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Yu C, Liu J, Sakurai R, Wang Y, Afrose L, Gour A, Sharma A, Chandan G, Rehan VK. Perinatal nicotine vaping exposure induces pro-myofibroblastic phenotype in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 129:108673. [PMID: 39059775 PMCID: PMC11377149 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure via tobacco smoking results in increased proclivity to chronic lung disease (CLD); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We previously demonstrated that in addition to nicotine's direct effects on the developing lung, there are also adverse molecular alterations in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are vital to lung injury repair. Whether perinatal nicotine exposure via electronic-cigarette (e-cig) vaping also adversely affects BMSCs is unknown. This is highly relevant due to marked increase in e-cig vaping including by pregnant women. Hypothesizing that perinatal nicotine exposure via e-cig vaping predisposes BMSCs to a pro-myofibroblastic phenotype, pregnant rat dams were exposed to fresh air (control), vehicle (e-cig without nicotine), or e-cig (e-cig with nicotine) daily during pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal day 21, offspring BMSCs were isolated and studied for cell proliferation, migration, wound healing response, and expression of key Wnt and PPARγ signaling intermediates (β-catenin, LEF-1, PPARγ, ADRP and C/EBPα) and myogenic markers (fibronectin, αSMA, calponin) proteins using immunoblotting. Compared to controls, perinatal e-cig exposure resulted in significant decrease in BMSC proliferation, migration, and wound healing response. The expression of key Wnt signaling intermediates (β-catenin, LEF-1) and myogenic markers (fibronectin, αSMA, calponin) increased significantly, while PPARγ signaling intermediates (PPARγ, ADRP, and C/EBPα) decreased significantly. Based on these data, we conclude that perinatally e-cig exposed BMSCs demonstrate pro-myofibroblastic phenotype and impaired injury-repair potential, indicating a potentially similar susceptibility to CLD following perinatal nicotine exposure via vaping as seen following parenteral perinatal nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Leela Afrose
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Abhishek Gour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gourav Chandan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Virender K Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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2
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Alyaseen HA, Aldhaher ZA. The Effect of New Trend Electronic Cigarettes on Dental Caries in Relation to Glucosyltransferase B and Secretory Immunoglobulin A (A Case-control Study). Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:2865-2871. [PMID: 39069604 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (vapes) are actively used, and their use is growing globally, especially among young people. Its spread is rapid due to the presence of unproven rumors that it is used to treat smoking addiction as it aids in smoking cessation. However, E.C has a negative impact on dental health by affecting the oral microbiome and salivary components. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of electronic cigarettes on dental caries in relation to glucosyltransferase B and secretory immunoglobulin in the saliva of electronic cigarette users. Ninety active males were divided into two groups: 45 electronic-cigarette smokers in addition to 45 non-electronic-cigarette smokers as a control group. An oral examination was performed on the studied groups, and decayed missing filling tooth surfaces (DMFS) were documented. Additionally, unstimulated saliva was collected to evaluate salivary glucosyltransferase B and secretory immunoglobulin A by using a sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained outcomes showed that decayed, missing, and filled Surfaces values(DMFS), salivary glucosyltransferase B, and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A were greater in the study group than in control group. Additionally, a correlation between glucosyltransferase B, secretory immunoglobulin A, and DMFS was positive and significant. It was concluded that e-cigarettes may have an effect on saliva components and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen A Alyaseen
- Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Zainab A Aldhaher
- Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Omaiye E, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Talbot P. Ultrasonic Cigarettes: Chemicals and Cytotoxicity are Similar to Heated-Coil Pod-Style Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1329-1343. [PMID: 39051826 PMCID: PMC11337213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that ultrasonic cigarettes (u-cigarettes), which operate at relatively low temperatures, produce aerosols that are less harmful than heated-coil pod-style electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). The major chemicals in SURGE u-cigarette fluids and aerosols were quantified, their cytotoxicity and cellular effects were assessed, and a Margin of Exposure risk assessment was performed on chemicals in SURGE fluids. Four SURGE u-cigarette flavor variants ("Blueberry Ice," "Watermelon Ice," "Green Mint," and "Polar Mint") were evaluated. Flavor chemicals were quantified in fluids and aerosols using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and cell dynamics were assessed using the MTT assay, live-cell imaging, and fluorescence microscopy. WS-23 (a coolant) and total flavor chemical concentrations in SURGE were similar to e-cigarettes, while SURGE nicotine concentrations (13-19 mg/mL) were lower than many fourth generation e-cigarettes. Transfer efficiencies of dominant chemicals to aerosols in SURGE ranged from 44-100%. SURGE fluids and aerosols had four dominant flavor chemicals (>1 mg/mL). Toxic aldehydes were usually higher in SURGE aerosols than in SURGE fluids. SURGE fluids and aerosols had aldehyde concentrations significantly higher than pod-style e-cigarettes. Chemical constituents, solvent ratios, and aldehydes varied among SURGE flavor variants. SURGE fluids and aerosols inhibited cell growth and mitochondrial reductases, produced attenuated and round cells, and depolymerized actin filaments, effects that depended on pod flavor, chemical constituents, and concentration. The MOEs for nicotine, WS-23, and propylene glycol were <100 based on consumption of 1-2 SURGE u-cigarettes/day. Replacing the heating coil with a sonicator did not eliminate chemicals, including aldehydes, in aerosols or diminish toxicity in comparisons between SURGE and other e-cigarette pod products. The high concentrations of nicotine, WS-23, flavor chemicals, and aldehydes and the cytotoxicity of SURGE aerosols do not support the hypothesis that aerosols from u-cigarettes are less harmful than those from e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther
E. Omaiye
- Department
of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology. University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department
of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology. University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Heywood J, Abele G, Langenbach B, Litvin S, Smallets S, Paustenbach D. Composition of e-cigarette aerosols: A review and risk assessment of selected compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39147402 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The potential harms and benefits of e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have received significant attention from public health and regulatory communities. Such products may provide a reduced risk means of nicotine delivery for combustible cigarette smokers while being inappropriately appealing to nicotine naive youth. Numerous authors have examined the chemical complexity of aerosols from various open- and closed-system ENDS. This body of literature is reviewed here, with the risks of ENDS aerosol exposure among users evaluated with a margin of exposure (MoE) approach for two non-carcinogens (methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde) and a cancer risk analysis for the carcinogen N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). We identified 96 relevant papers, including 17, 13, and 5 reporting data for methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde, and NNN, respectively. Using low-end (minimum aerosol concentration, low ENDS use) and high-end (maximum aerosol concentration, high ENDS use) assumptions, estimated doses for methylglyoxal (1.78 × 10-3-135 μg/kg-bw/day) and butyraldehyde (1.9 × 10-4-66.54 μg/kg-bw/day) corresponded to MoEs of 227-17,200,000 and 271-280,000,000, respectively, using identified points of departure (PoDs). Doses of 9.90 × 10-6-1.99 × 10-4 μg/kg-bw/day NNN corresponded to 1.4-28 surplus cancers per 100,000 ENDS users, relative to a NNN-attributable surplus of 7440 per 100,000 cigarette smokers. It was concluded that methylglyoxal and butyraldehyde in ENDS aerosols, while not innocuous, did not present a significant risk of irritant effects among ENDS users. The carcinogenic risks of NNN in ENDS aerosols were reduced, but not eliminated, relative to concentrations reported in combustible cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Insight Exposure & Risk Sciences Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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5
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Ma T, Lee A, Eng B, Patel V, Michel SLJ, Kane MA, Dalby R, Schneider A. Aerosolized e-liquid base constituents induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in oral keratinocytes. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 39121459 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adults in the United States continues to rise. Particularly concerning is the impact of e-cigarette aerosol inhalation on the oral mucosa. Aerosols are derived from a heated e-liquid base of propylene glycol/glycerin (PG/G) often mixed with nicotine and chemical flavors. Of note, harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs), including metals and volatile organic compounds, have been detected in e-cigarette aerosols. It remains unknown, however, whether aerosols exclusively derived from e-liquid PG/G are detrimental to oral keratinocytes. The present study analyzed toxicological outcomes in normal oral keratinocytes exposed to model nicotine-free, unflavored PG/G e-liquid aerosols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability/cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunoblotting assays were conducted in NOKSI, a gingiva-derived oral keratinocyte cell line, following exposure to model e-liquid aerosols or non-aerosolized controls. The HPHC acrolein, reported to form DNA adducts in the buccal mucosa from e-cigarette users, was also used in similar assays. RESULTS PG/G e-liquid aerosol extracts significantly enhanced cytotoxic and DNA damaging responses in NOKSI cells when compared to non-aerosolized e-liquid treatment. Acrolein treatment led to similar results. CONCLUSIONS The aerosolization process of PG/G e-liquid is a critical determinant of marked cytotoxic and genotoxic stimuli in oral keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Eng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Dalby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abraham Schneider
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Reali L, Onorati L, Koletzko B, Størdal K, Aparicio Rodrigo M, Magendie C, Hadjipanayis A, Baraldi E, Grossman Z. EAP and ECPCP urge ban on novel nicotine- (NNCPS) and non-nicotine-containing products (NNDS) to youth. Acta Paediatr 2024. [PMID: 39072859 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
AIM We want to verify the correlation between the increasing use of novel nicotine-containing products (NNCPs) and non-nicotine delivery products (NNDPs) among young individuals and the escalating negative health consequences, necessitating their prohibition. METHODS We performed a comprehensive analysis of the most relevant literature about the utilisation of NNCPs and NNDPs among young individuals and their health effects. RESULTS Despite being initially seen as less harmful alternatives, for smokers aiming to quit, these products have become more popular due to misleading marketing claims. Teenagers using NNCPs and NNDPs, despite having no smoking history, are more likely to transition to tobacco smoking. Consistent use can lead to health issues like pulmonary damage, asthma, and cardiovascular and ocular problems. CONCLUSION The EAP and the ECPCP endorse the WHO's appeal to outlaw these hazardous products. They urge European governments to forbid the sale of NNCPs and NNDPs to children and adolescents in order to safeguard their well-being. They also propose specific recommendations (box 4) to support this cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reali
- European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians, Lyon, France
- Primary Care Pediatrician, Italian National Health System (INHS), Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Onorati
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- European Academy of Paediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, LMU University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Medicine, and German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ketil Størdal
- Department of Pediatric Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Children's Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Aparicio Rodrigo
- European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians, Lyon, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Atención Primaria Entrevías, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Magendie
- European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians, Lyon, France
- Primary Care Paediatrician, Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- European Academy of Paediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
