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Krupp KT, Yaeger JDW, Ledesma LJ, Withanage MHH, Gale JJ, Howe CB, Allen TJ, Sathyanesan M, Newton SS, Summers CH. Single administration of a psychedelic [(R)-DOI] influences coping strategies to an escapable social stress. Neuropharmacology 2024; 252:109949. [PMID: 38636726 PMCID: PMC11073902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds have potentially rapid, long-lasting anxiolytic, antidepressive and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated whether the psychedelic compound (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI], a selective 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist, decreases stress-related behavior in male mice exposed to repeated social aggression. Additionally, we explored the likelihood that these behavioral changes are related to anti-inflammatory properties of [(R)-DOI]. Animals were subjected to the Stress Alternatives Model (SAM), an escapable social stress paradigm in which animals develop reactive coping strategies - remaining in the SAM arena (Stay) with a social aggressor, or dynamically initiated stress coping strategies that involve utilizing the escape holes (Escape) to avoid aggression. Mice expressing these behavioral phenotypes display behaviors like those in other social aggression models that separate animals into stress-vulnerable (as for Stay) or stress-resilient (as for Escape) groups, which have been shown to have distinct inflammatory responses to social stress. These results show that Stay animals have heightened cytokine gene expression, and both Stay and Escape mice exhibit plasma and neural concentrations of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) compared to unstressed control mice. Additionally, these results suggest that a single administration of (R)-DOI to Stay animals in low doses, can increase stress coping strategies such as increasing attention to the escape route, promoting escape behavior, and reducing freezing during socially aggressive interaction in the SAM. Lower single doses of (R)-DOI, in addition to shifting behavior to suggest anxiolytic effects, also concomitantly reduce plasma and limbic brain levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Krupp
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Jazmine D W Yaeger
- Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Leighton J Ledesma
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | | | - J J Gale
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Chase B Howe
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Trevor J Allen
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Monica Sathyanesan
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Samuel S Newton
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
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Baskerville R, Castell L, Bermon S. Sports and Immunity, from the recreational to the elite athlete. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104893. [PMID: 38531477 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal role of the immune system in physical activity is well-established. While interactions are complex, they tend to constitute discrete immune responses. Moderate intensity exercise causes leukocytosis with a mild anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and immunoenhancement. Above a threshold of intensity, lactate-mediated IL-6 release causes a proinflammatory state followed by a depressed inflammatory state, which stimulates immune adaptation and longer term cardiometabolic enhancement. Exercise-related immune responses are modulated by sex, age and immunonutrition. At all ability levels, these factors collectively affect the immune balance between enhancement or overload and dysfunction. Excessive training, mental stress or insufficient recovery risks immune cell exhaustion and hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) stress responses causing immunodepression with negative impacts on performance or general health. Participation in sport provides additional immune benefits in terms of ensuring regularity, social inclusion, mental well-being and healthier life choices in terms of diet and reduced smoking and alcohol, thereby consolidating healthy lifestyles and longer term health. Significant differences exist between recreational and professional athletes in terms of inherent characteristics, training resilience and additional stresses arising from competition schedules, travel-related infections and stress. Exercise immunology examines the central role of immunity in exercise physiology and straddles multiple disciplines ranging from neuroendocrinology to nutrition and genetics, with the aim of guiding athletes to train optimally and safely. This review provides a brief outline of the main interactions of immunity and exercise, some influencing factors, and current guidance on maintaining immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics Health and Science Department, Monaco and LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Neupane SP, Daray FM, Ballard ED, Galfalvy H, Itzhaky L, Segev A, Shelef A, Tene O, Rizk MM, Mann JJ, Zalsman G. Immune-related biomarkers and suicidal behaviors: A meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 75:15-30. [PMID: 37356288 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers that can differentiate between psychiatric disorders with and without suicidal behavior history from each other and from healthy volunteers may explain part of the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior. We conducted the hitherto largest meta-analysis comparing immune biomarkers between subjects with and without suicide attempt history or death by suicide. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020212841. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were pooled with random-effects models. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with the I2-statistic and publication bias was evaluated by the Egger test and funnel plots. Data were based on 36 studies including 2679 persons with suicidal behaviors and 6839 comparison subjects, and four immune-related biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β). Suicidal behavior was associated with higher CRP blood levels compared with: healthy controls (SMD [95%CI] = 1.42[0.85-1.98]); patients with depression alone (SMD [95%CI] = 1.23[0.20-2.26]); and patients with any psychiatric disorders (SMD [95%CI] = 0.39[0.22-0.55]). IL-6 blood level was higher in patients with suicidal behaviors compared with healthy controls (SMD [95%CI] = 1.13[0.45-1.82]) and when compared with psychiatric patients without suicidal behaviors (SMD [95%CI] = 0.22 [0.11-0.33]). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses revealed that increased CRP in suicidal behavior is primarily driven by recent suicidal behavior. These results implicate the immune system and inflammatory response in suicidal behavior independent of a relationship to major psychiatric disorders, and that these biological measures are predominantly state-dependent markers. Future studies are needed to determine the cause-and-effect relationship of these immune system biomarkers with suicidal behavior, and their potential predictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Prasad Neupane
