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Kim F, Pablo GF, Lubertus B, Lutz A, Karin W, Félix H, Agneta O, Johan L. Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120147. [PMID: 37320875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Indirect potable reuse of wastewater is a practice that is gaining attention, aiming to increase freshwater supplies to meet water scarcity. However, reusing effluent wastewater for drinking water production comes with a paired risk of adverse health effects, due to the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hazardous micropollutants. Disinfection is an established method to reduce microbial hazards in drinking water, but it has been associated with formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we performed an effect-based assessment of chemical hazards in a system wherein a full-scale trial of disinfection by chlorination, of the treated wastewater was performed prior discharge to the reciepient river. The presence of bioactive pollutants was assessed along the entire treatment system, starting from incoming wastewater to finished drinking water at seven sites in and around the Llobregat River in Barcelona, Spain. Samples were collected in two campaigns, with and without applied chlorination treatment (13 mg Cl2/L) to the effluent wastewater. The water samples were analysed for cell viability, oxidative stress response (Nrf2 activity), estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and activation of NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling using stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Nrf2 activity, estrogen receptor activation and AhR activation was detected in all investigated samples. Overall, removal efficiencies were high in both wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment samples for most of the studied endpoints. No increase in oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity) could be attributed to the additional chlorination treatment of the effluent wastewater. However, we found an increase in AhR activity and a reduction of ER agonistic activity after chlorination treatment of effluent wastewater. The bioactivity detected in finished drinking water was considerably lower compared to what was found in effluent wastewater. We could thus conclude that indirect reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production can be possible without compromising drinking water quality. This study contributed important knowledge in efforts to increase the reuse of treated wastewater as a source for drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieberg Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden.
| | - Gago-Ferrero Pablo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Jordi Girona, 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Edifici H20 - Parc Cientific i Tecnològic de Girona, Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Institut Català de Recerca de l'Aigua (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit, 101, Girona E-17003, Spain
| | - Bijlsma Lubertus
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Ahrens Lutz
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050 SE, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Wiberg Karin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050 SE, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Hernández Félix
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Oskarsson Agneta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Lundqvist Johan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
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2
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Masoner JR, Kolpin DW, Cozzarelli IM, Bradley PM, Arnall BB, Forshay KJ, Gray JL, Groves JF, Hladik ML, Hubbard LE, Iwanowicz LR, Jaeschke JB, Lane RF, McCleskey RB, Polite BF, Roth DA, Pettijohn MB, Wilson MC. Contaminant Exposure and Transport from Three Potential Reuse Waters within a Single Watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1353-1365. [PMID: 36626647 PMCID: PMC9878729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for safe and sustainable water supplies necessitates a better understanding of contaminant exposures in potential reuse waters. In this study, we compared exposures and load contributions to surface water from the discharge of three reuse waters (wastewater effluent, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff). Results document substantial and varying organic-chemical contribution to surface water from effluent discharges (e.g., disinfection byproducts [DBP], prescription pharmaceuticals, industrial/household chemicals), urban stormwater (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, nonprescription pharmaceuticals), and agricultural runoff (e.g., pesticides). Excluding DBPs, episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads from urban stormwater were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater-effluent discharges. We also assessed if wastewater-effluent irrigation to corn resulted in measurable effects on organic-chemical concentrations in rain-induced agricultural runoff and harvested feedstock. Overall, the target-organic load of 491 g from wastewater-effluent irrigation to the study corn field during the 2019 growing season did not produce substantial dissolved organic-contaminant contributions in subsequent rain-induced runoff events. Out of the 140 detected organics in source wastewater-effluent irrigation, only imidacloprid and estrone had concentrations that resulted in observable differences between rain-induced agricultural runoff from the effluent-irrigated and nonirrigated corn fields. Analyses of pharmaceuticals and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in at-harvest corn-plant samples detected two prescription antibiotics, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, at concentrations of 36 and 70 ng/g, respectively, in effluent-irrigated corn-plant samples; no contaminants were detected in noneffluent irrigated corn-plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Masoner
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Brian B. Arnall
- Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Forshay
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Justin F. Groves
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | | | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, United States
| | | | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Sui S, Liu H, Yang X. Research Progress of the Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Disinfection Byproducts. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:145-157. [PMID: 35893263 PMCID: PMC9326600 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1974, more than 800 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified from disinfected drinking water, swimming pool water, wastewaters, etc. Some DBPs are recognized as contaminants of high environmental concern because they may induce many detrimental health (e.g., cancer, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity) and/or ecological (e.g., acute toxicity and development toxicity on alga, crustacean, and fish) effects. However, the information on whether DBPs may elicit potential endocrine-disrupting effects in human and wildlife is scarce. It is the major objective of this paper to summarize the reported potential endocrine-disrupting effects of the identified DBPs in the view of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). In this regard, we introduce the potential molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcomes (AOs) associated with exposure to specific DBPs. The present evidence indicates that the endocrine system of organism can be perturbed by certain DBPs through some MIEs, including hormone receptor-mediated mechanisms and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms (e.g., hormone transport protein). Lastly, the gaps in our knowledge of the endocrine-disrupting effects of DBPs are highlighted, and critical directions for future studies are proposed.
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Lu Y, Liang JK, Wang HY, Wang C, Song ZM, Hu Q, Wu QY. Novel chlorinated disinfection byproducts from tannic acid: nontargeted identification, formation pathways, and computationally predicted toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127827. [PMID: 34894502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid is ubiquitously present in various simulated and real water sources and in wastewater. Various chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) are generated via reactions with tannic acid during disinfection with chlorine. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with our self-developed halogen extraction code to selectively identify Cl-DBPs. Our strategy enabled successful detection of 35 Cl-DBP formulas formed by chlorination of tannic acid, and we identified 26 of these structures. The structures of 17 novel Cl-DBPs are firstly reported here. The reaction pathways of these Cl-DBPs were tentatively proposed. These Cl-DBPs are likely to be generated during chlorination at various chlorine doses, from 0.0 to 10.0 mg-Cl2/L, and 14 of the 26 Cl-DBPs were detected in simulated drinking water, which implies a relatively high probability of incidence. Quantitative structure-activity relationship toxicity analyses predicted that most of these Cl-DBPs would exhibit much higher acute toxicity than the common DBPs trichloromethane and monochloroacetic acid and that some of these compounds would induce developmental toxicity and be mutagenic, which further emphasizes that these Cl-DBPs should raise concerns. This study broadens our understanding of the Cl-DBPs formed from tannic acid and should prompt wider application of our analytical strategy in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Islam R, Yu RMK, Andrew-Priestley M, Smith N, Rahman MM, Tran TKA, Connor WAO, MacFarlane GR. Secondary treatment phase of tertiary wastewater treatment works significantly reduces estrogenic load. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117257. [PMID: 34077838 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic compounds enter waterways via effluents from wastewater treatment works (WWTW), thereby indicating a potential risk to organisms inhabiting adjacent receiving waters. However, little is known about the loads or concentrations of estrogenic compounds that enter Australian WWTWs, the efficiency of removing estrogenic compounds throughout the various stages of tertiary WWTW processes (which are common in Australia), nor the concentrations released into estuarine or marine receiving waters, and the associated risk for aquatic taxa residing in these environments. Therefore, seven estrogenic compounds, comprising the natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), the synthetic estrogen (EE2), and the industrial chemicals bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octyl phenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonyl phenol (4-NP), in wastewater samples were quantified via liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) after solid-phase extraction at different stages of wastewater treatment and associated receiving waters. The concentrations of the target compounds in wastewater ranged from < LOQ (limit of quantification) to 158 ng/L for Tanilba Bay WWTW and < LOQ to 162 ng/L for Belmont WWTW. Most target compounds significantly declined after the secondary treatment phase. Appreciable removal efficiency throughout the treatment process was observed with removal from 39.21 to 99.98% of influent values at both WWTWs. The reduction of the natural estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) and 4-t-OP were significantly greater than EE2, BPA, and 4-NP in both WWTWs. Risk quotients (RQs) were calculated to assess potential ecological risks from individual estrogenic compounds. In predicted diluted effluents, no targeted compounds showed any ecological risk (RQ ≤1.65 × 10-2) at both WWTWs. Similarly, all RQs for shore samples at both WWTWs were below 1. Finally, the hazard index (HI), which represents combined estrogenic contaminants' ecological risk, indicated no mentionable risk for predicted diluted effluents (HI = 0.0097 to 0.0218) as well as shoreline samples (HI = 0.393 to 0.522) in the receiving estuarine or marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiquel Islam
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Richard Man Kit Yu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Nathan Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Tran
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - Wayne A O' Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia
| | - Geoff R MacFarlane
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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6
