, Wagstaff BA, Field RA. Sialic acids in infection and their potential use in detection and protection against pathogens. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:167-188. [PMID: 38456038 PMCID: PMC10915975 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In structural terms, the sialic acids are a large family of nine carbon sugars based around an alpha-keto acid core. They are widely spread in nature, where they are often found to be involved in molecular recognition processes, including in development, immunology, health and disease. The prominence of sialic acids in infection is a result of their exposure at the non-reducing terminus of glycans in diverse glycolipids and glycoproteins. Herein, we survey representative aspects of sialic acid structure, recognition and exploitation in relation to infectious diseases, their diagnosis and prevention or treatment. Examples covered span influenza virus and Covid-19, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, algal viruses, Campylobacter, Streptococci and Helicobacter, and commensal Ruminococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dedola
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Alexander N Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Andrew N Boshra
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Simona Chessa
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Pedro J Hernando
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Irina M Ivanova
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jessica E Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - María J Marín
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Alexandra J Munro-Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | | | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Iakovia Ttofi
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ben A Wagstaff
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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6
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Li D, Lin Q, Luo F, Wang H. Insights into the Structure, Metabolism, Biological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Sialic Acid: A Review. Foods 2023; 13:145. [PMID: 38201173 PMCID: PMC10779236 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA) is a kind of functional monosaccharide which exists widely in edible bird's nest (EBN), milk, meat, mucous membrane surface, etc. SA is an important functional component in promoting brain development, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-tumor and immune regulation. The intestinal mucosa covers the microbial community that has a significant impact on health. In the gut, SA can also regulate gut microbiota and metabolites, participating in different biological functions. The structure, source and physiological functions of SA were reviewed in this paper. The biological functions of SA through regulating key signaling pathways and target genes were discussed. In summary, SA can modulate gut microbiota and metabolites, which affect gene expressions and exert its biological activities. It is helpful to provide scientific reference for the further investigation of SA in the functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Full Life-Cycle Energy-Efficient Buildings and Environmental Health, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
| | - Feijun Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Full Life-Cycle Energy-Efficient Buildings and Environmental Health, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Yu W, Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Li J, Du Y, Gao GF, Li Z, Xu Y, Wei J. Evaluation and Mechanistic Investigation of Human Milk Oligosaccharide against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16102-16113. [PMID: 37856320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Four human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), were assessed for their possible antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in vitro. Among them, only 2'-FL/3-FL exhibited obvious antibinding activity against direct binding and trans-binding in competitive immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antiviral effects of 2'-FL/3-FL were further confirmed by pseudoviral assays with three SARS-Cov-2 mutants, with a stronger inhibition effect of 2'-FL than 3-FL. Then, 2'-FL/3-FL were studied with molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis analysis, showing that the binding sites of 2'-FL on RBD were involved in receptor binding, in addition to a tighter bond between them, thus enabling 2'-FL to be more effective than 3-FL. Moreover, the immunomodulation effect of 2'-FL was preliminary evaluated and confirmed in a human alveolus chip. These results would open up possible applications of 2'-FL for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections by competitive binding inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Yu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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8
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Lalithamaheswari B, Anu Radha C. Structural and binding studies of 2'- and 3-fucosyllactose and its complexes with norovirus capsid protein by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10230-10243. [PMID: 36476051 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2153923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk contains free oligosaccharides (Human Milk Oligosaccharides-HMOs) that help to protect breastfed infants against a variety of infectious diseases and act as decoy receptors. In breast milk, HMOs are the third most abundant compounds after lactose and lipids. Structural and conformational models of HMOs are quite crucial to studying the interaction with proteins and molecular recognition phenomenon. Molecular dynamics simulations for two trisaccharides HMOs (2'-FL and 3-FL) were carried out for 250 ns and the conformational models were subsequently substantiated by three replicate simulations. The conformer models of HMOs 2'-FL and 3-FL were deposited in the 3-Dimensional Structural Database for Sialic acid-containing CARbohydrates (3DSDSCAR) database website (www.3dsdscar.in). HMOs were then docked into the active site of norovirus capsid protein and are simulated for 100 ns duration. Each complex system was stabilized by direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions. Binding free energy calculations predict two possible binding modes for each complex system. The conformational flexibility and binding stability of the complex systems were calculated. The protein folding/unfolding and compactness seem to be better for the two HMOs. From a general perspective, we found that both 2'-FL and 3-FL exhibited higher binding efficacy towards norovirus capsid protein and according to the structural stability, 3-FL might be used as a preventive inhibitor for norovirus infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lalithamaheswari
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Anu Radha
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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10
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Golden RK, Sutkus LT, Bauer LL, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Determining the safety and efficacy of dietary supplementation with 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose on growth, tolerance, and brain sialic acid concentrations. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1278804. [PMID: 37927504 PMCID: PMC10620723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1278804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialylated oligosaccharides, including 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), comprise a large portion of human milk and have been known to support development over the first year of life. While research has investigated the impact of early-life supplementation, longer-term supplementation remains relatively unexplored. Consequently, the following study assesses the impact of supplementation of either 3'-SL or 6'-SL on growth performance, tolerance, and brain sialic acid concentrations. Two-day-old piglets (n = 75) were randomly assigned to a commercial milk replacer ad libitum without or with 3'-SL or 6'-SL (added at 0.2673% on an as-is basis). Daily body weight and feed disappearance were recorded to assess growth performance and tolerance. Pigs were euthanized for sample collection on postnatal day 33 (n = 30) or 61 (n = 33), respectively. Across growth performance, clinical chemistry and hematology, histomorphology, and sialic acid quantification, dietary differences were largely unremarkable at either time-point. Overall, SA was well-tolerated both short-term and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Golden
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Loretta T. Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Zhao K, Pang H, Shao K, Yang Z, Li S, He N. The function of human milk oligosaccharides and their substitute oligosaccharides as probiotics in gut inflammation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7780-7798. [PMID: 37575049 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut inflammation seriously affects the healthy life of patients, and has a trend of increasing incidence rate. However, the current methods for treating gut inflammation are limited to surgery and drugs, which can cause irreversible damage to patients, especially infants. As natural oligosaccharides in human breast milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) function as probiotics in treating and preventing gut inflammation: improving the abundance of the gut microbiota, increasing the gut barrier function, and reducing the gut inflammatory reaction. Meanwhile, due to the complexity and high cost of their synthesis, people are searching for functional oligosaccharides that can replace HMOs as a food additive in infants milk powder and adjuvant therapy for chronic inflammation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the therapeutic and preventive effects of HMOs and their substitute functional oligosaccharides as probiotics in gut inflammation, and to summarize the prospect of their application in infant breast milk replacement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Hao Pang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Kaidi Shao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zizhen Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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12
