1
|
Moradi F, Yazdani A, Nematolahi F, Hosseini-Roknabadi SM, Sharifi N. Prevalence of supplement usage and related attitudes and reasons among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan and its relationship with feeding behavior: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:150. [PMID: 38978090 PMCID: PMC11229390 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overuse of supplements among athletes is a widespread issue affecting the health of both male and female athletes. However, research on supplements usage among female fitness athletes is limited, and there is little information on the feeding behavior of fitness athletes who use supplements. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge by examining the prevalence of supplement usage and its related attitudes and reasons among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan. It further aimed to investigate the correlation between supplements usage and the feeding behavior of fitness athletes. METHODS For these purposes, in this cross-sectional study, 433 fitness athletes (15‒46 years old) in 28 gyms in the city of Kashan were surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire in 2023. Five experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The present study considered the supplements based on the Australian Institute of Sport position statement. A Chi-square analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the study variables and supplement usage. RESULTS Overall, 272 male and 161 female fitness athletes participated in this study. The results revealed that 57.9% of participants used supplements, most commonly vitamin C, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and whey protein. The main reason for using supplements was to speed up body repair after exercise (69.5%). Additionally, 41.8% of these athletes believed that using supplements improves their overall performance, and 21.9% thought that supplements do not harm the body. Moreover, a correlation was observed between feeding behavior and the consumption of supplements. It was found that athletes who use supplements tend to eat more white meat, seeds, and nuts and fewer high-fat dairy products than those who do not consume them. CONCLUSION Using supplements among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan is common. The main reason for using these substances was to speed up body repair after exercise, and nearly half of the athletes believed that supplements improved their performance. In addition, it was revealed that athletes who take supplements have healthier feeding behaviors than those who do not. Thus, these findings confirm the necessity of informing fitness athletes about using supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-73474, Iran
| | - Akram Yazdani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Nematolahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-73474, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Roknabadi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sharifi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Ensenyat A, Naudí A, Serrano JCE. Short-Term Panax Ginseng Extract Supplementation Reduces Fasting Blood Triacylglycerides and Oxygen Consumption during Sub-Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Male Recreational Athletes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38785940 PMCID: PMC11118118 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a popular herbal supplement among athletes, is believed to enhance exercise capacity and performance. This study investigated the short-term effects of Panax ginseng extract (PG) on aerobic capacity, lipid profile, and cytokines. In a 14-day randomized, double-blind trial, male participants took 500 mg of PG daily. Two experiments were conducted: one in 10 km races (n = 31) and another in a laboratory-controlled aerobic capacity test (n = 20). Blood lipid and cytokine profile, ventilation, oxygen consumption, hemodynamic and fatigue parameters, and race time were evaluated. PG supplementation led to reduced total blood lipid levels, particularly in triacylglycerides (10 km races -7.5 mg/dL (95% CI -42 to 28); sub-maximal aerobic test -14.2 mg/dL (95% CI -52 to 23)), while post-exercise blood IL-10 levels were increased (10 km 34.0 pg/mL (95% CI -2.1 to 70.1); sub-maximal aerobic test 4.1 pg/mL (95% CI -2.8 to 11.0)), and oxygen consumption decreased during the sub-maximal aerobic test (VO2: -1.4 mL/min/kg (95% CI -5.8 to -0.6)). No significant differences were noted in race time, hemodynamic, or fatigue parameters. Overall, PG supplementation for 2 weeks showed benefits in blood lipid profile and energy consumption during exercise among recreational athletes. This suggests a potential role for PG in enhancing exercise performance and metabolic health in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Hernández-García
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Ana Belén Granado-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Meritxell Martín-Gari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Assumpta Ensenyat
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, 08038 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Jose C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carr AJ, McKay AKA, Burke LM, Smith ES, Urwin CS, Convit L, Jardine WT, Kelly MK, Saunders B. Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents-A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:25-48. [PMID: 37878211 PMCID: PMC10721675 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review evaluated the evidence for buffering agents (sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and beta-alanine), with specific consideration of three discrete scenarios: female athletes, extreme environments and combined buffering agents. Studies were screened according to exclusion and inclusion criteria and were analysed on three levels: (1) moderating variables (supplement dose and timing, and exercise test duration and intensity), (2) design factors (e.g., use of crossover or matched group study design, familiarisation trials) and (3) athlete-specific factors (recruitment of highly trained participants, buffering capacity and reported performance improvements). Only 19% of the included studies for the three buffering agents reported a performance benefit, and only 10% recruited highly trained athletes. This low transferability of research findings to athletes' real-world practices may be due to factors including the small number of sodium citrate studies in females (n = 2), no studies controlling for the menstrual cycle (MC) or menstrual status using methods described in recently established frameworks, and the limited number of beta-alanine studies using performance tests replicating real-world performance efforts (n = 3). We recommend further research into buffering agents in highly trained female athletes that control or account for the MC, studies that replicate the demands of athletes' heat and altitude camps, and investigations of highly trained athletes' use of combined buffering agents. In a practical context, we recommend developing evidence-based buffering protocols for individual athletes which feature co-supplementation with other evidence-based products, reduce the likelihood of side-effects, and optimise key moderating factors: supplement dose and timing, and exercise duration and intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella S Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lauritzen F, Gjelstad A. Trends in dietary supplement use among athletes selected for doping controls. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143187. [PMID: 37006918 PMCID: PMC10050343 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDietary supplements (DS) may be beneficial for athletes in certain situations, whereas incorrect or excessive use may impair performance, pose a risk to the athlete's health and cause positive doping tests by containing prohibited substances. To provide athletes with relevant and tailored information on safe supplement use, a better knowledge about DS trends over time and between sport disciplines are needed.MethodsThis study examines the use of DS among athletes who have participated in doping controls by extracting information derived from 10,418 doping control forms (DCF) collected by Anti-Doping Norway from 2015 to 2019.ResultsOverall, 51% of the DCFs contained information about at least one DS. National level athletes (NLA) more often reported using DS than recreational athletes (RA) (53 vs. 47%, p < 0.001). Athletes in strength and power (71%), VO2max endurance (56%) and muscular endurance sports (55%) had the highest proportion of DCFs with information about DS. Medical supplements were the most used supplement category for both genders and across all sports. Dietary supplements with a high risk of containing doping substances were most common among male, RA in strength and power sports. There were small and non-significant year-to-year variations in the prevalence of athletes using DS, while the number of products used concomitantly peaked in 2017 before declining in 2019 (2.30 vs. 2.08, p < 0.01). The use of medical supplements and ergogenic substances increased slightly for both NLA and RA from 2015 to 2019, while the use of all other supplement categories declined.ConclusionHalf of the 10,418 DCFs contained information about DS, with variations within the athlete population. DS with high risk of containing prohibited substances were mostly seen in sport disciplines requiring a high degree of specialization in strength/power, including powerlifting and weightlifting, as well as in some team sports, such as cheerleading and american football.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Lauritzen
- Science and Medicine, Anti-Doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Fredrik Lauritzen
| | - Astrid Gjelstad
- Science and Medicine, Anti-Doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeannou B, Feuvrier F. Perf-Use-Sport study: Consummation of performance enhancing substances among athletes consulting in primary cares centers of Herault. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
6
|
Dietary Supplements Use among Athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Correlates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101521. [PMID: 35627091 PMCID: PMC9140456 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are under the utmost pressure to reach excellence in their performance and achieve the desired outcomes in competitions, prompting them to use dietary supplements. Given the threats to both health and eligibility, it is crucial to observe the prevalence, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Lebanese athletes practicing their sports for at least two years. In the present paper, a cross-sectional study is performed using the snowball sampling method, in which a self-administered KAP questionnaire is used to collect data from 455 athletes (mean age: 27.4 ± 7.9 years; men: 73.1%) participating in four sports categories (ball games, combat sports, endurance sports, and weightlifting). Among the Lebanese athletes, the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use was 74%, where half of them had predominately used sports supplements. Athletes in Lebanon heavily rely on coaches (74%) and online sources, including webpages and social media (64%), as key information sources for DSs. The findings suggest that significant proportions of athletes show knowledge deficits and unsatisfactory attitudes towards multiple aspects related to supplementation. Moreover, education and sports type modulate the use of DSs among athletes. Furthermore, 34% reported using supplements without a recommendation from specialists, and 69% admitted to not reading the supplement's nutrition facts. This study urges the need for the regulation of concerned authorities and education programs to help overcome the existing challenges.