- Medical School, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Paediatrics, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Zachi Grossman
- European Academy of Paediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University Pediatrics, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics, Maccabi Health Care Services Pediatrics, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Wang P, Williams RJ, Chen W, Wang F, Shamout M, Tanz LJ, Herzig CT, Oakley LP, Peak CM, Heinzerling A, Al-Shawaf M, Melstrom P, Marynak K, Tynan MA, Agaku IT, Kumagai K. Chemical Composition of Electronic Vaping Products From School Grounds in California. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:991-998. [PMID: 38407960 PMCID: PMC11262994 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of electronic vaping products (EVPs) containing nicotine, marijuana, and/or other substances remains prominent among youth; with EVPs containing nicotine being the most commonly used tobacco product among youth since 2014. However, a detailed understanding of the chemical composition of these products is limited. AIMS AND METHODS From February 25th to March 15th, 2019, a total of 576 EVPs, including 233 e-cigarette devices (with 43 disposable vape pens) and 343 e-liquid cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids, were found or confiscated from a convenience sample of 16 public high schools in California. Liquids inside 251 vape pens and cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For comparison, new JUUL pods, the most commonly used e-cigarette among youth during 2018-2019, with different flavorings and nicotine content were purchased and analyzed. RESULTS For e-cigarette cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids, nicotine was detected in 204 of 208 (98.1%) samples. Propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin were dominant solvents in nicotine-containing EVPs. Among 43 disposable vape pen devices, cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) were identified in 39 of 43 (90.1%) samples, of which three contained both nicotine and THC. Differences in chemical compositions were observed between confiscated or collected JUULs and purchased JUULs. Measured nicotine was inconsistent with labels on some confiscated or collected bottled e-liquids. CONCLUSIONS EVPs from 16 participating schools were found to widely contain substances with known adverse health effects among youth, including nicotine and cannabinoids. There was inconsistency between labeled and measured nicotine on the products from schools. IMPLICATIONS This study measured the main chemical compositions of EVPs found at 16 California public high schools. Continued efforts are warranted, including at the school-level, to educate, prevent, and reduce youth use of EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Williams
- California Tobacco Prevention Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Wang
- Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Mays Shamout
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren J. Tanz
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn T.A. Herzig
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa P. Oakley
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey M. Peak
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Heinzerling
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Maeh Al-Shawaf
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Melstrom
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristy Marynak
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A. Tynan
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Israel T. Agaku
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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8
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Reilly S, Cheng T, Feng C, Walters MJ. Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1155-1170. [PMID: 38924487 PMCID: PMC11256903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In 2012, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) published an established list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) targeting four tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, smokeless tobacco). In 2016, the FDA finalized the deeming rule to regulate electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding whether certain HPHCs are present in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols. We identified and addressed these gaps by conducting literature searches and then experimentally quantifying HPHCs in the e-liquid and aerosol of 37 ENDS brands based on gaps in the literature. The literature searches identified 66 e-liquid HPHCs and 68 aerosol HPHCs that have limited to no information regarding the quantifiability of these constituents. A contracted ISO 17025 accredited laboratory performed the HPHC quantifications. The availability of validated analytical methods in the contracted laboratory determined the HPHCs included in the study scope (63/66 for e-liquids, 64/68 for aerosols). Combining the results from the quantifications and literature searches, 36 (39%) and 34 (37%) HPHCs were found quantifiable (≥limit of quantification [LOQ]) in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols, respectively, with 25 HPHCs being quantifiable in both matrices. Quantifiability results imply potential HPHC transfers between matrices, leaching from components, or formations from aerosol generation. The study results can inform the scientific basis for manufacturers and regulators regarding regulatory requirements for HPHC reporting. The HPHC quantities can also inform evaluations of the public health impact of ENDS and public communications regarding ENDS health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
M. Reilly
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Tianrong Cheng
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Charles Feng
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Matthew J. Walters
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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9
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Hopstock K, Perraud V, Dalton AB, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Weltman RM, Mirkhanian MA, Rakosi KJ, Blake DR, Edwards RD, Nizkorodov SA. Chemical Analysis of Exhaled Vape Emissions: Unraveling the Complexities of Humectant Fragmentation in a Human Trial Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1000-1010. [PMID: 38769630 PMCID: PMC11187636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette smoking (or vaping) is on the rise, presenting questions about the effects of secondhand exposure. The chemical composition of vape emissions was examined in the exhaled breath of eight human volunteers with the high chemical specificity of complementary online and offline techniques. Our study is the first to take multiple exhaled puff measurements from human participants and compare volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations between two commonly used methods, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Five flavor profile groups were selected for this study, but flavor compounds were not observed as the main contributors to the PTR-ToF-MS signal. Instead, the PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra were overwhelmed by e-liquid thermal decomposition and fragmentation products, which masked other observations regarding flavorings and other potentially toxic species associated with secondhand vape exposure. Compared to the PTR-ToF-MS, GC measurements reported significantly different VOC concentrations, usually below those from PTR-ToF-MS. Consequently, PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra should be interpreted with caution when reporting quantitative results in vaping studies, such as doses of inhaled VOCs. Nevertheless, the online PTR-ToF-MS analysis can provide valuable qualitative information by comparing relative VOCs in back-to-back trials. For example, by comparing the mass spectra of exhaled air with those of direct puffs, we can conclude that harmful VOCs present in the vape emissions are largely absorbed by the participants, including large fractions of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine
S. Hopstock
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Avery B. Dalton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert M. Weltman
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan A. Mirkhanian
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krisztina J. Rakosi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rufus D. Edwards
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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10
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Tran L, Rao G, Robertson NE, Hunsaker HC, Chiu EY, Poulin BA, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Britt RD, Nguyen TB. Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:991-999. [PMID: 38778043 PMCID: PMC11187635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electronic (e-) cigarette formulations containing nicotine salts from a range of organic acid conjugates and pH values have dominated the commercial market. The acids in the nicotine salt formulations may alter the redox environment in e-cigarettes, impacting free radical formation in e-cigarette aerosol. Here, the generation of aerosol mass and free radicals from a fourth-generation e-cigarette device was evaluated at 2 wt % nicotine salts (pH 7, 30:70 mixture propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin) across eight organic acids used in e-liquids: benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid (SLA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA). Furthermore, 2 wt % BA nicotine salts were studied at the following nicotine to acid ratios: 1:2 (pH 4), 1:1 (pH 7), and 2:1 (pH 8), in comparison with freebase nicotine (pH 10). Radical yields were quantified by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of free radicals in the nicotine salt aerosol matched those generated from the Fenton reaction, which are primarily hydroxyl (OH) radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the aerosol mass formation was not significantly different for most of the tested nicotine salts and acid concentrations, notable ROS yields were observed only from BA, CA, and TA under the study conditions. The e-liquids with SLA, LA, LVA, SA, and MA produced less ROS than the 2 wt % freebase nicotine e-liquid, suggesting that organic acids may play dual roles in the production and scavenging of ROS. For BA nicotine salts, it was found that the ROS yield increased with a higher acid concentration (or a lower nicotine to acid ratio). The observation that BA nicotine salts produce the highest ROS yield in aerosol generated from a fourth-generation vape device, which increases with acid concentration, has important implications for ROS-mediated health outcomes that may be relevant to consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian
N. Tran
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Robertson
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Haylee C. Hunsaker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y. Chiu
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett A. Poulin
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K. Madl
- Center
for Health and the Environment, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center
for Health and the Environment, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R. David Britt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B. Nguyen
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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11
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East K, Vu G, Sun T, D'Mello K, Perman-Howe PR, Taylor E, Nottage M, Brose LS, Robson D, McNeill A. Harm perceptions across vaping product features: An on-line cross-sectional survey of adults who smoke and/or vape in the United Kingdom. Addiction 2024. [PMID: 38839597 DOI: 10.1111/add.16572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vaping products are diverse with a wide variety of features, and popular products change rapidly. This study examined the features and types of vaping products that people who smoke and/or vape perceive contribute to the health harms of vaping. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This was a cross-sectional survey co-designed with adults who smoked/vaped and pre-registered. An on-line survey (November 2022) was used of a convenience sample of adults in the United Kingdom who smoked and/or vaped (n = 494). MEASUREMENTS As primary outcomes, respondents were asked to select any of 15 vaping product features they perceived might have any effect on the health harms of vaping (for each: selected, not selected). Independent variables were smoking/vaping status (smoke and vape; vape, formerly smoked; vape, never regularly smoked; smoke, do not currently vape); relative vaping harm perceptions [less harmful than smoking (accurate), equally/more harmful than smoking or do not know/refused (other)]. Binary logistic regressions were used to compare outcomes by current vaping/smoking status and relative harm perceptions, adjusting for age and sex. FINDINGS Most people (54.7%) selected between one and three features. The most frequently selected were nicotine concentration (62.2%) and amount of e-liquid consumed (59.1%), followed by nicotine type (e.g. salt or freebase; 33.0%), source/purchase location (25.3%), flavours (24.7%), temperature to heat e-liquid (21.1%), heat produced by device (20.9%), e-liquid brand (20.9%), amount of emissions (18.6%), device type (e.g. disposable, pod, tank; 17.2%), material of tank (17.0%), power/wattage (13.0%), device brand (8.1%), device size (4.1%) and device weight (2.4%). Higher nicotine concentrations, more e-liquid and salt (versus freebase) nicotine were perceived to confer greater harms. Disposables were perceived as slightly more harmful than reusable devices. There were few differences by current vaping/smoking status and between those with accurate (versus other) harm perceptions of vaping relative to smoking (P > 0.05 for most contrasts, adjusting for age and sex). CONCLUSIONS Certain features and types of vaping products [higher nicotine concentrations, more e-liquid consumed and salt (versus freebase) nicotine] were perceived to confer greater health harms among a sample of UK adults who smoked and/or vaped. Findings are consistent with pervasive misperceptions that nicotine is a major cause of harm, although e-liquid volume is likely to contribute to harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine East