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Chen Y, Wen Y, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Mu W, Zhao C. Synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides and their potential health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10319-10331. [PMID: 37341126 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2222805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, a low polymerization degree of carbohydrate, possess various physiological activities, such as anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-aging, anti-viral, and gut microbiota regulation, having a widely used in food and medical fields. However, due to the limited natural oligosaccharides, many un-natural oligosaccharides from complex polysaccharides are being studied for amplifying the available pool of oligosaccharides. More recently, various oligosaccharides were developed by using several artificial strategies, such as chemical degradation, enzyme catalysis, and biosynthesis, then they can be applied in various sectors. Moreover, it has gradually become a trend to use biosynthesis to realize the synthesis of oligosaccharides with clear structure. Emerging research has found that un-natural oligosaccharides exert more comprehensive effects against various human diseases through multiple mechanisms. However, these oligosaccharides from various routes have not been critical reviewed and summarized. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to present the various routes of oligosaccharides preparations and healthy effects, with a focus on diabetes, obesity, aging, virus, and gut microbiota. Additionally, the application of multi-omics for these natural and un-natural oligosaccharides has also been discussed. Especially, the multi-omics are needed to apply in various disease models to find out various biomarkers to respond to the dynamic change process of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengxin Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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14
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Lee A, Liang L, Connerton PL, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. Galacto-oligosaccharides fed during gestation increase Rotavirus A specific antibodies in sow colostrum, modulate the microbiome, and reduce infectivity in neonatal piglets in a commercial farm setting. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1118302. [PMID: 36825236 PMCID: PMC9941646 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus A is a major cause of acute dehydrating diarrhea in neonatal pigs resulting in significant mortality, morbidity, reduced performance and economic loss. Commercially available prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides are similar to those of mammalian milk and stimulate the development of the microbiota and immune system in neonates. Little is known about the effects of supplementing sows' diets with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation. This study aimed to determine if dietary galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation could improve immunity, reduce rotavirus infection and modulate the microbiota in sows and neonates in a commercial farm setting with confirmed natural endemic rotavirus challenge. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, control sows received lactation diet with no galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation and test sows received lactation diet with 30 g/day galacto-oligosaccharide top-dressed into feed daily, seven days before farrowing. Colostrum was collected from sows 24 hours post-partum and tested for rotavirus specific antibodies. Fecal samples were collected from sows and piglets three days post-partum, tested for rotavirus A by qPCR and the microbiome composition assessed by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Results Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation significantly increased rotavirus-specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum and reduced the number of rotavirus positive piglet fecal samples. Abundance of potential pathogens Treponema and Clostridiales were higher in fecal samples from non-galacto-oligosaccharide fed sows, their piglets and rotavirus positive samples. Discussion This study demonstrates that galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation significantly increases rotavirus specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum thereby reducing neonatal rotavirus infection and suppresses potential pathogenic bacteria in nursing sows and neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Liang
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa L. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent progress on health effects and biosynthesis of two key sialylated human milk oligosaccharides, 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108058. [PMID: 36372185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third major solid component in breast milk, are recognized as the first prebiotics for health benefits in infants. Sialylated HMOs are an important type of HMOs, accounting for approximately 13% of total HMOs. 3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) are two simplest sialylated HMOs. Both SLs display promising prebiotic effects, especially in promoting the proliferation of bifidobacteria and shaping the gut microbiota. SLs exhibit several health effects, including antiadhesive antimicrobial ability, antiviral activity, prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis, immunomodulatory activity, regulation of intestinal epithelial cell response, promotion of brain development, and cognition improvement. Both SLs have been approved as "Generally Recognized as Safe" by the American Food and Drug Administration and are commercially added to infant formula. The biosynthesis of SLs using enzymatic or microbial approaches has been widely studied. The enzymatic synthesis of SLs can be realized by two types of enzymes, sialidases with trans-sialidase activity and sialyltransferases. Microbial synthesis can be achieved by the multiple recombinant bacteria in one-pot reaction, which express the enzymes involved in SL synthesis pathways separately or in combination, or by metabolically engineered strains in a fermentation process. In this article, the physiological properties of 3'-SL and 6'-SL are summarized in detail and the biosynthesis of these SLs via enzymatic and microbial synthesis is comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiameng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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16
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Kaplan M, Şahutoğlu AS, Sarıtaş S, Duman H, Arslan A, Pekdemir B, Karav S. Role of milk glycome in prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1033779. [PMID: 36424926 PMCID: PMC9680090 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1033779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contains all essential macro and micro-nutrients for the development of the newborn. Its high therapeutic and antimicrobial content provides an important function for the prevention, treatment, and recovery of certain diseases throughout life. The bioactive components found in milk are mostly decorated with glycans, which provide proper formation and modulate the biological functions of glycosylated compounds. The glycome of milk consists of free glycans, glycolipids, and N- and O- glycosylated proteins. Recent studies have shown that both free glycans and glycan-containing molecules have antiviral characteristics based on different mechanisms such as signaling, microbiome modulation, natural decoy strategy, and immunomodulatory action. In this review, we discuss the recent clinical studies and potential mechanisms of free and conjugated glycans' role in the prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Sümeyye Sarıtaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Burcu Pekdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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17
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Ren X, Saleem W, Haes R, Xie J, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Milk lactose protects against porcine group A rotavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:989242. [PMID: 36060735 PMCID: PMC9428151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.989242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for virus replication. The VP8* domain is the distal terminal region of the RVA spike protein VP4 (expressed by the P gene) and is important for rotavirus binding and infectivity. Recent studies have indicated a role for non-sialylated glycans, including mucin core 2 and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), in the infectivity of human and animal group A rotaviruses. In the present study, we determined if porcine rotavirus-derived recombinant VP8* of the endemic strains 14R103 G5P[6], 13R054 G5P[7], 12R010 G4P[13], 12R046 G9P[23], and 12R022 G2P[27] interact with hitherto uncharacterized glycans. We successfully produced five recombinant GST-VP8* proteins of genotype P[6], P[7], P[13], P[23], and P[27]. The hemagglutination assay showed genotypes P[7] and P[23] hemagglutinate porcine and human red blood cells. In an array screen of > 300 glycans, recombinant VP8* of rotavirus genotype P[6], P[7], and P[13] showed specific binding to glycans with a Gal-β-1,4-Glc (β-lactose) motif, which forms the core structure of HBGAs. The specificity of glycan-binding was confirmed through an ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assay. Further, 13R054 G5P[7] and 12R046 G9P[23] infectivity was significantly reduced by β-lactose in MA104 cells and primary porcine enterocytes. These data suggest that lactose, the main natural sugar in milk, plays an important role in protecting piglets from enteric viral replication and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ren