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Black GP, He G, Denison MS, Young TM. Using Estrogenic Activity and Nontargeted Chemical Analysis to Identify Contaminants in Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6729-6739. [PMID: 33909413 PMCID: PMC8378343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse organic compounds, many derived from consumer products, are found in sewage sludge worldwide. Understanding which of these poses the most significant environmental threat following land application can be investigated through a variety of predictive and cell-based toxicological techniques. Nontargeted analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry with predictive estrogenic activity modeling was performed on sewage sludge samples from 12 wastewater treatment plants in California. Diisobutyl phthalate and dextrorphan were predicted to exhibit estrogenic activity and identified in >75% of sludge samples, signifying their universal presence and persistence. Additionally, the application of an estrogen-responsive cell bioassay revealed reductions in agonistic activity during mesophilic and thermophilic treatment but significant increases in antagonism during thermophilic treatment, which warrants further research. Ten nontarget features were identified (metoprolol, fenofibric acid, erythrohydrobupropion, oleic acid, mestranol, 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2,3-diol, medrysone, scillarenin, sudan I, and N,O-didesmethyltramadol) in treatment set samples and are considered to have influenced the in vitro estrogenic activity observed. The combination of predictive and in vitro estrogenicity with nontargeted analysis has led to confirmation of 12 estrogen-active contaminants in California sewage sludge and has highlighted the importance of evaluating both agonistic and antagonistic responses when evaluating the bioactivity of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle P. Black
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Thomas M. Young
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
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7
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Chaves FP, Gomes G, Della-Flora A, Dallegrave A, Sirtori C, Saggioro EM, Bila DM. Comparative endocrine disrupting compound removal from real wastewater by UV/Cl and UV/H 2O 2: Effect of pH, estrogenic activity, transformation products and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141041. [PMID: 32768778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) and their release through various pathways into the environment are emerging environmental concerns. In this context, H2O2 and chlorine UV-based treatments were carried out to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of the bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at 100 μg L-1 from ultrapure water and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Photolysis was performed under different irradiation sources, i.e. UVC and UVA. The effect of H2O2 (3 and 30 mg·L-1), free chlorine concentrations (1 and 2 mg·L-1) and pH (5, 7 and 9) were also investigated. Toxicity (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and estrogenic activity (yeast estrogen screen - YES assay) were assessed during the processes. Compound removal at optimal operating parameters reached 100% after 15 and 2 min for UVC/H2O2 (pH 9 and 3 mg L-1 of H2O2), and UVC/Cl (pH 9 and 2 mg L-1 of chlorine), respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal achieved 37% and 45% for the H2O2 and Cl-UV based process, respectively. The in vitro YES assay indicated that the formed by-products were non-estrogenic compounds, while the toxicity evaluation revealed high cell growth inhibition due to UVC/Cl byproducts. During the UV-based processes, 30 transformation products (TPs) were identified, in which three new chlorinated TPs from E2 and EE2 may be responsible for toxicity effects. EDC degradation by UV/Cl is faster than by UV/H2O2, although chlorinated toxic byproducts were also formed during the UV/Cl process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pereira Chaves
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Della-Flora
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Wan D, Wang H, Pozdnyakov IP, Wang C, Su J, Zhang Y, Zuo Y, Dionysiou DD, Chen Y. Formation and enhanced photodegradation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A in wastewater treatment plant effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116002. [PMID: 32682078 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are many reports on the detection and removal of emerging pollutants in the wastewater effluents, while the fate of their chlorinated derivatives generated during chlorination is not well understood. Here we investigated the photodegradation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A (CDBPAs), mainly including 3-chlorobisphenol A, 3,3'-dichlorobisphenol A, 3,5-dichlorobisphenol A, 3,3',5-trichlorobisphenol A, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobisphenol A, under simulated sunlight. Distinct from BPA, CDBPAs underwent rapid direct photodegradation due to a pronounced bathochromic shift of UV absorption. The photodegradation of CDBPAs was significantly enhanced by effluent organic matter (EfOM) from the wastewater effluent. A series of quenching experiments and laser flash photolysis analysis verified the contribution of triplet states of EfOM (3EfOM∗) for the indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs with rate constant of ∼109 M-1 s-1. Both direct and EfOM-induced indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs increased with a higher degree of chlorination. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrometry showed similar photoproducts for direct and indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs, mainly ascribed to the cleavage of C-Cl bond and hydroxylation with further cleavage of the benzene ring. The estrogenic activity of the photoproducts was diminished. These findings suggest that photodegradation is an important pathway for the removal and detoxication of CDBPAs from effluents and receiving natural waters under sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan P Pozdnyakov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747-2300, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Archer E, Wolfaardt GM, van Wyk JH, van Blerk N. Investigating (anti)estrogenic activities within South African wastewater and receiving surface waters: Implication for reliable monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114424. [PMID: 32247920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic steroid hormones and many persistent organic pollutants are of concern for their endocrine-disrupting activities observed in receiving surface waters. Apart from the demonstrated presence of estrogen- and estrogen-mimicking compounds in surface waters, antagonistic (anti-estrogenic) responses originating from wastewater effluent have been reported but are less known. Estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity were assessed using recombinant yeast estrogen receptor binding assays (YES/YAES) at ten South African wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) and receiving rivers in two separate sampling campaigns during the summer- and winter periods in the area. Four WWTWs were then further investigated to show daily variation in estrogenic endocrine-disrupting activities during the treatment process. Although estrogenicity was notably reduced at most of the WWTWs, some treated effluent and river water samples were shown to be above effect-based trigger values posing an endocrine-disrupting risk for aquatic life and potential health risks for humans. Furthermore, estrogenicity recorded in samples collected upstream from some WWTW discharge points also exceeded some calculated risk trigger values, which highlights the impact of alternative pollution sources contributing towards endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) in the environment. The YAES further showed variable anti-estrogenic activities in treated wastewater. The current study highlights a variety of factors that may affect bioassay outcomes and conclusions drawn from the results for risk decision-making. For example, mismatches were found between estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, which suggests a potential masking effect in WWTW effluents and highlights the complexity of environmental samples containing chemical mixtures having variable endocrine-disrupting modes of action. Although the recombinant yeast assay is not without its limitations to show endocrine-disrupting modulation in test water systems, it serves as a cost-effective tier-1 scoping assay for further risk characterisation and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Gideon M Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Johannes H van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Nico van Blerk
- Scientific Services, East Rand Water Care Company (ERWAT), Kempton Park, 1631, South Africa
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10
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Chen Z, Li D, Wen Q. Investigation of hydrolysis acidification process during anaerobic treatment of coal gasification wastewater (CGW): Evolution of dissolved organic matter and biotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137995. [PMID: 32213409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal gasification wastewater (CGW) contains several types of aromatic pollutants, which impart high biotoxicity and reduce the quality of anaerobic treatment. Two types of hydrolysis acidification processes, namely microaerobic hybrid reactor (HA-1) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (HA-2), were developed for pre-treatment before the anaerobic treatment. The changes in the dissolved organic matter and biotoxicity were investigated to comprehensively understand the degradation process. The results showed that HA-2 coupled with an anaerobic reactor achieved a 12.3% and 13.4% higher removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand and total phenols, respectively, compared with the coupled process with HA-1. Furthermore, HA-2 could transform macromolecules into small molecules more efficiently and produce fewer intermediates. The coupled process with HA-2 preferentially removed complex aromatic substances with absorption wavelengths of 285 and 254 nm, according to the sequential orders interpreted from two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. In addition, the results of fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix with regional integration analysis revealed that the contents of typical cyclic compounds in CGW, such as phenolic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic aromatic compounds were remarkably reduced by HA-2. In addition, HA-2 reduced the toxic unit value of CGW by 67.5% and increased the resazurin dehydrogenase activity of the sludge by 37.5% during CGW treatment, thus improving the biotoxicity removal and biodegradability. However, the coupled process with HA-2 did not significantly affect the "indirect estrogenic activity" of CGW. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that spectral indicators, such as UV254 and ΦT,n, presented a high positive correlation with the reduction of acute toxicity and organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qinxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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11
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Jones RR, Stavreva DA, Weyer PJ, Varticovski L, Inoue-Choi M, Medgyesi DN, Chavis N, Graubard BI, Cain T, Wichman M, Beane Freeman LE, Hager GL, Ward MH. Pilot study of global endocrine disrupting activity in Iowa public drinking water utilities using cell-based assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136317. [PMID: 32018941 PMCID: PMC8459208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some anthropogenic substances in drinking water are known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), but EDCs are not routinely measured. We conducted a pilot study of 10 public drinking water utilities in Iowa, where common contaminants (e.g., pesticides) are suspected EDCs. Raw (untreated) and finished (treated) drinking water samples were collected in spring and fall and concentrated using solid phase extraction. We assessed multiple endocrine disrupting activities using novel mammalian cell-based assays that express nuclear steroid receptors (aryl hydrocarbon [AhR], androgenic [AR], thyroid [TR], estrogenic [ER] and glucocorticoid [GR]). We quantified each receptor's activation relative to negative controls and compared activity by season and utility/sample characteristics. Among 62 samples, 69% had AhR, 52% AR, 3% TR, 2% ER, and 0% GR activity. AhR and AR activities were detected more frequently in spring (p =0 .002 and < 0.001, respectively). AR activity was more common in samples of raw water (p =0 .02) and from surface water utilities (p =0 .05), especially in fall (p =0 .03). Multivariable analyses suggested spring season, surface water, and nitrate and disinfection byproduct concentrations as determinants of bioactivity. Our results demonstrate that AR and AhR activities are commonly found in Iowa drinking water, and that their detection varies by season and utility/sample characteristics. Screening EDCs with cell-based bioassays holds promise for characterizing population exposure to diverse EDCs mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Diana A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter J Weyer