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 21, Building 12, 2nd floor. N-0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Federico M Daray
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso9, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth D Ballard
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Liat Itzhaky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aviv Segev
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Shelef
- Lev-Hasharon Mental Health Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Tene
- Psychiatric Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mina M Rizk
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, 10032, NY, United States of America; Division of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, 10032, NY, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, 622 West 168th St, New York, 10032, NY, United States of America
| | - Gil Zalsman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University NY, NY, United States of America
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Ramos A, Granzotto N, Kremer R, Boeder AM, de Araújo JFP, Pereira AG, Izídio GS. Hunting for Genes Underlying Emotionality in the Laboratory Rat: Maps, Tools and Traps. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1840-1863. [PMID: 36056863 PMCID: PMC10514530 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220901154034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have systematically investigated the hereditary bases of behaviors since the 19th century, moved by either evolutionary questions or clinically-motivated purposes. The pioneer studies on the genetic selection of laboratory animals had already indicated, one hundred years ago, the immense complexity of analyzing behaviors that were influenced by a large number of small-effect genes and an incalculable amount of environmental factors. Merging Mendelian, quantitative and molecular approaches in the 1990s made it possible to map specific rodent behaviors to known chromosome regions. From that point on, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analyses coupled with behavioral and molecular techniques, which involved in vivo isolation of relevant blocks of genes, opened new avenues for gene mapping and characterization. This review examines the QTL strategy applied to the behavioral study of emotionality, with a focus on the laboratory rat. We discuss the challenges, advances and limitations of the search for Quantitative Trait Genes (QTG) playing a role in regulating emotionality. For the past 25 years, we have marched the long journey from emotionality-related behaviors to genes. In this context, our experiences are used to illustrate why and how one should move forward in the molecular understanding of complex psychiatric illnesses. The promise of exploring genetic links between immunological and emotional responses are also discussed. New strategies based on humans, rodents and other animals (such as zebrafish) are also acknowledged, as they are likely to allow substantial progress to be made in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ramos
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Natalli Granzotto
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kremer
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Developmental and Cellular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Ariela Maína Boeder
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Julia Fernandez Puñal de Araújo
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Developmental and Cellular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Aline Guimarães Pereira
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Developmental and Cellular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Geison Souza Izídio
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Developmental and Cellular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Paudel D, Uehara O, Giri S, Yoshida K, Morikawa T, Kitagawa T, Matsuoka H, Miura H, Toyofuku A, Kuramitsu Y, Ohta T, Kobayashi M, Abiko Y. Effect of psychological stress on the oral-gut microbiota and the potential oral-gut-brain axis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:365-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wong KE, Wade TJ, Moore J, Marcellus A, Molnar DS, O'Leary DD, MacNeil AJ. Examining the relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), cortisol, and inflammation among young adults. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 25:100516. [PMID: 36177305 PMCID: PMC9513107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with dysregulation of inflammation and cortisol. The objectives of this study were to use principal component analysis to explore the inflammatory biomarker data to create inflammation composite variables; to examine the relationship between these composite measures of inflammation with ACEs and cortisol; and to assess whether these relationships were moderated by sex. The analysis included 232 young adults from the Niagara Longitudinal Heart Study (NLHS). After adjusting for covariates, higher exposure to ACEs significantly predicted higher low-grade inflammation. These results further support the use of multiple biomarkers to understand the complex relationships among ACEs, cortisol, and inflammation, which should be further examined in longitudinal studies to study biomarker trajectories.