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Ren,
| | - Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robin Haes
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Rosa F, Sharma AK, Gurung M, Casero D, Matazel K, Bode L, Simecka C, Elolimy AA, Tripp P, Randolph C, Hand TW, Williams KD, LeRoith T, Yeruva L. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Impact Cellular and Inflammatory Gene Expression and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907529. [PMID: 35844612 PMCID: PMC9278088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk harbors complex carbohydrates, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third most abundant component after lactose and lipids. HMOs have been shown to impact intestinal microbiota, modulate the intestinal immune response, and prevent pathogenic bacterial binding by serving as decoy receptors. However, the direct effect of HMOs on intestinal function and immunity remains to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, 21-day-old germ-free mice (C57BI/6) were orally gavaged with 15 mg/day of pooled HMOs for 7 or 14 days and euthanized at day 28 or 35. A set of mice was maintained until day 50 to determine the persistent effects of HMOs. Control groups were maintained in the isolators for 28, 35, or 50 days of age. At the respective endpoints, intestinal tissues were subjected to histomorphometric and transcriptomic analyses, while the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were subjected to flow cytometric analysis. The small intestine (SI) crypt was reduced after HMO treatment relative to control at days 28 and 35, while the SI villus height and large intestine (LI) gland depth were decreased in the HMO-treated mice relative to the control at day 35. We report significant HMO-induced and location-specific gene expression changes in host intestinal tissues. HMO treatment significantly upregulated genes involved in extracellular matrix, protein ubiquitination, nuclear transport, and mononuclear cell differentiation. CD4+ T cells were increased in both MLNs and the spleen, while CD8+ T cells were increased in the spleen at day 50 in the HMO group in comparison to controls. In MLNs, plasma cells were increased in HMO group at days 28 and 35, while in the spleen, only at day 28 relative to controls. Macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils were lower in the spleen of the HMO group at days 28, 35, and 50, while in MLNs, only neutrophils were lower at day 50 in the 14-day HMO group. In addition, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid antibody-secreting cells were higher in HMO-supplemented group compared to controls. Our data suggest that HMOs have a direct effect on gastrointestinal tract metabolism and the immune system even in the absence of host microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Ashok K. Sharma
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - David Casero
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katelin Matazel
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christy Simecka
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Elolimy
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Patricia Tripp
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Christopher Randolph
- Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Timothy W. Hand
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, R.K. Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Keith D. Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Little Rock, AR, United States
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19
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Wang J, Chen MS, Wang RS, Hu JQ, Liu S, Wang YYF, Xing XL, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Wang S. Current Advances in Structure-Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6328-6353. [PMID: 35593935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying anti-inflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure-activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure-function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Langel SN, Blasi M, Permar SR. Maternal immune protection against infectious diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:660-674. [PMID: 35550669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maternal immune system protects developing offspring against pathogens before birth via transplacental transfer and after birth through secreted milk. This transferred maternal immunity influences each generation's susceptibility to infections and responsiveness to immunization. Thus, boosting immunity in the maternal-neonatal dyad is a potentially valuable public health strategy. Additionally, at critical times during fetal and postnatal development, environmental factors and immune stimuli influence immune development. These "windows of opportunity" offer a chance to identify both risk and protective factors that promote long-term health and limit disease. Here, we review pre- and postpartum maternal immune factors that protect against infectious agents in offspring and how they may shape the infant's immune landscape over time. Additionally, we discuss the influence of maternal immunity on the responsiveness to immunization in early life. Lastly, when maternal factors are insufficient to prevent neonatal infectious diseases, we discuss pre- and postnatal therapeutic strategies for the maternal-neonatal dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Department of Surgery, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Duan Q, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, He J. Effect of sialyllactose on growth performance and intestinal epithelium functions in weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:30. [PMID: 35236420 PMCID: PMC8892705 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sialyllactose (SL) is one of the most abundant oligosaccharides present in porcine breast milk. However, little is known about its effect on growth performance and intestinal health in weaned pigs. This study was conducted to explore the protective effect of SL on intestinal epithelium in weaned pigs upon enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. Methods Thirty-two pigs were randomly divided into four treatments. Pigs fed with a basal diet or basal diet containing SL (5.0 g/kg) were orally infused with ETEC or culture medium. Results SL supplementation elevated the average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency in the ETEC-challenged pigs (P < 0.05). SL also improved the digestibilities of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash in non-challenged pigs (P < 0.05). Moreover, SL not only elevated serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), but also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) upon ETEC challenge (P < 0.05). Interestingly, SL increased the villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C), and the activities of mucosal sucrase and maltase in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). SL also elevated the concentrations of microbial metabolites (e.g. acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butyric acid) and the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus in the cecum (P < 0.05). Importantly, SL significantly elevated the expression levels of jejunal zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), occluding, and fatty acid transport protein-4 (FATP4) in the ETEC-challenged pigs (P < 0.05). Conclusions SL can alleviate inflammation and intestinal injury in weaned pigs upon ETEC challenge, which was associated with suppressed secretion of inflammatory cytokines and elevated serum immunoglobulins, as well as improved intestinal epithelium functions and microbiota. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00673-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Duan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Variations in the Composition of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Correlates with Effects on Both the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier and Host Inflammation: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051014. [PMID: 35267989 PMCID: PMC8912797 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk oligosaccharides are complex, non-digestible carbohydrates that directly interact with intestinal epithelial cells to alter barrier function and host inflammation. Oligosaccharide composition varies widely between individual mothers, but it is unclear if this inter-individual variation has any impact on intestinal epithelial barrier function and gut inflammation. Methods: Human milk oligosaccharides were extracted from the mature human milk of four individual donors. Using an in vitro model of intestinal injury, the effects of the oligosaccharides on the intestinal epithelial barrier and select innate and adaptive immune functions were assessed. Results: Individual oligosaccharide compositions shared comparable effects on increasing transepithelial electrical resistance and reducing the macromolecular permeability of polarized (Caco-2Bbe1) monolayers but exerted distinct effects on the localization of the intercellular tight junction protein zona occludins-1 in response to injury induced by a human enteric bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli, serotype O157:H7. Immunoblots showed the differential effects of oligosaccharide compositions in reducing host chemokine interleukin 8 expression and inhibiting of p38 MAP kinase activation. Conclusions: These results provide evidence of both shared and distinct effects on the host intestinal epithelial function that are attributable to inter-individual differences in the composition of human milk oligosaccharides.