Collapse
|
7
|
The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Usage in Military Aviators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095017. [PMID: 35564407 PMCID: PMC9105340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) and energy drink (ED) usage in military personnel differs from branch to branch and is between 55% and 76% (higher values in special operations forces). Aviators with highly demanding tasks might be especially interested in using dietary supplements. To date, there are only limited data available for this special profession inside the military. Methods: An internet-based survey was conducted on the prevalence of DS and ED usage, the reasons for their usage and the place of purchase for all wings of the German Armed Forces. Results: Of the 181 pilots who participated in the survey, 34% used DSs and 16% EDs. Usage was linked to sports activities but not to the type of aircraft. DSs were purchased on the internet by 50% of the respondents; mostly protein supplements, magnesium and omega-3fatty acids. Only 42% said they would feel an effect from taking DSs. Conclusions: Although the present study showed that the prevalence of usage was comparable to that of the civilian population, the sources of supply and the range of the substances taken give cause for concern. This calls for education and information campaigns to make the pilots aware of the possible risks to their health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cristina-Souza G, Santos-Mariano AC, Lima-Silva AE, Costa PL, Domingos PR, Silva SF, Abreu WC, De-Oliveira FR, Osiecki R. Panax ginseng Supplementation Increases Muscle Recruitment, Attenuates Perceived Effort, and Accelerates Muscle Force Recovery After an Eccentric-Based Exercise in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:991-997. [PMID: 32379240 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cristina-Souza, G, Santos-Mariano, AC, Lima-Silva, AE, Costa, PL, Domingos, PR, Silva, SF, Abreu, WC, De-Oliveira, FR, and Osiecki, R. Panax Ginseng supplementation increases muscle recruitment, attenuates perceived effort, and accelerates muscle force recovery after an eccentric-based exercise in athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 991-997, 2022-The effect of Panax ginseng during and after an eccentric-based exercise is underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of Panax ginseng on muscle force and muscle excitation during an eccentric-based exercise and on subsequent muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 10 male track and field athletes consumed Panax ginseng or placebo for 8 days. At the fifth day, they performed 4 sets until concentric failure of a half-squat exercise, with eccentric action increased by using an eccentric-inductor device attached to their knees. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and vastus lateralis electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured during the half-squat. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, DOMS, and maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MIVCs) with EMG recording were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the half-squat. Panax ginseng attenuated RPE and increased EMG during the sets. The MIVC remained reduced 48 hours after exercise in the placebo but returned to baseline 24 hours after exercise in the Panax ginseng, with values at 24 and 48 hours after exercise significantly higher in the Panax ginseng than in the placebo. The EMG during MIVC was higher in the Panax ginseng than in the placebo over the time points. No significant effect of Panax ginseng on LDH, CK, and DOMS was observed. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng increases muscle excitation and attenuates perceived effort during an eccentric-based exercise as well as accelerates the recovery of muscle force in well-trained athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana C Santos-Mariano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Poliana L Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Presbyterian Institute Gammon, Brazil; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Raul Osiecki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montuori P, Loperto I, Paolo C, Castrianni D, Nubi R, De Rosa E, Palladino R, Triassi M. Bodybuilding, dietary supplements and hormones use: behaviour and determinant analysis in young bodybuilders. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:147. [PMID: 34819149 PMCID: PMC8613966 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among athletes, bodybuilders are more predisposed to the use of dietary supplements (DS) and hormones (H) to increase in adaptations to physical training and performance. The purpose of the study was to identify social, psychological, and organisational factors that are associated with the use of food supplements and hormones in young bodybuilders of the metropolitan area of Naples. METHODS 107 athletes, practicing bodybuilding, were consecutively recruited in 30 gyms, randomly selected in the metropolitan area of Naples. Athletes were administered an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 5 sections (socio-demographic, frequency and reasons for bodybuilding, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours). Descriptive statistics were performed using T-test and Chi-square statistics. A score was created for knowledge, attitudes, behaviours. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess association between each score and the use of DS and H. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA 15. RESULTS 81.31% of the subjects reported to use DS while 35.51% H. Females are less likely to practise bodybuilding frequently than males (OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.05-0.69), p = 0.01). Subjects who have attended high school or university have a lower probability of taking DS (OR 0.17 (95% CI 0.04-0.65), p = 0.01). H users also use supplements more frequently (OR 61.21 (95% CI 3.99-939.31), p < 0.001). Those who scored higher on knowledge scores are more likely to take DS (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.11-2.12), p < 0.001). Attitudes are correlated with the use of DS; those who scored higher were less likely to use DS (OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.30-0.98), p = 0.03). People who use DS are 30 times more likely to use H at the same time (OR 30.25 (95% CI 2.51-365.24), p < 0.001). Subjects who have a higher score for knowledge and attitudes are less likely to use H (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.54-0.87), p < 0.001, OR 0.75 (95% CI 0.62-0.90), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of H and DS' use, although lower than reported in the literature, is a worrying public health problem. Better knowledge can lead to an informed use. Gym instructors should be trained to provide accurate and scientifically sound information. Health professionals should combine their expertise to provide more comprehensive guidance to the exercisers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Loperto
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmine Paolo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Castrianni
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Nubi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palladino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Friborg O, Torstveit MK, Mathisen TF, Sundgot-Borgen C, Rosenvinge JH, Bratland-Sanda S, Pettersen G, Sundgot-Borgen J. Protein, Creatine, and Dieting Supplements Among Adolescents: Use and Associations With Eating Disorder Risk Factors, Exercise-, and Sports Participation, and Immigrant Status. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:727372. [PMID: 34723179 PMCID: PMC8548763 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.727372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to estimate the number of weekly users of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements and to explore whether weekly use was related to eating disorder (ED) risk factors, exercise, sports participation, and immigrant status. Methods: In total, 629 and 1,060 high school boys and girls, respectively, self-reported weekly frequency of protein, creatine, and dieting supplement use, and weight and shape concerns, appearance internalization and pressure, self-esteem, mental distress, physical activity level, exercise context, and the type and weekly frequency of sport played. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate explanatory factors for supplement use. Results: More boys than girls used protein and creatine supplements. Immigrant boys had more frequent use of all supplements than non-immigrant boys, and immigrant girls used creatine supplements more frequently than non-immigrant girls. In total, 23–40 and 5–6% of the variation in the weekly frequency of supplement use in boys and girls, respectively, was explained by immigrant status, ED risk factors, and exercise and sports participation. More frequent use of protein, creatine and dieting supplements in boys was significantly explained by more weight and shape concerns, fitness center exercise, and weight-sensitive sports participation. Depending on the type of supplement, more frequent use of supplements in girls was significantly explained by lower self-esteem, more engagement in weight-sensitive sports, and less engagement in general sport and exercise activities. Conclusion: Weekly supplement use was common and more frequent among boys than girls. The weekly use of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements was related to ED risk factors, exercise and sports participation, and immigrant status in boys but not in girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katharina W, Mohamad M, Derrick T, Martina G, Gerold W, Claus L, Lee H, Thomas R, Beat K. Supplement intake in half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon and 10-km runners - results from the NURMI study (Step 2). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:64. [PMID: 34579746 PMCID: PMC8477506 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary nutritional challenge facing endurance runners is meeting the nutrient requirements necessary to optimize the performance and recovery of prolonged training sessions. Supplement intake is a commonly used strategy by elite and recreational distance runners to meet nutritional recommendations. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among different groups of distance runners and the potential association between supplement intake and sex, age, running and racing experiences.In a cross-sectional design, from a total of 317 runners participating in this survey, 119 distance runners were involved in the final sample after data clearance, assigned into three groups of 10-km runners (n = 24), half-marathoners (n = 44), and (ultra-)marathoners (n = 51). Personal characteristics, training and racing experiences, as well as patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, and dosage, were evaluated by questionnaire. Food Frequency Questionnaire was implemented to assess macronutrient intake. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.While 50 % of total distance runners reported consuming supplements regularly, no differences between distance groups in consumption of carbohydrate/protein, mineral, or vitamin supplements were observed (p > 0.05). In addition, age, sex, running and racing experience showed no significant association with supplement intake (p > 0.05). Vitamin supplements had the highest intake rate in runners by 43 % compared to minerals (34 %) and carbohydrate/protein supplements (19 %).The present findings provide a window into the targeted approaches of long-distance runners as well as their coaches and sport nutrition specialists when applying and suggesting sustainable nutritional strategies for training and competition.Trial registration: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wirnitzer Katharina
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Motevalli Mohamad
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tanous Derrick
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregori Martina
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Leitzmann Claus
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hill Lee
- Divison of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rosemann Thomas
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Knechtle Beat
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wirnitzer K, Motevalli M, Tanous DR, Gregori M, Wirnitzer G, Leitzmann C, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082776. [PMID: 34444935 PMCID: PMC8402241 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948979, Iran
| | - Derrick R. Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
| | - Martina Gregori
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(071)-226-9300
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The aim of this text is to present the results of the research we carried out on a group of inhabitants of the Czech Republic who actively (or at least occasionally) engage in sports activities. The aim of the research was to analyse the consumer behavior of athletes in the Czech Republic with an emphasis on their use of health food stores and their habits in monitoring the nutritional values of food, in the content of sugar and carbohydrates in the food they consume. Excess sugar consumption; obesity; and, conversely, the issue of a healthy lifestyle and the growing interest in healthy “alternative” lifestyles, have often been a subject of debate. The research has shown, among other things, that 58% of respondents consume sugar; 70% of men and 88% of women shop at health food stores at least occasionally; and the most monitored values are calories, carbohydrates, and sugar.