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Haas A, Borsook D, Adler G, Freeman R. Stress, hypoglycemia, and the autonomic nervous system. Auton Neurosci 2022; 240:102983. [PMID: 35417827 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress can be classified as either psychosocial or physiologic. Physiologic stress refers to stresses due to acute illness, trauma, pain, hypoglycemia, and sleep deprivation-much less is known regarding its health consequences. This review focuses on hypoglycemia as a model to further investigate physiological stress. Experimental mild to moderate hypoglycemia is a paradigmatic physiological stress that evokes autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses. Hypoglycemic stress is an ideal model to examine the interactions and consequences of physiological stress on the autonomic nervous system. Acute hypoglycemia has been demonstrated to increase inflammatory markers, prolong QTc, and impair cardiac-vagal baroreflex sensitivity. Some of these consequences may not reverse completely when euglycemia is restored. For example, there is attenuation of the cardiac-vagal baroreflex, attenuation of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex (muscle sympathetic nerve activity response to transient hypotension), and attenuation of the catecholamine response to lower body negative pressure that is present the next day after hypoglycemia has resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Phillippi DT, Daniel S, Pusadkar V, Youngblood VL, Nguyen KN, Azad RK, McFarlin BK, Lund AK. Inhaled diesel exhaust particles result in microbiome-related systemic inflammation and altered cardiovascular disease biomarkers in C57Bl/6 male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35135577 PMCID: PMC8827295 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota plays a vital role in host homeostasis and is associated with inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is a known mediator of inflammation and CVD and is reported to promote dysbiosis and decreased intestinal integrity. However, the role of inhaled traffic-generated PM on the gut microbiome and its corresponding systemic effects are not well-characterized. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) alters the gut microbiome and promotes microbial-related inflammation and CVD biomarkers. 4–6-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice on either a low-fat (LF, 10% fat) or high-fat (HF, 45% fat) diet were exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg DEP suspended in 35 μl saline or saline only (CON) 2x/week for 30 days. To determine whether probiotics could prevent diet or DEP exposure mediated alterations in the gut microbiome or systemic outcomes, a subset of animals on the HF diet were treated orally with 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 108 CFU/day) of Winclove Ecologic® Barrier probiotics throughout the study. Results Our results show that inhaled DEP exposure alters gut microbial profiles, including reducing Actinobacteria and expanding Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria. We observed increased circulating LPS, altered circulating cytokines (IL-1α, IL-3, IL-13, IL-15, G-CSF, LIF, MIP-2, and TNF-α), and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in DEP-exposed and/or HF diet mice. Furthermore, probiotics attenuated the observed reduction of Actinobacteria and expansion of Proteobacteria in DEP-exposed and HF-diet mice. Probiotics mitigated circulating cytokines (IL-3, IL-13, G-CSF, RANTES, and TNF- α) and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in respect to DEP-exposure and/or HF diet. Conclusion Key findings of this study are that inhaled DEP exposure alters small intestinal microbial profiles that play a role in systemic inflammation and early CVD biomarkers. Probiotic treatment in this study was fundamental in understanding the role of inhaled DEP on the microbiome and related systemic inflammatory and CVD biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Phillippi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Sarah Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Vaidehi Pusadkar
