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McAusland L, Burton CL, Bagnell A, Boylan K, Hatchard T, Lingley-Pottie P, Al Maruf A, McGrath P, Newton AS, Rowa K, Schachar RJ, Shaheen SM, Stewart S, Arnold PD, Crosbie J, Mattheisen M, Soreni N, Stewart SE, Meier S. The genetic architecture of youth anxiety: a study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:159. [PMID: 38395805 PMCID: PMC10885620 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric problems among Canadian youth and typically have an onset in childhood or adolescence. They are characterized by high rates of relapse and chronicity, often resulting in substantial impairment across the lifespan. Genetic factors play an important role in the vulnerability toward anxiety disorders. However, genetic contribution to anxiety in youth is not well understood and can change across developmental stages. Large-scale genetic studies of youth are needed with detailed assessments of symptoms of anxiety disorders and their major comorbidities to inform early intervention or preventative strategies and suggest novel targets for therapeutics and personalization of care. METHODS The Genetic Architecture of Youth Anxiety (GAYA) study is a Pan-Canadian effort of clinical and genetic experts with specific recruitment sites in Calgary, Halifax, Hamilton, Toronto, and Vancouver. Youth aged 10-19 (n = 13,000) will be recruited from both clinical and community settings and will provide saliva samples, complete online questionnaires on demographics, symptoms of mental health concerns, and behavioural inhibition, and complete neurocognitive tasks. A subset of youth will be offered access to a self-managed Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy resource. Analyses will focus on the identification of novel genetic risk loci for anxiety disorders in youth and assess how much of the genetic risk for anxiety disorders is unique or shared across the life span. DISCUSSION Results will substantially inform early intervention or preventative strategies and suggest novel targets for therapeutics and personalization of care. Given that the GAYA study will be the biggest genomic study of anxiety disorders in youth in Canada, this project will further foster collaborations nationally and across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laina McAusland
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Christie L Burton
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexa Bagnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Khrista Boylan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Offord Center for Child Studies, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Child and Youth Mental Health Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Hatchard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Youth Wellness Center, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Lingley-Pottie
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Abdullah Al Maruf
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Patrick McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Amanda S Newton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Rowa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S-M Shaheen
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sam Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Paul D Arnold
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Noam Soreni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Offord Center for Child Studies, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Niu X, Utayde MF, Sanders KEG, Denis D, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Age-related positivity effect in emotional memory consolidation from middle age to late adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1342589. [PMID: 38328467 PMCID: PMC10847278 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1342589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While younger adults are more likely to attend to, process, and remember negative relative to positive information, healthy older adults show the opposite pattern. The current study evaluates when, exactly, this positivity shift begins, and how it influences memory performance for positive, negative, and neutral information. Methods A total of 274 healthy early middle-aged (35-47), late middle-aged (48-59), and older adults (>59) viewed scenes consisting of a negative, positive, or a neutral object placed on a plausible neutral background, and rated each scene for its valence and arousal. After 12 h spanning a night of sleep (n = 137) or a day of wakefulness (n = 137), participants completed an unexpected memory test during which they were shown objects and backgrounds separately and indicated whether the scene component was the "same," "similar," or "new" to what they viewed during the study session. Results and conclusions We found that both late middle-aged and older adults rated positive and neutral scenes more positively compared to early middle-aged adults. However, only older adults showed better memory for positive objects relative to negative objects, and a greater positive memory trade-off magnitude (i.e., remembering positive objects at the cost of their associated neutral backgrounds) than negative memory trade-off magnitude (i.e., remembering negative objects at the cost of their associated neutral backgrounds). Our findings suggest that while the positivity bias may not emerge in memory until older adulthood, a shift toward positivity in terms of processing may begin in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Niu
- Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Mia F. Utayde
- Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Kristin E. G. Sanders
- Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Kensinger
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica D. Payne
- Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Wang M, Mou X, Li T, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Tao S, Wan Y, Tao F, Wu X. Association Between Comorbid Anxiety and Depression and Health Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e46289. [PMID: 37405826 DOI: 10.2196/46289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety is very common among children and adolescents. Few studies have examined how comorbid anxiety and depression are associated with health risk behaviors (HRBs) in adolescents, which could inform preventative approaches for mental health. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between HRBs and comorbid anxiety and depression in a large adolescent cohort. METHODS We used data from 22,868 adolescents in the National Youth Cohort (China). Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scale and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, respectively. Comorbidity was determined by the coexistence of anxiety and depression. HRBs including poor diet, smoking, physical inactivity, and poor sleep, as well as the above HRB scores, were added to obtain the total HRB score (HRB risk index). Based on single and total HRB scores, we divided participants into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Potential confounders included gender, presence of siblings, regional economic level, educational status, self-rated health, parental education level, self-reported family income, number of friends, learning burden, and family history of psychosis. Correlation analysis was used to explore associations between single risk behaviors. Binary logistic regression estimated the association between HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity before and after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The comorbidity rate of anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents was 31.6% (7236/22,868). There was a statistically significant association between each HRB (P<.05), and HRBs were positively associated with comorbid anxiety and depression in the above population. For single HRBs, adolescents with poor diet, smoking, and poor sleep (medium-risk) were more prone to anxiety-depression comorbidity after adjusting for confounders compared to low-risk adolescents. However, adolescents with all high-risk HRBs were more likely to have comorbid anxiety and depression after adjusting for confounders (poor diet odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.39-1.62; smoking OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.67-2.81; physical inactivity OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28; poor sleep OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.70-2.01). Moreover, in both unadjusted (medium risk OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.56-2.05; high risk OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.72-3.52) and adjusted (medium risk OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.37-1.80; high risk OR 2.33, 95% CI 2.03-2.68) models, HRB risk index, like clustered HRBs, was positively associated with anxiety-depression comorbidity, and the strength of the association was stronger than for any single HRB. In addition, we found that compared to girls, the association between clustered HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity was stronger in boys after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that HRBs are related to comorbid anxiety and depression. Interventions that decrease HRBs may support mental health development in adolescence, with the potential to improve health and well-being through to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyue Mou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuman Tao