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giang Vu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberly D'Mello
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvati Rose Perman-Howe
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eve Taylor
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matilda Nottage
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie Sarah Brose
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Robson
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Zong H, Hu Z, Li W, Wang M, Zhou Q, Li X, Liu H. Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological and biological links. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:875-888. [PMID: 38376568 PMCID: PMC11139732 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), as alternative nicotine delivery methods, has rapidly increased among youth and adults in recent years. However, cardiovascular safety is an important consideration regarding e-cigarettes usage. e-cigarette emissions, including nicotine, propylene glycol, flavorings, nitrosamine, and metals, might have adverse effects on cardiovascular health. A large body of epidemiological evidence has indicated that e-cigarettes are considered an independent risk factor for increased rates of cardiovascular disease occurrence and death. The incidence and mortality of various types of cardiovascular disease, such as cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure, have a modest growth in vapers (users of e-cigarettes). Although the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully understood, studies have validated that oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hemodynamic effects, and platelet function play important roles in which e-cigarettes work in the human body. This minireview consolidates and discusses the epidemiological and biological links between e-cigarettes and various types of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Zong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhekai Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Weina Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mina Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
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13
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Chew RP, Kwan Joo Ern K, Muhammed J, Zamli AH. Evaluation of Dry Eye Parameters Among Electronic Cigarette Smokers. Cureus 2024; 16:e62148. [PMID: 38993422 PMCID: PMC11238759 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of electronic cigarettes as the "healthier" version of smoking has been popular, especially among young adults. However, knowledge about the potential effects of e-cigarettes on ocular structures is scarce. Objective To compare the mean change in dry eye parameters between e-cigarette smokers and non-smokers and to correlate between dry eye parameters with device power output. Methodology A cross-sectional, single-visit study was conducted involving 85 e-cigarette smokers and 85 non-smokers. All participants were evaluated on dry eye parameters, including the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, tear meniscus height (TMH), tear break-up time (TBUT), cornea fluorescein staining, and Schirmer's I test. The mean change in dry eye parameters was compared between e-cigarette smokers and non-smokers. The correlation between dry eye parameters with device power output was analyzed. Results Specifically, 32.94% of e-cigarette smokers were found to have a TMH <0.2 mm, compared to only 5.88% of non-smokers (p<0.001). A significant change in mean TBUT was found between the e-cigarette smokers (10.41+2.65 seconds) and non-smokers (12.66+3.14 seconds, p<0.001). The lower mean Schirmer's I test was found among e-cigarette smokers (12.75+7.24 mm, p<0.001). No significant change in the median OSDI score and corneal fluorescein staining. The OSDI score and device power output were found to have a significant positive correlation (p=0.003). There was a significant association between dry eye signs and device power output, including TMH (p=0.047), TBUT (p=0.002), Schirmer's I test (p<0.001), and corneal fluorescein staining (p<0.001). Conclusion Electronic cigarette smokers are prone to develop dry eyes. Concern should be raised on the risk of electronic cigarette use on ocular health, and regulation on e-cigarette ban should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ping Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | - Kevin Kwan Joo Ern
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | - Julieana Muhammed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS
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Khanagar SB, Aldawas I, Alrusaini SK, Albalawi F, Alshehri A, Awawdeh M, Iyer K, Divakar DD. Association of Electronic Cigarette Usage with the Subsequent Initiation of Combustible Cigarette Smoking among Dental Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Longitudinal Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1092. [PMID: 38891167 PMCID: PMC11172238 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes, or "e-cigarettes", among youths has sparked worries about the possibility of nicotine dependence as a serious public health issue. Dental practitioners play a critical role in helping their patients quit smoking. Dental schools across the globe have policies encouraging their students to help patients quit smoking. Current research, however, indicates that a significant portion of dental students smoke combustible cigarettes and use e-cigarettes. According to studies, using e-cigarettes has resulted in the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among its users. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among dental students who were not attitudinally susceptible to smoking combustible cigarettes. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 121 study participants who were never combustible cigarette users and were attitudinally non-susceptible to smoking at baseline. At baseline, 66 (54.6%) study participants were categorized as e-cigarette users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking, and 55 (45.4%) study participants were categorized as non-users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking. The initiation of combustible cigarette smoking was assessed at 6- and 12-month intervals. Binomial regression analysis of the outcome at the end of one-year follow-up, when analyzed with independent variables, revealed a significant influence of e-cigarette use on taking up combustible cigarette smoking [Relative Risk: 9.395; 95% CI: 3.03-29.04]. Chi-squared analysis of independent variables revealed e-cigarette use to be significantly associated with fathers' education level (p = 0.00), parental cigarette smoking status (p = 0.00), cigarette smoking among friends (p = 0.00), and family income (p = 0.00). E-cigarette users are more likely to believe it to be healthier (p = 0.00) than combustible smoking. In the present study, e-cigarette usage demonstrated a significant influence on taking up combustible cigarette smoking among its users. Educational institutions should implement stringent policies and regulations to prevent health professionals from using these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev B. Khanagar
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- College of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown 413741, Guyana
| | - Ibrahim Aldawas
- College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Khalid Alrusaini
- College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farraj Albalawi
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Alshehri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Awawdeh
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiran Iyer
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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15
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Ludovichetti FS, Zuccon A, Di Fiore A, Zambon G, Bargan A, Stellini E, Mazzoleni S. Perception of the oral health risks of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-71. [PMID: 38699220 PMCID: PMC11064127 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke is a major health risk factor for smokers but also for non-smokers due to passive smoking. These risks come from conventional cigarette smoke but also from aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs). The aim of this study was to investigate population knowledge about the adverse effects of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and HTPs. METHODS Between February and October 2023, 504 subjects among the general population responded to a questionnaire with 8 questions in Italian, via a link to the Google Forms platform. The questions related to the oral health effects of active and passive smoking. Descriptive analyses of all variables in the questionnaire were performed, and statistical analyses between variables were carried out using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS A large subset of individuals interviewed stated that active smoking is harmful to health and consider active smoking more damaging compared with passive smoking (86.3%). The majority believed that passive smoking of cigarettes is more harmful to oral health than passive smoking of HTPs (79.4%) or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (84.9%). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that most people in this study had good knowledge about the adverse effects of active or passive smoking on health; however, knowledge regarding e-cigarettes and HTPs was poor and confused. These results reveal the complexity of perceptions regarding different types of smoking and the need for further research to fully understand the risks associated with each type of passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Zuccon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Di Fiore
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Zambon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adriana Bargan
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzoleni
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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El-Hellani A, Adeniji A, Erythropel HC, Wang Q, Lamb T, Mikheev VB, Rahman I, Stepanov I, Strongin RM, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Comparison of emissions across tobacco products: A slippery slope in tobacco control. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-57. [PMID: 38560551 PMCID: PMC10980913 DOI: 10.18332/tid/183797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of comparing emissions from different tobacco products under controlled laboratory settings (using smoking/vaping machines). We focus on tobacco products that generate inhalable smoke or aerosol, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. We discuss challenges associated with sample generation including variability of smoking/vaping machines, lack of standardized adaptors that connect smoking/vaping machines to different tobacco products, puffing protocols that are not representative of actual use, and sample generation session length (minutes or number of puffs) that depends on product characteristics. We also discuss the challenges of physically characterizing and trapping emissions from products with different aerosol characteristics. Challenges to analytical method development are also covered, highlighting matrix effects, order of magnitude differences in analyte levels, and the necessity of tailored quality control/quality assurance measures. The review highlights two approaches in selecting emissions to monitor across products, one focusing on toxicants that were detected and quantified with optimized methods for combustible cigarettes, and the other looking for product-specific toxicants using non-targeted analysis. The challenges of data reporting and statistical analysis that allow meaningful comparison across products are also discussed. We end the review by highlighting that even if the technical challenges are overcome, emission comparison may obscure the absolute exposure from novel products if we only focus on relative exposure compared to combustible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Hanno C. Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Vladimir B. Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, United States
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marielle C. Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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17