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maki Inoue-Choi
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle N Medgyesi
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Chavis
- Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Terence Cain
- State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, United States
| | - Michael Wichman
- State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, United States
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Zhang H, Jia Y, Tang Z, Wang L, Hu W, Gao J, Hu J, Yang M. Screening of chemicals with binding activities of liver X receptors from reclaimed waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136570. [PMID: 31954245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation and reuse is considered an attractive and practical method for coping with water scarcity. However, the presence of micropollutants in reclaimed water, including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), is a major public health concern. This study attempted to identify unknown EDCs with liver X receptor (LXRα) agonist/antagonist activities in reclaimed wastewater, using nuclear receptors binding extraction coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (NRBE-HRMS). In total, 105 compounds in the reclaimed wastewater exhibited LXRα-binding activity. Among them, two previously unknown LXRα-antagonist compounds, catechol and 4-acetamidoantipyrine, were identified, based on authentic standards. The two LXRα-antagonist compounds exhibited weak LXRα-antagonist activities in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Catechol and 4-acetamidoantipyrine inhibited the β-galactosidase activity induced by 60 nM of TO901317 in an LXRα yeast assay, with IC20 values of 79,938.9 nM and 6286.4 nM, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify EDCs in reclaimed wastewater with LXRα-agonist/antagonist activity using the NRBE-HRMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Zhuoheng Tang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Recent developments and concepts of effect-based methods for the detection of endocrine activity and the importance of antagonistic effects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Molé RA, Good CJ, Stebel EK, Higgins JF, Pitell SA, Welch AR, Minarik TA, Schoenfuss HL, Edmiston PL. Correlating effluent concentrations and bench-scale experiments to assess the transformation of endocrine active compounds in wastewater by UV or chlorination disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:565-575. [PMID: 30953901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of endocrine active compounds (EACs) by either chlorination (Cl-D) or UV disinfection (UV-D) was studied by field sampling and bench-scale validation studies. Field testing assessed concentration of 13 EACs in effluent at two Chicago area 250 MGD wastewater reclamation plants (WRP) over two years. One WRP uses chlorination/dechlorination while the other employs UV disinfection. Target compounds included bupropion, carbamazepine, citalopram, duloxetine, estradiol, estrone, fluoxetine, nonylphenol, norfluoxetine, norsertraline, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Concentrations of 9/13 target compounds were partially reduced after disinfection (5-65% reduction). None of the target compounds were fully transformed by either chlorination or UV treatment at the WRP scale. In bench-scale experiments each compound was spiked into deionized water or effluent and treated in a process mimicking plant-scale disinfection to validate transformations. Correlation was observed between compounds that were transformed in bench-testing and those that decreased in concentration in post-disinfection WRP effluent (10/13 compounds). A survey of potential reaction products was made. Chlorination of some amine containing compounds produced chloramine by-products that reverted to the initial form after dechlorination. Transformation products produced upon simulated UV disinfection were more diverse. Laboratory UV-induced transformation was generally more effective under stirred conditions, suggesting that indirect photo-induced reactions may predominate over direct photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Molé
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Christopher J Good
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Eva K Stebel
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Julia F Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Sarah A Pitell
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Arielle R Welch
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Thomas A Minarik
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, IL, 60804, USA
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, 56301, USA
| | - Paul L Edmiston
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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15
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Huang Y, Li W, Qin L, Xie X, Gao B, Sun J, Li A. Distribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in colloidal and soluble phases in municipal secondary effluents and their removal by different advanced treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:730-739. [PMID: 30557730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the partition of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in colloid-bound and truly dissolved phases in municipal wastewater before and after advanced treatment processes was determined. The effluents, which were filtered using a 0.45 μm membrane, were further separated with the 1 kDa cross-flow ultrafiltration system into two phases, namely, colloidal phase (0.45 μm-1 kDa) and soluble phase (<1 kDa), and the partition coefficients of typical EDCs to colloids (Kcoc) were calculated. The removal of typical EDCs and their estrogenic activity in secondary effluent by coagulation sedimentation (CS), granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, magnetic ion exchange resin (NDMP), and ozone processes was compared. Results show that the percentages of colloid-bound EDCs were noteworthy and ranged between 7.8% and 44.3% in secondary effluents. The reduction in EDCs resulting from the GAC adsorption process was positively correlated to their logKcoc, thus suggesting that the adsorption of EDCs onto granular activated carbon and colloids exhibited a similar phenomenal character. Ozone oxidation was most effective in removing both colloidal phase and soluble phase EDCs, whereas CS displayed a relatively adequate performance in reducing colloidal EDCs. EDCs with lower Kow values exhibited higher removal by ion exchange resin. The combination of modified NDMP and ozonation processes achieved the best performance in reducing estrogenic activity and satisfying the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Long Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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16
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Xie X, Liu N, Yang F, Zhang Q, Zheng X, Wang Y, Liu J. Comparative study of antiestrogenic activity of two dyes after Fenton oxidation and biological degradation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:416-424. [PMID: 30142608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In present study, two methods (Fenton oxidation and biological degradation) were used to degrade azo dye (Reactive Black 5, RB5) and anthraquinone dye (Remazol Brilliant Blue R, RBBR). The changes of antiestrogenic activities of these two dyes through two degradation methods were detected using the yeast two-hybrid assay method. Fluorescence spectroscopy together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was performed to analyze the metabolites of RB5 and RBBR after Fenton oxidation and biological degradation. Results indicated that by Fenton oxidation, the decolorization of RB5 and RBBR were 99.31% and 96.62%, respectively, which were much higher than that by biological degradation. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction rates of RB5 and RBBR after Fenton oxidation were also much higher than that after biological degradation. By Fenton oxidation, the antiestrogenic activities of RB5 and RBBR all decreased below detection limit after degradation, while by biological degradation all of them increased significantly after degradation. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and GC-MS analysis confirmed the degradation effects of RB5 and RBBR by these two degradation methods. In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that the metabolites humic acid-like substances might contribute to the increasing of antiestrogenic activity of RB5 and RBBR after biological degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Education District, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, PR China.
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiulin Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yiqiin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jianshe Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
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17
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Du Y, Wu QY, Lv XT, Wang QP, Lu Y, Hu HY. Exposure to solar light reduces cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to mammalian cells: Roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:570-578. [PMID: 30015097 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage effluents can contain hundreds of toxic pollutants, making them a risk to humans when involved in drinking water. It is therefore important to evaluate the cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to mammalian cells. Solar light might influence the water quality of sewage effluents after their discharge into lakes or rivers, altering their cytotoxicity. In this study, natural solar light was found to lower the cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cytotoxicity of different samples decreased by 31%-65% after 12 h of simulated irradiation. Ultraviolet in sunlight was the major contributor to the cytotoxicity reduction. Aquatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, were generated in the effluents under irradiation and they contributed to part of cytotoxicity reduction. Pollutants in sewage effluents induced cytotoxicity by simultaneously elevating the levels of intracellular ROS and intracellular reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in CHO cells. Solar light and the aquatic ROS formed under irradiation reduced the cytotoxicity because the transformed pollutants in sewage effluents increased lower intracellular ROS and RNS levels. These results help reveal the detoxification mechanism of sewage effluents in natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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18
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Influence of Ammonium Ions, Organic Load and Flow Rate on the UV/Chlorine AOP Applied to Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant at Pilot Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061276. [PMID: 29914154 PMCID: PMC6025302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of ammonium ions and the organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) on the UV/chlorine AOP regarding the maintenance of free available chlorine (FAC) and elimination of 16 emerging contaminants (ECs) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTE) at pilot scale (UV chamber at 0.4 kW). COD inhibited the FAC maintenance in the UV chamber influent at a ratio of 0.16 mg FAC per mg COD (kHOCl–COD = 182 M−1s−1). An increase in ammonium ion concentration led to a stoichiometric decrease of the FAC concentration in the UV chamber influent. Especially in cold seasons due to insufficient nitrification, the ammonium ion concentration in WWTE can become so high that it becomes impossible to achieve sufficiently high FAC concentrations in the UV chamber influent. For all ECs, the elimination effect by the UV/combined Cl2 AOP (UV/CC) was not significantly higher than that by sole UV treatment. Accordingly, the UV/chlorine AOP is very sensitive and loses its effectiveness drastically as soon as there is no FAC but only CC in the UV chamber influent. Therefore, within the electrical energy consumption range tested (0.13–1 kWh/m3), a stable EC elimination performance of the UV/chlorine AOP cannot be maintained throughout the year.