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Zhuang H, Xu W. The reciprocal relationship between depression, social anxiety and aggression in Chinese adolescents: The moderating effects of family functioning. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:379-384. [PMID: 36870452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression, social anxiety, and aggression often co-occur in adolescents. Several theoretical models have been proposed to explain the temporal relationships of these symptoms, with relevant empirical evidence mixed. The role of environmental factors should be taken into consideration. OBJECTIVES To examine the temporal relationship between depression, social anxiety, and aggression in adolescents, and to extend previous work by exploring the moderating effects of family functioning. METHOD A total of 1947 Chinese adolescents completed the survey questionnaires at two time points: family functioning at baseline, and depression, social anxiety, and aggression at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Data was analyzed using a cross-lagged model. RESULTS Bidirectional positive association was found between depression and aggression. However, although social anxiety predicted subsequent depression and aggression, the opposite relationship was not found. Moreover, favorable family functioning alleviated depression and moderated the prediction of social anxiety to depression. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggested that clinicians should pay attention to the underlying depressive symptoms of adolescents with aggressive behaviors, and to the level of aggression of adolescents with depression. Interventions on social anxiety may prevent the transformation of social anxiety to depression and aggression. Adaptive family functioning may act as a protective factor for the comorbid depression in adolescents with social anxiety, which can be targeted by relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Hongjuan Zhuang
- Xiamen Shuangshi Middle School of Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Cheesman R, Ayorech Z, Eilertsen EM, Ystrom E. Why we need families in genomic research on developmental psychopathology. JCPP ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Ziada Ayorech
- PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Espen M. Eilertsen
- PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
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6
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Gigantesco A, Fagnani C, Picardi A, Stazi MA, Medda E. Genetic and environmental contributions to psychopathological symptoms stability and change across the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2022; 314:114678. [PMID: 35749860 PMCID: PMC9187858 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several longitudinal studies investigated changes in mental health related to the pandemic event. However, little research has focused on the mediating role of environmental and genetic factors. The current prospective study aimed to evaluate the genetic and environmental contributions to the stability of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 crisis. A total of 798 adult twins, previously enrolled in the Italian Twin Register, participated in the study and completed on-line questionnaires sent out on June 2020 and December 2020. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the six-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) were administered to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, and pandemic-related subjective distress, respectively. A considerable longitudinal stability was observed for each trait (range: 0.57, STAI-6 - 0.67, PHQ-9). Bivariate Cholesky decomposition indicated that genetic factors explained from 53% (IES-R) to 61% (STAI-6) of between-wave covariance and that genetic overlap between the two waves was almost complete (range: 0.91, STAI-6 - 0.99, PHQ-9). Our findings support the hypothesis, at least over the 6-month period examined, of a genetic stability between waves and of an environmental discontinuity due to changes in life conditions during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gigantesco
- Centre of Reference for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre of Reference for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Angelo Picardi
- Centre of Reference for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Centre of Reference for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Emanuela Medda
- Centre of Reference for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Watson D, Levin-Aspenson HF, Waszczuk MA, Conway CC, Dalgleish T, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hobbs KA, Michelini G, Nelson BD, Sellbom M, Slade T, South SC, Sunderland M, Waldman I, Witthöft M, Wright AGC, Kotov R, Krueger RF. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:26-54. [PMID: 35015357 PMCID: PMC8751579 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co-occurrence, substantial heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic unreliability over time and across clinicians. This paper reviews evidence on the validity and utility of the internalizing and somatoform spectra of HiTOP, which together provide support for an emotional dysfunction superspectrum. These spectra are composed of homogeneous symptom and maladaptive trait dimensions currently subsumed within multiple diagnostic classes, including depressive, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, bipolar, and somatic symptom disorders, as well as sexual dysfunction and aspects of personality disorders. Dimensions falling within the emotional dysfunction superspectrum are broadly linked to individual differences in negative affect/neuroticism. Extensive evidence establishes that dimensions falling within the superspectrum share genetic diatheses, environmental risk factors, cognitive and affective difficulties, neural substrates and biomarkers, childhood temperamental antecedents, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the quantitative structure of the superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to internalizing or somatoform conditions, and others common to both, thereby underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the internalizing and somatoform spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and greater clinical applicability. Validated measures are currently available to implement the HiTOP system in practice, which can make diagnostic classification more useful, both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Holt-Gosselin B, Keller AS, Chesnut M, Ling R, Grisanzio KA, Williams LM. Greater baseline connectivity of the salience and negative affect circuits are associated with natural improvements in anxiety over time in untreated participants. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:366-376. [PMID: 34492429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research examining the natural trajectories of depression and anxiety, how these trajectories relate to baseline neural circuit function, and how symptom trajectory-circuit relationships are impacted by engagement in lifestyle activities including exercise, hobbies, and social interactions. To address these gaps, we assessed these relations over three months in untreated participants. METHODS 262 adults (59.5% female, mean age 35) with symptoms of anxiety and depression, untreated with pharmacotherapy or behavioral therapy, completed the DASS-42, WHOQOL, and custom surveys at baseline and follow-up to assess symptoms, psychosocial function, and lifestyle activity engagement. At baseline, participants underwent fMRI under task-free and task-evoked conditions. We quantified six circuits implicated in these symptoms: default mode, salience, negative and positive affect, attention, and cognitive control. RESULTS From baseline to 3 months, some participants demonstrated a natural improvement in anxiety (24%) and depression (26%) symptoms. Greater baseline salience circuit connectivity (pFDR=0.045), specifically between the left and right insula (pFDR=0.045), and greater negative affect circuit connectivity elicited by sad faces (pFDR=0.030) were associated with anxiety symptom improvement. While engagement in lifestyle activities were not associated with anxiety improvements, engagement in hobbies moderated the association between negative affect circuit connectivity and anxiety symptom improvement (p = 0.048). LIMITATIONS The observational design limits causal inference. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the role of the salience and negative affect circuits as potential circuit markers of natural anxiety symptom improvements over time. Future studies that identify biomarkers associated with symptom improvements are critical for the development of personalized treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Holt-Gosselin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Arielle S Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Neurosciences PhD Program, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States
| | - Megan Chesnut
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ruth Ling
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Katherine A Grisanzio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto VA Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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9