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23
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Chao Q, Li T, Jia JX, Li Z, Peng P, Gao XD, Wang N. Spore-Encapsulating Glycosyltransferase Catalysis Tandem Reactions: Facile Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Complex Human Glycans. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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24
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Chutipongtanate S, Morrow AL, Newburg DS. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Potential Applications in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020346. [PMID: 35203555 PMCID: PMC8961778 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health crisis with more than four million deaths worldwide. A substantial number of COVID-19 survivors continue suffering from long-COVID syndrome, a long-term complication exhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Much effort is being expended to improve therapeutic outcomes. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates known to exert health benefits in breastfed infants by preventing infection, maintaining immune homeostasis and nurturing healthy gut microbiota. These beneficial effects suggest the hypothesis that hMOS might have applications in COVID-19 as receptor decoys, immunomodulators, mucosal signaling agents, and prebiotics. This review summarizes hMOS biogenesis and classification, describes the possible mechanisms of action of hMOS upon different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of hMOS research for clinical applications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David S. Newburg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Correspondence: or
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25
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Wu RY, Li B, Horne RG, Ahmed A, Lee D, Robinson SC, Zhu H, Cadete M, Alganabi M, Filler R, Johnson-Henry KC, Delgado-Olguin P, Pierro A, Sherman PM. Structure-Function Relationships of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on the Intestinal Epithelial Transcriptome in Caco-2 Cells and a Murine Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100893. [PMID: 34921749 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal emergency affecting preterm infants. Breastmilk protects against NEC, partly due to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMO compositions are highly diverse, and it is unclear if anti-NEC properties are specific to carbohydrate motifs. Here, this study compares intestinal epithelial transcriptomes of five synthetic HMOs (sHMOs) and examines structure-function relationships of HMOs on intestinal signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS This study interrogates the transcriptome of Caco-2Bbe1 cells in response to five synthetic HMOs (sHMOs) using RNA sequencing: 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), 6'-siallyllactose (6'-SL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). Protection against intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation occurred in an HMO-dependent manner. Each sHMO exerts a unique set of host transcriptome changes and modulated unique signaling pathways. There is clustering between HMOs bearing similar side chains, with little overlap in gene regulation which is shared by all sHMOs. Interestingly, most sHMOs protect pups against NEC, exerting divergent mechanisms on intestinal cell morphology and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that while structurally distinct HMOs impact intestinal physiology, their mechanisms of action differ. This finding establishes the first structure-function relationship of HMOs in the context of intestinal cell signaling responses and offers a functional framework by which to screen and design HMO-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Wu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rachael G Horne
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Abdalla Ahmed
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dorothy Lee
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Shaiya C Robinson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Marissa Cadete
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rachel Filler
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Paul Delgado-Olguin
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence, Toronto, M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
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26
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Tomas M, Capanoglu E, Bahrami A, Hosseini H, Akbari‐Alavijeh S, Shaddel R, Rehman A, Rezaei A, Rashidinejad A, Garavand F, Goudarzi M, Jafari SM. The direct and indirect effects of bioactive compounds against coronavirus. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021; 3:96-123. [PMID: 35462942 PMCID: PMC9015578 DOI: 10.1002/fft2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses are known to pose a threat to humans in the world. COVID‐19, a newly emerging viral respiratory disease, can spread quickly from people to people via respiratory droplets, cough, sneeze, or exhale. Up to now, there are no specific therapies found for the treatment of COVID‐19. In this sense, the rising demand for effective antiviral drugs is stressed. The main goal of the present study is to cover the current literature about bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, minerals, vitamins, oligosaccharides, bioactive peptides, essential oils, and probiotics) with potential efficiency against COVID‐19, showing antiviral activities via the inhibition of coronavirus entry into the host cell, coronavirus enzymes, as well as the virus replication in human cells. In turn, these compounds can boost the immune system, helping fight against COVID‐19. Overall, it can be concluded that bioactives and the functional foods containing these compounds can be natural alternatives for boosting the immune system and defeating coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Tomas
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University Halkali Istanbul Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Akbar Bahrami
- Center for Excellence in Post‐Harvest Technologies North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Kannapolis North Carolina USA
| | - Hamed Hosseini
- Food Additives Department Food Science and Technology Research Institute Research Center for Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR) Mashhad Iran
| | - Safoura Akbari‐Alavijeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Rezvan Shaddel
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Abdur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Jiangsu Wuxi China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Atefe Rezaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | | | - Farhad Garavand
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
| | - Mostafa Goudarzi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Tehran Karaj Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Gorgan Iran
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27
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Wang Y, Ze X, Rui B, Li X, Zeng N, Yuan J, Li W, Yan J, Li M. Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health. Front Nutr 2021; 8:766606. [PMID: 34859034 PMCID: PMC8631720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.766606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is rich in sialic acids (SA), which are commonly combined with milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. As a functional nutrient component, SA-containing milk components have received increasing attention in recent years. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been demonstrated to promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial gut microbiota in infants, bringing positive outcomes to intestinal health and immune function. They also exhibit antiviral and bacteriostatic activities in the intestinal mucosa of new-borns, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. These properties play a pivotal role in regulating the intestinal microbial ecosystem and preventing the occurrence of neonatal inflammatory diseases. In addition, some recent studies also support the promoting effects of sialylated HMOs on neonatal bone and brain development. In addition to HMOs, sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids are abundant in milk, and are also critical to neonatal health. This article reviews the current research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Binqi Rui
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinke Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nina Zeng
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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28
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Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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29
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Lang Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Huang L, Liu X, Song N, Li G, Yu G. Comparison of Different Labeling Techniques for the LC-MS Profiling of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Front Chem 2021; 9:691299. [PMID: 34589467 PMCID: PMC8473617 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) exhibit various biological activities for infants, such as serving as prebiotics, blocking pathogens, and aiding in brain development. HMOs are a complex mixture of hetero-oligosaccharides that are generally highly branched, containing multiple structural isomers and no intrinsic chromophores, presenting a challenge to both their resolution and quantitative detection. While liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become the primary strategy for analysis of various compounds, the very polar and chromophore-free properties of native glycans hinder their separation in LC and ionization in MS. Various labeling approaches have been developed to achieve separation of glycans with higher resolution and greater sensitivity of detection. Here, we compared five commonly used labeling techniques [by 2-aminobenzamide, 2-aminopyridine, 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA), 2,6-diaminopyridine, and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone] for analyzing HMOs specifically under hydrophilic-interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) conditions. The 2-AA labeling showed the most consistent deprotonated molecular ions, the enhanced sensitivity with the least structural selectivity, and the sequencing-informative tandem MS fragmentation spectra for the widest range of HMOs; therefore, this labeling technique was selected for further optimization under the porous graphitized carbon chromatography-mass spectrometry (PGC-MS) conditions. The combination strategy of 2-AA labeling and PGC-MS techniques provided online decontamination (removal of excess 2-AA, salts, and lactose) and resolute detection of many HMOs, enabling us to characterize the profiles of complicated HMO mixtures comprehensively in a simple protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Lang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ni Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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30
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Hill DR, Chow JM, Buck RH. Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3364. [PMID: 34684364 PMCID: PMC8539508 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachael H. Buck
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (D.R.H.); (J.M.C.)