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Karey E, Xu S, He P, Niaura RS, Cleland CM, Stevens ER, Sherman SE, El-Shahawy O, Cantrell J, Jiang N. Longitudinal association between e-cigarette use and respiratory symptoms among US adults: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Waves 4-5. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299834. [PMID: 38421978 PMCID: PMC10903800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed longitudinal effects of e-cigarette use on respiratory symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US adults by combustible tobacco smoking status. METHODS We analyzed Waves 4-5 public-use data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Study sample included adult respondents who reported no diagnosis of respiratory diseases at Wave 4, and completed Waves 4-5 surveys with no missing data on analytic variables (N = 15,291). Outcome was a validated index of functionally important respiratory symptoms based on 7 wheezing/cough questions (range 0-9). An index score of ≥2 was defined as having important respiratory symptoms. Weighted lagged logistic regression models were performed to examine the association between e-cigarette use status at Wave 4 (former/current vs. never use) and important respiratory symptoms at Wave 5 by combustible tobacco smoking status (i.e., never/former/current smokers), adjusting for Wave 4 respiratory symptom index, sociodemographic characteristics, secondhand smoke exposure, body mass index, and chronic disease. RESULTS Among current combustible tobacco smokers, e-cigarette use was associated with increased odds of reporting important respiratory symptoms (former e-cigarette use: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.81; current e-cigarette use: AOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.06). Among former combustible tobacco smokers, former e-cigarette use (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06-2.15)-but not current e-cigarette use (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.91-2.78)-was associated with increased odds of important respiratory symptoms. Among never combustible tobacco smokers, no significant association was detected between e-cigarette use and important respiratory symptoms (former e-cigarette use: AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.76-3.46; current e-cigarette use: AOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.27-2.56). CONCLUSIONS The association between e-cigarette use and respiratory symptoms varied by combustible tobacco smoking status. Current combustible tobacco smokers who use e-cigarettes have an elevated risk of respiratory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Karey
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shu Xu
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pan He
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Raymond S. Niaura
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Cleland
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Stevens
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Sherman
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Omar El-Shahawy
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cantrell
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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18
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Mercier C, Pourchez J, Leclerc L, Forest V. In vitro toxicological evaluation of aerosols generated by a 4th generation vaping device using nicotine salts in an air-liquid interface system. Respir Res 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38317149 PMCID: PMC10845662 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity, especially among young people, with the introduction of fourth-generation devices based on e-liquids containing nicotine salts that promise a smoother vaping experience than freebase nicotine. However, the toxicological effects of nicotine salts are still largely unknown, and the chemical diversity of e-liquids limits the comparison between different studies to determine the contribution of each compound to the cytotoxicity of EC aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of controlled composition e-liquid aerosols to accurately determine the effects of each ingredient based on exposure at the air-liquid interface. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to undiluted aerosols of controlled composition e-liquids containing various ratios of propylene glycol (PG)/vegetable glycerin (VG) solvents, freebase nicotine, organic acids, nicotine salts, and flavoured commercial e-liquids. Exposure of 20 puffs was performed at the air-liquid interface following a standard vaping regimen. Toxicological outcomes, including cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were assessed 24 h after exposure. RESULTS PG/VG aerosols elicited a strong cytotoxic response characterised by a 50% decrease in cell viability and a 200% increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, but had no effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects occurred only at a ratio of 70/30 PG/VG, suggesting that PG is the major contributor to aerosol cytotoxicity. Both freebase nicotine and organic acids had no greater effect on cell viability and LDH release than at a 70/30 PG/VG ratio, but significantly increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, the protonated form of nicotine in salt showed a stronger proinflammatory effect than the freebase nicotine form, while benzoic acid-based nicotine salts also induced significant oxidative stress. Flavoured commercial e-liquids was found to be cytotoxic at a threshold dose of ≈ 330 µg/cm². CONCLUSION Our results showed that aerosols of e-liquids consisting only of PG/VG solvents can cause severe cytotoxicity depending on the concentration of PG, while nicotine salts elicit a stronger pro-inflammatory response than freebase nicotine. Overall, aerosols from fourth-generation devices can cause different toxicological effects, the nature of which depends on the chemical composition of the e-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mercier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
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19
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Czaplicki L, Patel D, Jewler K, Moran MB. Use of Brand Engagement Appeals in US Cigarette and E-Cigarettes Ads (2019-2020). Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:832-839. [PMID: 38247155 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2305791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background: The tobacco industry has historically used brand engagement - communication tactics companies use to increase customer attachment to a brand and brand loyalty - to recruit and retain consumers. Limited information is available to assess the brand engagement tactics used to promote the two most popular tobacco products in the US - cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) - across different advertising platforms (e.g., direct-to-consumer (DTC), social media). Material and methods: We acquired 520 cigarette and 5,502 e-cigarette ads that ran in the US January 2019 to December 2020 from market research firms (Kantar, Numerator), Rutger's University ad surveillance website (trinketsandtrash.org), and branded social media accounts. Ads were double-coded for eight types of brand engagement tactics: Price Promotion, Sweepstakes, Mobile App, Email/Mail List, Free Gift, Social Media engagement request, Sponsored Events, and Auto-Ship subscription program. We report presence of brand engagement tactics by product type and advertising platform. Results: Overall, 62.9% of cigarette ads and 49.9% of e-cigarette ads contained at least one brand engagement tactic. For cigarette ads, the most common tactics were Sweepstakes and Mobile App requests, which were most commonly featured in DTC ads. For e-cigarettes, the most common tactic was Price Promotion which was featured in most DTC and online e-cigarette ads. Conclusions: Brand engagement was common in this sample of cigarette and e-cigarette ads. Our findings highlight key differences in the type of brand engagement tactic used to promote each product on different advertising platforms. Results can inform continued advertising surveillance studies and regulatory efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Czaplicki
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kay Jewler
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Strongin RM, Sharma E, Erythropel HC, El-Hellani A, Kassem NOF, Mikheev VB, Noël A, Peyton DH, Springer ML. Emerging ENDS products and challenges in tobacco control toxicity research. Tob Control 2023; 33:110-115. [PMID: 35715171 PMCID: PMC9758272 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continue to rapidly evolve. Current products pose unique challenges and opportunities for researchers and regulators. This commentary aims to highlight research gaps, particularly in toxicity research, and provide guidance on priority research questions for the tobacco regulatory community. Disposable flavoured ENDS have become the most popular device class among youth and may contain higher nicotine levels than JUUL devices. They also exhibit enhanced harmful and potentially harmful constituents production, contain elevated levels of synthetic coolants and pose environmental concerns. Synthetic nicotine and flavour capsules are innovations that have recently enabled the circumvention of Food and Drug Administration oversight. Coil-less ENDS offer the promise of delivering fewer toxicants due to the absence of heating coils, but initial studies show that these products exhibit similar toxicological profiles compared with JUULs. Each of these topic areas requires further research to understand and mitigate their impact on human health, especially their risks to young users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for Tobacco Research and the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada O F Kassem
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L Springer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Schichlein KD, Love CA, Conolly MP, Kurz JL, Hickman ED, Clapp PW, Jaspers I. Vaping product exposure system (VaPES): a novel in vitro aerosol deposition system. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:324-332. [PMID: 38054423 PMCID: PMC10788097 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2289021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to recent increases in the use of vaping devices, there is a high demand for research addressing the respiratory health effects of vaping products. Given the constantly changing nature of the vaping market with new devices, flavors, metals, and other chemicals rapidly emerging, there is a need for inexpensive and highly adaptable vaping device exposure systems. Here, we describe the design and validation of a novel in vitro aerosol exposure system for toxicity testing of vaping devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed an inexpensive, open-source in vitro vaping device exposure system that produces even deposition, can be adapted for different vaping devices, and allows for experiments to be performed under physiological conditions. The system was then validated with deposition testing and a representative exposure with human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs). RESULTS The Vaping Product Exposure System (VaPES) produced sufficient and uniform deposition for dose-response studies and was precise enough to observe biological responses to vaping exposures. VaPES was adapted to work with both pod and cartridge-based vaping devices. CONCLUSION We have designed and validated a novel vaping device exposure system that will eliminate the need to use high-cost commercial exposure systems, lowering the barrier to entry of physiologically relevant vaping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Schichlein
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Love
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Maxwell P. Conolly
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - John L. Kurz
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Elise D. Hickman
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Phillip W. Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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22
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Hauser SR, Waeiss RA, Deehan GA, Engleman EA, Bell RL, Rodd ZA. Adolescent alcohol and nicotine exposure alters the adult response to alcohol use. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11880. [PMID: 38389816 PMCID: PMC10880795 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence through young adulthood is a unique period of neuronal development and maturation. Numerous agents can alter this process, resulting in long-term neurological and biological consequences. In the clinical literature, it is frequently reported that adolescent alcohol consumption increases the propensity to develop addictions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), during adulthood. A general limitation of both clinical and human pre-clinical adolescent alcohol research is the high rate of co-using/abusing more than one drug during adolescence, such as co-using/abusing alcohol with nicotine. A primary goal of basic research is elucidating neuroadaptations produced by adolescent alcohol exposure/consumption that promote alcohol and other drug self-administration in adulthood. The long-term goal is to develop pharmacotherapeutics for the prevention or amelioration of these neuroadaptations. This review will focus on studies that have examined the effects of adolescent alcohol and nicotine exposure on adult alcohol consumption, the hypersensitivity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and enhanced responses not only to alcohol but also to nicotine during adulthood. Again, the long-term goal is to identify potential cholinergic agents to prevent or ameliorate the consequences of, peri-adolescent alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Robert A Waeiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zachary A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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23