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Ask H, Cheesman R, Jami ES, Levey DF, Purves KL, Weber H. Genetic contributions to anxiety disorders: where we are and where we are heading. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2231-2246. [PMID: 33557968 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. They often onset early in life, with symptoms and consequences that can persist for decades. This makes anxiety disorders some of the most debilitating and costly disorders of our time. Although much is known about the synaptic and circuit mechanisms of fear and anxiety, research on the underlying genetics has lagged behind that of other psychiatric disorders. However, alongside the formation of the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium Anxiety workgroup, progress is rapidly advancing, offering opportunities for future research.Here we review current knowledge about the genetics of anxiety across the lifespan from genetically informative designs (i.e. twin studies and molecular genetics). We include studies of specific anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder) as well as those using dimensional measures of trait anxiety. We particularly address findings from large-scale genome-wide association studies and show how such discoveries may provide opportunities for translation into improved or new therapeutics for affected individuals. Finally, we describe how discoveries in anxiety genetics open the door to numerous new research possibilities, such as the investigation of specific gene-environment interactions and the disentangling of causal associations with related traits and disorders.We discuss how the field of anxiety genetics is expected to move forward. In addition to the obvious need for larger sample sizes in genome-wide studies, we highlight the need for studies among young people, focusing on specific underlying dimensional traits or components of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eshim S Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kirstin L Purves
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Waszczuk MA, Zavos HMS, Eley TC. Why do depression, conduct, and hyperactivity symptoms co-occur across adolescence? The role of stable and dynamic genetic and environmental influences. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1013-1025. [PMID: 32253524 PMCID: PMC8295149 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression, conduct, and hyperactivity symptoms are chronic and frequently co-occur in adolescence. Common genetic and environmental vulnerability to these conditions have previously been demonstrated, however, the manner in which common versus disorder-specific etiological influences operate across development and maintain symptom co-occurrence is unclear. Thus, the current study investigated the role of common genetic and environmental influences in the comorbidity of depression, conduct, and hyperactivity across adolescence. Over 10,000 twins and their parents reported adolescents' symptoms at mean ages 11 and 16 years. Biometric independent pathway models were fitted to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to the continuity of symptom co-occurrence over time, as well as time- and symptom-specific influences. Results found that a common stable genetic factor accounted for the concurrent and longitudinal co-occurrence of depression, conduct, and hyperactivity symptoms. New genetic influences common to these three symptom scales emerged at 16 years, and further contributed to symptom co-occurrence. Conversely, environmental influences largely contributed to the time-specific associations. The findings were generally consistent for self- and parent-reported symptoms. Overall, the results suggest that stable, overlapping genetic influences contribute to the co-occurrence of depression, conduct, and hyperactivity symptoms across adolescence. The results are in line with hierarchical causal models of psychopathology, which posit that much of the developmental co-occurrence between different symptoms is due to common liability. Specifically, current findings indicate that only genetic influences constitute common liability over time. Future studies should identify genetically influenced transdiagnostic risk and maintenance factors to inform prevention and treatment of comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena M. S. Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Box PO80, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
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11
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Al-Amer R, Maneze D, Ramjan L, Villarosa AR, Darwish R, Salamonson Y. Psychometric testing of the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire among adolescent refugees living in Jordan. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2020; 29:685-692. [PMID: 32039547 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Refugee youth living in Arab countries have disproportionately higher rates of depression due to the effects of displacement and trauma which makes screening a priority for early intervention. The Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A) is a reliable and valid scale to assess mental health issues, but its psychometric properties in Arabic refugee populations are unknown. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between March and Mid-April 2018, among Arabic refugee adolescents aged 13-18 years living in the Baqa'a United Nations Relief and Works Agency refugee camp in Jordan, to generate an Arabic-language version of the questionnaire and to test its psychometric properties among adolescent refugees. Five hundred and ninety-one adolescents completed the PHQ-A in Arabic. Using SPSS and AMOS version 25, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed to assess construct validity and instrument reliability. Multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the discriminant validity of the PHQ-A. Although exploratory factor analysis identified the nine items from the original version and explained only 37% of the variance, confirmatory factor analysis supported the one-factor structure of the PHQ-A. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.82 and ranged from 0.79 to 0.81 for each item. The Arabic translated version of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents showed acceptable psychometric properties for use as a screening tool for depression in Arabic adolescent refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmieh Al-Amer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isra University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Della Maneze
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Research Translation (COHORT) Research Group, Centre for Oral Health Outcomes, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucie Ramjan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Research Translation (COHORT) Research Group, Centre for Oral Health Outcomes, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy R Villarosa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Research Translation (COHORT) Research Group, Centre for Oral Health Outcomes, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Yenna Salamonson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Research Translation (COHORT) Research Group, Centre for Oral Health Outcomes, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Hettema JM, Bourdon JL, Sawyers C, Verhulst B, Brotman MA, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Roberson-Nay R. Genetic and environmental risk structure of internalizing psychopathology in youth. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:540-548. [PMID: 32369878 PMCID: PMC7656112 DOI: 10.1002/da.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing disorders (IDs), consisting of syndromes of anxiety and depression, are common, debilitating conditions often beginning early in life. Various trait-like psychological constructs are associated with IDs. Our prior analysis identified a tripartite model of Fear/Anxiety, Dysphoria, and Positive Affect among symptoms of anxiety and depression and the following constructs in youth: anxiety sensitivity, fearfulness, behavioral activation and inhibition, irritability, neuroticism, and extraversion. The current study sought to elucidate their overarching latent genetic and environmental risk structure. METHODS The sample consisted of 768 juvenile twin subjects ages 9-14 assessed for the nine, abovementioned measures. We compared two multivariate twin models of this broad array of phenotypes. RESULTS A hypothesis-driven, common pathway twin model reflecting the tripartite structure of the measures were fit to these data. However, an alternative independent pathway model provided both a better fit and more nuanced insights into their underlying genetic and environmental risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a complex latent genetic and environmental structure to ID phenotypes in youth. This structure, which incorporates both clinical symptoms and various psychological traits, informs future phenotypic approaches for identifying specific genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ID risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Jessica L. Bourdon
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Psychiatry, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chelsea Sawyers
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brad Verhulst
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Melissa A. Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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13
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Waszczuk MA, Eaton NR, Krueger RF, Shackman AJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH, Lahey BB, Patrick CJ, Conway CC, Ormel J, Hyman SE, Fried EI, Forbes MK, Docherty AR, Althoff RR, Bach B, Chmielewski M, DeYoung CG, Forbush KT, Hallquist M, Hopwood CJ, Ivanova MY, Jonas KG, Latzman RD, Markon KE, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Pincus AL, Reininghaus U, South SC, Tackett JL, Watson D, Wright AGC, Kotov R. Redefining phenotypes to advance psychiatric genetics: Implications from hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 129:143-161. [PMID: 31804095 PMCID: PMC6980897 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic discovery in psychiatry and clinical psychology is hindered by suboptimal phenotypic definitions. We argue that the hierarchical, dimensional, and data-driven classification system proposed by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium provides a more effective approach to identifying genes that underlie mental disorders, and to studying psychiatric etiology, than current diagnostic categories. Specifically, genes are expected to operate at different levels of the HiTOP hierarchy, with some highly pleiotropic genes influencing higher order psychopathology (e.g., the general factor), whereas other genes conferring more specific risk for individual spectra (e.g., internalizing), subfactors (e.g., fear disorders), or narrow symptoms (e.g., mood instability). We propose that the HiTOP model aligns well with the current understanding of the higher order genetic structure of psychopathology that has emerged from a large body of family and twin studies. We also discuss the convergence between the HiTOP model and findings from recent molecular studies of psychopathology indicating broad genetic pleiotropy, such as cross-disorder SNP-based shared genetic covariance and polygenic risk scores, and we highlight molecular genetic studies that have successfully redefined phenotypes to enhance precision and statistical power. Finally, we suggest how to integrate a HiTOP approach into future molecular genetic research, including quantitative and hierarchical assessment tools for future data-collection and recommendations concerning phenotypic analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Bach