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19
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Removal of Emerging Contaminants and Estrogenic Activity from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent with UV/Chlorine and UV/H₂O₂ Advanced Oxidation Treatment at Pilot Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050935. [PMID: 29735959 PMCID: PMC5981974 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was treated on-site with the UV/chlorine (UV/HOCl) advanced oxidation process (AOP) using a pilot plant equipped with a medium pressure UV lamp with an adjustable performance of up to 1 kW. Results obtained from parallel experiments with the same pilot plant, where the state of the art UV/H2O2 AOP was applied, were compared regarding the removal of emerging contaminants (EC) and the formation of adsorbable organohalogens (AOX). Furthermore, the total estrogenic activity was measured in samples treated with the UV/chlorine AOP. At an energy consumption of 0.4 kWh/m3 (0.4 kW, 1 m3/h) and in a range of oxidant concentrations from 1 to 6 mg/L, the UV/chlorine AOP had a significantly higher EC removal yield than the UV/H2O2 AOP. With free available chlorine concentrations (FAC) in the UV chamber influent of at least 5 mg/L (11 mg/L of dosed Cl2), the total estrogenic activity could be reduced by at least 97%. To achieve a certain concentration of FAC in the UV chamber influent, double to triple the amount of dosed Cl2 was needed, resulting in AOX concentrations of up to 520 µg/L.
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20
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Giebner S, Ostermann S, Straskraba S, Oetken M, Oehlmann J, Wagner M. Effectivity of advanced wastewater treatment: reduction of in vitro endocrine activity and mutagenicity but not of in vivo reproductive toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3965-3976. [PMID: 27596589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have a limited capacity to eliminate micropollutants. One option to improve this is tertiary treatment. Accordingly, the WWTP Eriskirch at the German river Schussen has been upgraded with different combinations of ozonation, sand, and granulated activated carbon filtration. In this study, the removal of endocrine and genotoxic effects in vitro and reproductive toxicity in vivo was assessed in a 2-year long-term monitoring. All experiments were performed with aqueous and solid-phase extracted water samples. Untreated wastewater affected several endocrine endpoints in reporter gene assays. The conventional treatment removed the estrogenic and androgenic activity by 77 and 95 %, respectively. Nevertheless, high anti-estrogenic activities and reproductive toxicity persisted. All advanced treatment technologies further reduced the estrogenic activities by additional 69-86 % compared to conventional treatment, resulting in a complete removal of up to 97 %. In the Ames assay, we detected an ozone-induced mutagenicity, which was removed by subsequent filtration. This demonstrates that a post treatment to ozonation is needed to minimize toxic oxidative transformation products. In the reproduction test with the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a decreased number of embryos was observed for all wastewater samples. This indicates that reproductive toxicants were eliminated by neither the conventional nor the advanced treatment. Furthermore, aqueous samples showed higher anti-estrogenic and reproductive toxicity than extracted samples, indicating that the causative compounds are not extractable or were lost during extraction. This underlines the importance of the adequate handling of wastewater samples. Taken together, this study demonstrates that combinations of multiple advanced technologies reduce endocrine effects in vitro. However, they did not remove in vitro anti-estrogenicity and in vivo reproductive toxicity. This implies that a further optimization of advanced wastewater treatment is needed that goes beyond combining available technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giebner
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sina Ostermann
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Straskraba
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Du Y, Lv XT, Wu QY, Zhang DY, Zhou YT, Peng L, Hu HY. Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:51-63. [PMID: 28774626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is essential to the safety of reclaimed water; however, this process leads to concern regarding the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and toxicity. This study reviewed the formation and control strategies for DBPs and toxicity in reclaimed water during chlorination. Both regulated and emerging DBPs have been frequently detected in reclaimed water during chlorination at a higher level than those in drinking water, indicating they pose a greater risk to humans. Luminescent bacteria and Daphnia magna acute toxicity, anti-estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity generally increased after chlorination because of the formation of DBPs. Genotoxicity by umu-test and estrogenic activity were decreased after chlorination because of destruction of toxic chemicals. During chlorination, water quality significantly impacted changes in toxicity. Ammonium tended to attenuate toxicity changes by reacting with chlorine to form chloramine, while bromide tended to aggravate toxicity changes by forming hypobromous acid. During pretreatment by ozonation and coagulation, disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) and toxicity formation potential (TFP) occasionally increase, which is accompanied by DOC removal; thus, the decrease of DOC was limited to indicate the decrease of DBPFP and TFP. It is more important to eliminate the key fraction of precursors such as hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic neutrals. During chlorination, toxicities can increase with the increasing chlorine dose and contact time. To control the excessive toxicity formation, a relatively low chlorine dose and short contact time were required. Quenching chlorine residual with reductive reagents also effectively abated the formation of toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Da-Yin Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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22
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Shen H, Chen X, Chen H. Influence on the generation of disinfection byproducts in a tannic acid solution by aluminum ions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1100-1110. [PMID: 27532946 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1217939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) commonly exists in natural waters, and its salts are often used as coagulants in drinking water treatment. Therefore, associated with the security of drinking water, functions of Al ions (Al3+) on generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) should not be ignored. This study focuses on DBPs and the carcinogenic factor of chlorinated water samples after the addition of Al3+ with different Al3+/initial tannic acid molar ratios. The results imply that Al3+ acts as a promoter of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and an inhibitor of trihalomethanes (THMs) when tannic acid is selected as model compound of natural organic matter during chlorination. Depending on the results of size exclusion chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometer, an equilibrium system can be assumed between hydrolysis and flocculation in tannic acid solution with Al3+. Furthermore, influences on the equilibrium system for Al3+ addition may result in various effects on generation and distribution ratios of THMs and HAAs during chlorination. Finally, according to the analyses of a fluorescence spectrophotometer, it is demonstrated that the presence of Al3+ helps to increase precursors of DBPs (humic acid-like organics) and then improve the generation of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- a Collaborative Innovation Center for Clean Water, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- a Collaborative Innovation Center for Clean Water, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- a Collaborative Innovation Center for Clean Water, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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23
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Sun J, Wang J, Zhang R, Wei D, Long Q, Huang Y, Xie X, Li A. Comparison of different advanced treatment processes in removing endocrine disruption effects from municipal wastewater secondary effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1-9. [PMID: 27771541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, secondary effluent from the Wulongkou (WLK) municipal wastewater plant (Zhengzhou, China) was tested for its toxicity effects before and after five advanced treatment processes (ATPs, i.e. coagulation sedimentation, nan da magnetic polyacrylic anion exchange resin (NDMP) resin adsorption, activated carbon adsorption, ozonation and electro-adsorption). Results showed that estrogen disruption effects (EDEs) were particularly significant for the raw secondary effluent among the studied dioxin-like toxicity effect, androgenic/anti-androgenic response effect, EDEs, and genotoxicity effect. And E1, E2, and EE2 were the main endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) contributing to EDEs. Except coagulation sedimentation, all the other four ATPs were efficient in removing the steroid estrogens (i.e. E1, E2, and EE2), but were inefficient in the artificial EDC (i.e. DBP, OP and BPA) removal. In the ATPs treated samples, vitellogenin (VTG) in zebrafish were largely removed. However, they were still significant in comparison with the control, probably due to artificial EDCs. Therefore, finding ways to thoroughly remove EDEs and EDCs from the secondary effluent will be a new research direction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Dongyang Wei
- South China Institute Of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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24
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Li N, Jiang W, Ma M, Wang D, Wang Z. Chlorination by-products of bisphenol A enhanced retinoid X receptor disrupting effects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:289-295. [PMID: 27565853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of activities of chlorinated by-products of bisphenol A (BPA) on retinoic acid system. Their agonistic and antagonistic activities to human retinoid X receptor (RXR) were assessed by a two-hybrid yeast assay. Aqueous solutions of 1mg/L BPA were chlorinated by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). It showed that chlorination of BPA increased RXRβ antagonistic activity, while no agonistic activity was detected, showing chlorine might act as a toxic potentiator rather than a toxic deactivator in RXRβ disrupting effects. BPA and its byproducts including 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). BPA rapidly degraded. With the increasing of ICC and reaction time, concentration of formed TCBPA increased initially then decreased, while concentration of formed TCP increased stably. Using the toxic equivalent (TEQ) approach, the main contributors should be mono-, di- and tri- chlorobisphenol A at initial chlorine concentration (ICC) of 1mg/L. At ICC of 2 and 5mg/L, the main contributors were TCBPA and TCP, being 57.7%-70.7% and 45.3%-59.4%. Molecular docking showed BPA chlorination by-products might have the same mode of action with BPA, forming hydrogen bond and pi-pi interaction with their OH group or hydrophobic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Shanghai Municipal Water Resource Development and Utilization National Engineering Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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25