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Evolution of milk oligosaccharides: Origin and selectivity of the ratio of milk oligosaccharides to lactose among mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130012. [PMID: 34536507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carbohydrate fraction of mammalian milk is constituted of lactose and oligosaccharides, most of which contain a lactose unit at their reducing ends. Although lactose is the predominant saccharide in the milk of most eutherians, oligosaccharides significantly predominate over lactose in the milk of monotremes and marsupials. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the most likely process by which lactose and milk oligosaccharides were acquired during the evolution of mammals and the mechanisms by which these saccharides are digested and absorbed by the suckling neonates. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS During the evolution of mammals, c-type lysozyme evolved to α-lactalbumin. This permitted the biosynthesis of lactose by modulating the substrate specificity of β4galactosyltransferase 1, thus enabling the concomitant biosynthesis of milk oligosaccharides through the activities of several glycosyltransferases using lactose as an acceptor. In most eutherian mammals the digestion of lactose to glucose and galactose is achieved through the action of intestinal lactase (β-galactosidase), which is located within the small intestinal brush border. This enzyme, however, is absent in neonatal monotremes and macropod marsupials. It has therefore been proposed that in these species the absorption of milk oligosaccharides is achieved by pinocytosis or endocytosis, after which digestion occurs through the actions of several lysosomal acid glycosidases. This process would enable the milk oligosaccharides of monotremes and marsupials to be utilized as a significant energy source for the suckling neonates. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The evolution and significance of milk oligosaccharides is discussed in relation to the evolution of mammals.
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Jahan M, Francis N, Wynn P, Wang B. The Potential for Sialic Acid and Sialylated Glycoconjugates as Feed Additives to Enhance Pig Health and Production. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082318. [PMID: 34438776 PMCID: PMC8388453 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review discusses the current challenges in the pig industry and the potential nutritional significance of sialic acid (Sia) and glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) for pig health and nutrition. Sia is a nine-carbon acidic sugar which is present in various organs and body fluids of humans and animals. Sias contribute to many beneficial biological functions including pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, gut microbiota development, gut maturation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. The role of Sias in regulating the metabolism of pigs has seldom been reported. However, we have documented significant beneficial effects of specific Sia-GC’s on health and production performance of sows and piglets. These findings are reviewed in relation to other studies while noting the beneficial effects of the inclusion of Sia, Sia containing oligosaccharide or the sialo-protein lactoferrin in the diets of gilts and sows. The importance of the passive transfer of of Sia and Sia-GC’s through milk to the young and the implications for their growth and development is also reviewed. This information will assist in optimizing the composition of sow/gilt milk replacers designed to increases the survival of IUGR piglets or piglets with dams suffering from agalactia, a common problem in pig production systems worldwide. Abstract Swine are one of the most important agricultural species for human food production. Given the significant disease challenges confronting commercial pig farming systems, introduction of a new feed additive that can enhance animal performance by improving growth and immune status represents a major opportunity. One such candidate is sialic acid (Sia), a diverse family of nine-carbon acidic sugar, present in various organs and body fluid, as well as an essential structural and functional constituent of brain ganglioside of humans and animals. Sias are key monosaccharide and biomarker of sialylated milk oligosaccharide (Sia-MOS’s), sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids in milk and all vertebrate cells. Sias accomplish many critical endogenous functions by virtue of their physiochemical properties and via recognition by intrinsic receptors. Human milk sialylated glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) are bioactive compounds known to act as prebiotics that promote gut microbiota development, gut maturation, pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. However, the importance of Sia in pig health, especially in the growth, development, immunity of developing piglet and in pig production remains unknown. This review aims to critically discuss the current status of knowledge of the biology and nutritional role of Sia and Sia-GC’s on health of both female sow and newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-4549
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Abstract
Few classes of natural products rival the structural audacity of oligosaccharides. Their complexity, however, has stood as an immense roadblock to translational research, as access to homogeneous material from nature is challenging. Thus, while carbohydrates are critical to the myriad functional and structural aspects of the biological sciences, their behavior is largely descriptive. This challenge presents an attractive opportunity for synthetic chemistry, particularly in the area of human milk science. First, there is an inordinate need for synthesizing homogeneous human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Superimposed on this goal is the mission of conducting syntheses at scale to enable animal studies. Herein, we present a personalized rumination of our involvement, and that of our colleagues, which has led to the synthesis and characterization of HMOs and mechanistic probes. Along the way, we highlight chemical, chemoenzymatic, and synthetic biology based approaches. We close with a discussion on emergent challenges and opportunities for synthesis, broadly defined, in human milk science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyan L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Liu M, Cai M, Ding P. Oligosaccharides from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines: A Review of Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:577-608. [PMID: 33730992 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) substances come from medicinal plants, among which oligosaccharides have gradually attracted widespread attention at home and abroad due to their important biological activities and great medicinal potential. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments exhibited that oligosaccharides possess various activities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, modulate the gut microflora, anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and immune-regulatory activities. Generally, biological activities are closely related to chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond connection, etc. The structural analysis of oligosaccharides is an important basis for studying their structure-activity relationship, but the structural diversity and complexity of carbohydrate compounds limit the study of oligosaccharides activities. Understanding the structures and biological functions of oligosaccharides is important for the development of new bioactive substances with natural oligosaccharides. This review provides a systematic introduction of the current knowledge of the chemical structures and biological activities of oligosaccharides. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the famous TCHM oligosaccharides were briefly summarized, including Morinda officinalis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Arctium lappa, Polygala tenuifolia, Panax ginseng, Lycium barbarum and Astragalus membranaceus. TCHM oligosaccharides play an important role in nutrition, health care, disease diagnosis and prevention as well as have broad application prospects in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Brink LR, Chichlowski M, Pastor N, Thimmasandra Narayanappa A, Shah N. In the Age of Viral Pandemic, Can Ingredients Inspired by Human Milk and Infant Nutrition Be Repurposed to Support the Immune System? Nutrients 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33800961 PMCID: PMC7999376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one's immune system and fight against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Brink
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nitida Pastor
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Slough SL1 3UH, UK;