- Centre of Excellence on Personality Disorder
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14
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Torvik FA, Gustavson K, Ystrom E, Rosenström TH, Gillespie N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Kendler KS. Continuity of genetic and environmental influences on clinically assessed major depression from ages 18 to 45. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2582-2590. [PMID: 30484418 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the stability of genetic risk for depression have relied on self-reported symptoms rather than diagnoses and/or short follow-up time. Our aim is to determine to what degree genetic and environmental influences on clinically assessed major depressive disorder (MDD) are stable between age 18 and 45. METHODS A population-based sample of 11 727 twins (6875 women) born between 1967 and 1991 was followed from 2006 to 2015 in health registry data from primary care that included diagnoses provided by treating physicians. Individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (n = 163) were excluded. We modelled genetic and environmental risk factors for MDD in an accelerated longitudinal design. RESULTS The best-fitting model indicated that genetic influences on MDD were completely stable from ages 18 to 45 and explained 38% of the variance. At each age, the environmental risk of MDD was determined by the risk at the preceding observation, plus new environmental risk, with an environmental correlation of +0.60 over 2 years. The model indicated no effects of shared environment and no environmental effects stable throughout the observational period. All long-term stability was therefore explained by genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS Different processes unfolded in the genetic and environmental risk for MDD. The genetic component is stable from later adolescence to middle adulthood and accounted for nearly all long-term stability. Therefore, molecular genetic studies can use age-heterogenous samples when investigating genetic risk variants of MDD. Environmental risk factors were stable over a short span of years with associations rapidly decreasing and no evidence of permanent environmental scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Gustavson
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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15
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Belmans E, Bastin M, Raes F, Bijttebier P. Temporal associations between social anxiety and depressive symptoms and the role of interpersonal stress in adolescents. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:960-967. [PMID: 31437332 DOI: 10.1002/da.22939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is characterized by an increased vulnerability for internalizing psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. A positive association between anxiety and depression has consistently been found in research. However, the specific direction of this association is less clear. In this study, we investigated the temporal associations between (social) anxiety and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the role of dependent interpersonal stress as a potential mediating factor in these temporal associations was examined. METHODS Data were part of a larger longitudinal study on the emotional development of adolescents, which was initiated in February 2013. The total sample consisted of 2011 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19. Data were analyzed using cross-lagged models. RESULTS Bidirectional positive associations were found between social anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms. However, dependent interpersonal stress was not a mediator in the link between social anxiety and depression. Our results indicate that dependent interpersonal stress seems to be particularly related to depressive symptoms and not to social anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that bidirectional associations between social anxiety and depressive symptoms exist. This implies that clinicians should be specifically vigilant for the development of depressive symptoms in socially anxious adolescents and the development of social anxiety symptoms in depressed adolescents. Our findings further highlight the importance of targeting dependent interpersonal stress in the context of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Belmans
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margot Bastin
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Yiğit F, Çakmak S, Yılmaz M, Uğuz Ş. Çarpıntı ve göğüs ağrısının 18-25 yaş arası bireylerde anksiyete ve depresyon belirti düzeyleri ile ilişkisi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.503218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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17
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Waszczuk MA, Waaktaar T, Eley TC, Torgersen S. Etiological influences on continuity and co-occurrence of eating disorders symptoms across adolescence and emerging adulthood. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:554-563. [PMID: 30729562 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of common and symptom-specific genetic and environmental influences in maintaining eating disorder symptoms across development remains unclear. This study investigates the continuity and change of etiological influences on drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction symptoms and their co-occurrence, across adolescence and emerging adulthood. METHOD In total, 2,629 adolescent twins (mean age = 15.20, SD = 1.95) reported eating disorders symptoms across three waves of data collection. Biometric common pathways model was fitted to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to the continuity of each symptom over time, as well as time- and symptom-specific influences. RESULTS Drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction symptoms showed a pattern of high continuity across development and high correlations with each other, whereas bulimia symptoms were moderately stable and less associated with the other two symptoms. Latent factors reflecting continuity of each symptom were largely under genetic influence (Al = 0.60-0.82). New genetic influences contributing to change in the developmental course of symptoms were observed in emerging adulthood. Genetic influences correlated considerably between the three symptoms. Non-shared environmental influences were largely time-and symptom-specific, but some contributed moderately to the continuity across development (El = 0.18-0.40). The etiological overlap was larger between drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction symptoms than with bulimia symptoms. DISCUSSION The results provide preliminary evidence that stable as well as newly emerging genetic influences contribute to the co-occurrence of drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction symptoms across adolescence and emerging adulthood. Conversely, environmental influences were less stable and contributed to change in symptoms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Trine Waaktaar
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thalia C Eley
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Van Zalk N, Smith R. Internalizing Profiles of Homeless Adults: Investigating Links Between Perceived Ostracism and Need-Threat. Front Psychol 2019; 10:350. [PMID: 30842750 PMCID: PMC6391344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Social ostracism among the homeless is a prevailing problem, yet few studies have focused on whether internalizing psychopathology moderates the links between feeling ostracized and perceiving threats to fundamental human needs. This study used a person-oriented approach to identify commonly occurring profiles of internalizing psychopathology characterized by symptoms of social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression (Low, Medium, and High Internalizers) among homeless participants residing in London, United Kingdom (N = 114; age range = 18–74; Mage = 46; 25% women). Data on perceived ostracism (feeling ignored and daily discrimination) and need-threat (belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and feelings of control) was also collected. Controlling for the effects of age, living arrangement, gender, and time being homeless, feeling ignored was a significant predictor of need-threat, whereas daily discrimination was not. One significant interaction on the links between daily discrimination and need-threat emerged between Low and Medium Internalizers. For Medium Internalizers, high levels of daily discrimination were associated with high levels of need-threat. The effect was similar for High Internalizers and the opposite for Low Internalizers, though it was not significant within those groups. Taken together, these results indicate that differences in patterns of internalizing psychopathology should be taken into account when attempting to make homeless individuals feel more included in their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejra Van Zalk