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Gallart-Mateu D, Dualde P, Coscollà C, Soriano JM, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Biomarkers of exposure in urine of active smokers, non-smokers, and vapers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6677-6688. [PMID: 37743413 PMCID: PMC10598069 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to smoking related products has been evaluated through urine illness risk marker determination through the analysis of urine samples of smokers and vapers. Biomarkers and their metabolites such as N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propen-1-yl)-L-cysteine (MHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 2R-N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-L-cysteine (HMPMA), and N-acetyl-S-(3-carboxy-2-propyl)-L-cysteine (CMEMA) together with nicotine and cotinine were identified and quantified by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS, and data found normalized to the creatinine level. One hundred two urine samples were collected from smokers, non-smokers, and vapers, spanning an age range from 16 to 79 years. Results obtained showed that CEMA was only detected in urine samples from smokers and MHBMA was in the same order of magnitude in all the urine samples analyzed. HMPMA was found in the urine of vapers at the same order of concentration as in non-smokers. 3HPMA in vapers was lower than in the urine of smokers, presenting an intermediate situation between smokers and non-smokers. On the other hand, DHBMA in vapers can reach similar values to those found for smokers, while CMEMA shows concentrations in the urine of vapers higher than in the case of non-smokers and traditional smokers, requiring new research to link this metabolite to the use of electronic cigarettes and possible alternative metabolomic routes. In general, this study seems to verify that traditional smoking practice constitutes a major source of carcinogenic chemicals compared with substitutive practices, although those practices are not free of potential harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Dualde
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Soriano
- GISP Grup d'Investigació en Salut Pública, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Holt AK, Anbil A, Combs MM, Sales ER, Boone EL, Poklis JL, Greer EL, Karaoghlanian N, Breland AB, Peace MR. The impact of vaping ethanol-containing electronic cigarette liquids on roadside impairment investigations. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:737-745. [PMID: 37522607 PMCID: PMC10627344 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Legal professionals and others have suggested that vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) prior to or during ethanol breath testing may produce false positives. Preliminary breath tests (PBTs) and evidentiary breath tests (EBTs) measure ethanol in exhaled breath and standardized field sobriety tests (SFSTs) are used to assess impairment. Ethanol has been identified in e-cig liquids (e-liquids). Presented are a series of experiments designed to determine the mechanics of vaping ethanol using an e-cig and the effects of vaping ethanol on the SFSTs and breath tests used by law enforcement officers (LEO). Twelve participants (five females, age: 21-32 and seven males, age: 21-55), vaped either one or ten puffs of an e-liquid (0% or 20% ethanol). LEOs assessed impairment using SFSTs (12 and 42 min), PBTs (<1, 27, 32, 37 and 57 min) and EBTs (2, 29, 34, 39 and 59 min) post-vaping. A self-assessment test was administered post-vaping (22 and 52 min). Baseline responses for all measures were collected prior to vaping. Results demonstrated that ethanol in the e-liquids was aerosolized by e-cigs and produced particles that could reach the deep lung tissue based on mean-mass diameter. Ethanol was detected by PBT <3 min after participants vaped one (0.007-0.030 g/210 L) or ten puffs (013-0.074 g/210 L) of a 20% ethanol e-liquid. Ethanol was not detected by PBT at any subsequent time point. Ethanol was not detected by the EBT under any condition. Impairment was not indicated by the SFST. Some subjective effects were reported, but few statistically significant differences between conditions were indicated. A wait period prior to ethanol breath testing is not always mandated, depending on jurisdiction, or observed in all applications, such as workplace testing. The results demonstrate that a wait period must be employed to prevent vaping-related false-positive breath ethanol results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina K Holt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 W Main Street, Room 2015, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842030, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Akansha Anbil
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin Street, PO Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Madison M Combs
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin Street, PO Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Erica R Sales
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 W Main Street, Room 2015, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Edward L Boone
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, PO Box 843083, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Edgar L Greer
- Virginia Commonwealth University Police Department, 224 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alison B Breland
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin Street, PO Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 W Main Street, Room 2015, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
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25
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Sousan S, Mooring R, Fresquez S, Park YM, Coombs V, Bertges N, Thomas L, Gold E, Gogineni A, Tiet A, Pender J, Soule EK. Use of real-time monitors to evaluate the potential exposure of secondhand electronic cigarette particulate matter inside vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122480. [PMID: 37657722 PMCID: PMC10591990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use continues to be highly prevalent, especially among youth and young adults. Potential exposure from secondhand ECIG particulate matter (PM) places bystanders in danger of inhaling harmful substances, especially in confined spaces. This study was conducted to measure the potential exposure from secondhand ECIG PM exposure in vehicles, with participants completing a 30-min ECIG use session in their own vehicle with their preferred ECIG device. Sessions included a 5-min, 10-puff directed bout (30-s interpuff interval), followed by a 25-min ad libitum bout in which participants could take as many puffs as desired. Real-time PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 (the 50% efficiency mass cut-off of that passes through a size-selective inlet at 1 μm, 2.5 μm, and 10 μm aerodynamic diameters, respectively) measurements were captured during the sessions using portable PM monitors (MiniWRAS, pDR, SidePak, and GeoAir2 low-cost monitors). A total of 56 participants with valid measurements were included in the study, with a total of 13 unique ECIG device brands, including Vuse Alto, Box Air Bar, ElfBar, Esco Bar, Aegis Legend, Hyde Edge, JUUL, Kang Onee Stick, Kang Onee Stick Plus, Nord X, Nord 2, Nord 3, and Vaporesso. During the 5-min directed bout, the highest real-time PM2.5 mean concentrations were 175 μg/m3 for the MiniWRAS, 1050 μg/m3 for pDR and 3314 μg/m3 for SidePak. The filter measurements were not detectable in most experiments, except for two participants, with one taking 205 puffs and the other taking 285 puffs, approximately 10 times the mean (30) puffs of all participants. The evaluation of GeoAir2 with the MiniWRAS showed a wide range of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values, ranging from -0.03 to 1.00, for the 13 ECIG brands. The mass median diameter (0.31 μm-3.42 μm) and geometric standard deviation (2.47-8.21) were different based on the participants for the same ECIG brand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Sousan
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA; North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| | - Ronald Mooring
- Department of Chemistry, Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Sarah Fresquez
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yoo Min Park
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Vivien Coombs
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Nicole Bertges
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Luke Thomas
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Emily Gold
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Anish Gogineni
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Alex Tiet
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Jack Pender
- Department of Chemistry, Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Eric K Soule
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 27858, USA
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26
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Petrella F, Rizzo S, Masiero M, Marzorati C, Casiraghi M, Bertolaccini L, Mazzella A, Pravettoni G, Spaggiari L. Clinical impact of vaping on cardiopulmonary function and lung cancer development: an update. Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:584-589. [PMID: 36942844 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The word 'vaping' is used to define the usage of electronic cigarettes or other instruments to inhale a wide variety of heated and aerosolized substances. Although proposed as a less dangerous and oncogenic alternative than standard nicotine products, e-cigarettes and vaping devices are quite far from being considered benign. In fact, although vaping devices do not generate carcinogenic agents as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced by the combustion of standard cigarettes and their liquids do not present tobacco-related carcinogens like nitrosamines, there is nowadays clear evidence that they produce dangerous products during their use. Several different molecular mechanisms have been proposed for the oncogenic impact of vaping fluids - by means of their direct chemical action or derivative products generated by pyrolysis and combustion ranging from epithelial-mesenchymal transition, redox stress and mitochondrial toxicity to DNA breaks and fragmentation. In this review we focus on vaping devices, their potential impact on lung carcinogenesis, vaping-associated lung injury and other clinical implications on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as on the psychological implication of e-cigarettes both on heavy smokers trying to quit smoking and on younger non-smokers approaching vaping devices because they are considered as a less dangerous alternative to tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrella
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Service of Radiology, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI)
- Facoltà di Scienze biomediche, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano (CH), Switzerland and
| | - Marianna Masiero
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Marzorati
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Casiraghi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bertolaccini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
| | - Antonio Mazzella
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spaggiari
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Auschwitz E, Almeda J, Andl CD. Mechanisms of E-Cigarette Vape-Induced Epithelial Cell Damage. Cells 2023; 12:2552. [PMID: 37947630 PMCID: PMC10650279 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has been reported to affect cell viability, induce DNA damage, and modulate an inflammatory response resulting in negative health consequences. Most studies focus on oral and lung disease associated with e-cigarette use. However, tissue damage can be found in the cardio-vascular system and even the bladder. While the levels of carcinogenic compounds found in e-cigarette aerosols are lower than those in conventional cigarette smoke, the toxicants generated by the heat of the vaping device may include probable human carcinogens. Furthermore, nicotine, although not a carcinogen, can be metabolized to nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens and have been shown to be present in the saliva of e-cig users, demonstrating the health risk of e-cigarette vaping. E-cig vape can induce DNA adducts, promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage and NF-kB-driven inflammation. Together, these processes increase the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This creates a microenvironment thought to play a key role in tumorigenesis, although it is too early to know the long-term effects of vaping. This review considers different aspects of e-cigarette-induced cellular changes, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, DNA repair, inflammation, and the possible tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia D. Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Kolaczyk K, Jiang H. Photometric Monitoring of Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8220. [PMID: 37837050 PMCID: PMC10575377 DOI: 10.3390/s23198220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
To study and monitor the adverse health consequences of using electronic cigarettes, a user's puff topography, which are quantification parameters of the user's vaping habits, plays a central role. In this work, we introduce a topography sensor to measure the mass of total particulate matter generated in every puff and to estimate the nicotine yield. The sensor is compact and low-cost, and is integrated into the electronic cigarette device to promptly and conveniently monitor the user's daily puff topography. The topography sensor is comprised of a photometric sensor and a pressure sensor. The photometric sensor measures the mass concentration of the aerosol, based on scattering of near-infrared light from airborne particles, while the pressure sensor measures the flow rate. The topography sensor was tested under various conditions including a wide range of atomizer power, puff duration, and inhalation pressure. The sensor's accuracy was validated by comparing the sensor's readings with reference measurements, and the results matched closely with the trends reported by existing studies on electronic cigarettes. An example application for tracking a user's puff topography was also demonstrated. Our topography sensor holds great promise in mitigating the health risks of vaping, and in promoting quality control of electronic cigarette products.