Collapse
|
14
|
Oliveira CB, Sousa M, Abreu R, Ferreira Â, Figueiredo P, Rago V, Teixeira VH, Brito J. Dietary supplements usage by elite female football players: an exploration of current practices. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:73-80. [PMID: 34087016 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplements usage (types, reasons for usage, sources of information, purchase venues) among elite female football players, using a self-administered questionnaire. The study participants (n = 103) were recruited through team physicians during an official international tournament. Overall, 82% reported using dietary supplements at least once during the last 12 months. The most common dietary supplements were vitamin D (52%), omega-3 fatty acids (49%), and protein (45%). Primary reasons for dietary supplement use were to stay healthy (66%), to accelerate recovery (58%), and to increase energy/reduce fatigue (54%). Supplement advice came mainly from medical doctors (46%), dietitians/nutritionists (43%), and coaches/fitness coaches (41%). Most dietary supplements were acquired from supplement stores (30%), a sponsor (26%), or drugstores/pharmacies (22%). Elite female football players are frequent dietary supplement users. Further research needs to explore the frequency, dose, and timing of these supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina B Oliveira
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Ferreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal.,CIDESD, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIAFEL, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barrack M, Fredericson M, Dizon F, Tenforde A, Kim B, Kraus E, Kussman A, Singh S, Nattiv A. Dietary Supplement Use According to Sex and Triad Risk Factors in Collegiate Endurance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:404-410. [PMID: 33278271 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Barrack, MT, Fredericson, M, Dizon, F, Tenforde, AS, Kim, BY, Kraus, E, Kussman, A, Singh, S, and Nattiv, A. Dietary supplement use according to sex and Triad risk factors in collegiate endurance runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 404-410, 2021-This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence in the use of dietary supplements among elite collegiate runners among 2 NCAA Division I cross-country teams. At the start of each season from 2015 to 2017, male and female endurance runners were recruited to complete baseline study measures; the final sample included 135 (male n = 65, female n = 70) runners. Runners completed a health survey, web-based nutrition survey, and Triad risk assessment. The prevalence of dietary supplement use and Triad risk factors, including disordered eating, low bone mass, amenorrhea (in women), low body mass index, and stress fracture history, was assessed. A total of 78.5% (n = 106) runners reported taking 1 or more supplements on ≥4 days per week over the past month, 48% (n = 65) reported use of ≥3 supplements. Products used with highest frequency included multivitamin/minerals 46.7% (n = 63), iron 46.7% (n = 63), vitamin D 34.1% (n = 46), and calcium 33.3% (n = 45). More women, compared with men, used iron (61.4 vs. 30.8%, p < 0.001) and calcium (41.4 vs. 24.6%, p = 0.04); men exhibited higher use of amino acids and beta-alanine (6.2 vs. 0%, p = 0.04). Runners with bone stress injury (BSI) history, vs. no previous BSI, reported more frequent use of ≥3 supplements (61.5 vs. 32.8%, p = 0.001), vitamin D (49.2 vs. 19.4%, p < 0.001), and calcium (47.7 vs. 19.4%, p = 0.001). Low bone mineral density was also associated with higher use of vitamin D and calcium. Most runners reported regular use of 1 or more supplements, with patterns of use varying based on sex, history of BSI, and bone mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | | | - Francis Dizon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Adam Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Kim
- Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; and
| | - Emily Kraus
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea Kussman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sonal Singh
- Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, California
| | - Aurelia Nattiv
- Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wangdi JT, Sabou V, O’Leary MF, Kelly VG, Bowtell JL. Use, Practices and Attitudes of Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes towards Tart Cherry Supplementation. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9040049. [PMID: 33807198 PMCID: PMC8066185 DOI: 10.3390/sports9040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tart cherry (TC) supplementation can improve exercise recovery and performance; and may also improve sleep duration and quality. This study investigated the use and knowledge of TC supplementation by athletes of all competitive levels. Eighty participants (52.5% elite (international, national, professional), 47.5% sub-elite (semi-professional, state/regional, county level, club level, recreational)) completed an online questionnaire investigating their attitudes towards and use of TC supplementation. Overall, 22.6% of participants were using or had previously used TC supplements, and 12.5% of participants planned to used TC supplements. Improved recovery (71.4%), sleep (32.1%) and immunity and general health (32.1%) were the most frequently indicated goals by respondents using TC supplements. In total, 32.1% of respondents were supplemented with TC chronically, 39.3% acutely and 28.6% used a combination of chronic and acute supplementation. The majority of those employing TC supplementation chronically used TC either over 2-3 days (37.0%) or continuously (37.0%). The most popular TC pre- and post-loading period was one day (34.3% and 41.5%, respectively). There were no significant differences between elite and sub-elite athletes in any parameters assessed (p > 0.05). TC supplementation is not widely used by the athletes surveyed, and athletes using TC supplements showed poor awareness of an evidence-led dosing strategy, regardless of competitive level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T. Wangdi
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.T.W.); (V.G.K.)
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Vlad Sabou
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Mary F. O’Leary
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.T.W.); (V.G.K.)