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Thomson KC, Richardson CG, Gadermann AM, Emerson SD, Shoveller J, Guhn M. Association of Childhood Social-Emotional Functioning Profiles at School Entry With Early-Onset Mental Health Conditions. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e186694. [PMID: 30646194 PMCID: PMC6324314 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE More than 50% of lifetime mental health disorders develop by early adolescence, and yet it is not well understood how early childhood social-emotional functioning varies in populations or how differences in functioning may be associated with emerging mental health conditions. OBJECTIVES To identify profiles of social-emotional functioning at kindergarten school entry (age 5 years) and to examine to what extent profiles are related to early-onset mental health conditions (ages 6-14 years). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study followed up a population cohort of 34 552 children in British Columbia, Canada, from birth (born 1996-1998) to age 14 years (last follow-up, December 31, 2011). Data were analyzed from the Developmental Trajectories cohort that links British Columbia child development data from the Early Development Instrument (EDI) to British Columbia Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education records. Data were analyzed between May and September 2017. EXPOSURES Early childhood social-emotional functioning (defined as social competence, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms) rated by the children's kindergarten teachers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Occurrences of physician-assessed mental health conditions throughout childhood and early adolescence, including depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), calculated from billing codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision recorded in provincial health insurance data. RESULTS Data from 34 323 children (mean [SD] age, 5.7 [0.3] years; 17 538 [51.1%] were boys) were analyzed at kindergarten and followed up to age 14 years (15 204 completed follow-up). Latent profile analysis identified 6 unique social-emotional functioning profiles at school entry, with 41.6% of children (n = 14 262) exhibiting comparative vulnerabilities in internalizing or externalizing behaviors. Prevalence of mental health conditions from ages 6 to 14 years was 4.0% for depression, 7.0% for anxiety, 5.5% for conduct disorder, 7.1% for ADHD, and 5.4% for multiple conditions. Zero-inflated Poisson analyses showed an association between social-emotional functioning profiles at kindergarten school entry and physician-assessed mental health conditions by age 14 years (range of adjusted odds ratios: depression, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.76-1.60] to 2.93 [95% CI, 1.93-4.44]; anxiety, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.74-1.36] to 1.73 [95% CI, 1.11-2.70]; conduct disorder, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.41-3.34] to 6.91 [95% CI, 4.90-9.74]; ADHD, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.11-1.93] to 8.72 [95% CI, 6.46-11.78]; and multiple conditions, 1.20 [95% CI, 0.88-1.63] to 6.81 [95% CI, 4.91-9.44]). Children with higher teacher ratings of aggression and hyperactivity had more frequent consultations for conduct disorder, ADHD, and multiple conditions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study's findings suggest that more than 40% of children enter the school system with relative vulnerabilities in social-emotional functioning that are associated with early-onset mental health conditions. The results raise important questions for using population-level early childhood development monitoring in the context of universal and proactive mental health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. Thomson
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris G. Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne M. Gadermann
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott D. Emerson
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean Shoveller
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cheesman R, Purves KL, Pingault JB, Breen G, Rijsdij K F, Plomin R, Eley TC. Extracting stability increases the SNP heritability of emotional problems in young people. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:223. [PMID: 30333497 PMCID: PMC6193004 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Twin studies have shown that emotional problems (anxiety and depression) in childhood and adolescence are moderately heritable (~20-50%). In contrast, DNA-based 'SNP heritability' estimates are generally <15% and non-significant. One notable feature of emotional problems is that they can be somewhat transient, but the moderate stability seen across time and across raters is predominantly influenced by stable genetic influences. This suggests that by capturing what is in common across time and across raters, we might be more likely to tap into any underlying genetic vulnerability. We therefore hypothesised that a phenotype capturing the pervasive stability of emotional problems would show higher heritability. We fitted single-factor latent trait models using 12 emotional problems measures across ages 7, 12 and 16, rated by parents, teachers and children themselves in the Twins Early Development Study sample. Twin and SNP heritability estimates for stable emotional problems (N = 6110 pairs and 6110 unrelated individuals, respectively) were compared to those for individual measures. Twin heritability increased from 45% on average for individual measures to 76% (se = 0.023) by focusing on stable trait variance. SNP heritability rose from 5% on average (n.s.) to 14% (se = 0.049; p = 0.002). Heritability was also higher for stable within-rater composites. Polygenic scores for both adult anxiety and depression significantly explained variance in stable emotional problems (0.4%; p = 0.0001). The variance explained was more than in most individual measures. Stable emotional problems also showed significant genetic correlation with adult depression and anxiety (average = 52%). These results demonstrate the value of examining stable emotional problems in gene-finding and prediction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cheesman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Kirstin L Purves
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health; South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fruhling Rijsdij K
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Cent re, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health; South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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21
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Patterson MW, Mann FD, Grotzinger AD, Tackett JL, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology across age and pubertal development. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1928-1939. [PMID: 30234342 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of anxiety and depression are commonly comorbid and partially share a genetic etiology. Mean levels of anxiety and depression increase over the transition to adolescence, particularly in girls, suggesting a possible role of pubertal development in the activation of underlying genetic risks. The current study examined how genetic and environmental influences on anxiety and depression differed by chronological age and pubertal status. We analyzed composite scores from child self-reports and parent informant-reports of internalizing symptomology in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of 1,913 individual twins from 1,006 pairs (ages 8-20 years) from the Texas Twin Project. Biometric models tested age and pubertal status as moderators of genetic and environmental influences shared between and specific to anxiety and depression to determine whether etiology of internalizing symptomology differs across development as a function of age or puberty. Genetic influences did not increase as a function of age or puberty, but instead shared environmental effects decreased with age. In an exploratory model that considered the moderators simultaneously, developmental differences in etiology were reflected in genetic and environmental effects unique to depression. Results suggest that genetic variance in internalizing problems is relatively constant during adolescence, with environmental influences more varied across development. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank D Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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22
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Montoya-Castilla I, Postigo S, Prado-Gascó V, Pérez-Marín M. Relationships between affective states and childhood internalizing disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:591-598. [PMID: 30029753 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Internalizing disorders are mainly defined as psychosomatic, anxiety and depression problems. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between dairy affective states and internalizing disorders in early adolescence (10-12 years old), considering the influence of sex. The participants of the study were 367 children aged between 10 and 12 (190 girls and 177 boys). The results showed that fear was the best predictor for all internalizing disorders, and the only common predictor for all of them. The prediction of boys' internalizing disorders was based only in fear, whereas the prediction for girls involved more variables besides fear. An early detection/regulation of these affective states (particularly fear) may be useful for the prevention and treatment of child internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla
- Personality, Assesment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Spain.