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Cai J, Bidulescu A. The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251:110948. [PMID: 37666093 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have established associations between combustible cigarette use and diabetes. However, there is limited evidence on the association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes and diabetes. METHOD With cross-sectional data of 5101 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this study examined how e-cigarette use or dual use was related to diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance. The presence of diabetes or prediabetes was determined by fasting glucose level, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), or the use of prescribed medications. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostatic model (HOMA-IR). The independent association between e-cigarette use or dual use and outcomes was examined using weighted multivariable logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Of all participants, 6.3% were current e-cigarette users and 17.1% were former e-cigarette users. In the fully adjusted model, e-cigarette use was not associated with prediabetes or diabetes (P>0.05). However, former e-cigarette users were 22% (95% CI: 1.00, 1.84) more likely to report higher HOMA-IR (Q3 vs Q1) than never e-cigarette users. Among ever combustible cigarette users, current e-cigarette users and former e-cigarette users were 63% (95% CI: 1.00, 2.91) and 64% (95% CI: 1.04, 2.59) more likely to report higher HOMA-IR than never e-cigarette users, respectively. There was no significant association between dual use and diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use may be associated with insulin resistance. Our findings may inform future tobacco control policies and longitudinal studies assessing insulin resistance associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Scherer G, Pluym N, Scherer M. Comparison of urinary mercapturic acid excretions in users of various tobacco/nicotine products. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1107-1126. [PMID: 36164275 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Urinary mercapturic acids (MAs) are detoxification products for electrophiles occurring in the human body. They are suitable biomarkers of exposure to directly acting electrophilic chemicals or to chemicals which generate the electrophile during its metabolism. We determined the urinary excretion of 19 MAs in habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products, and nonusers (NUs) of any tobacco/nicotine products. The 19 MAs are assumed to be physiologically formed primarily from 15 toxicants with three of them belonging to IARC Group 1 (human carcinogen), seven to Group 2A (probable human carcinogen), four to Group 2B (possible human carcinogen), and one to Group 3 (not classifiable as carcinogen). Smoking (CC) was found to be associated with significantly elevated exposure to ethylene oxide (or ethylene), 1,3-butadiene, benzene, dimethylformamide, acrolein, acrylamide, styrene, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, crotonaldehyde, and isoprene compared with the other user groups and NU. Users of HTPs revealed slight elevation in the MAs related to acrolein, acrylamide, and crotonaldehyde compared with the other non-CC groups. Vaping (EC) was not found to be associated with any of the MAs studied. In conclusion, the determination of urinary MAs is a useful tool for assessing the exposure to toxicants (mainly potential carcinogens) in users of various tobacco/nicotine products. Our data also give cause to clarify the role of vaping (EC) in urinary excretion of DHPMA (precursor: glycidol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
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Shehata SA, Toraih EA, Ismail EA, Hagras AM, Elmorsy E, Fawzy MS. Vaping, Environmental Toxicants Exposure, and Lung Cancer Risk. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4525. [PMID: 37760496 PMCID: PMC10526315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the second-most prevalent tumor worldwide. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN data, over 2.2 million LC cases were reported in 2020, with an estimated new death incident of 1,796,144 lung cancer cases. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental exposure play an important role as risk factors for LC. E-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) use has been dramatically increasing world-wide. There is growing concern that EVPs consumption may increase the risk of LC because EVPs contain several proven carcinogenic compounds. However, the relationship between EVPs and LC is not well established. E-cigarette contains nicotine derivatives (e.g., nitrosnornicotine, nitrosamine ketone), heavy metals (including organometal compounds), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavorings (aldehydes and complex organics). Several environmental toxicants have been proven to contribute to LC. Proven and plausible environmental carcinogens could be physical (ionizing and non-ionizing radiation), chemicals (such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and dioxins), and heavy metals (such as cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel). Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicles and industrial exhausts, is linked with LC. Although extensive environmental exposure prevention policies and smoking reduction strategies have been adopted globally, the dangers remain. Combined, both EVPs and toxic environmental exposures may demonstrate significant synergistic oncogenicity. This review aims to analyze the current publications on the importance of the relationship between EVPs consumption and environmental toxicants in the pathogenesis of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.A.S.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ezzat A. Ismail
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Abeer M. Hagras
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.A.S.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
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Augustini ALRM, Borg C, Sielemann S, Telgheder U. Making Every Single Puff Count-Simple and Sensitive E-Cigarette Aerosol Sampling for GCxIMS and GC-MS Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:6574. [PMID: 37764350 PMCID: PMC10536117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the aerosol from tobaccoless electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is an important part of understanding their impact on human health, yet sampling aerosol from e-cigarettes is still considered a challenge. It lacks a standard method for research and quality control and there are a variety of methods. However, few are simple and inexpensive, and none have been suggested for the use with gas chromatography coupled ion mobility spectrometry (GCxIMS). This work presents and evaluates such a setup made from standard lab equipment to quickly collect a quantitative sample from the aerosol of a single puff (5 s totaling 125 mL). The aerosol condensates directly in the cooled headspace (HS) vial, which is analyzed in the HS-GCxIMS or mass spectrometer (HS-GC-MS). The combined use of GC-MS and GCxIMS allows the simple and sensitive identification of unknown substances in complex mixtures and the identification of degradation products in the aerosols. A calibration of 26 flavor compounds (0.2-20 µg/g) was created using single puffs of a spiked, flavorless commercial refill solution and 2-alkanones as internal standards. This sensitive but easily reproducible setup enables a wide range of further investigations, even for labs that were previously unable to afford it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. R. M. Augustini
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (A.L.R.M.A.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Borg
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (A.L.R.M.A.)
| | - Stefanie Sielemann
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (A.L.R.M.A.)
| | - Ursula Telgheder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Tran LN, Chiu EY, Hunsaker HC, Wu KC, Poulin BA, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Nguyen TB. Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37698991 PMCID: PMC10583227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol formation and production yields from 11 carbonyls (carbonyl concentration per aerosol mass unit) were investigated (1) from a fourth-generation (4th gen) e-cigarette device at different coil resistances and coil age (0-5000 puffs) using unflavored e-liquid with 2% benzoic acid nicotine salt, (2) between a sub-ohm third-generation (3rd gen) tank mod at 0.12 Ω and a 4th gen pod at 1.2 Ω using e-liquid with nicotine salt, together with nicotine yield, and (3) from 3rd gen coils of different metals (stainless steel, kanthal, nichrome) using e-liquid with freebase nicotine. Coil resistance had an inverse relationship with coil temperature, and coil temperature was directly proportional to aerosol mass formation. Trends in carbonyl yields depended on carbonyl formation mechanisms. Carbonyls produced primarily from thermal degradation chemistry (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde) increased per aerosol mass with higher coil resistances, despite lower coil temperature. Carbonyls produced primarily from chemistry initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., hydroxyacetone, dihydroxyacetone, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, lactaldehyde) showed the opposite trend. Coil age did not alter coil temperature nor aerosol mass formation but had a significant effect on carbonyl formation. Thermal carbonyls were formed optimally at 500 puffs in our study and then declined to a baseline, whereas ROS-derived carbonyls showed a slow rise to a maximum trend with coil aging. The 3rd gen versus 4th gen device comparison mirrored the trends in coil resistance. Nicotine yields per aerosol mass were consistent between 3rd and 4th gen devices. Coil material did not significantly alter aerosol formation nor carbonyl yield when adjusted for wattage. This work shows that sub-ohm coils may not necessarily produce higher carbonyl yields even when they produce more aerosol mass. Furthermore, carbonyl formation is dynamic and not generalizable during the coil's lifetime. Finally, studies that compare data across different e-cigarette devices, coil age, and coil anatomy should account for the aerosol chemistry trends that depend on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian N Tran
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y Chiu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Haylee C Hunsaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kuan-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett A Poulin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Sala M, Gotti C. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): A convenient means of smoking? Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106885. [PMID: 37634554 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are becoming increasingly popular in many parts of the world, have recently become more sophisticated in terms of their more active content and better controlled vaporisation. This review begins by describing how cigarette smoking led to the development of ENDS as a means of combatting nicotine addiction. ENDS are usually categorised as belonging to one of only three main generations, but a fourth has been added in order to differentiate the latest, most powerful, most advanced and innovative that have improved heating efficiency. Descriptions of the principal substances contained in ENDS are followed by considerations concerning the risk of toxicity due to the presence of albeit low concentrations of such a variety of compounds inhaled over a long time, and the increasingly widespread use of ENDS as a means of smoking illicit drugs. We also review the most widely used pharmacotherapeutic approaches to smoking cessation, and recent epidemiological data showing that ENDS can help some people to stop smoking. However, in order to ensure their appropriate regulation, there is a need for higher-quality evidence concerning the health effects and safety of ENDS, and their effectiveness in discouraging tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelvina Sala
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR-Milan Unit, c/o Bldg. U28, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy; NeuroMi Milan Center for Neuroscience University of Milano Bicocca,Italy.
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR-Milan Unit, c/o Bldg. U28, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy; NeuroMi Milan Center for Neuroscience University of Milano Bicocca,Italy
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35
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Pang Y, Li M, Li F, Lei J, Zhang T. Preliminary study on the E-liquid and aerosol on the neurobehavior of C. elegans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108180. [PMID: 37690220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), are mainly used among adolescents and young adults. Similar to traditional cigarettes, different concentrations of nicotine are also added to E-cigarette's liquid (E-liquid), but due to the supplementation of chemicals such as propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG) and flavors, it is difficult to determine the risk after using E-cigarettes. And given to the specificity of the aerosol particle composition and atomization process of E-cigarettes, it is necessary to assess the neurotoxic effects of long-term E-cigarettes use. In this study, two commercial nicotine-containing (5%) and nicotine-free E-liquids were diluted to investigate the neurobehavioral changes and addictive tendencies of developing C. elegans after sub-chronic exposure to E-liquid. The results showed that sub-chronic exposure of E-liquid could lead to impaired growth and development of nematodes, abnormal general neuromotor behavior and advanced learning and memory behavior, and nicotine-containing E-liquid could also lead to increased addiction tendency of nematodes. Although the damage effect of nicotine free E-liquid is smaller than that of the nicotine-containing group, its toxic effect cannot be ignored. Further analysis of the neurotoxicity mechanism found that redox imbalance-mediated mitochondrial stress and aging may be important causes of E-liquid-induced biological damage. The biosafety of e-cigarette aerosols was also included in the assessment. The study found that the heated atomization process did not alter the E-liquid components, and E-cigarette aerosols still have the effect of interfering with the growth and development of nematodes and neurobehavior, and its addictive nature is also of concern. This study can provide new ideas for future studies on the neurotoxic effects and safety assessment of the E-cigarettes, and provide theoretical reference for the study on the injury mechanism of E-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jialin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Cai J, Bidulescu A. Associations between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and metabolic syndrome: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Ann Epidemiol 2023; 85:93-99.e2. [PMID: 37201667 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine associations between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Cross-sectional data of 5121 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Weighted multivariable Poisson regression models were used to examine associations between e-cigarette use or dual use and MetS and its components. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. RESULTS Current and former e-cigarette users were 30% (95% CI: 1.13, 1.50) and 15% (95% CI: 1.03, 1.28) more likely to have MetS than never e-cigarette users. Current or former e-cigarette use was also associated with elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure (AOR ranged from 1.15 to 1.42, all P < 0.05). The prevalence of MetS for dual users was 1.35-fold (95% CI: 1.15, 1.58) higher than that for never smokers and 1.21-fold (95% CI: 1.00, 1.46) higher than that for combustible cigarette-only users. Dual users were also more likely to report elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol than never smokers or combustible cigarette-only users (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use or dual use is associated with MetS. Our findings may inform tobacco control policies regarding regulations of e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington.