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Joanna L. Bowtell
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Halabchi F, Shab-Bidar S, Selk-Ghaffari M. Prevalence of Supplement Consumption in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 34249281 PMCID: PMC8218796 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_189_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to widespread use of supplement among athletes, determining the prevalence and pattern of dietary supplement consumption and its moderators will be a road map for developing a strategic planning in the national level to achieve healthy lifestyle and avoid harmful nutritional approaches. Methods: A systematic search of the electronic resources including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including Magiran, SID, IranDoc and CIVILICA (between 1979 and November 2019 in Persian and English language) was accomplished. Inclusion criteria were (a) studies containing the prevalence rate of dietary supplement consumption, specifically (b) studies were conducted in athletes. Finally, 32 articles were included. Results: The prevalence rate of supplement use in overall Iranian athletic population was 64.8% (95% CI, 55.8%-73.8%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.001). The prevalence rate was reported to be higher in male athletes, athletes aged 25 and older and elite athletes (P < 0.05). The most prevalent source of information about supplement use among athletes were trainers, followed by physicians, friends-teammates and dietitians. Conclusions: According to the high prevalence of supplement consumption among Iranian athletes, policy making for educational programs is mandated. Trainers are the most popular source to provide information about supplements and educational programs should be conducted for this target population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Halabchi
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Selk-Ghaffari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garthe I, Ramsbottom R. Elite athletes, a rationale for the use of dietary supplements: A practical approach. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Jovanov P, Đorđić V, Obradović B, Barak O, Pezo L, Marić A, Sakač M. Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:27. [PMID: 31272457 PMCID: PMC6611041 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this international study was to investigate the prevalence of the use of sports supplements among young athletes, as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards sports supplementation. Methods Organized survey study testing the level of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices concerning the use of sports supplements was administered to 348 athletes, 15–18 year olds from 4 countries competing in 18 sports at the international level. Results The prevalence rate of the intake of sports supplements was 82.2%, with the protein supplements being predominant (54.5%). Coaches were identified as the primary source of information regarding supplementation (41.4%). The enhancement of athletic performance (35.4%) was the major motivation for the supplements intake. The majority of athletes (72.1%) were aware of associated health risks. The young athletes possess varying levels of knowledge regarding their own supplementation. The obtained data about the level of knowledge were statistically analyzed using the correspondence analysis. Less than 40% of athletes had the knowledge about the proper and intended use of protein, creatine, amino acids, beta alanine and glutamine, while they had greater understanding about vitamins and minerals, sports drinks and caffeine. The athletes in developed countries had greater access and utilization of professional resources such as dieticians. Young athletes are still unfamiliar with WADA regulations (55.5%), and the misuse of sports supplements represents an ethical dilemma for some. Conclusion These findings indicate the necessity of a comprehensive education of all team members about sports supplements and careful supervision of the athletic development of young athletes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Jovanov
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Višnja Đorđić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovćenska 16, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Borislav Obradović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovćenska 16, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Beograd, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Marić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Sakač
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Khelaifi F, Diboun I, Donati F, Botrè F, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Yousri NA, Suhre K, Elrayess MA. Metabolomics profiling of xenobiotics in elite athletes: relevance to supplement consumption. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:48. [PMID: 30261929 PMCID: PMC6161339 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Supplements are widely used among elite athletes to maintain health and improve performance. Despite multiple studies investigating use of dietary supplements by athletes, a comprehensive profiling of serum supplement metabolites in elite athletes is still lacking. This study aims to analyze the presence of various xenobiotics in serum samples from elite athletes of different sports, focusing on metabolites that potentially originate from nutritional supplements. Methods Profiling of xenobiotics in serum samples from 478 elite athletes from different sports (football, athletics, cycling, rugby, swimming, boxing and rowing) was performed using non-targeted metabolomics-based mass spectroscopy combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariate analysis was performed using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Differences in metabolic levels among different sport groups were identified by univariate linear models. Results Out of the 102 detected xenobiotics, 21 were significantly different among sport groups including metabolites that potentially prolong exercise tolerance (caffeic acid), carry a nootropic effect (2-pyrrolidinone), exert a potent anti-oxidant effect (eugenol, ferulic acid 4 sulfate, thioproline, retinol), or originate from drugs for different types of injuries (ectoine, quinate). Using Gaussian graphical modelling, a metabolic network that links various sport group-associated xenobiotics was constructed to further understand their metabolic pathways. Conclusions This pilot data provides evidence that athletes from different sports exhibit a distinct xenobiotic profile that may reflect their drug/supplement use, diet and exposure to various chemicals. Because of limitation in the study design, replication studies are warranted to confirm results in independent data sets, aiming ultimately for better assessment of dietary supplement use by athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Al-Khelaifi
- Anti Doping Laboratory Qatar, ADLQ, Sports City, P.O Box 27775, Doha, Qatar.,UCL-Medical School, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF, London, UK
| | - Ilhame Diboun
- Department of Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, Birkbeck, University of London, WC1E 7HX, London, UK
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammed Alsayrafi
- Anti Doping Laboratory Qatar, ADLQ, Sports City, P.O Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Noha A Yousri
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar-Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar-Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Elrayess
- Anti Doping Laboratory Qatar, ADLQ, Sports City, P.O Box 27775, Doha, Qatar. .,UCL-Medical School, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In elite sport, where opponents are evenly matched, small factors can determine the outcome of sporting contests. Not all athletes know the value of making wise nutrition choices, but anything that might give a competitive edge, including dietary supplements, can seem attractive. Between 40% and 100% of athletes typically use supplements, depending on the type of sport, level of competition, and the definition of supplements. However, unless the athlete has a nutrient deficiency, supplementation may not improve performance and may have a detrimental effect on both performance and health. Dietary supplements are classified as a subcategory of food, so manufacturers are not required to provide evidence of product safety and efficacy, nor obtain approval from regulatory bodies before marketing supplements. This creates the potential for health risks, and serious adverse effects have been reported from the use of some dietary supplements. Athletes who compete in sports under an anti-doping code must also realize that supplement use exposes them to a risk of ingesting banned substances or precursors of prohibited substances. Government systems of regulations do not include specific laboratory testing for banned substances according to the WADA list, so a separate regulatory framework to evaluate supplements for their risk of provoking a failed doping test is needed. In the high-performance culture typical of elite sport, athletes may use supplements regardless of possible risks. A discussion around medical, physiological, cultural, and ethical questions may be warranted to ensure that the athlete has the information needed to make an informed choice.
Collapse
|
23
|
Attlee A, Haider A, Hassan A, Alzamil N, Hashim M, Obaid RS. Dietary Supplement Intake and Associated Factors Among Gym Users in a University Community. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:88-97. [PMID: 28557663 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1326430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplement intake and associated factors among gym users in a university community in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), were assessed using a structured, self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional study. Adults (N = 320) from five gyms in the University City of Sharjah participated in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence of dietary supplement intake was 43.8%. Statistically significant associations were found between the use of dietary supplements and sex (47.7% males, 28.1% females; p = .006), as well as weight lifting (88.6% taking supplements vs. 11.4% not taking supplements; p < .001), favoring male gym users. The reasons attributed to the use of dietary supplements varied between the sexes. Male exercisers used supplements to increase or maintain muscles mass, strength, and power and to boost exercise recovery. Females mainly used dietary supplements to increase energy, maintain their health, and prevent nutrition deficiency. Overall, protein supplements (whey proteins [48.6%] and protein powder [45.7%]) were among the most-consumed dietary supplements, followed by multivitamins (38.6%), branched-chain amino acids (36.4%), caffeine (35.0%), and creatine (29.3%). A widespread use of Internet-driven, self-prescribed dietary supplement intake was reported among gym users (60.7%). Only 12.8% of dietary supplement users sought information from dietitians. Practical implications suggest that gym instructors and coaches should be sufficiently trained to be able to provide accurate and scientifically sound information on dietary supplements to the exercisers in gyms in the university environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Attlee
- a Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Amina Haider
- a Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Hassan
- b Dubai Health Authority , Latifa Hospital , Dubai , United Arab Emirates
| | - Noura Alzamil
- a Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona Hashim
- a Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad Shaker Obaid
- a Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
NABUCO HCG, RODRIGUES VB, BARROS WMD, RAVAGNANI FCDP, ESPINOSA MM, RAVAGNANI CDFC. Use of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. REV NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652017000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence and establish the profile of the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. Methods: A total of 182 athletes of both genders from 20 different sports participated in this study. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports-related questions and were interviewed about the consumption of dietary supplements. Results: Forty seven percent of athletes reported having consumed at least one type of dietary supplement and 38% said they use more than three different types of supplements concurrently. Whey protein was the most commonly consumed supplement, and the most frequently mentioned reason for its consumption was performance improvement. The main source of information was coaches, and individual sport athletes were the greatest consumers and the most likely to seek dietary supplement. Conclusion: Approximately half of the participants used dietary supplements, which on most occasions were recommended by coaches. The consumption profile also revealed multiple supplementation practice and showed that nutrition education is essential for this specific population.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nabuco HCG, Rodrigues VB, Ravagnani CDFC. FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO USO DE SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES ENTRE ATLETAS: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162205154808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A prevalência de consumo de suplementos alimentares entre atletas tem sido estudada exaustivamente. Contudo, não foi encontrado estudo que reúna e discuta, de forma sistematizada, os fatores que podem desencadear o consumo de suplementos entre atletas. O objetivo foi descrever a prevalência e as características do consumo e compreender quais fatores estão associados ao uso dos suplementos alimentares nessa população específica. Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo. O Google Scholar foi consultado para identificação de material adicional. Foram incluídos estudos que investigaram a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares entre atletas, seus fatores associados, sem limite de idade e em ambos os sexos. De 374 estudos identificados, dezessete foram incluídos nesta revisão. Todos os estudos utilizaram delineamento transversal e o instrumento de coleta mais utilizado foi o questionário autoadministrado. A prevalência do uso de suplementos variou de 37,5% a 98%. Os atletas têm consumido mais vitaminas buscando informações com seus técnicos, visando melhorar o estado geral de saúde. "Prática de esporte individual" e "alto volume de treinamento" foram identificados como fatores associados ao uso de suplementos alimentares. A partir dos dados revisados, verificou-se um amplo intervalo de variação na utilização de suplementos pelos atletas. Os atletas têm consumido mais vitaminas e procuraram informações sobre o consumo com seus treinadores, com o objetivo de melhorar a sua saúde. Esta revisão também destaca a necessidade de uma investigação de alta qualidade sobre os correlatos de consumo de suplemento em atletas, uma vez que os dados foram discrepantes para muitos fatores relatados pelos estudos.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jorquera Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Torrealba Vieira M, Campos Serrano J, Gracia Leiva N. Consumo, características y perfil del consumidor de suplementos nutricionales en gimnasios de Santiago de Chile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ramd.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Patterns of Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Use in Young Egyptian Athletes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161252. [PMID: 27529492 PMCID: PMC4987011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of basic and sport nutrition as well as perspectives of young Egyptian athletes. Structured interview survey measuring knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors about basic and sport nutrition was administered to adolescent athletes recruited from 4 sport clubs and 2 fitness centers in Greater Cairo governorate. A total of 358 participants aged 13–18 years completed questionnaires. Basic nutrition knowledge was reasonable in almost all domains except fast food. Fixed breakfast (78.5%), home meals (lunch, 70.7%), and healthy snacks (55.8%) were the most positive features of the basic dietary pattern. More than 70% perceived themselves as knowledgeable about sport nutrition. The prevalence rate of sport supplement intake was (48.9%, n = 175), predominantly sport drinks (66.9%) and creatine (54.3%). Coaches were the primary source of sport nutrition information. Forty-four percent of participants (n = 77/175) reported supplement consumption during competition seasons only. Better physical appearance and enhancement of athletic performance were the major motivations for supplement intake. These findings indicate the necessity of a comprehensive nutrition education program targeting not only athletes and parents, but also coaching staff, health trainers and all sport team officials.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kelly VG, Leveritt MD, Brennan CT, Slater GJ, Jenkins DG. Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes relating to β-alanine use among professional footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:12-16. [PMID: 27372274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate β-alanine supplementation use and level of knowledge amongst professional footballers. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of Australian professional football players. METHODS Questionnaires assessing β-alanine supplementation behaviours, level of knowledge and sources of information were completed by professional rugby union (RU) (n=87), rugby league (RL) (n=180) and Australian Rules Football (ARF) (n=303) players. RESULTS Approximately 61% of athletes reported β-alanine use, however use by ARF football players (44%) was lower than that of RU (80%) and RL players (80%). The majority of respondents were not using β-alanine in accordance with recommendations. Only 35% of the participants were able to correctly identify the potential benefits of β-alanine supplementation. The main information sources that influenced players' decision to use β-alanine were strength and conditioning coach (71%) and dietitian (52%). Forty-eight per cent of athletes never read labels prior to supplementing and only 11% completed their own research on β-alanine. Compared to RL and ARF players, RU players had both a greater knowledge of β-alanine supplementation and better supplementation practices. CONCLUSIONS Despite over half the surveyed professional footballers using β-alanine, the majority of athletes used β-alanine in a manner inconsistent with recommendations. A better understanding of the environment and culture within professional football codes is required before supplement use becomes consistent with evidence based supplement recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; Performance Sciences Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Australia.
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher T Brennan
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wardenaar F, van den Dool R, Ceelen I, Witkamp R, Mensink M. Self-Reported Use and Reasons among the General Population for Using Sports Nutrition Products and Dietary Supplements. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4020033. [PMID: 29910281 PMCID: PMC5968913 DOI: 10.3390/sports4020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of dietary supplements (DS's) and sport nutrition product (SNPs) among the general population, to identify differences for gender, age, and exercise frequency, and to determine the main reasons for use. The study was designed as a web-based questionnaire in a representative sample (n = 1544) of the Dutch population. Sixty-two percent (n = 957) of the respondents reported having used DS's, SNPs, or both in the last twelve months. Women and older people reported the highest DS use. The highest use of SNPs was reported by regular exercising men and younger people with improving sporting performance as their main objective. Most frequently reported DS's were multivitamins (28%) and vitamin C (19%)-for SNPs, energy drinks (22%) and isotonic drinks (19%). Health considerations were the most important motivation (DS's 90% and SNPs 52%), but also performance was substantially reported (DS's 14% and SNPs 35%). A substantial group of sedentary respondents also reported the use of SNPs. This study confirms that DS's, SNPs, or both are widely used among the general population. Both health as performance are important reasons for use. It can be questioned whether the use of SNPs fits all respondents' physical activity needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris Wardenaar
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Ingrid Ceelen
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Mensink
- Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Solheim SA, Nordsborg NB, Ritz C, Berget J, Kristensen AH, Mørkeberg J. Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:801-808. [PMID: 27264018 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional supplement (NS) industry is one of the fastest growing in the world, and NS use in Denmark is among the highest in Europe. However, the exact use in elite athletes and fitness customers targeted for doping control is unknown. Information from 634 doping control forms obtained in 2014 was evaluated (elite athletes: n = 361; fitness customers: n = 273). The majority of female (92.6%) and male (85.0%) elite athletes and female (100.0%) and male (94.0%) fitness customers declared using one or more NS. The use of non-ergogenic NS was more prevalent in women than in men and in younger (15-34 years) compared with older (35-49 years) subjects, but it was less prevalent in intermittent compared with endurance and power/strength sports. Additionally, fitness customers who tested positive for doping also reported using more NS than subjects testing negative, indicating an association between NS and doping abuse. The present results demonstrate a very high prevalence of NS usage in both elite athletes and fitness customers. This highlights the importance of a strong national regulation of NS to avoid contamination of NS with doping substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Berget
- Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meamar R, Maracy M, Nematollahi S, Yeroshalmi S, Zamani-Moghaddam A, Ghazvini MRA. Effect of taking dietary supplement on hematological and biochemical parameters in male bodybuilders an equation model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2016; 20:681-8. [PMID: 26793253 PMCID: PMC4700687 DOI: 10.4103/1735-9066.170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: The improved physical action following administration of supplements to bodybuilders was supported by changes in laboratory parameters. Despite the fact that these supplements are sometimes associated both advantage and side effects, this study were conducted for the purpose of evaluating the possible effects of some commonly used supplements in bodybuilders on the hematological and biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: In this study, we included 40 male bodybuilders as cases and 40 controls in the age group of 20-40 years. They used different kinds of supplements for 1 year. In general, all the supplements used were classified into two groups: hormonal and non-hormonal. Laboratory tests were requested for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters. Results: In an equation model, we found that weight (P = 0.024), duration of bodybuilding (P < 0.001), and duration of hormone supplement consumption (P < 0.001) were loaded significantly on the latent variables, demographic and dietary supplement, respectively. The relationship between dietary supplement and biochemical and hematological parameters was significant (P = 0.01) and some of these parameters including creatinine (P = 0.023), blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.001), and red blood cell distribution (RDW) (P = 0.046) had a significant role than others. In a multivariate regression model, we found that WBC (P < 0.001), platelets (P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P < 0.001), creatinine (P < 0.001), AST (P = 0.005), and ALT (P = 0.001) were higher in athletes than in controls. Conclusions: It is strongly advised that there should be some concerns about possible supplement-induced changes in the laboratory exams for bodybuilders. The available supplements are unchecked and not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). More studies should be designed for a better and precise administration of each supplement in athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Meamar
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University and Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Nematollahi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shemouil Yeroshalmi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Zamani-Moghaddam
- Sayyd-Al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aghaye Ghazvini
- Isfahan Center of Health Research, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:103-123. [PMID: 26442916 PMCID: PMC4697915 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements (DSs) are commercially available products consumed as an addition to the usual diet and are frequently ingested by athletes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the prevalence of DS use by athletes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, OVID Healthstar, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched for original research articles published up to August 2014. Search terms included specific sports, specific DSs, and other terms. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they were written in English, involved athletes, and provided a quantitative assessment of the proportion of athletes using specific DSs. Percent of athletes using specific DSs. SYNTHESIS OF DATA Methodological quality of studies was assessed by three reviewers using an 8-point scale that included evaluations for sampling methods, sampling frame, sample size, measurement tools, bias, response rate, statistical presentation, and description of the participant sample. Where there were at least two investigations, meta-analysis was performed to obtain summary (pooled) prevalence estimates (SPEs) on (1) DS use prevalence by sport and sex, (2) DS use prevalence by elite versus non-elite athletic status, and (3) specific DS prevalence for all athletic groups combined. Meta-analyses included evaluations of homogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS A total of 159 unique studies met the review criteria. Methodological quality was generally low with an average ± standard deviation of 43 ± 16% of available rating points. There was low homogeneity for SPEs when compiled by sport, athletic status, and/or specific DSs. Contributing to the lack of homogeneity were differences in studies' objectives and types of assessments used (e.g., dietary surveys, interviews, questionnaires). Despite these limitations, the data generally indicated that elite athletes used DSs much more than their non-elite counterparts. For most DSs, use prevalence was similar for men and women except that a larger proportion of women used iron while a larger proportion of men used vitamin E, protein, and creatine. No consistent change in use over time was observed because even the earliest investigations showed relatively high use prevalence. CONCLUSION It was difficult to generalize regarding DS use by athletes because of the lack of homogeneity among studies. Nonetheless, the data suggested that elite athletes used dietary supplements far more than their non-elite counterparts; use was similar for men and women with a few exceptions; use appeared to change little over time; and a larger proportion of athletes used DSs compared with the general US population. Improvements in study methodology should be considered in future studies especially (1) defining DSs for participants; (2) querying for very specific DSs; (3) using a variety of reporting timeframes (e.g., daily, 2-6 times/week, 1 time/week and <1 time/week); (4) reporting the sampling frame, number of individuals solicited, and number responding; (5) reporting characteristics of volunteers (and non-volunteers, if available); and (6) using similar methods on several occasions to examine possible temporal trends among athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA.