| | - Silvia Postigo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Prado-Gascó
- Social Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Marian Pérez-Marín
- Personality, Assesment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Spain
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23
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Murdock KW, Pittman LD, Fagundes CP. Maternal and Paternal Predictors of Child Depressive Symptoms: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Framework. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2018; 27:559-568. [PMID: 29755248 PMCID: PMC5945219 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Family members are theorized to influence each other via transactional or systems related processes; however, the literature is limited given its focus on mother-child relationships and the utilization of statistical approaches that do not model interdependence within family members. The current study evaluated associations between self-reported parental affect, parenting behavior, and child depressive symptoms among 103 mother-father-child triads. Children ranged in age from 8 to 12 years. Higher maternal negative affect was associated with greater maternal and paternal harsh/negative parenting behavior. While maternal negative affect was directly associated with child depressive symptoms, paternal negative affect was indirectly associated with child depressive symptoms via paternal harsh/negative behavior. In a separate model, maternal positive affect was indirectly associated with child depressive symptoms via maternal supportive/positive behavior. These results highlight the importance of simultaneously modeling maternal and paternal characteristics as predictors of child depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Murdock
- Department of Psychology, Rice University
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University
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24
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McConkie-Rosell A, Hooper SR, Pena LDM, Schoch K, Spillmann RC, Jiang YH, Cope H, Palmer C, Shashi V. Psychosocial Profiles of Parents of Children with Undiagnosed Diseases: Managing Well or Just Managing? J Genet Couns 2018; 27:935-946. [PMID: 29297108 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the psychosocial profiles of parents who have a child with an undiagnosed chronic illness. The National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) evaluates individuals with intractable medical findings, with the objective of discovering the underlying diagnosis. We report on the psychosocial profiles of 50 parents whose children were accepted to one of the network's clinical sites. Parents completed questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression, coping self-efficacy, and health care empowerment at the beginning of their child's UDN clinical evaluation. Parents of undiagnosed children had high rates of anxiety and depression (~ 40%), which were significantly inversely correlated with coping self-efficacy, but not with health care empowerment. Coping self-efficacy, depressive, and anxiety symptoms were better in parents with older children and with longer duration of illness. Gender differences were identified, with mothers reporting greater health care engagement than fathers. Overall, our findings suggest that parents of children with undiagnosed diseases maintain positive coping self-efficacy and remain actively engaged in health care and to a lesser degree tolerance for uncertainty, but these come with a high emotional cost to the parents. As the parents' psychological needs may not be obvious, these should be ascertained and the requisite support provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn McConkie-Rosell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Loren D M Pena
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Cope
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Christina Palmer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Human Genetics, and Institute for Society and Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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25
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Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Røysamb E, Czajkowski N, Gillespie N, Knudsen GP, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:812-822. [PMID: 28541064 PMCID: PMC5546937 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are often comorbid. It is not understood how genetic risk factors for these disorders relate to each other over time and to what degree they are stable. Age-dependent characteristics of the disorders indicate that different genetic factors could be relevant at different stages of life, and MDD may become increasingly correlated with AUD over time. DSM-IV diagnoses of AUD and MDD were assessed by interviews of 2,801 young adult twins between 1999 and 2004 (T1) and 2,284 of the same twins between 2010 and 2011 (T2). Stability, change, and covariation were investigated in longitudinal biometric models. New genetic factors explained 56.4% of the genetic variance in AUD at T2. For MDD, there was full overlap between genetic influences at T1 and T2. Genetic risk factors for MDD were related to AUD, but their association with AUD did not increase over time. Thus, genetic risk factors for AUD, but not MDD, vary with age, suggesting that AUD has age-dependent heritable etiologies. Molecular genetic studies of AUD may therefore benefit from stratifying by age. The new genetic factors in AUD were not related to MDD. Environmental influences on the 2 disorders were correlated in middle, but not in young adulthood. The environmental components for AUD correlated over time (r = .27), but not for MDD. Environmental influences on AUD can have long-lasting effects, and the effects of preventive efforts may be enduring. Environment influences seem to be largely transient. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kristian Tambs
- Department of Aging and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth Universit
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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26
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Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:987-1012. [PMID: 27739389 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, for categorically defined psychiatric disorders, and this is also the case for internalizing disorders of depression and anxiety. This theoretical review paper addresses the ubiquity of comorbidity among internalizing disorders. Our central thesis is that progress in understanding this co-occurrence can be made by employing latent dimensional structural models that organize psychopathology as well as vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms and by connecting the multiple levels of risk and psychopathology outcomes together. Different vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms are hypothesized to predict different levels of the structural model of psychopathology. We review the present state of knowledge based on concurrent and developmental sequential comorbidity patterns among common discrete psychiatric disorders in youth, and then we advocate for the use of more recent bifactor dimensional models of psychopathology (e.g., p factor; Caspi et al., 2014) that can help to explain the co-occurrence among internalizing symptoms. In support of this relatively novel conceptual perspective, we review six exemplar vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms, including executive function, information processing biases, cognitive vulnerabilities, positive and negative affectivity aspects of temperament, and autonomic dysregulation, along with the developmental occurrence of stressors in different domains, to show how these vulnerabilities can predict the general latent psychopathology factor, a unique latent internalizing dimension, as well as specific symptom syndrome manifestations.