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington
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Yue N, Wang H, Li C, Zhang C, Li S, Wang J, Jin F. The Effect of Imidacloprid on the Volatile Organic Compound Profile of Strawberries: New Insights from Flavoromics. Foods 2023; 12:2914. [PMID: 37569183 PMCID: PMC10418971 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic agriculture is of great socioeconomic significance because it can promote the nutritional quality of horticultural crops and is environmentally friendly. However, owing to the lack of techniques for studying complex aroma-related chemical profiles, limited information is available on the influence of organic practices on the flavor quality of strawberries, one of the primary factors driving consumer preferences. Here, two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS) and flavoromics analysis was employed to investigate the profiles and differences in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of strawberries under organic (without imidacloprid) and conventional (with imidacloprid) agricultural practices. A total of 1164 VOCs, representing 23 chemical classes (e.g., aldehydes, terpenes, and furanone compounds), were detected, which is the highest number of VOCs that have ever been detected in strawberries. The sensory evaluation results indicated that there was a notable influence of imidacloprid (IMI) on the aroma of the strawberries. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis results suggested that the composition of volatile compounds significantly differed in the present study between the IMI-treated and non-IMI-treated groups. Furthermore, the flavor-related indicators of 25 key contributors to the differences between the two treatment groups suggested that VOC profiles can be considered an indicator for distinguishing between strawberries from different agricultural practices. Flavoromics can provide new insights into the quality of strawberries from different agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou W, Huang Y, Yang J. Impacts of cigarette smoking on blood circulation: do we need a new approach to blood donor selection? JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:62. [PMID: 37408051 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major public health problem and is considered the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Gas-phase smoke carries bioactive substances and toxic compounds, affecting human health and reducing life spans. The negative effects of smoking on red blood cell (RBC) quality include destroying RBCs and increasing carboxy hemoglobin (COHb). Smoking increases the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the blood. Moreover, tobacco smoking has been found to be associated with heightened platelet (PLT)-dependent thrombin level which will induce a prothrombotic state. Smoking may affect the blood circulation of donors, and subsequently the blood components, and ultimately the recipients of transfusion. Nevertheless, there are no restrictions on smoking for volunteer blood donor screenings currently. We reviewed the articles about the influence of smoking on smokers' blood circulation as well as the impact of donated blood products on transfusion when these smokers act as blood donors. We aim to attract blood collection centers' attention to strengthen the management of blood donors who smoke, avoiding their use in massive transfusion protocol and susceptible recipients, especially pediatric ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luzhou Longmatan District People's Hospital, Luzhou, 625000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Cousin O, Vandecandelaere A, Bosquet D, Lefranc E, Scheffler F, Copin H, Mattoug S, Ben Khalifa M, Cabry R. [Electronic cigarettes and fertility: True or false friends?]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2023; 51:378-383. [PMID: 36931597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
While electronic cigarettes have been on the rise in France for the past ten years, data on their prevalence, use patterns and safety have remained fragmented and controversial. Electronic cigarettes seem to not be a harmless product to use, because although they contain fewer harmful substances than traditional cigarettes, they still contain toxic products such as endocrine disruptors, which appear to have a negative impact on hormonal homeostasis, morphology and functioning of the animal reproductive system. Mostly presented as a harmless alternative to traditional cigarettes by industry lobbies, electronic cigarettes are often offered as an aid to smoking cessation in the same way as nicotinic substitutes. This strategy is especially proposed without knowledge of its effects on human reproductive health. Indeed, there are currently very few scientific publications, which study the impact of the use of electronic cigarettes, nicotine and the vapours it delivers on fertility and the functioning of the human female and male reproductive systems. Thus, the great majority of the data we have to date come from studies carried out in animal populations and show that electronic cigarettes exposure affect fertility. There is, to our knowledge, no scientific publication on the results in Assisted Reproductive Technology in case of use of electronic cigarettes, motivating the realization of the study IVF-VAP currently underway in the department of Medicine and Biology of Reproduction of the Amiens Picardie University Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cousin
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - A Vandecandelaere
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - D Bosquet
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - E Lefranc
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - F Scheffler
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - H Copin
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - S Mattoug
- 1, rond-point du Professeur Christian-Cabrol, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - M Ben Khalifa
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - R Cabry
- Service de médecine et biologie de la reproduction, CECOS de Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Alkhlaif Y, Shelton KL. Assessment of Abuse-Related Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine Aerosol in Rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:171-179. [PMID: 36918277 PMCID: PMC10201579 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in e-cigarette use highlights the importance of developing relevant, predictive animal models exploring their potential health implications. The goal of the present study was to examine the abuse-related effects of brief, repeated e-cigarette aerosol exposures in rodents modeling human e-cigarette user behavior. We evaluated the discriminative stimulus effects of brief, repeated puffs of inhaled nicotine in rats that had been trained to discriminate injected nicotine from saline. Locomotor activity measurement following exposure to injected and aerosolized nicotine was also assessed as an additional behavioral outcome. We hypothesized that the stimulus effects of nicotine aerosol were central nervous system (CNS)-mediated and comparable to that produced by an injected nicotine training stimulus. We further hypothesized that number of aerosol puffs and the e-liquid nicotine concentration which was aerosolized would impact the substitution of nicotine aerosol for injected nicotine. Both nicotine injections and exposures to nicotine aerosol produced a dose-dependent effect on locomotor activity. Nicotine aerosol under our puffing conditions produced e-liquid nicotine concentration-dependent and puff-number-dependent complete substitution for the injected nicotine training condition. The nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine, completely blocked nicotine-appropriate responding produce by the training dose of 0.3 mg/kg injected nicotine as well as that resulting from exposure to aerosol puffs generated by e-liquid containing 3 mg/ml nicotine, demonstrating that the stimulus of inhaled nicotine was most likely CNS-mediated and not due to olfactory stimulus properties. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that an aerosol exposure drug discrimination model in rodents has applicability to studying the abuse-related effects of e-cigarettes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Animal models of nicotine aerosol exposure using testing conditions resembling human e-cigarette use are lacking. In this study, we test a novel preclinical model of nicotine vaping in rodents which allows for the exploration of the abuse-related effects of e-cigarettes. This model has the potential to contribute both to our understanding of the abuse-related pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes as well as aid in the development of rationale, evidence-based e-cigarette regulatory policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Keith L Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Alewel DI, Jackson TW, Vance SA, Schladweiler MC, Evansky PA, Henriquez AR, Grindstaff R, Gavett SH, Kodavanti UP. Sex-specific respiratory and systemic endocrine effects of acute acrolein and trichloroethylene inhalation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 382:22-32. [PMID: 37201588 PMCID: PMC10585336 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein and trichloroethylene (TCE) are priority hazardous air pollutants due to environmental prevalence and adverse health effects; however, neuroendocrine stress-related systemic effects are not characterized. Comparing acrolein, an airway irritant, and TCE with low irritancy, we hypothesized that airway injury would be linked to neuroendocrine-mediated systemic alterations. Male and female Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed nose-only to air, acrolein or TCE in incremental concentrations over 30 min, followed by 3.5-hr exposure to the highest concentration (acrolein - 0.0, 0.1, 0.316, 1, 3.16 ppm; TCE - 0.0, 3.16, 10, 31.6, 100 ppm). Real-time head-out plethysmography revealed acrolein decreased minute volume and increased inspiratory-time (males>females), while TCE reduced tidal-volume. Acrolein, but not TCE, inhalation increased nasal-lavage-fluid protein, lactate-dehydrogenase activity, and inflammatory cell influx (males>females). Neither acrolein nor TCE increased bronchoalveolar-lavage-fluid injury markers, although macrophages and neutrophils increased in acrolein-exposed males and females. Systemic neuroendocrine stress response assessment indicated acrolein, but not TCE, increased circulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and consequently corticosterone, and caused lymphopenia, but only in males. Acrolein also reduced circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone in males. In conclusion, acute acrolein inhalation resulted in sex-specific upper respiratory irritation/inflammation and systemic neuroendocrine alterations linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes activation, which is critical in mediating extra-respiratory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin I Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Thomas W Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Samuel A Vance
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Paul A Evansky
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Grindstaff
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Wu G, Gong S, He Y, Liu D. Smoking is associated with elevated blood level of volatile organic compounds: a population-based analysis of NHANES 2017-2018. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:55. [PMID: 37055810 PMCID: PMC10103525 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to explore the association between cigarette smoking with blood exposure to volatile organic compounds using population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. METHODS Based on the data of NHANES 2017-2018, we identified 1117 participants aged 18 to 65 years, who had complete VOCs testing data and filled out the Smoking-Cigarette Use and Volatile Toxicant questionnaires. The participants consisted of 214 dual-smoking persons, 41 E-cigarette smokers, 293 combustible-cigarette smokers and 569 non-smokers. We used One-way ANOVA and Welch's ANOVA to compare differences of VOCs concentration among 4 groups and multivariable regression model to confirm the factors associated with VOCs concentration. RESULTS In dual-smoking and combustible-cigarette smokers, blood concentration of 2,5-Dimethylfuran, Benzene, Benzonitrile, Furan, Isobutyronitrile were higher than non-smokers. When compared with people who never smoked, E-cigarette smokers had similar blood concentrations of VOCs. Blood concentrations of Benzene, Furan, and Isobutyronitrile were significant higher in combustible-cigarette smokers than in E-cigarette smokers. In the multivariable regression model, dual-smoking and combustible-cigarette smoking were associated with elevated blood concentrations of several VOCs except 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, while E-cigarette smoking was only associated with elevated 2,5-Dimethylfuran concentration. CONCLUSIONS Smoking, mainly dual-smoking and combustible-cigarette smoking, is associated with elevated blood concentration of VOCs, while the effect is weak in E-cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Wu
- Department of pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei provinve, China
| | - Shiwei Gong
- School of pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huzhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei provinve, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei provinve, China.