| | - Ryan A Steelman
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA
| | | | - Krista G Austin
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jung H, Lee N, Kim J. The estimation of mineral contents in oriental supplements consumed by elite athletes. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 17:161-7. [PMID: 25566427 PMCID: PMC4241905 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2013.17.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine macro (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) and trace mineral (iron) concentration in oriental supplements (OS), and to define OS prevalence in elite athletes. Participants of this study were 928 varsity athletes (male: 680, female: 248) with 23 sports types. Recent 3-month dietary supplements (DS) and OS practice was surveyed during training period, and mineral concentration in 72 randomly collected OS samples were analyzed. DS use was 41% and OS use was 20% in university elite athletes. Most common OS use informants were parents (74%). OS intake reason was for health maintenance (37%), energy supplement (25%), and recovery improvement (15%). Moreover, health maintenance was higher in females (47%) than males (32%) while energy supplement was higher in males (28%) than females (18%) (χ(2)(8) = 17.676, p = 0.024). Beliefs in OS efficacy and importance were significantly higher in female athletes compared to male athletes (p < 0.05). Macro mineral concentration in OS was calcium (7.54 ppm), magnesium (4.63 ppm), and phosphorus (205.34 ppb) and trace mineral concentration in OS was iron (8.10 ppb), which was a small amount. An association between OS intake reason and mineral concentration in calcium, phosphorus, and iron was found, but no association between OS intake and magnesium. In conclusion, an association between OS intake reason and mineral concentration differed by the ingredients. Minerals in OS were very small amount, which would be improved for mineral balance in elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansang Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Kangnam University, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Namju Lee
- College of Health Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Korea
| | - Jongkyu Kim
- Sports Wellness Center, Yongin University, Yongin-si, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bianco A, Mammina C, Thomas E, Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Moro T, Paoli A, Palma A. Protein supplementation and dietary behaviours of resistance trained men and women attending commercial gyms: a comparative study between the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:30. [PMID: 24976800 PMCID: PMC4073191 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is anecdotally recognized that commercial gym users assume supplements in order to improve performance or health. However, dietary behaviours of people and athletes attending commercial gyms have been poorly studied. The exact amount and frequency of dietary supplements consumption are still needed to be investigated. The main purpose of this study is to understand the quantity and quality of food intake, as well as dietary supplementation in people attending commercial gyms. Secondly to compare the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy. Methods A face-to-face questionnaire was administered to 561 subjects, 207 from the city centre (CC) and 354 from the suburbs (SB) of Palermo, Italy. Frequency of protein supplements use and association with dietary behaviours were investigated. Subsequently, the frequency distribution was used for demographic assessment. Results Frequency of protein consumption was similar in both groups (30% for CC and 28.8% for SB). Males show greater consumption percentages than females (30.5% in males and 6.9% in females). Milk and chicken are the most frequently consumed foods. Data show that non-supplement users (NSU) consume significantly more snacks and bakery products than supplement users (SU) (P < 0.001). While, SU consume significantly higher quantities of vegetables, nuts, fresh fish, eggs and canned tuna (P < 0.001). SU consume less low protein food and higher protein foods than NSU. No differences were found between CC and SB. Conclusions Protein consumption among commercial gym users is 30% for the CC and 28.8% for the SB. Significant differences were found between CC and SB females, underlining an interesting discrepancy, indicating to dietary supplement industries regarding regional implications. Subjects that use protein supplements also consume larger quantities of high protein food compared to NSU. NSU also eat higher proportions of unhealthy food compared to SU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammina
- "G. D'Alessandro" Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Via Manzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Via Manzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yoo HJ, Choi GH, Lee MG, Kang CK, Park H. Verification of efficacy as an ergogenic aid and safety in doping of sibjeondaebo-tang. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:189-95. [PMID: 25566455 PMCID: PMC4241916 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusion]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Yoo
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, College of PE, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Korea
| | - Geun Hoon Choi
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, College of PE, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Korea
| | - Man Gyoon Lee
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Kang
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, College of PE, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyon Park, Tel. 82-31-201-2732, Fax. 82-31-204-8117, Email.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Loraschi A, Galli N, Cosentino M. Dietary supplement and drug use and doping knowledge and attitudes in Italian young elite cyclists. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24:238-44. [PMID: 24184855 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore use and attitudes toward drugs and dietary supplements (DS) and knowledge concerning doping in cycling. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Professional cycling. PARTICIPANTS Elite under-23 male cyclists. INTERVENTION Anonymous semistructured questionnaire administered during race periods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Use and attitudes toward DS and drugs, and doping knowledge. RESULTS Forty cyclists aged 19 to 23 years and practicing for 14 to 30 h/wk were interviewed. Previous use (last 3 months) of drugs or DS occurred in 33 of 40 (82.5%) and 39 of 40 (97.5%) cyclists, respectively. Almost all the subjects named at least 1 doping agent (range, 1-10). Within a fixed list of 18 substances (among which only 14 were doping agents), participants recognized 3 to 18 of them as doping agents. They recognized tramadol and sildenafil as doping agents, which are not doping agents, and failed to recognize probenecid and albumin, which actually are. Doping knowledge correlated with drug use (r2 = 0.1614; P = 0.01). Participants deemed doping prevalence high among cyclists in general but not in their own team (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Use of prescription drugs and DS was a common occurrence. Doping knowledge was poor and biased, and its relationship with drug use deserves consideration. Educational interventions are needed to improve knowledge and awareness about prescription drugs and DS use, as well as about doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loraschi
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on simulated soccer performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:503-10. [PMID: 24434117 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of acute short-term creatine (Cr) supplementation on physical performance during a 90-min soccer-specific performance test. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design was adopted during which 16 male amateur soccer players were required to consume 20 g/d Cr for 7 d or a placebo. A Ball-Sport Endurance and Speed Test (BEAST) comprising measures of aerobic (circuit time), speed (12- and 20-m sprint), and explosive-power (vertical jump) abilities performed over 90 min was performed presupplementation and postsupplementation. RESULTS Performance measures during the BEAST deteriorated during the second half relative to the first for both Cr (1.2-2.3%) and placebo (1.0-2.2%) groups, indicating a fatigue effect associated with the BEAST. However, no significant differences existed between groups, suggesting that Cr had no performance-enhancing effect or ability to offset fatigue. When effect sizes were considered, some measures (12-m sprint, -0.53 ± 0.69; 20-m sprint, -0.39 ± 0.59) showed a negative tendency, indicating chances of harm were greater than chances of benefit. CONCLUSIONS Acute short-term Cr supplementation has no beneficial effect on physical measures obtained during a 90-min soccer-simulation test, thus bringing into question its potential as an effective ergogenic aid for soccer players.