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27
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Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Genetic and environmental influences on last-year major depression in adulthood: a highly heritable stable liability but strong environmental effects on 1-year prevalence. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1816-1824. [PMID: 28196550 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study seeks to clarify the contribution of temporally stable and occasion-specific genetic and environmental influences on risk for major depression (MD). METHOD Our sample was 2153 members of female-female twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Registry. We examined four personal interview waves conducted over an 8-year period with MD in the last year defined by DSM-IV criteria. We fitted a structural equation model to the data using classic Mx. The model included genetic and environmental risk factors for a latent, stable vulnerability to MD and for episodes in each of the four waves. RESULTS The best-fit model was simple and included genetic and unique environmental influences on the latent liability to MD and unique wave-specific environmental effects. The path from latent liability to MD in the last year was constant over time, moderate in magnitude (+0.65) and weaker than the impact of occasion-specific environmental effects (+0.76). Heritability of the latent stable liability to MD was much higher (78%) than that estimated for last-year MD (32%). Of the total unique environmental influences on MD, 13% reflected enduring consequences of earlier environmental insults, 17% diagnostic error and 70% wave-specific short-lived environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS Both genetic influences on MD and MD heritability are stable over middle adulthood. However, the largest influence on last-year MD is short-lived environmental effects. As predicted by genetic theory, the heritability of MD is increased substantially by measurement at multiple time points largely through the reduction of the effects of measurement error and short-term environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine,Richmond, VA,USA
| | - C O Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine,Richmond, VA,USA
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28
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Lau JYF, Waters AM. Annual Research Review: An expanded account of information-processing mechanisms in risk for child and adolescent anxiety and depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:387-407. [PMID: 27966780 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression occurring during childhood and adolescence are common and costly. While early-emerging anxiety and depression can arise through a complex interplay of 'distal' factors such as genetic and environmental influences, temperamental characteristics and brain circuitry, the more proximal mechanisms that transfer risks on symptoms are poorly delineated. Information-processing biases, which differentiate youth with and without anxiety and/or depression, could act as proximal mechanisms that mediate more distal risks on symptoms. This article reviews the literature on information-processing biases, their associations with anxiety and depression symptoms in youth and with other distal risk factors, to provide direction for further research. METHODS Based on strategic searches of the literature, we consider how youth with and without anxiety and/or depression vary in how they deploy attention to social-affective stimuli, discriminate between threat and safety cues, retain memories of negative events and appraise ambiguous information. We discuss how these information-processing biases are similarly or differentially expressed on anxiety and depression and whether these biases are linked to genetic and environmental factors, temperamental characteristics and patterns of brain circuitry functioning implicated in anxiety and depression. FINDINGS Biases in attention and appraisal characterise both youth anxiety and depression but with some differences in how these are expressed for each symptom type. Difficulties in threat-safety cue discrimination characterise anxiety and are understudied in depression, while biases in the retrieval of negative and overgeneral memories have been observed in depression but are understudied in anxiety. Information-processing biases have been studied in relation to some distal factors but not systematically, so relationships remain inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Biases in attention, threat-safety cue discrimination, memory and appraisal may characterise anxiety and/or depression risk. We discuss future research directions that can more systematically test whether these biases act as proximal mechanisms that mediate other distal risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y F Lau
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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29
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Lahey BB, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH. A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:142-186. [PMID: 28004947 PMCID: PMC5269437 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose a taxonomy of psychopathology based on patterns of shared causal influences identified in a review of multivariate behavior genetic studies that distinguish genetic and environmental influences that are either common to multiple dimensions of psychopathology or unique to each dimension. At the phenotypic level, first-order dimensions are defined by correlations among symptoms; correlations among first-order dimensions similarly define higher-order domains (e.g., internalizing or externalizing psychopathology). We hypothesize that the robust phenotypic correlations among first-order dimensions reflect a hierarchy of increasingly specific etiologic influences. Some nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk for all first-order dimensions of psychopathology to varying degrees through a general factor of psychopathology. Other nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk only for all first-order dimensions within a more specific higher-order domain. Furthermore, each first-order dimension has its own unique causal influences. Genetic and environmental influences common to family members tend to be nonspecific, whereas environmental influences unique to each individual are more dimension-specific. We posit that these causal influences on psychopathology are moderated by sex and developmental processes. This causal taxonomy also provides a novel framework for understanding the heterogeneity of each first-order dimension: Different persons exhibiting similar symptoms may be influenced by different combinations of etiologic influences from each of the 3 levels of the etiologic hierarchy. Furthermore, we relate the proposed causal taxonomy to transdimensional psychobiological processes, which also impact the heterogeneity of each psychopathology dimension. This causal taxonomy implies the need for changes in strategies for studying the etiology, psychobiology, prevention, and treatment of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J Rathouz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
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30
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The direction of the relationship between symptoms of insomnia and psychiatric disorders in adolescents. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:167-174. [PMID: 27723540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the direction of the relationship between symptoms of insomnia disorder, depression, various anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in adolescents after controlling for age, gender, chronotype, and outcome variable at baseline. METHODS Data was collected in eight high schools in Adelaide, South Australia, at two time-points approximately 6 months apart. The study was completed by 318 and 255 high school students at baseline and follow-up, respectively, aged 12-18 (M=14.96, SD=1.34) in grades 7-11 at baseline. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess each relationship, the first model controlling for age, gender and chronotype, and the second controlling for outcome variable at baseline. RESULTS Insomnia symptoms predicted and were predicted by symptoms of each psychiatric disorder in model 1. In model 2, insomnia symptoms predicted symptoms of depression, and vice-versa. Symptoms of insomnia also predicted symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) once SAD, but not vice-versa, in model 2. Symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobia (SP) predicted symptoms of insomnia disorder in model 2, but not vice-versa. Insomnia symptoms were no longer related to symptoms of other anxiety disorders in model 2. LIMITATIONS The use of self-report measures, and potential predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating or preventative factors were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of insomnia disorder are bidirectionally related to depressive symptoms independent from baseline symptoms, and unidirectionally related to symptoms of OCD and SP where OCD and SP are independent risk-factors of the development of insomnia symptoms.