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Victoria L Youngblood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kayla N Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,UNT Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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Ryznar R, Wong C, Onat E, Towne F, LaPorta A, Payton M. Principal component analysis of salivary cytokines and hormones in the acute stress response. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:957545. [PMID: 36339833 PMCID: PMC9626986 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.957545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute stress response is characterized by activation of multiple interconnected systems in the body, resulting in the release of a flood of hormones and immune mediators into circulation. In addition to detection of these molecules in the serum, saliva can serve as a source of these markers as well and can be collected in a non-invasive way. The complete profile of salivary biomarkers associated with the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal/gonadal axes and the immune system during the acute stress response has not been fully elucidated. In a cohort of 62 first responders engaged in a stress training exercise, we set out to determine patterns of cytokine, chemokine and hormone shifts during the acute stress response. Salivary samples were collected immediately before (pre-stress), immediately after (post-stress) and 1 h after the stress test (recovery). Multiplex ELISA panels of 42 cytokines and 6 steroid and thyroid hormones were used to determine concentrations of these biomarkers during the three aforementioned time points. Principal components analysis was conducted to determine patterns in the large data sets collected. In our ≥0.3 loading principal components analysis, for pre-stress vs. post, post-stress vs. recovery and pre-stress vs. recovery, a total of three, four and three factors accounted for 56.6, 68.34, and 61.70% of the biomarker variation for each phase respectively. In the ≥0.7 loading principal components analysis, three, four and three factors were found for pre-stress vs. post, post-stress vs. recovery and pre-stress vs. recovery stages, respectively. Of note, in our ≥0.3 loading principal components analysis, MCP1 was present in all three factors from pre-stress to post-stress, and fractalkine was found to be in all four factors post-stress vs. recovery and pre vs. recovery from stress. Additionally, hormones testosterone, estradiol, T4 and T3 grouped together consistently in the same factor for all phases of acute stress in both ≥0.3 and ≥0.7 principal components analysis. Overall, our results identified specific patterns of immune markers and hormones that shift during acute stress and warrant further investigation to understand their mechanistic role in regulating the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ryznar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Cheyenne Wong
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ivins, UT, United States
| | - Erin Onat
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Francina Towne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Anthony LaPorta
- Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Mark Payton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, United States
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Effects of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris YRC3780 daily intake on the HPA axis response to acute psychological stress in healthy Japanese men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:574-580. [PMID: 34349248 PMCID: PMC8993685 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (YRC3780), which is isolated from kefir, has been associated with anti-allergic effects in humans. However, it remains unknown whether daily intake of YRC3780 attenuates the response to psychological stress in humans in parallel with changes to the gut microbiome. We examined the fundamental role of YRC3780 in the gut microbiome, stress response, sleep, and mental health in humans. METHODS Effects of daily intake of YRC3780 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute psychological stress were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 27 healthy young men (mean age and body mass index: 23.5 years and 21.5 kg/m2) who were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 13) or YRC3780 (n = 14) groups. The HPA axis response to acute psychological stress, the diurnal rhythm of HPA axis activity, and gut microbiome were assessed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS The results showed that daily intake of YRC3780 significantly lowered morning salivary cortisol levels compared with placebo. In addition, salivary cortisol levels following a social stress test significantly decreased +40 min after beginning the TSST in the YRC3780-treated group compared to placebo. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of actigraphy-based sleep quality, but the subjective sleep quality and mental health were significantly improved in the YRC3780-treated group compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that daily intake of YRC3780 improves the HPA axis response to acute psychological stress, which might be associated with a decrease in morning cortisol levels.