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Kong D, Wang Y, Wang J, Teng Y, Li N, Li J. Evaluation and characterization of thyroid-disrupting activities in soil samples along the Second Songhua River, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:475-480. [PMID: 27526021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a recombinant thyroid receptor (TR) gene yeast assay combined with Monte Carlo simulation were used to evaluate and characterize soil samples collected from Jilin (China) along the Second Songhua River, for their ant/agonist effect on TR. No TR agonistic activity was found in soils, but many soil samples exhibited TR antagonistic activities, and the bioassay-derived amiodarone hydrochloride equivalents, which was calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation, ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 35.5μg/g. Hydrophilic substance fractions were determined to be the contributors to TR antagonistic activity in these soil samples. Our results indicate that the novel calculation method is effective for the quantification and characterization of TR antagonists in soil samples, and these data could provide useful information for future management and remediation efforts for contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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26
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Sun YX, Hu HY, Shi CZ, Yang Z, Tang F. Changes in the components and biotoxicity of dissolved organic matter in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2149-2156. [PMID: 26803912 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1144795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the biotoxicity of these components were investigated in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system with a microfiltration (MF) pretreatment unit. The MF pretreatment step had little effect on the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the secondary effluent, but the addition of chlorine before MF promoted the formation of organics with anti-estrogenic activity. The distribution of excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence constituents exhibited obvious discrepancies between the secondary effluent and the reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. Using size exclusion chromatography, DOM with low molecular weights of approximately 1.2 and 0.98 kDa was newly formed during the mWRRO. The normalized genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 32.1 ± 10.2 μg4-NQO/mgDOC and 0.36 ± 0.08 mgTAM/mgDOC, respectively, and these values were clearly higher than those of the secondary effluent and MF permeate. The florescence volume of Regions I and II in the EEM spectrum could be suggested as a surrogate for assessing the genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Zhen Shi
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yang
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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27
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Griffith DR, Kido Soule MC, Eglinton TI, Kujawinski EB, Gschwend PM. Steroidal estrogen sources in a sewage-impacted coastal ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:981-991. [PMID: 27465804 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are known to be potent endocrine disrupting chemicals that are commonly found in wastewater effluents at ng L(-1) levels. Yet, we know very little about the distribution and fate of estrogens in coastal oceans that receive wastewater inputs. This study measured a wide range of steroidal estrogens in sewage-impacted seawater using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) together with the method of standard addition. In Massachusetts Bay, we find conjugated, free, and halogenated estrogens at concentrations that are consistent with dilution at sites close to the sewage source. At a site 6 miles down current of the sewage source, we observe estrone (E1) concentrations (520 ± 180 pg L(-1)) that are nearly double the nearfield concentrations (320 ± 60 pg L(-1)) despite 9-fold dilution of carbamazepine, which was used as a conservative sewage tracer. Our results suggest that background E1 concentrations in Massachusetts Bay (∼270 ± 50 pg L(-1)) are derived largely from sources unrelated to wastewater effluent such as marine vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
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28
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Sun J, Ji X, Zhang R, Huang Y, Liang Y, Du J, Xie X, Li A. Endocrine disrupting compounds reduction and water quality improvement in reclaimed municipal wastewater: A field-scale study along Jialu River in North China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:232-240. [PMID: 27231882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several ecological restoration projects have been constructed along urban rivers in North China to purify reclaimed municipal wastewater and improve the water quality of urban rivers. These projects attempt to address several environmental issues, including treating water contamination that is not fully remediated through standard wastewater treatment. This study investigated the efficiency of reducing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and estrogenic activity in reclaimed municipal wastewater along an 18.5 km field-scale ecological restoration project in Jialu River. The river only receives reclaimed municipal wastewater without natural effluent in North China. Data show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) of reclaimed municipal effluent improved when compared to the Chinese surface water standard, and natural estrogens, such as estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2), were effectively removed during ecological restoration purification processes. The estradiol activity based on measured EDCs concentrations (ΣEEQEDC) was less than 0.01 ng/L after the ecological purification of restoration river; however, synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds in reclaimed municipal wastewater, such as octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were difficult to eliminate. The bioassays of MDA-kb2 cells and recombinant yeast in vitro showed no direct androgen response and estrogen effect in reclaimed municipal effluent after the purification processes. However, a chorionic long-term (21d) exposure in vivo test showed that exposure to the reclaimed municipal effluents, even after river purification, still significantly induced yolk protein vitellogenin (Vtg) in male zebrafish, leading to abnormal expression of testosterone (T) and E2. This indicates continued potent estrogenic activity to aquatic organisms, even after treatment and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinhui Du
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Science, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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29
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Sun YX, Yang Z, Ye T, Shi N, Tian Y. Evaluation of the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater reclamation by coagulation and granular activated carbon adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13543-13553. [PMID: 27032632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) contains elevated concentrations of contaminants which pose potential risks to aquatic environment. The treatment of ROC from an mWRRO using granular activated carbon (GAC) combined pretreatment of coagulation was optimized and evaluated. Among the three coagulants tested, ferric chloride (FeCl3) presented relatively higher DOC removal efficiency than polyaluminium chloride and lime at the same dosage and coagulation conditions. The removal efficiency of DOC, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity concentration of the ROC could achieve 16.9, 18.9, and 39.7 %, respectively, by FeCl3 coagulation (with FeCl3 dosage of 180.22 mg/L), which can hardly reduce UV254 and genotoxicity normalized by DOC of the DOM with MW <5 kDa. However, the post-GAC adsorption column (with filtration velocity of 5.7 m/h, breakthrough point adsorption capacity of 0.22 mg DOC/g GAC) exhibited excellent removal efficiency on the dominant DOM fraction of MW <5 kDa in the ROC. The removal efficiency of DOC, UV254, and TDS in the ROC was up to 91.8, 96, and 76.5 %, respectively, by the FeCl3 coagulation and post-GAC adsorption. Also, the DOM with both genotoxicity and antiestrogenic activity were completely eliminated by the GAC adsorption. The results suggest that GAC adsorption combined pretreatment of FeCl3 coagulation as an efficient method to control organics, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity in the ROC from mWRRO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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30
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Ma D, Chen L, Wu Y, Liu R. Evaluation of the removal of antiestrogens and antiandrogens via ozone and granular activated carbon using bioassay and fluorescent spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:346-355. [PMID: 27027562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogens and antiandrogens are relatively rarely studied endocrine disrupting chemicals which can be found in un/treated wastewaters. Antiestrogens and antiandrogens in the wastewater treatment effluents could contribute to sexual disruption of organisms. In this study, to assess the removal of non-specific antiestrogens and antiandrogens by advanced treatment processes, ozonation and adsorption to granular activated carbon (GAC), the biological activities and excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of wastewater were evaluated. As the applied ozone dose increased to 12 mg/L, the antiestrogenic activity dramatically decreased to 3.2 μg 4-hydroxytamoxifen equivalent (4HEQ)/L, with a removal efficiency of 84.8%, while the antiandrogenic activity was 23.1 μg flutamide equivalent (FEQ)/L, with a removal efficiency of 75.5%. The removal of antiestrogenic/antiandrogenic activity has high correlation with the removal of fulvic acid-like materials and humic acid-like organics, suggesting that they can be used as surrogates for antiestrogenic/antiandrogenic activity during ozonation. The adsorption kinetics of antiestrogenic activity and antiandrogenic activity were well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The estimated equilibrium concentration of antiestrogenic activity is 7.9 μg 4HEQ/L with an effective removal efficiency of 70.5%, while the equilibrium concentration of antiandrogenic activity is 33.7 μg FEQ/L with a removal efficiency of 67.0%. Biological activity evaluation of wastewater effluents is an attractive way to assess the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by different treatment processes. Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used as a surrogate measure of bioassays during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314050, China.