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31
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Gregory AM, Rijsdijk FV, Eley TC, Buysse DJ, Schneider MN, Parsons M, Barclay NL. A Longitudinal Twin and Sibling Study of Associations between Insomnia and Depression Symptoms in Young Adults. Sleep 2016; 39:1985-1992. [PMID: 27634812 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To estimate genetic and environmental influences on the associations between insomnia and depression symptoms concurrently and longitudinally. METHODS Behavioral genetic analyses were conducted on data from the British longitudinal G1219 twin/sibling study. One thousand five hundred fiftysix twins and siblings participated at Time 1 (mean age = 20.3 years, SD = 1.76). Eight hundred sixty-two participated at Time 2 (mean age = 25.2 years, SD = 1.73 years). Participants completed the Insomnia Symptoms Questionnaire and the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire to assess symptoms of insomnia and depression respectively. RESULTS Genetic effects accounted for 33% to 41% of the variance of the phenotypes. The phenotypic correlations were moderate (r = 0.34 to r = 0.52). The genetic correlations between the variables were high (0.73-1.00). Genetic effects accounted for a substantial proportion of the associations between variables (50% to 90%). Non-shared environmental effects explained the rest of the variance and covariance of the traits. CONCLUSIONS While genetic effects play a modest role in insomnia and depression symptoms separately, they appear to play a more central role in concurrent and longitudinal associations between these phenotypes. This should be acknowledged in theories explaining these common associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Fruhling V Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | - Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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32
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Waszczuk MA, Coulson AE, Gregory AM, Eley TC. A longitudinal twin and sibling study of the hopelessness theory of depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1935-1949. [PMID: 27019371 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptive cognitive biases such as negative attributional style and hopelessness have been implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. According to the hopelessness theory of depression, hopelessness mediates the association between attributional style and depression. The aetiological processes underpinning this influential theory remain unknown. The current study investigated genetic and environmental influences on hopelessness and its concurrent and longitudinal associations with attributional style and depression across adolescence and emerging adulthood. Furthermore, given high co-morbidity between depression and anxiety, the study investigated whether these maladaptive cognitions constitute transdiagnostic cognitive content common to both internalizing symptoms. METHOD A total of 2619 twins/siblings reported attributional style (mean age 15 and 17 years), hopelessness (mean age 17 years), and depression and anxiety symptoms (mean age 17 and 20 years). RESULTS Partial correlations revealed that attributional style and hopelessness were uniquely associated with depression but not anxiety symptoms. Hopelessness partially mediated the relationship between attributional style and depression. Hopelessness was moderately heritable (A = 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.47), with remaining variance accounted for by non-shared environmental influences. Independent pathway models indicated that a set of common genetic influences largely accounted for the association between attributional style, hopelessness and depression symptoms, both concurrently and across development. CONCLUSIONS The results provide novel evidence that associations between attributional style, hopelessness and depression symptoms are largely due to shared genetic liability, suggesting developmentally stable biological pathways underpinning the hopelessness theory of depression. Both attributional style and hopelessness constituted unique cognitive content in depression. The results inform molecular genetics research and cognitive treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Waszczuk
- King's College London,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - A E Coulson
- King's College London,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - A M Gregory
- Department of Psychology,Goldsmiths,University of London,London,UK
| | - T C Eley
- King's College London,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London,UK
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33
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Zheng Y, Rijsdijk F, Pingault JB, McMahon RJ, Unger JB. Developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on Chinese child and adolescent anxiety and depression. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1829-1838. [PMID: 27019009 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twin and family studies using Western samples have established that child and adolescent anxiety and depression are under substantial genetic, modest shared environmental, and substantial non-shared environmental influences. Generalizability of these findings to non-Western societies remains largely unknown, particularly regarding the changes of genetic and environmental influences with age. The current study examined changes in genetic and environmental influences on self-reported anxiety and depression from late childhood to mid-adolescence among a Chinese twin sample. Sex differences were also examined. METHOD Self-reported anxiety and depression were collected from 712 10- to 12-year-old Chinese twins (mean = 10.88 years, 49% males) and again 3 years later. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to examine developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on anxiety and depression, and sex differences. RESULTS Heritability of anxiety and depression in late childhood (23 and 20%) decreased to negligible in mid-adolescence, while shared environmental influences increased (20 and 27% to 57 and 60%). Shared environmental factors explained most of the continuity of anxiety and depression (75 and 77%). Non-shared environmental factors were largely time-specific. No sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Shared environmental influences might be more pronounced during the transition period of adolescence in non-Western societies such as China. Future research should examine similarities and differences in the genetic and environmental etiologies of child and adolescent internalizing and other psychopathology in development between Western and non-Western societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Psychology,Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,BC,Canada
| | - F Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,De Crespigny Park,London,UK
| | - J-B Pingault
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,De Crespigny Park,London,UK
| | - R J McMahon
- Department of Psychology,Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,BC,Canada
| | - J B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA,USA
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34
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Hannigan LJ, Walaker N, Waszczuk MA, McAdams TA, Eley TC. Aetiological influences on stability and change in emotional and behavioural problems across development: a systematic review. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 4:52-108. [PMID: 28337341 PMCID: PMC5360234 DOI: 10.5127/pr.038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional and behavioural problems in childhood and adolescence can be chronic and are predictive of future psychiatric problems. Understanding what factors drive the development and maintenance of these problems is therefore crucial. Longitudinal behavioural genetic studies using twin, sibling or adoption data can be used to explore the developmental aetiology of stability and change in childhood and adolescent psychopathology. We present a systematic review of longitudinal, behavioural genetic analyses of emotional and behavioural problems between ages 0 to 18 years. We identified 58 studies, of which 19 examined emotional problems, 30 examined behavioural problems, and 9 examined both. In the majority of studies, stability in emotional and behavioural problems was primarily genetically influenced. Stable environmental factors were also widely found, although these typically played a smaller role. Both genetic and environmental factors were involved in change across development. We discuss the findings in the context of the wider developmental literature and make recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hannigan
- King's College London, Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London
| | - N Walaker
- King's College London, Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London
| | - M A Waszczuk
- King's College London, Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London
| | - T A McAdams
- King's College London, Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London
| | - T C Eley
- King's College London, Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London
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