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Silva-Ribeiro T, Coelho E, Genisheva Z, Oliveira JM, Correia-Pinto J, Sampaio P, Moura RS. Comparative study of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke effect on ex vivo embryonic chick lung explants. Toxicol Lett 2023; 376:13-19. [PMID: 36638931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette usage has significantly expanded among young people and pregnant women in the last decade. Although there are already some data regarding the short- and long-term consequences of e-cigarettes on human health, their effect on embryo and lung development still needs to be fully disclosed. In this sense, this study describes, for the first time, the impact of electronic cigarette aerosol on early lung development. For this purpose, ex vivo chick (Gallus gallus) embryonic lungs were cultured in vitro for 48 h in e-cigarette aerosol exposed-medium or unexposed medium. Chick lung explants were also cultured in a cigarette smoke-exposed medium for comparison purposes. Lung explants were morphologically analyzed to assess the impact on lung growth. Additionally, TNF-α levels were determined in the supernatant as a marker of pro-inflammatory response. The results suggest that electronic cigarette aerosol impairs lung growth and promotes lung inflammation. However, its impact on early lung growth seems less detrimental than conventional cigarette smoke. This work provides significant data regarding the impact of e-cig aerosol, adding to the efforts to fully understand its effect on embryo development. The validation of these effects may eventually lead to new tobacco control recommendations for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Coelho
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Zlatina Genisheva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rute S Moura
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, Bowers LN, Arnold ED, LeBouf RF. Influence of puff topographies on e-liquid heating temperature, emission characteristics and modeled lung deposition of Puff Bar ™. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2023; 57:450-466. [PMID: 37969359 PMCID: PMC10641718 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Puff Bar™, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. This study presents a mass-based characterization of emissions from seven flavors of Puff Bar™ devices by aerosolizing with three puff topographies [(puff volume: 55 < 65 < 75-mL) within 4-seconds at 30-seconds interval]. We evaluated the effects of puff topographies on heating temperatures; characterized particles using a cascade impactor; and measured volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs). Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. Temperatures of Puff Bar™ e-liquids increased with increasing puff volumes: 55mL (116.6 °C), 65 mL (128.3 °C), and 75mL (168.9 °C). Flavor types significantly influenced MMADs, total mass of particles, and VCCs (μg/puff: 2.15-2.30) in Puff Bar™ emissions (p < 0.05). Increasing puff volume (mL:55 < 65 < 75) significantly increased total mass (mg/puff: 4.6 < 5.6 < 6.2) of particles without substantially changing MMADs (~1μm:1.02~0.99~0.98). Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (41-44%), which could have toxicological importance. More than 2/3 (67-77%) of inhaled particles were estimated to be exhaled by users, which could affect bystanders. The VCCs measured contained carcinogens-formaldehyde (29.6%) and acetaldehyde (16.4%)-as well as respiratory irritants: acetone (23.9%), isovaleraldehyde (14.5%), and acrolein (4.9%). As Puff Bar™ emissions contain respirable particles and harmful chemicals, efforts should be made to minimize exposures, especially in indoor settings where people (including vulnerable populations) spend most of their life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Weeraratna C, Tang X, Kostko O, Rapp VH, Gundel LA, Destaillats H, Ahmed M. Fraction of Free-Base Nicotine in Simulated Vaping Aerosol Particles Determined by X-ray Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1279-1287. [PMID: 36720001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of electronic cigarettes is exacerbating the youth vaping epidemic by incorporating additives that increase the acidity of generated aerosols, which facilitate uptake of high nicotine levels. We need to better understand the chemical speciation of vaping aerosols to assess the impact of acidification. Here we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to probe the acid-base equilibria of nicotine in hydrated vaping aerosols. We show that, unlike the behavior observed in bulk water, nicotine in the core of aqueous particles was partially protonated when the pH of the nebulized solution was 10.4, with a fraction of free-base nicotine (αFB) of 0.34. Nicotine was further protonated by acidification with equimolar addition of benzoic acid (αFB = 0.17 at pH 6.2). By contrast, the degree of nicotine protonation at the particle surface was significantly lower, with 0.72 < αFB < 0.80 in the same pH range. The presence of propylene glycol and glycerol completely eliminated protonation of nicotine at the surface (αFB = 1) while not affecting significantly its acid-base equilibrium in the particle core. These results provide a better understanding of the role of acidifying additives in vaping aerosols, supporting public health policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Weeraratna
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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Park B, Koh H, Patatanian M, Reyes-Caballero H, Zhao N, Meinert J, Holbrook JT, Leinbach LI, Biswal S. The mediating roles of the oral microbiome in saliva and subgingival sites between e-cigarette smoking and gingival inflammation. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 36732713 PMCID: PMC9893987 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been widely used by young individuals in the U.S. while being considered less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, ECs have increasingly been regarded as a health risk, producing detrimental chemicals that may cause, combined with poor oral hygiene, substantial inflammation in gingival and subgingival sites. In this paper, we first report that EC smoking significantly increases the odds of gingival inflammation. Then, through mediation analysis, we seek to identify and explain the mechanism that underlies the relationship between EC smoking and gingival inflammation via the oral microbiome. METHODS We collected saliva and subgingival samples from 75 EC users and 75 non-users between 18 and 34 years in age and profiled their microbial compositions via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We conducted raw sequence data processing, denoising and taxonomic annotations using QIIME2 based on the expanded human oral microbiome database (eHOMD). We then created functional annotations (i.e., KEGG pathways) using PICRUSt2. RESULTS We found significant increases in α-diversity for EC users and disparities in β-diversity between EC users and non-users. We also found significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 36 microbial taxa in the saliva site and 71 microbial taxa in the subgingival site. Finally, we found that 1 microbial taxon in the saliva site and 18 microbial taxa in the subgingival site significantly mediated the effects of EC smoking on gingival inflammation. The mediators on the genus level, for example, include Actinomyces, Rothia, Neisseria, and Enterococcus in the subgingival site. In addition, we report significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 71 KEGG pathways in the subgingival site. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that continued EC use can further increase microbial dysbiosis that may lead to periodontal disease. Our findings also suggest that continued surveillance for the effect of ECs on the oral microbiome and its transmission to oral diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsoo Park
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hyunwook Koh
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, The State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Michael Patatanian
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hermes Reyes-Caballero
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jill Meinert
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Janet T Holbrook
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leah I Leinbach
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Abstract
This perspective summarizes available evidence on biomarkers of exposure in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users to aid the overall assessment of the health consequences of using ENDS. Identification of novel biomarkers of exposure specific to ENDS use remains challenging because chemicals emitted from ENDS devices have many familiar sources. The biomarker levels of many tobacco-related toxicants measured in biological samples collected from ENDS users did not differ significantly from non-users, except for nicotine metabolites and a small number of biomarkers of exposure to volatile organic compounds and tobacco-specific tobacco nitrosamines. Several studies have shown that while exposed to nicotine, long-term exclusive ENDS users showed significantly lower levels of toxicant biomarkers than cigarette smokers. Studies have also shown that concurrent users of ENDS and combustible cigarettes ('dual users') are not reducing overall exposure to harmful toxicants compared to exclusive cigarette smokers. Because of an absence of validated ENDS-specific biomarkers, we recommend combining several biomarkers to differentiate tobacco product user groups in population-based studies and monitor ENDS compliance in randomized controlled trials. Using a panel of biomarkers would provide a better understanding of health effects related to ENDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elam and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14226, United States
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49
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Mavragani A, Fewx M, Sprock J, Jiang H, Gao Y, Liu Y. A Novel Puff Recording Electronic Nicotine Delivery System for Assessing Naturalistic Puff Topography and Nicotine Consumption During Ad Libitum Use: Ancillary Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42544. [PMID: 36542679 PMCID: PMC9887514 DOI: 10.2196/42544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the naturalistic puff topography and associated nicotine consumption during e-cigarette use is important as such information will not only unveil how these products are being consumed in real-world conditions, but also enable investigators and regulatory bodies to conduct quantitative, accurate, and realistic harmful exposure and nicotine abuse liability risk assessments based on actual e-cigarette use. Conventional approaches cannot accurately, conveniently, and noninvasively determine e-cigarette puff topography in a natural use environment. Thus, novel technology-enabled systems that do not primarily rely on self-report mechanisms or intrusive measurements to monitor e-cigarette product use behaviors are highly desired. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore and demonstrate the feasibility of a novel puff recording electronic nicotine delivery system (PR-ENDS) device for measuring naturalistic puff topography and estimating nicotine consumption during the ad libitum use of products among smokers and vapers. METHODS An ancillary data analysis based on a completed parent study was conducted. The parent study was a 1-way randomized controlled open-label puff topography and nicotine pharmacokinetic assessment carried out in 24 healthy adults (12 smokers and 12 vapers). Participants were assigned a randomized product use sequence of a PR-ENDS device within 5 site visits for both controlled and ad libitum product use sessions. Blood samples were obtained for plasma nicotine analysis, and questionnaires were administered at various time points. During the ad libitum use session, puff topography was measured using a Clinical Research Support System (CReSS) device as a benchmark, as well as the PR-ENDS device with a built-in puff recording feature. RESULTS There were no significant differences in representative puff topography parameters (number of puffs, total puff duration, and average puff duration) between the PR-ENDS and CReSS devices at the populational level across different device powers, e-liquid nicotine strengths, and flavors. The nicotine consumption estimated by the PR-ENDS device suggested that this device can be employed as a convenient monitoring tool for estimating nicotine use without measuring e-liquid weight loss between puffs. The linear relationship between nicotine consumption estimated by the PR-ENDS device and the pharmacokinetic parameter AUCad lib (plasma concentration-time curve for 1-hour ad libitum use) substantiated the potential of using this device as a pragmatic, noninvasive, and convenient means for estimating nicotine intake in the human body without blood collection. CONCLUSIONS The novel PR-ENDS device was feasible for assessing naturalistic puff topography and estimating nicotine consumption and intake in the human body during ad libitum use. Several key factors can influence users' puff topography, including device power levels, e-liquid nicotine strengths, and flavors. The study results pave the way for further research in the real-time measurement of naturalistic puff topography and puffing behaviors in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melody Fewx
- Scientific Horizons Consulting, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - John Sprock
- Scientific Horizons Consulting, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Huanhuan Jiang
- Scientific Horizons Consulting, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yong Gao
- Scientific Horizons Consulting, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yatao Liu
- Scientific Horizons Consulting, Irvine, CA, United States
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50
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Tulen CBM, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Remels AHV. Disruption of the Molecular Regulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Airway and Lung Epithelial Cells by Cigarette Smoke: Are Aldehydes the Culprit? Cells 2023; 12:cells12020299. [PMID: 36672235 PMCID: PMC9857032 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease for which cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are short-chain aldehydes known to be formed during pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco and have been linked to respiratory toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is suggested to be mechanistically and causally involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases such as COPD. Cigarette smoke (CS) has been shown to impair the molecular regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and content in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. Although it is unknown which specific chemicals present in CS are responsible for this, it has been suggested that aldehydes may be involved. Therefore, it has been proposed by the World Health Organization to regulate aldehydes in commercially-available cigarettes. In this review, we comprehensively describe and discuss the impact of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde on mitochondrial function and content and the molecular pathways controlling this (biogenesis versus mitophagy) in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. In addition, potential therapeutic applications targeting (aldehyde-induced) mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as regulatory implications, and the necessary required future studies to provide scientific support for this regulation, have been covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy B. M. Tulen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. V. Remels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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