| | - Yuchao Wu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314050, China
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31
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Wu Q, Li C, Wang W, He T, Hu H, Du Y, Wang T. Removal of fluorescence and ultraviolet absorbance of dissolved organic matter in reclaimed water by solar light. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:118-127. [PMID: 27155416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Storing reclaimed water in lakes is a widely used method of accommodating changes in the consumption of reclaimed water during wastewater reclamation and reuse. Solar light serves as an important function in degrading pollutants during storage, and its effect on dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated in this study. Solar light significantly decreased the UV254 absorbance and fluorescence (FLU) intensity of reclaimed water. However, its effect on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) value of reclaimed water was very limited. The decrease in the UV254 absorbance intensity and FLU excitation-emission matrix regional integration volume (FLU volume) of reclaimed water during solar light irradiation was fit with pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decrease of UV254 absorbance was much slower than that of the FLU volume. Ultraviolet light in solar light had a key role in decreasing the UV254 absorbance and FLU intensity during solar light irradiation. The light fluence-based removal kinetic constants of the UV254 and FLU intensity were independent of light intensity. The peaks of the UV254 absorbance and FLU intensity with an apparent molecular weight (AMW) of 100Da to 2000Da decreased after solar irradiation, whereas the DOC value of the major peaks did not significantly change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Hu HY, Du Y, Wu QY, Zhao X, Tang X, Chen Z. Differences in dissolved organic matter between reclaimed water source and drinking water source. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:133-142. [PMID: 26874770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) significantly affects the quality of reclaimed water and drinking water. Reclaimed water potable reuse is an effective way to augment drinking water source and de facto reuse exists worldwide. Hence, when reclaimed water source (namely secondary effluent) is blended with drinking water source, understanding the difference in DOM between drinking water source (dDOM) and reclaimed water source (rDOM) is essential. In this study, composition, transformation, and potential risk of dDOM from drinking water source and rDOM from secondary effluent were compared. Generally, the DOC concentration of rDOM and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content in reclaimed water source were higher but rDOM exhibited a lower aromaticity. Besides, rDOM comprises a higher proportion of hydrophilic fractions and more low-molecular weight compounds, which are difficult to be removed during coagulation. Although dDOM exhibited higher specific disinfection byproducts formation potential (SDBPFP), rDOM formed more total disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination including halomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) due to high DOC concentration. Likewise, in consideration of DOC basis, rDOM contained more absolute assimilable organic carbon (AOC) despite showing a lower specific AOC (normalized AOC per unit of DOC). Besides, rDOM exhibited higher biotoxicity including genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Therefore, rDOM presents a greater potential risk than dDOM does. Reclaimed water source needs to be treated carefully when it is blended with drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Southwest Branch of State Grid Corporation of China, Chengdu 610094, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Liu N, Xie X, Jiang H, Yang F, Yu C, Liu J. Characteristics of estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities during the anoxic/aerobic biotreatment process of simulated textile dyeing wastewater. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HOA and HON were key fractions involved in increasing antiestrogenic activity and humic/fulvic acid in them could mask estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
| | - Xuehui Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
| | - Chengzhi Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
| | - Jianshe Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
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34
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Yang Y, Lu Y, Wu QY, Hu HY, Chen YH, Liu WL. Evidence of ATP assay as an appropriate alternative of MTT assay for cytotoxicity of secondary effluents from WWTPs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:490-496. [PMID: 26410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological tests are effective and comprehensive methods to assess toxicity of environmental pollutants to ensure the safety of reclaimed water. In this study, the canonical MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) of secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It was surprising that most concentrated DOMs treated HepG2 cells yielded much higher signal compared with vehicle control regardless of difference of treatment technologies and seasons. However, there was actually no obvious enhancement of the cell proliferation by microscopy. In order to find out potential reason for the discrepancy, another three assays were performed. The results of ATP assay and flow cytometry showed expected toxicity, which was consistent with microscopy and previous studies, while DNA assay did not exhibit apparent change in treated cells. The possible mechanisms of abnormal MTT signal could be that some materials in secondary effluents isolated by solid extraction with HLB resin directly reacted with MTT and/or enhanced the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase. Therefore, the MTT assay is not suitable to assess cytotoxicity of complex mixtures such as secondary effluents, while ATP assay is an optional sensitive method. This study also suggests the importance of choosing both suitable extraction methods and detection assays for toxicity evaluation of component-unknown environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Li J, Wang Y, Kong D, Wang J, Teng Y, Li N. Evaluation and characterization of anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities in soil samples along the Second Songhua River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:724. [PMID: 26519078 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, re-combined estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) gene yeast assays combined with a novel approach based on Monte Carlo simulation were used for evaluation and characterization of soil samples collected from Jilin along the Second Songhua River to assess their antagonist/agonist properties for ER and AR. The results showed that estrogenic activity only occurred in the soil samples collected in the agriculture area, but most soil samples showed anti-estrogenic activities, and the bioassay-derived 4-hydroxytamoxifen equivalents ranged from N.D. to 23.51 μg/g. Hydrophilic substance fractions were determined as potential contributors associated with anti-estrogenic activity in these soil samples. Moreover, none of the soil samples exhibited AR agonistic potency, whereas 54% of the soil samples exhibited AR antagonistic potency. The flutamide equivalents varied between N.D. and 178.05 μg/g. Based on Monte Carlo simulation-related mass balance analysis, the AR antagonistic activities were significantly correlated with the media polar and polar fractions. All of these results support that this novel calculation method can be adopted effectively to quantify and characterize the ER/AR agonists and antagonists of the soil samples, and these data could help provide useful information for future management and remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yafei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Neale PA, Escher BI, Leusch FDL. Understanding the implications of dissolved organic carbon when assessing antagonism in vitro: An example with an estrogen receptor assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:341-346. [PMID: 25978675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity has been observed in water samples. Some studies have suggested that dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which can be co-extracted during sample enrichment, contributes to the apparent antagonistic effect. DOC has a high sorption capacity for the estrogen receptor (ER) agonist 17β-estradiol, which may reduce the available 17β-estradiol concentration in the antagonist testing mode and potentially lead to apparent antagonism. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of DOC when assessing antagonism in an ER reporter gene assay. The presence of DOC shifted the 17β-estradiol concentration-effect curve to higher concentrations, increasing the nominal EC50 value by up to 0.3 log units. However, this shift was within the usual variability associated with repeated measurements of concentration-effect curves. This shift was not due to DOC being an antagonist itself or interfering with fluorescence measurements, but was due to DOC reducing the bioavailability of 17β-estradiol. This was demonstrated by modelling the DOC sorption corrected 17β-estradiol concentration using experimental DOC-water partition coefficients (KDOC). While the shift in the 17β-estradiol concentration-effect curve was minor, sorption of 17β-estradiol to DOC can have an impact when assessing antagonism. At the EC50 agonist concentration, both modelled and experimental results showed that DOC at concentrations similar to that co-extracted in water samples caused suppression of the agonist at levels that would be classified as antagonism. The suppression was less pronounced at the EC80 agonist concentration, hence this is recommended when assessing antagonism of DOC rich samples, such as surface water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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37
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Sun YX, Gao Y, Hu HY, Tang F, Yang Z. Characterization and biotoxicity assessment of dissolved organic matter in RO concentrate from a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:545-551. [PMID: 25277967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system containing organic compounds may associate with toxic risk, and its discharge might pose an environmental risk. To identify a basis for the selection of feasible technology in treating RO concentrates, the characteristics and biotoxicity of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in RO concentrates from an mWRRO system were investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic bases (HOB) accounted for 96% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the total DOM in the RO concentrate. According to the SEC chromatograph detected at 254 nm wavelength of UV, the DOM with molecular weight (MW) 1-3 kDa accounted for the majority of the basic and neutral fractions. The fluorescence spectra of the excitation emission matrix (EEM) indicated that most aromatic proteins, humic/fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial by-product-like substances existed in the fractions HOA and hydrophobic neutrals (HON). The genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 1795.6 ± 57.2 μg 4-NQOL(-1) and 2.19 ± 0.05 mg TAM L(-1), respectively. The HIN, HOA, and HOB contributed to the genotoxicity of the RO concentrate, and the HIN was with the highest genotoxic level of 1007.9 ± 94.8 μg 4-NQOL(-1). The HOA, HON, and HIN lead to the total anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate, and HOA occupied approximately 60% of the total, which was 1.3 ± 0.17 mg TAM L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