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Supriya R, Gao Y, Gu Y, Baker JS. Role of Exercise Intensity on Th1/Th2 Immune Modulations During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761382. [PMID: 35003073 PMCID: PMC8727446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to several pioneering scientific discoveries resulting in no effective solutions with the exception of vaccination. Moderate exercise is a significant non-pharmacological strategy, to reduce the infection-related burden of COVID-19, especially in patients who are obese, elderly, and with additional comorbidities. The imbalance of T helper type 1 (Th1) or T helper type 2 (Th2) cells has been well documented among populations who have suffered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and who are at maximum risk of infection and mortality. Moderate and low intensity exercise can benefit persons at risk from the disease and survivors by favorable modulation in Th1/Th2 ratios. Moreover, in COVID-19 patients, mild to moderate intensity aerobic exercise also increases immune system function but high intensity aerobic exercise may have adverse effects on immune responses. In addition, sustained hypoxia in COVID-19 patients has been reported to cause organ failure and cell death. Hypoxic conditions have also been highlighted to be triggered in COVID-19-susceptible individuals and COVID-19 survivors. This suggests that hypoxia inducible factor (HIF 1α) might be an important focus for researchers investigating effective strategies to minimize the effects of the pandemic. Intermittent hypoxic preconditioning (IHP) is a method of exposing subjects to short bouts of moderate hypoxia interspersed with brief periods of normal oxygen concentrations (recovery). This methodology inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors, activates HIF-1α to activate target genes, and subsequently leads to a higher production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This increases angiogenesis and increases oxygen transport capacity. These factors can help alleviate virus induced cardiopulmonary hemodynamic disorders and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic we propose that populations should engage in low to moderate exercise individually designed, prescribed and specific, that utilizes IHP including pranayama (yoga), swimming and high-altitude hiking exercise. This would be beneficial in affecting HIF-1α to combat the disease and its severity. Therefore, the promotion of certain exercises should be considered by all sections of the population. However, exercise recommendations and prescription for COVID-19 patients should be structured to match individual levels of capability and adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Supriya
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Rashmi Supriya,
| | - Yang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Yang Z, Li Z, Guo Z, Ren Y, Zhou T, Xiao Z, Duan J, Han C, Cheng Y, Xu F. Antitumor Effect of Fluoxetine on Chronic Stress-Promoted Lung Cancer Growth via Suppressing Kynurenine Pathway and Enhancing Cellular Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685898. [PMID: 34413774 PMCID: PMC8369900 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic stress promotes cancer growth. Antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) is usually prescribed for cancer patients with comorbid depression. FLX displays inhibition on cancer cell proliferation, however, the in vivo activity has not been investigated. Methods: We explored the antitumor effect of FLX in subcutaneous transplanted lung cancer cells in a tumor-bearing mouse model. Fifty-six C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into group A (blank control), group B (tumor-bearing control), group C (tumor-bearing + FLX), group D (CUMS control), group E (CUMS + FLX), group F (tumor-bearing + CUMS), and group G (tumor-bearing + CUMS + FLX). 5-HT, tryptophane (Trp), kynurenine, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A levels were measured by ELISA. T helper (Th), cytotoxic T (Tc) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) subtype were measured by flow cytometry. The antitumor effects of FLX were evaluated by tumor weight. The expression of kynurenine pathway related genes TDO, IDO1, IDO2, and apoptosis-related genes caspase1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12 in tumor tissues were measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR. A549 cells were exposed with FLX (15 μmol/L) and its effect on cell proliferation, migration, and clonal formation were detected. Kynurenine pathway and apoptosis related gene expression were also measured. Results:In vivo, chronic stress promoted tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. FLX administration not only significantly reversed chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced reduction of 5-HT and Trp, increment of kynurenine, but increased CD4+ Th and CD8+ Tc cells, and reduced CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. FLX promoted Th to differentiate into Th1 cells and increased IL-2 and IFN-γ, meanwhile inhibited Th differentiate into Th2 and Th17 cells and decreased the concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A. Chronic stress obviously up-regulated IDO1 and IDO2 expression, down-regulated caspase 4, 7, and 12 expression, meanwhile FLX administration reversed this regulation. However, there was no significant change in TDO, caspase 1, 3, 5. Similarly, in vitro, FLX administration significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and clonal formation of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis. FLX administration down-regulated the expression of IDO1, IDO2, and up-regulated caspase 4, 5, and 7. Conclusion: Fluoxetine administration could inhibit tumor growth. The inhibition might be via suppressing kynurenine pathway and enhancing cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangchuang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanchi Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Al-Hakeim HK, Najm AH, Moustafa SR, Maes M. Construction of an exposure-pathway-phenotype in children with depression due to transfusion-dependent thalassemia: Results of (un)supervised machine learning. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:644-655. [PMID: 33445087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion dependent thalassemia (TDT) patients are treated with continued blood transfusions and show a higher prevalence of depression. TDT with consequent iron overload and inflammation is associated with increased severity of depressive symptoms in TDT children. AIM OF THE STUDY To construct a pathway-phenotype which combines iron overload and neuro-immune biomarkers with depressive symptom subdomains in TDT children. METHODS We measured iron status parameters (iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation percentage) and inflammatory (interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α) biomarkers in TDT (n=111) and healthy (n=53) children and analyzed the results using machine learning. RESULTS Cluster analysis separated TDT children with depression from those without depression and revealed two depressive subgroups one with low self-esteem and another with increased social-irritability scores. Exploratory factor analysis validated four depressive symptom dimensions as reliable constructs, namely key depressive, physiosomatic, lowered self-esteem and social-irritability dimensions. Partial Least Squares showed that 73.0% of the variance in a latent vector extracted from those four clinical subdomains, immune-inflammatory and iron overload biomarkers was explained by exposure variables including the number of blood transfusions and hospitalizations and use of deferoxamine. The exposure data, iron and immune biomarkers, and symptom subdomains are reflective manifestations of a single latent trait, which shows internal consistency reliability and predictive relevance. CONCLUSIONS The nomological network combining exposure, pathways and behavioral phenome manifestations provides an index of overall severity and disease risk and, therefore, constitutes a new drug target, indicating that iron overload and immune activation should be targeted to treat depression due to TDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shatha Rouf Moustafa
- Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Havalan City, Erbil, Iraq.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
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14
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Uzun N, Kılıç AO, Akıncı MA, Özgül-Katırcıoğlu D, Erden S. Could COVID-19 be a trigger for manic attack in an adolescent? Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3521-3522. [PMID: 34114099 PMCID: PMC8192104 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Necati Uzun
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Yunus Emre Mah. Beyşehir Cad. No:281, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Osman Kılıç
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Pediatrics, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Akıncı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Ali Kemal Belviranlı Maternity and Children Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Özgül-Katırcıoğlu
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Yunus Emre Mah. Beyşehir Cad. No:281, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Semih Erden
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Yunus Emre Mah. Beyşehir Cad. No:281, 42080 Konya, Turkey
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15
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Block PD, Shinn B, Kim JH, Hann HW. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma and stress: untangling the host immune response from clinical outcomes. Hepat Oncol 2020; 8:HEP35. [PMID: 33680431 PMCID: PMC7907965 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health challenge on the global scale. Affecting hundreds of millions worldwide, HBV is a leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinical outcomes from chronic HBV infection are varied and appear to be influenced by a complex and dysregulated host immune response. In turn, much attention has been given to the immunologic response to HBV in an effort to identify host factors that lead to the development of HCC. However, the role of nonimmunologic host factors, such as chronic stress, in HBV-related HCC is poorly defined. Indeed, a growing appreciation for the effects of stress on chronic liver diseases raises the question of its role in chronic HBV infection. In this light, the present review will untangle the roles of key host factors in HBV-related HCC with an emphasis on chronic stress as a viable contributor. First discussed is the interplay of stress, inflammation and chronic liver disease. The host immune response's role as a driver of HBV-related HCC is then reviewed, allowing for a close exploration of the effects of stress on immune function in chronic hepatitis B and as a potential risk factor for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Block
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brianna Shinn
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jin Hyang Kim