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Lee AH, Vidal S, Oba PM, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Evaluation of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar: macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs and in vitro genotoxicity assays. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6102879. [PMID: 33454743 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) are bioactive compounds in mammalian milk that provide health benefits to neonates beyond essential nutrients. GNU100, a novel animal MO biosimilar, was recently tested in vitro, with results showing beneficial shifts in microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, but other effects of GNU100 were unknown. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, palatability, and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of GNU100. In study 1, the mutagenic potential of GNU100 was tested using a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a mammalian cell micronucleus test. In study 2, palatability was assessed by comparing diets containing 0% vs. 1% GNU100 in 20 adult dogs. In study 3, 32 adult dogs were used in a completely randomized design to assess the safety and GI tolerance of GNU100 and explore utility. Following a 2-wk baseline, dogs were assigned to one of four treatments and fed for 26 wk: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GNU100. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure stool quality, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and blood samples were collected to measure serum chemistry, inflammatory markers, and hematology. On weeks 2 and 4, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure metabolites and microbiota. On week 4, total feces were collected to assess apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. Although revertant numbers were greater compared with the solvent control in tester strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) in the initial experiment, they remained below the threshold for a positive mutagenic response in follow-up confirmatory tests, supporting that GNU100 is not mutagenic. Similarly, no cytotoxicity or chromosome damage was observed in the cell micronucleus test. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05; 3.6:1 consumption ratio) over the control. In study 3, all dogs were healthy and had no signs of GI intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, and food intake, fecal characteristics, metabolite concentrations, and macronutrient digestibilities were not altered. GNU100 modulated fecal microbiota, increasing evenness and Catenibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella (SCFA producers) and reducing Collinsella. Overall, the results suggest that GNU100 is palatable and well-tolerated, causes no genotoxicity or adverse effects on health, and beneficially shifts the fecal microbiota, supporting the safety of GNU100 for the inclusion in canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Hobbs M, Jahan M, Ghorashi SA, Wang B. Current Perspective of Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides in Mammalian Milk: Implications for Brain and Gut Health of Newborns. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020473. [PMID: 33669968 PMCID: PMC7924844 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids of breast milk. All mammal milk contains soluble oligosaccharides, including neutral milk oligosaccharides (NMOs) without sialic acid (Sia) moieties and acidic oligosaccharides or sialylated milk oligosaccharides (SMOs) with Sia residues at the end of sugar chains. The structural, biological diversity, and concentration of milk oligosaccharides in mammalian milk are significantly different among species. HMOs have multiple health benefits for newborns, including development of immune system, modification of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, and brain development. Most infant formulas lack oligosaccharides which resemble HMOs. Formula-fed infants perform poorly across physical and psychological wellbeing measures and suffer health disadvantages compared to breast-fed infants due to the differences in the nutritional composition of breast milk and infant formula. Of these milk oligosaccharides, SMOs are coming to the forefront of research due to the beneficial nature of Sia. This review aims to critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of SMOs in human milk, infant formula milks, and milk from several other species on gut and brain health of human and animal offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Hobbs
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.H.); (M.J.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Marefa Jahan
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.H.); (M.J.); (S.A.G.)
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Seyed A. Ghorashi
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.H.); (M.J.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Bing Wang
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.H.); (M.J.); (S.A.G.)
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-4549
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Moore RE, Xu LL, Townsend SD. Prospecting Human Milk Oligosaccharides as a Defense Against Viral Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:254-263. [PMID: 33470804 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing maximal nutritional value for neonatal growth and development, human milk functions as an early defense mechanism against invading pathogens. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are abundant in human milk, are a diverse group of heterogeneous carbohydrates with wide ranging protective effects. In addition to promoting the colonization of beneficial intestinal flora, HMOs serve as decoy receptors, effectively blocking the attachment of pathogenic bacteria. HMOs also function as bacteriostatic agents, inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Based on this precedence, an emerging area in the field has focused on characterizing the antiviral properties of HMOs. Indeed, HMOs have been evaluated as antiviral agents, with many possessing activity against life-threatening infections. This targeted review provides insight into the known glycan-binding interactions between select HMOs and influenza, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and norovirus. Additionally, we review the role of HMOs in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, an intestinal disease linked to viral infections. We close with a discussion of what is known broadly regarding human milk oligosaccharides and their interactions with coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Lianyan L. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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Carr LE, Virmani MD, Rosa F, Munblit D, Matazel KS, Elolimy AA, Yeruva L. Role of Human Milk Bioactives on Infants' Gut and Immune Health. Front Immunol 2021; 12:604080. [PMID: 33643310 PMCID: PMC7909314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive human milk feeding of the newborn is recommended during the first 6 months of life to promote optimal health outcomes during early life and beyond. Human milk contains a variety of bioactive factors such as hormones, cytokines, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, stem cells, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), microbiota, and microRNAs. Recent findings highlighted the potential importance of adding HMOs into infant formula for their roles in enhancing host defense mechanisms in neonates. Therefore, understanding the roles of human milk bioactive factors on immune function is critical to build the scientific evidence base around breastfeeding recommendations, and to enhance positive health outcomes in formula fed infants through modifications to formulas. However, there are still knowledge gaps concerning the roles of different milk components, the interactions between the different components, and the mechanisms behind health outcomes are poorly understood. This review aims to show the current knowledge about HMOs, milk microbiota, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and milk microRNAs (miRNAs) and how these could have similar mechanisms of regulating gut and microbiota function. It will also highlight the knowledge gaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Misty D. Virmani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Fernanda Rosa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ahmed A. Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Jang KB, Purvis JM, Kim SW. Dose-response and functional role of whey permeate as a source of lactose and milk oligosaccharides on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab008. [PMID: 33521816 PMCID: PMC7849970 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dose-response and supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. In experiment (exp.) 1, 1,080 pigs weaned at 6.24 kg body weight (BW) were allotted to five treatments (eight pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate in three phases (from 10% to 30%, 3% to 23%, and 0% to 9% for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively) fed until 11 kg BW and then fed a common phase 4 diet (0% whey permeate) until 25 kg BW in a 48-d feeding trial. Feed intake and BW were measured at the end of each phase. In exp. 2, 1,200 nursery pigs at 7.50 kg BW were allotted to six treatments (10 pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate from 0% to 18.75% fed until 11 kg BW. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d. Six pigs per treatment (1 per pens) were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-beta 1, mucin 2, histomorphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis using the NLIN procedure of SAS. In exp. 1, increasing whey permeate had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on feed efficiency (G:F; maximum: 1.35 at 18.3%) in phase 1. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG; 292 to 327 g/d) and G:F (0.96 to 1.04) of pigs in phase 2. In exp. 2, increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.78 to 0.85) and linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8% to 37.0%). The breakpoint from a broken-line analysis was obtained at 13.6% whey permeate for maximal G:F. Increasing whey permeate tended to change IL-8 (quadratic, P = 0.052; maximum: 223 pg/mg at 10.9%), to decrease Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes (P = 0.073, 1.59 to 1.13), to increase (P = 0.089) Bifidobacteriaceae (0.73% to 1.11%), and to decrease Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.091, 1.04% to 0.52%) and Streptococcaceae (P = 0.094, 1.50% to 0.71%) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of whey permeate increased the growth of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW. Pigs grew most efficiently with 13.6% whey permeate. Improvement in growth performance is partly attributed to stimulating intestinal immune response and enterocyte proliferation with positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Sung W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Monaco MH, Gross G, Donovan SM. Whey Protein Lipid Concentrate High in Milk Fat Globule Membrane Components Inhibit Porcine and Human Rotavirus in vitro. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:731005. [PMID: 34540774 PMCID: PMC8442734 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.731005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The milk fat globule membrane (MFMG) is a complex milk component that has been shown to inhibit rotavirus (RV) binding to cell membranes in vitro. Herein, a whey protein lipid concentrate high in MFGM components (WPLC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC; control) were screened for anti-infective activity against porcine OSU and human Wa strains of RV in both the African Green Monkey kidney (MA104) and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell lines. Materials and Methods: Confluent cells were exposed to OSU or Wa RV in the presence of WPLC or WPC (control) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5 mg/ml. Infectivity was detected by immunohistochemistry and expressed as % inhibition relative to 0 mg/ml. WPLC efficacy over WPC was expressed as fold-change. One-way ANOVA analyzed data for the independent and interactive effects of concentration, test material, and RV strain. Results: Both WPLC and WPC exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of human Wa and porcine OSU RV infectivity in MA104 and Caco-2 cells (p < 0.0001). WPLC was 1.5-4.8-fold more effective in reducing infectivity than WPC. WPLC efficacy was independent of RV strains, but varied between cell lines. WPLC and WPC at concentrations ≥0.5 mg/mL were most effective in reducing human Wa RV infectivity in MA104 cells (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: WPLC decreased infectivity of two strains for RV which differ in their dependency on sialic acid for binding to cells. Inhibition was observed in the most commonly used cell type for RV infectivity assays (MA104) and an intestinal cell line (Caco-2). An effect on virus infectivity might be a potential mechanisms of action contributing to beneficial effects of supplementation of infant formula with MGFM reducing the risk of infections and consequently diarrhea incidence in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt Benckiser/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Oba PM, Lee AH, Vidal S, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Effect of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar on macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult cats. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa399. [PMID: 33320182 PMCID: PMC7799586 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GNU100 is a novel animal milk oligosaccharide (AMO) biosimilar. In a recent in vitro fermentation study, GNU100 was shown to be fermentable by feline gastrointestinal microbiota and lead to increased short-chain fatty acid production. Our objectives herein were to evaluate the palatability, safety, and gastrointestinal tolerance of GNU100 in healthy adult cats. Exploratory end-points were measured to assess utility. In study 1, 20 adult cats were used to test the palatability of diets containing 0% or 1% GNU100. In study 2, 32 (mean age = 1.9 yr; mean body weight = 4.6 kg) male (n = 12) and female (n = 20) adult cats were used in a completely randomized design. After a 2-wk baseline, cats were assigned to one of the following treatment groups and fed for 26 wk: control (CT, no GNU100), low dose (LD, 0.5% GNU100), medium dose (MD, 1.0% GNU100), and high dose (HD, 1.5% GNU100). On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected for the measurement of stool quality and immune and inflammatory markers and on weeks 2 and 4 for microbiota and metabolites. On week 4, total feces were collected to measure apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, blood samples were collected for serum chemistry, hematology, and inflammatory marker measurement. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05), with GNU100 having a 17.6:1 consumption ratio compared with control. In the long-term study, all cats remained healthy, without any signs of gastrointestinal intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, resulting in similar (P > 0.05) food intake, fecal characteristics, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and dry matter, organic matter, fat, and crude protein digestibilities. Fecal butyrate was greater (P = 0.02) in cats fed HD than cats fed LD or MD. Fecal indole was lower (P = 0.02) in cats fed HD than cats fed LD. Cats fed CT had a higher (P = 0.003) relative abundance of Actinobacteria than cats fed LD. The relative abundance of Peptococcus was impacted by diet and time. At 4 wk, Campylobacter was lower in fecal samples of cats fed HD. Overall, the data suggest that dietary GNU100 supplementation was highly palatable, well tolerated, did not cause detrimental effects on fecal quality or nutrient digestibility, increased fecal butyrate concentrations, and reduced fecal indole concentrations, supporting the safety of GNU100 for inclusion in feline diets and suggesting potential benefits on gastrointestinal health of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Oba PM, Vidal S, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Effect of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar on the gut microbial communities and metabolites of in vitro incubations using feline and canine fecal inocula. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5897395. [PMID: 32845316 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) confer multiple potential physiological benefits, such as the selective growth promotion of beneficial microbiota, inhibition of enteric pathogen growth and adhesion to enterocytes, maturation of the gut mucosal barrier, and modulation of the gastrointestinal immune system. This study was conducted to determine the fermentation potential of GNU100, an animal MO biosimilar, in an in vitro system using healthy canine and feline fecal inocula. Single feline and single canine fecal samples were used to inoculate a batch fermentation system. Tubes containing a blank control (BNC), GNU100 at 0.5% (5 g/L; GNU1), or GNU100 at 1.0% (10 g/L; GNU2) were incubated for 48 h. Gas pressure, pH, lactate, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate), and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA; isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate) were measured after 6, 24, and 48 h. Ammonium and microbiota (total bacteria by flow cytometry and Pet-16Seq; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium by quantitative polymerase chain reaction ) were measured after 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS. Substrates were considered to be a fixed effect and replicates considered to be a random effect. Tukey's multiple comparison analysis was used to compare least squares means, with differences considered significant with P < 0.05. In feline and canine incubations, SCFA increases were greater (P < 0.0001) in GNU100 compared with BNC, with acetate making up the largest SCFA proportion (P < 0.0001). GNU100 cultures led to greater increases (P < 0.0001) in lactate and ammonium than BNC in the feline incubations. GNU100 cultures led to greater increases (P < 0.0001) in ammonium than BNC in canine incubations and greater increases (P < 0.0001) in BCFA than BNC in feline incubations. Pet-16Seq microbial profiles from the feline and canine fecal incubations exhibited a modulation after GNU100 fermentation, with a reduction of the genera Escherichia/Shigella and Salmonella. In feline incubations, Bifidobacterium populations had greater increases (P < 0.0001) in GNU100 than BNC. In feline incubations, Lactobacillus populations had greater increases (P = 0.01) in GNU100 than BNC, with GNU1 leading to greater increases (P = 0.02) in Lactobacillus than BNC tubes in canine incubations. Overall, this study demonstrated that GNU100 was fermented in an in vitro fermentation system inoculated with canine and feline microbiota, resulting in the growth of beneficial bacteria and the production of SCFA, BCFA, and ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Abstract