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38
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Tang X, Wu QY, Zhao X, Huang H, Shi XJ, Hu HY. A fingerprint analysis method for characterization of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:14211-14218. [PMID: 25056751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater and reclaimed water is related to water quality, safety, and treatability. In this study, DOM was characterized through a fingerprint analysis method for DOM characterization using resin fractionation followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Resin fractionation was used in the first step to divide the DOM in water samples into six resin fractions, namely, hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB), and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). SEC analysis was then performed to separate each resin fraction into several (n) subfractions with different molecular weights (MW). Thus, the total DOM in the water sample was fractionated into 6n subfractions. After quantification of each subfraction by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a fingerprint graph was constructed to express the distribution of DOM in the subfractions. The fingerprint analysis method was applied to a secondary effluent sample during ozonation. Ozonation (dose of 10 mg L(-1)) removed the DOC only by 8 % and reduced UV254 of the sample by 36 %. Fingerprint graphs also revealed that the resin fractions changed quite limitedly but transformation of subfractions occurred notably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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Ihara M, Ihara MO, Kumar V, Narumiya M, Hanamoto S, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Miyagawa S, Iguchi T, Tanaka H. Co-occurrence of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in wastewater: quantitative evaluation of balance by in vitro ERα reporter gene assay and chemical analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6366-6373. [PMID: 24802743 DOI: 10.1021/es5014938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are exogenous substances that alter the function of the endocrine system, with adverse health effects on organisms or their progeny. In vitro estrogen receptor (ER) reporter gene assays have long been used to measure estrogenic activity in wastewater. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty about their usefulness in environmental monitoring on account of a discrepancy between the estrogenic response of the in vitro assay and concentrations of estrogenic compounds determined by chemical analysis. Here, we measured estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in wastewater by ERα reporter gene assay. All samples were simultaneously analyzed for estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol, and the concentrations were used to predict estrogenic activity. All samples in which measured estrogenic activity was significantly lower than predicted showed strong antiestrogenic activity. In addition, we confirmed that the fraction that did not have antiestrogenic activity showed stronger estrogenic activity than the unfractionated wastewater extract. These results indicate that antiestrogenic compounds in wastewater suppress the activity of natural estrogens, and the reporter gene assay represents the net activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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40
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Wu QY, Tang X, Huang H, Li Y, Hu HY, Ding YN, Shao YR. Antiestrogenic activity and related disinfection by-product formation induced by bromide during chlorine disinfection of sewage secondary effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 273:280-286. [PMID: 24751494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine disinfection, widely used in wastewater reclamation, can form toxic and harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are associated with endocrine disruption. In this study, the presence of bromide was found to promote an increase in antiestrogenic activity using a yeast two-hybrid assay in the sewage secondary effluent during chlorine disinfection. Among the dissolved organic matters in the secondary effluent, hydrophobic acids and hydrophilic substance fractions were determined as potential precursors associated with increase in antiestrogenic activity in the secondary effluent induced by bromide. Further antiestrogenic activity evaluation and mass spectrum characterization following the semipreparative liquid chromatography fractionation of a natural organic matter precursor, tyrosine, after chlorination under the presence of bromide revealed, for the first time, that 2-(bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) acetonitrile (Br-HPAN) and 2-(dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) acetonitrile (DBr-HPAN) exhibited antiestrogenic activity. Br-HPAN and DBr-HPAN were the DBPs involved in the increase in antiestrogenic activity in the tyrosine solution. Bromide was shown to induce the formation of Br-HPAN and DBr-HPAN in the secondary effluent during chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Ya-Nan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Yi-Ru Shao
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Griffith DR, Kido Soule MC, Matsufuji H, Eglinton TI, Kujawinski EB, Gschwend PM. Measuring free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens in secondary treated wastewater effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2569-2578. [PMID: 24476066 DOI: 10.1021/es402809u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal estrogens are potent endocrine-disrupting chemicals that enter natural waters through the discharge of treated and raw sewage. Because estrogens are detrimental to aquatic organisms at sub-nanogram per liter concentrations, many studies have measured so-called "free" estrogen concentrations in wastewater effluents, rivers, and lakes. Other forms of estrogens are also of potential concern because conjugated estrogens can be easily converted to potent free estrogens by bacteria in wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters and halogenated estrogens are likely produced during wastewater disinfection. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have concurrently characterized free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens. We have developed a method that is capable of simultaneously quantifying free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens in treated wastewater effluent, in which detection limits were 0.13-1.3 ng L(-1) (free), 0.11-1.0 ng L(-1) (conjugated), and 0.18-18 ng L(-1) (halogenated). An aqueous phase additive, ammonium fluoride, was used to increase the electrospray (negative mode) ionization efficiency of free and halogenated estrogens by factors of 20 and 2.6, respectively. The method was validated using treated effluent from the greater Boston metropolitan area, where conjugated and halogenated estrogens made up 60-70% of the steroidal estrogen load on a molar basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Griffith
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Zhang W, Wang C, Li Y, Wang P, Wang Q, Wang D. Seeking sustainability: multiobjective evolutionary optimization for urban wastewater reuse in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1094-102. [PMID: 24378011 DOI: 10.1021/es404082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable design and implementation of wastewater reuse in China have to achieve an optimum compromise among water resources augmenting, pollutants reduction and economic profit. A systematic framework with a multiobjective optimization model is first developed considering the trade-offs among wastewater reuse supplies and demands, costs and profits, as well as pollutants reduction. Pareto fronts of wastewater reuse optimization for 31 provinces of China are obtained through nondominated sorting genetic algorithm trials. The control strategies for each province are selected on the basis of regional water resources and water environment status. On the national level, the control strategies of wastewater reuse scale, BOD5 reduction, and economic profit are 15.39 billion cubic meters, 176.31 kilotons, and 9.68 billion RMB Yuan, respectively. The driving forces of water resources augmenting and water pollution control play more important roles than economic profit during wastewater reuse expanding in China. According to the optimal allocations, reclaimed wastewater should be intensively used in municipal, domestic, and recreative sectors in the regions suffering from quantity-related water scarcity, while it should be focused on industrial users in the regions suffering from quality-related water scarcity. The results present a general picture of wastewater reuse for policy makers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
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Tang X, Wu QY, Zhao X, Du Y, Huang H, Shi XL, Hu HY. Transformation of anti-estrogenic-activity related dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents during ozonation. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:605-612. [PMID: 24183562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anti-estrogenic activity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water is gaining increasing attention. In this study, anti-estrogenic activity removal efficiency by ozonation in the tertiary treatment process of domestic wastewater was investigated. The anti-estrogenic activity in the secondary effluents used in this study ranged between 0.95 and 2.00 mg-TAM L(-1) and decreased significantly after ozonation. The removal efficiency of anti-estrogenic activity at a dose of 10 mg-O3 L(-1) was 65-87%. The removal of the anti-estrogenic activity was highly correlated with the removal of UV254, suggesting that UV254 can be used as a surrogate for anti-estrogenic activity during ozonation. The results of size exclusion chromatography of the wastewater samples during ozonation showed that the UV254 absorbance of the DOM fraction with large apparent molecular weight (MW) around 7.6 k Da dropped significantly, and the DOM fraction was suspected to be humic substances which have been previously identified as anti-estrogenic constituents in secondary effluents. The excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectra of the wastewater samples proved that humic substances existed in the DOM and indeed reacted with the ozone. With the help of two-dimensional correlation of Fourier transform infrared, it was confirmed that the aromatic structures in the DOM were largely destroyed by ozonation. Therefore, it was suggested that the destruction of the aromatic structures in the DOM was related to the removal of the anti-estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Tang X, Wu QY, Du Y, Yang Y, Hu HY. Anti-estrogenic activity formation potential assessment and precursor analysis in reclaimed water during chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:490-497. [PMID: 24210544 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination was reported to increase the anti-estrogenic activity in reclaimed water from domestic wastewater treatment plants, which may add to the risk of reclaimed water reuse. In order to assess the anti-estrogenic disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, the anti-estrogenic activity formation potential (AEAFP) during chlorination was studied. Firstly, the conditions for the experimental measurement of AEAFP were determined. A 24-h chlorination experiment was applied for AEAFP measurement. After chlorination, dechlorination using reductive reagents led to significant loss of anti-estrogenic activity formation. In addition, as the presence