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3401 Princeton Pike, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Liver Disease Prevention Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Sanson A, Riva MA. Anti-Stress Properties of Atypical Antipsychotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E322. [PMID: 33092112 PMCID: PMC7589119 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure represents a major environmental risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, as it plays a pivotal role in the etiology as well as in the manifestation of disease symptomatology. It may be inferred that pharmacological treatments must be able to modulate the behavioral, functional, and molecular alterations produced by stress exposure to achieve significant clinical outcomes. This review aims at examining existing clinical and preclinical evidence that supports the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) to modulate stress-related alterations. Indeed, while the pharmacodynamic differences between AAPDs have been extensively characterized, less is known on their ability to regulate downstream mechanisms that are critical for functional recovery and patient stabilization. We will discuss stress-related mechanisms, spanning from neuroendocrine function to inflammation and neuronal plasticity, which are relevant for the manifestation of schizophrenic symptomatology, and we will discuss if and how AAPDs may interfere with such mechanisms. Considering the impact of stress in everyday life, we believe that a better understanding of the potential effects of AAPDs on stress-related mechanisms may provide novel and important insights for improving therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting coping mechanisms and enhancing the quality of life of patients affected by psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco A. Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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17
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Nielsen S, Bassler N, Grzanka L, Swakon J, Olko P, Horsman MR, Sørensen BS. Proton scanning and X-ray beam irradiation induce distinct regulation of inflammatory cytokines in a preclinical mouse model. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1238-1244. [PMID: 32780616 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1807644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conventional X-ray radiotherapy induces a pro-inflammatory response mediated by altered expression of inflammation-regulating cytokines. Proton scanning and X-ray irradiation produce distinct changes to cytokine gene expression in vitro suggesting that proton beam therapy may induce an inflammatory response dissimilar to that of X-ray radiation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether proton scanning beam radiation and conventional X-ray photon radiation would induce differential regulation of circulating cytokines in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female CDF1 mice were irradiated locally at the right hind leg using proton pencil beam scanning or X-ray photons. Blood samples were obtained from two separate mice groups. Samples from one group were drawn by retro-orbital puncture 16 months post irradiation, while samples from the other group were drawn 5 and 30 days post irradiation. Concentration of the cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNFα was measured in plasma using bead-based immunoassays. RESULTS The cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNFα were expressed at lower levels in plasma samples from proton-irradiated mice compared with X-ray-irradiated mice 16 months post irradiation. The same cytokines were downregulated in proton-irradiated mice 5 days post irradiation when compared to controls, while at day 30 expression had increased to the same level or higher. X-ray radiation did not markedly change expression levels at days 5 and 30. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory response to proton and X-ray irradiation seem to be distinct as the principal pro-inflammatory cytokines are differentially regulated short- and long-term following irradiation. Both the development of normal tissue damage and efficacy of immunotherapy could be influenced by an altered inflammatory response to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nielsen
- Experimental Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Bassler
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leszek Grzanka
- Proton Radiotherapy Group, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Swakon
- Proton Radiotherapy Group, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Olko
- Proton Radiotherapy Group, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael R Horsman
- Experimental Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brita Singers Sørensen
- Experimental Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Tzang BS, Chen VCH, Hsieh CC, Wang WK, Weng YP, Ho HY, Hsu YT, Hsaio HP, Weng JC, Chen YL. Differential associations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with depression severity from noncancer status to breast cancer course and subsequent chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:686. [PMID: 32703187 PMCID: PMC7376866 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we examined the differential associations of various proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with depression severity from the development of breast cancer to subsequent chemotherapy treatment. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 116 women: 29 controls without cancer, 55 patients with breast cancer who were not receiving chemotherapy, and 32 patients with breast cancer who were receiving chemotherapy. Blood samples were assayed to evaluate serum levels of the following cytokines: interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12 (p70), IL-1β, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-6, and IL-17A. Depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results After adjustment for sociodemographics, consistent patterns of the association between cytokine and depression were noted in the different groups. No significant associations were observed in the controls. Inverse associations were observed between cytokines levels and depression severity in patients with breast cancer who were not receiving chemotherapy, whereas positive associations were noted in patients with breast cancer who were receiving chemotherapy. Specific differential relationships between IL-5 levels and depression severity were found between patients with breast cancer who were receiving and not receiving chemotherapy. Conclusions Our study revealed differential relationships between cytokine levels and depression severity with the development of cancer. Immunostimulation and immunosuppression in breast cancer and cancer treatment may account for the differential responses with the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Show Tzang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ke Wang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Weng