Collapse
|
38
|
Varamenti EI, Kyparos A, Veskoukis AS, Bakou M, Kalaboka S, Jamurtas AZ, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. Oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis markers in elite female water polo athletes throughout a season. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:3-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Dietz P, Striegel H, Franke AG, Lieb K, Simon P, Ulrich R. Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:44-50. [PMID: 23307544 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To estimate the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use. DESIGN Paper-and-pencil questionnaire that used the randomized response technique. SETTING University in Mainz, Germany. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2569 university students who completed the questionnaire. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An anonymous, specialized questionnaire that used the randomized response technique was distributed to students at the beginning of classes and was collected afterward. From the responses, we calculated the prevalence of students taking drugs only to improve their cognitive performance and not to treat underlying mental disorders such as attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, depression, and sleep disorders. The estimated 12-month prevalence of using cognitive-enhancing drugs was 20%. Prevalence varied by sex (male 23.7%, female 17.0%), field of study (highest in students studying sports-related fields, 25.4%), and semester (first semester 24.3%, beyond first semester 16.7%). To our knowledge, this is the first time that the randomized response technique has been used to survey students about cognitive-enhancing drug use. CONCLUSION Using the randomized response technique, our questionnaire provided data that showed a high 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in German university students. Our study suggests that other direct survey techniques have underestimated the use of these drugs. Drug prevention programs need to be established at universities to address this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dietz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brito ADF, Oliveira CVCD, Toscano LT, Silva AS. Supplements and Foods with Potential Reduction of Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/581651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the dietary approaches for stop hypertension (DASH) is well established and effective in reduction of blood pressure, in recent years, new scientific studies have indicated that specific food, nutrients isolated from foods, and even commercial food supplements are not covered by DASH. In this research, these nutrients were evaluated through a review using the databases of PubMed with the terms “dietary supplements and blood pressure” without a limit of date. Vitamins (C, D, and E) and minerals (potassium and copper) promote the greatest reductions in BP, around 7 to 14 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 4 to 5 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (PAD). Antioxidants reduce SBP and DBP in 3 to 27 mmHg and 3 to 4 mmHg, respectively. Among the amino acids, only L-arginine was effective in promoting reduction of 20 and 15 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. In food, the grape juice promoted the highest reductions in SBP and DBP, around 8 mmHg and 6 mmHg, respectively. Finally, for commercial supplements, the fermented milk product GAIOR, the grain salba, and fish oil promoted reductions of about 4,4; 6; and 5 mmHg and 3,4; 3; and 1 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. Therefore, new nutrients, foods, and supplements can enrich the recommendations of the DASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Freitas Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Caio Victor Coutinho de Oliveira
- Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Lydiane Tavares Toscano
- Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Research Laboratory for Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Instituição Federal University of Paraíba/Health Sciences Center Endereço: Campus I-Castelo Branco I, 58.051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Effect of dietary antioxidants, training, and performance correlates on antioxidant status in competitive rowers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:565-72. [PMID: 23436649 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.5.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The beneficial effects of exercise and a healthy diet are well documented in the general population but poorly understood in elite athletes. Previous research in subelite athletes suggests that regular training and an antioxidant-rich diet enhance antioxidant defenses but not performance. PURPOSE To investigate whether habitual diet and/or exercise (training status or performance) affect antioxidant status in elite athletes. METHODS Antioxidant blood biomarkers were assessed before and after a 30-min ergometer time trial in 28 male and 34 female rowers. The antioxidant blood biomarkers included ascorbic acid, uric acid, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), erythrocyte- superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase. Rowers completed a 7-d food diary and an antioxidant-intake questionnaire. Effects of diet, training, and performance on resting biomarkers were assessed with Pearson correlations, and their effect on exercise-induced changes in blood biomarkers was assessed by a method of standardization. RESULTS With the exception of GPx, there were small to moderate increases with exercise for all markers. Blood resting TAC had a small correlation with total antioxidant intake (correlation .29; 90% confidence limits, ±.27), and the exercise-induced change in TAC had a trivial to small association with dietary antioxidant intake from vitamin C (standardized effect .19; ±.22), vegetables (.20; ±.23), and vitamin A (.25; ±.27). Most other dietary intakes had trivial associations with antioxidant biomarkers. Years of training had a small inverse correlation with TAC (-.32; ±.19) and a small association with the exercise-induced change in TAC (.27; ±.24). CONCLUSION Training status correlates more strongly with antioxidant status than diet does.
Collapse
|
42
|
Rodek J, Sekulic D, Kondric M. Dietary supplementation and doping-related factors in high-level sailing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:51. [PMID: 23217197 PMCID: PMC3536606 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although dietary supplements (DSs) in sports are considered a natural need resulting from athletes’ increased physical demands, and although they are often consumed by athletes, data on DS usage in Olympic sailing are scarce. The aim of this study was to study the use of and attitudes towards DSs and doping problems in high-level competitive sailing. Methods The sample consisted of 44 high-level sailing athletes (5 of whom were female; total mean age 24.13 ± 6.67 years) and 34 coaches (1 of whom was female; total mean age 37.01 ± 11.70). An extensive, self-administered questionnaire of substance use was used, and the subjects were asked about sociodemographic data, sport-related factors, DS-related factors (i.e., usage of and knowledge about DSs, sources of information), and doping-related factors. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used to determine the differences in group characteristics, and Spearman’s rank order correlation and a logistic regression analysis were used to define the relationships between the studied variables. Results DS usage is relatively high. More than 77% of athletes consume DSs, and 38% do so on a regular basis (daily). The athletes place a high degree of trust in their coaches and/or physicians regarding DSs and doping. The most important reason for not consuming DSs is the opinion that DSs are useless and a lack of knowledge about DSs. The likelihood of doping is low, and one-third of the subjects believe that doping occurs in sailing (no significant differences between athletes and coaches). The logistic regression found crew number (i.e., single vs. double crew) to be the single significant predictor of DS usage, with a higher probability of DS consumption among single crews. Conclusion Because of the high consumption of DSs future investigations should focus on real nutritional needs in sailing sport. Also, since athletes reported that their coaches are the primary source of information about nutrition and DSs, further studies are necessary to determine the knowledge about nutrition, DSs and doping problems among athletes and their support teams (i.e., coaches, physicians, and strength and conditioning specialists).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Rodek
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, Split, 21000, Croatia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Van Thuyne W, Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT. Nutritional supplements: prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 19:147-58. [PMID: 19079882 DOI: 10.1079/nrr2006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Based upon recent sales numbers, nutritional supplements play a key role in the lifestyle of a substantial proportion of the population. As well as products such as vitamins or minerals, several precursors of anabolic steroids are marketed as nutritional supplements. Another group of commercially available supplements are products for weight loss based upon herbal formulations originating from Ephedra species. Apart from supplements indicating the presence of these active compounds, numerous non-hormonal nutritional supplements were found that were contaminated with non-labelled anabolic steroids. Stimulating agents other than naturally occurring analogues of ephedrine were detected. A major group using dietary supplements are sportsmen, ranging from amateur level to elite athletes. Besides the possible health risks associated with the use of dietary supplements, athletes should take care not to violate the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency because athletes remain responsible for substances detected in their biofluids, irrespective of their origin. Several analytical methods have been developed to determine the presence of doping agents as contaminants. The present review attempts to address the issues concerning the use of nutritional supplements and the detection of doping agents as contaminants in dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Van Thuyne