of ammonia nitrogen and other major chlorine consumers would result in lower anti-estrogenic activity formation, a basic chlorine dose of 3× DOC (mg-Cl2 L(-1)) was adequate for completely transforming the anti-estrogenic DBP precursors while an extra chlorine dose of 8× ammonia-nitrogen + 5× nitrite-nitrogen (mg-Cl2 L(-1)) should be added when there was a high level of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the reclaimed water. Therefore, 24-h chlorination without dechlorination or using only non-reductive quenching reagents (e.g. ammonium) for dechlorination and a total chlorine dose of 3× DOC + 8× ammonia nitrogen + 5× nitrite nitrogen (mg-Cl2 L(-1)) should be fulfilled for the AEAFP measurement. Moreover, the AEAFP (0.2-2.1 mg-TAM L(-1)) of the reclaimed water samples (n = 20) were further analyzed. The AEAFP was highly correlated to UV254 and the fluorescence volume in excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectrum which can be used as surrogates to indicate the level of the AEAFP and assess the precursors in reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Zhang X, Zhao X. Ecotoxicity assessment of artificial groundwater recharge with reclaimed water: a pilot-scale study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:499-502. [PMID: 24072260 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A demonstration of artificial groundwater recharge with tertiary effluent was evaluated using a set of bioassays (acute toxicity to Daphnia, genotoxicity, estrogenic and antiestrogenic toxicity). Around 95 % genotoxicity and 53 % antiestrogenicity were removed from the feed water by ozonation, whereas significant reduction of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was achieved during a 3 days vadose soil treatment. The toxicity was further removed to the same level as the local groundwater during a 20 days aquifer soil treatment. The pilot study has shown that ozonation and soil treatments can improve the quality of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents for possible groundwater recharge purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China,
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Tang X, Wu QY, Huang H, Hu HY, Li Q. Removal potential of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents by coagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2562-7. [PMID: 24148974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-estrogenic activity in wastewater is gaining increased attention because of its endocrine-disrupting function. In this study, the level and removal efficiency by coagulation of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants were studied. Anti-estrogenic activity was detected in secondary effluent samples at a tamoxifen (TAM) equivalent concentration level of 0.38-0.94 mg-TAML(-1). Dissolved organic matters (DOM) with the molecular weight (MW) less than 3000 Da in hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic neutrals (HON) fractions of the secondary effluent were the key fractions related to anti-estrogenic activity. Coagulation with FeCl(3) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) can remove the anti-estrogenic activity of the secondary effluents, but the removal efficiency was limited. The removal efficiency using FeCl(3) coagulant was higher than that induced by PAC. Dissolved organic carbon was continuously removed with increased coagulant dose (0-120 mg L(-1) FeCl(3) or 0-60 mg L(-1) PAC). However, the removal of anti-estrogenic activity was not enhanced further when the coagulant concentration was beyond a critical value (30 mg L(-1) FeCl(3) or 10 mg L(-1) PAC). The highest removal of anti-estrogenic activity was about 36% by FeCl(3) and 20% by PAC. Size exclusion chromatography results indicated difficulty in removing DOM with MW less than 3000 Da in the secondary effluent during coagulation even at a high coagulant concentration, which led to low removal efficiency of anti-estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Huang H, Wu QY, Tang X, Jiang R, Hu HY. Formation of haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides during chlorination of pure culture bacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:375-381. [PMID: 23402924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing reuse of organic nitrogen-rich wastewater raises concerns regarding the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs), such as haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides. Previous research mainly focused on N-DBPs formation from dissolved organic matter in wastewater. In this study, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) formation from particles in the secondary effluents of a domestic wastewater treatment plant during chlorination was assessed to account for 26-46% of the total formation. As part of particles in wastewater, bacterial cells enriched in organic nitrogen are considered a potential source for the formation of N-DBPs during chlorination. The formation of DCAN, DCAcAm and trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) during the chlorination of a Gram-negative bacterium of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and a Gram-positive bacterium of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were then evaluated. Compared with dissolved organic matter in the secondary effluent, bacterial cells formed more DCAN, DCAcAm and TCAcAm during chlorination. E. faecalis formed more DCAN, but less DCAcAm and TCAcAm than E. coli did under most chlorination conditions. Moreover, the effects of contact time, chlorine dose, pH value and ammonia nitrogen concentration on the N-DBPs formation from the two bacterial suspensions were investigated. Under the chlorination conditions in this study, DCAN formation from the bacterial suspensions initially increased and then decreased, while TCAcAm formation increased with increasing contact time and chlorine dose. DCAcAm formation from the bacterial suspensions increased with the prolonged contact time, and increased and then decreased with increasing chlorine dose. DCAN, DCAcAm and TCAcAm formation was favored under neutral pH condition, but was reduced with the addition of ammonia during the chlorination of the two bacterial suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Bouki C, Venieri D, Diamadopoulos E. Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:1-9. [PMID: 23414720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most successful group of pharmaceuticals used for human and veterinary therapy. However, large amounts of antibiotics are released into municipal wastewater due to incomplete metabolism in humans or due to disposal of unused antibiotics, which finally find their ways into different natural environmental compartments. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health risks. ARB and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have been detected extensively in wastewater samples. Available data show significantly higher proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria contained in raw and treated wastewater relative to surface water. According to these studies, the conditions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are favourable for the proliferation of ARB. Moreover, another concern with regards to the presence of ARB and ARGs is their effective removal from sewage. This review gives an overview of the available data on the occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their fate in WWTPs, on the biological methods dealing with the detection of bacterial populations and their resistance genes, and highlights areas in need for further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bouki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
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Zhang W, Li Y, Wang C, Wang P, Wang Q. Energy recovery during advanced wastewater treatment: simultaneous estrogenic activity removal and hydrogen production through solar photocatalysis. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:1480-1490. [PMID: 23269320 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous estrogenic activity removal and hydrogen production from secondary effluent were successfully achieved using TiO(2) microspheres modified with both platinum nanoparticles and phosphates (P-TiO(2)/Pt) for the first time. The coexistence of platinum and phosphate on the surface of TiO(2) microspheres was confirmed by transmission electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. P-TiO(2)/Pt microspheres showed a significantly higher photocatalytic activity than TiO(2) microspheres and TiO(2) powders (P25) for the removal of estrogenic activity from secondary effluent with the removal ratio of 100%, 58.2% and 48.5% in 200 min, respectively. Moreover, the marked production of hydrogen (photonic efficiency: 3.23 × 10(-3)) was accompanied by the removal of estrogenic activity only with P-TiO(2)/Pt as photocatalysts. The hydrogen production rate was increasing with decreased DO concentration in secondary effluent. Results of reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluation during P-TiO(2)/Pt photocatalytic process showed that O(2)(-)and OH were dominant ROS in aerobic phase, while OH was the most abundant ROS in anoxic phase. Changes of effluent organic matter (EfOM) during photocatalysis revealed that aromatic, hydrophobic, and high molecular weight fractions of EfOM were preferentially transformed into non-humic, hydrophilic, and low MW fractions (e.g. aldehydes and carboxylic acids), which were continuously utilized as electron donors in hydrogen production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Watson K, Shaw G, Leusch FDL, Knight NL. Chlorine disinfection by-products in wastewater effluent: Bioassay-based assessment of toxicological impact. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:6069-6083. [PMID: 22981491 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential ecological impact of disinfection by-products (DBPs) present in chlorinated wastewater effluents is not well understood. In this study, the chlorinated effluent of traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and advanced water reclamation plants (AWRPs) supplying highly-treated recycled water were analyzed for nitrosamines and trihalomethanes (THMs), and a battery of bioassays conducted to assess effluent toxicity. An increase in general toxicity from DBPs was revealed for all wastewaters studied using an in vitro bioluminescence assay. Examples of androgenic activity and estrogenic activity arising from DBPs at specific sampling sites were also observed. The in vivo model (Artemia franciscana) was generally not adversely affected by exposure to DBPs from any of the chlorinated wastewaters studied. The observed toxicity could not be related to the concentrations of THMs and nitrosamines present, indicating that DBPs not monitored in this study were responsible for this. This work highlights the complexity of DBPs mixtures formed in chlorinated wastewaters, illustrating that toxicity of wastewater DBPs cannot be predicted by chemical monitoring of THMs and nitrosamines. The results suggest bioassays may be particularly useful monitoring tools in assessing toxicity arising from DBPs of these complex waters. The research concludes that DBPs formed in the chlorinated wastewaters studied can be toxic and may have a deleterious impact on aquatic organisms that are exposed to them, and therefore, that chlorination or chlorination/dechlorination may not be adequate treatment strategies for the protection of receiving waters. Chlorinated wastewater toxicity (from DBPs) is not well-understood in the Australian context, and this study serves to advise regulators on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watson
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, 4222 Queensland, Australia
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