Numerous bioactive components exist in human milk including free oligosaccharides, which represent some of the most important, and provide numerous health benefits to the neonate. Considering the demonstrated value of these compounds, much interest lies in characterising structurally similar oligosaccharides in the dairy industry. In this study, the impacts of days post-parturition and parity of the cows on the oligosaccharide and lactose profiles of their milk were evaluated. Colostrum and milk samples were obtained from 18 cows 1–5 days after parturition. Three distinct phases were identified using multivariate analysis: colostrum (day 0), transitional milk (days 1–2) and mature milk (days 3–5). LS-tetrasaccharide c, lacto-N-neotetraose, disialyllacto-N-tetraose, 3’-sial-N-acetyllactosamine, 3’-sialyllactose, lacto-N-neohexaose and disialyllactose were found to be highly affiliated with colostrum. Notably, levels of lactose were at their lowest concentration in the colostrum and substantially increased 1-day post-parturition. The cow’s parity was also shown to have a significant effect on the oligosaccharide profile, with first lactation cows containing more disialyllacto-N-tetraose, 6’-sialyllactose and LS-tetrasaccharide compared to cows in their second or third parity. Overall, this study identifies key changes in oligosaccharide and lactose content that clearly distinguish colostrum from transitional and mature milk and may facilitate the collection of specific streams with divergent biological functions.
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In Love with Shaping You-Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113568. [PMID: 33233832 PMCID: PMC7699834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.
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Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Kwong EM, McVicar RN, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Yang Z, Torres JL, Golden GJ, Bartels PL, Porell RN, Garretson AF, Laubach L, Feldman J, Yin X, Pu Y, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Kellman BP, Martino C, Gordts PLSM, Chanda SK, Schmidt AG, Godula K, Leibel SL, Jose J, Corbett KD, Ward AB, Carlin AF, Esko JD. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. Cell 2020; 183:1043-1057.e15. [PMID: 32970989 PMCID: PMC7489987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Docking studies suggest a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the ACE2-binding site. Both ACE2 and heparin can bind independently to spike protein in vitro, and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a scaffold. Electron micrographs of spike protein suggests that heparin enhances the open conformation of the RBD that binds ACE2. On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We suggest a model in which viral attachment and infection involves heparan sulfate-dependent enhancement of binding to ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin presents new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hailee R Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea D Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sydney A Majowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kwong
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachael N McVicar
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Phillip L Bartels
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ryan N Porell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Logan Laubach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Pérez-Escalante E, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Castañeda-Ovando A, Salazar-Pereda V, Bautista-Ávila M, Cruz-Guerrero AE, Flores-Aguilar JF, González-Olivares LG. Human milk oligosaccharides as bioactive compounds in infant formula: recent advances and trends in synthetic methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:181-214. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pérez-Escalante
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Sergio Alatorre-Santamaría
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Departamento de Biotecnología, Colonia Vicentina AP 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Araceli Castañeda-Ovando
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Verónica Salazar-Pereda
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Mirandeli Bautista-Ávila
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Área Académica de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Ex-Hacienda la Concepción. San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alma Elizabeth Cruz-Guerrero
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Departamento de Biotecnología, Colonia Vicentina AP 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Francisco Flores-Aguilar
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Luis Guillermo González-Olivares
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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Walsh C, Lane JA, van Sinderen D, Hickey RM. Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. J Funct Foods 2020; 72:104074. [PMID: 32834834 PMCID: PMC7332462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth most abundant component of human milk after water, lipids, and lactose and yet provide no direct nutritional value to the infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles to play in infant development. These sugars act as prebiotics by promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids which are critical for gut health. HMOs also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can selectively reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium preventing the emergence of a disease. This review covers current knowledge related to the functional biology of HMOs and their associated impact on infant gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan A. Lane
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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Brink LR, Lönnerdal B. Milk fat globule membrane: the role of its various components in infant health and development. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108465. [PMID: 32758540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding confers many benefits to the breast-fed infant which are reflected by better short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to formula-fed infants. Many components of breast milk are likely to contribute to these favorable outcomes, and there has recently been focus on the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). This fraction is a heterogenous mixture of proteins (many of them glycosylated), phospholipids, sphingolipids, gangliosides, choline, sialic acid and cholesterol which is lacking in infant formula as milk fat (which is also low in these components) is replaced by vegetable oils. Many of these components have been shown to have biological effects, and there is considerable evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials that providing bovine MFGM results in improved outcomes, in particular with regard to infections and neurodevelopment. Since bovine MFGM is commercially available, it is possible to add it to infant formula. There are, however, considerable variations in composition among commercial sources of bovine MFGM, and as it is not known which of the individual components provide the various bioactivities, it becomes important to critically review studies to date and to delineate the mechanisms behind the activities observed. In this review, we critically examine the preclinical and clinical studies on MFGM and its components in relation to resistance to infections, cognitive development, establishment of gut microbiota and infant metabolism, and discuss possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Brink
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616.
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