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University - UGent, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Timcheh-Hariri A, Balali-Mood M, Aryan E, Sadeghi M, Riahi-Zanjani B. Toxic hepatitis in a group of 20 male body-builders taking dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3826-32. [PMID: 22809474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements have been used for decades for enhancing muscle growth. The harm caused by some of these products is well documented. We investigated and reported toxic hepatitis in 20 male athletes following self-prescribing of a number of dietary supplements which are lesser known. The patients' ages ranged from 24 to 32 with a mean of 28 years. They had taken three kinds of supplements for 1 year including testosterone optimizer agent T Bomb II, a creatine supplement Phosphagen and an amino acid based supplement Cell-Tech. Based on the history, clinical examination, and laboratory findings the cases were diagnosed as toxic hepatitis. After discontinuation of taking the supplements, clinical recovery and improvement of liver function tests were achieved within 30 days. Causality assessment with the CIOMS (Council for International Organization Medical Sciences) scale showed a "possible" grade of causality (+5 points) for these supplements. It can be concluded that these newer anabolic supplements may induce toxic hepatitis. Since the health risks of them may be severe, the use of these kinds of dietary supplements should be discouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Timcheh-Hariri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Ghaem University Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Intake of Nutritional Supplements among People Exercising in Gyms in Beirut City. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:703490. [PMID: 22506105 PMCID: PMC3306945 DOI: 10.1155/2012/703490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nutritional supplements among exercisers in gyms has been never investigated in the Middle East. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence intake of nutritional supplements and the potential influencing factors among people exercising in gyms in Beirut city. In this cross-sectional study, 512 exercisers, aged between 20 and 50 years, were randomly selected from gyms. The intake of nutritional supplements was reported among 36.3% (95% confidence interval 32.2–40.5) of participants, with a weak presence of medical supervision. Patterns of supplement use differed by gender and age. Men and younger exercisers were found to focus on supplements associated with performance enhancement and muscle building, while women and older exercisers were more concerned with health-promoting products such as vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements. An appropriate dissemination of accurate and scientifically sound information regarding the benefits and side effects of nutritional supplements is highly recommended in the sports environment in Beirut city.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the prevalence of nutritional supplement use in European adolescents. We conducted the present study to analyse the prevalence of nutritional supplement use and factors associated with this use among Slovenian adolescents. DESIGN The nutritional supplementation practices of 818 adolescents were studied using an anonymous questionnaire. Information was sought on the type of supplements used, frequency of use and sources of information. SETTING The region of north-west Slovenia. SUBJECTS Schoolchildren from twenty primary schools and twelve secondary schools. RESULTS Some 19·3% of all adolescents reported using at least one nutritional supplement and the prevalence of use was significantly higher in adolescents who were members of sports clubs. Multivitamins were the most common nutritional supplement. Older adolescents were significantly more likely to be supplementing with iron, protein and minerals. Less than 16% of supplement users in our study sought information from health-care professionals. Nearly 62% obtained information from parents and coaches, and many adolescents appear to decide on nutritional supplementation themselves, without advice. Older adolescents were significantly more likely to combine supplements than younger adolescents. CONCLUSIONS One-fifth of Slovenian adolescents use nutritional supplements. There are clear differences in supplement use between younger (age 12 years) and older (age 17 years) adolescents. Multiple use of supplements, coupled with self-managed supplementation in older adolescents, is concerning. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide accurate information regarding nutritional supplements, which will help adolescents, their parents and coaches to make informed choices about their use.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim J, Lee N, Kim EJ, Ki SK, Yoon J, Lee MS. Anti-doping education and dietary supplementation practice in Korean elite university athletes. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:349-56. [PMID: 21994530 PMCID: PMC3180686 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate relationships and gender differences in dietary supplement (DS) and oriental supplement (OS) prevalence as well as anti-doping awareness during training and the game period. Korea National Sport University athletes (343 male and 136 female) participated in this study and completed DS and OS practice and anti-doping awareness questionnaires. Forty-six percent of athletes used DS during the training period, and there was significantly higher DS use in females (53%) compared to males (43%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-eight percent of athletes used OS, and there was significantly higher OS use in females (35%) than males (26%) (P < 0.05) during the training period. The primary reason of DS use was to supply energy both in males (36%) and females (28%). The main reason for male athletes' OS use was to supply energy (41%). Meanwhile, the reasons for female athletes' OS use were to supply energy (23%), to maintain health (19%), and to improve recovery ability (20%), which showed a significant gender difference (P < 0.05). Athletes rated their perceived degree of satisfaction, perceived importance, and beliefs in efficacy of DS and OS use all over 50% during the training period, and no gender differences were detected. In a comparison between athletes educated about anti-doping (at least more than one time) and non-received athletes, DS and OS use during the training period was 2.30 (1.47-3.60) and 1.71 (1.03-2.82), respectively. DS and OS use immediately before the game period was 2.38 (1.50-3.80) and 3.99 (1.20-13.28), respectively. Elite athletes' anti-doping education was highly related to increased DS use during the training period and immediately before the game. Although elite athletes use various DS and OS during the training period and before the game period, doping education for elite athletes is related with DS and OS use during the training period and before the game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongkyu Kim
- Sports Science Institute, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sobolewski EJ, Thompson BJ, Smith AE, Ryan ED. The Physiological Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Hydration: A Review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827611406071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1992, Harris and colleagues demonstrated that oral creatine supplementation can enhance muscle creatine stores. Since then, creatine has become an important and popular ergogenic aid for improving athletic performance with reports of up to 74% of athletes supplementing with creatine. Although many recent studies have addressed the safety concerns of creatine supplementation on hydration status in hot and humid environments, anecdotal reports still exist linking creatine usage to heat-related problems. These concerns are based on the premise that creatine is an osmotically active substance resulting in an alteration in fluid balance by increasing intracellular fluid volume and preventing fluid from entering the extracellular environment to aid in thermoregulation. However, a number studies have demonstrated that when recommended amounts of creatine are consumed, creatine does not appear to increase the risk of heat-related problems during exercise and may actually have a positive influence on core temperature and heart rate responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Sobolewski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Abbie E. Smith
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Petroczi A, Taylor G, Naughton D. Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:393-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
50
|
Siegler JC, Midgley AW, Polman RCJ, Lever R. Effects of various sodium bicarbonate loading protocols on the time-dependent extracellular buffering profile. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2551-7. [PMID: 20040895 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although much research has investigated the types of exercise that are enhanced with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, to date, there has been limited research on the dosage and timing of ingestion that optimizes the associated ergogenic effects. This study investigated the effects of various NaHCO3 loading protocols on the time-dependent blood-buffering profile. Eight male volunteers (age, 22.4 +/- 5.7 yr; height, 179.8 +/- 9.6 cm, body mass, 76.3 +/- 14.1 kg) completed Part A, measures of alkalosis throughout 120 minutes after ingestion of various single NaHCO3 dosages (0.3 gxkg-1, 0.2 gxkg-1, 0.1 gxkg-1, and placebo); and Part B, similar profiles after alternative NaHCO3 loading protocols (single morning dosage [SMD], single evening dosage [SED], and dosages ingested on 3 consecutive evenings [CED]). Results from Part A are as follows. Blood buffering in the 0.1 gxkg-1 condition was significantly lower than the 0.2 g.kg-1 and 0.3 gxkg-1 conditions (p < 0.002), but there was no significant differences between the 0.2 gxkg -1and 0.3 g.kg-1 conditions (p = 0.34). Although the blood buffering was relatively constant in the 0.1 and 0.2 conditions, it was significantly higher at 60 minutes than at 100 minutes and 120 minutes in the 0.3 gxkg-1 condition (p < 0.05). Results from Part B are as follows. Blood buffering for SMD was significantly higher than for SED and CED (p < 0.05). Blood buffering in the SMD condition was significantly lower at 17:00 hours than at 11:00 hours (p = 0.007). The single 0.2 and 0.3 gxkg-1 NaHCO3 dosages appeared to be the most effective for increasing blood-buffering capacity. The 0.2 gxkg-1 dosage is best ingested 40 to 50 minutes before exercise and the 0.3 gxkg-1 dosage 60 minutes before exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Siegler
- Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|