- Breast center, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ying Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Hsaio
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. Stress-induced blood brain barrier disruption: Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104769. [PMID: 32275963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a nonspecific response to a threat or noxious stimuli with resultant damaging consequences. Stress is believed to be an underlying process that can trigger central nervous system disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Though the pathophysiological basis is not completely understood, data have consistently shown a pivotal role of inflammatory mediators and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in stress induced disorders. Indeed emerging experimental evidences indicate a concurrent activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and not only the HPA axis, but also, peripheral and central renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Furthermore, recent experimental data indicate that the HPA and RAS are coupled to the signaling of a range of central neuro-transmitter, -mediator and -peptide molecules that are also regulated, at least in part, by inflammatory signaling cascades and vice versa. More recently, experimental evidences suggest a critical role of stress in disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), a neurovascular unit that regulates the movement of substances and blood-borne immune cells into the brain parenchyma, and prevents peripheral injury to the brain substance. However, the mechanisms underlying stress-induced BBB disruption are not exactly known. In this review, we summarize studies conducted on the effects of stress on the BBB and integrate recent data that suggest possible molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying stress-induced BBB disruption. Key molecular targets and pharmacological candidates for treatment of stress and related illnesses are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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20
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Network between Cytokines, Cortisol and Occupational Stress in Gas and Oilfield Workers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031118. [PMID: 32046214 PMCID: PMC7037782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To test whether gas and oil field work is accompanied by stress and altered immune function, the perception of workplace stress, levels of salivary cortisol, plasma levels, and mononuclear cell production of cytokines were examined in 80 healthy workers recruited among a population of operators on gas and oilfields. Specific questionnaires for determining the perception of anxiety, occupational stress, and subjective symptoms were administered. Salivary cortisol and cytokines plasma levels were evaluated by Elisa and to investigate immune function, both spontaneous and PHA- or LPS-induced expression and production of cytokines were assessed by qRT-PCR. Workers showed medium stress levels at work, with growth and increased motivation for work, and based on salivary cortisol concentrations, were divided into two groups of ≤10 ng/mL (n = 31) or >10 ng/mL (n = 49). Statistically significant higher plasma levels of IL-6, while lower TNFα, were detected in workers with cortisol >10 ng/mL. Also, BMI, DL, JD and Job strain were significantly higher in workers with cortisol >10 ng/mL. Thus, even modest variations of cortisol might have a role in the modulation of immune response and worker’s vulnerability to health imbalance.Thus, the evaluation of immune status, in addition to cortisol levels, could be useful to prevent illnesses; exacerbation of pre-existing conditions; morbidity; and consequent absences from work, with economic repercussions.
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21
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Yoshino Y, Dwivedi Y. Elevated expression of unfolded protein response genes in the prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects: Effect of suicide. J Affect Disord 2020; 262:229-236. [PMID: 31727394 PMCID: PMC6917852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of mental disability worldwide. Despite many studies, the pathophysiology associated with MDD brain is not very clear. It is reported that cellular stress is related to depressive symptoms. Under stressful conditions, intracellular homeostasis processes can be disrupted, which can induce a process of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the subcellular lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether UPR is active in the depressed brain. METHODS The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was used from 23 non-psychiatric controls and 43 MDD subjects. The expression levels of UPR associated genes (GRP78, GRP94, XBP-1, CHOP, ATF4C, and ATF6C) were measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The level of mRNA expression in MDD subjects was significantly higher for GRP78 (p = 0.008), GRP94 (p = 0.018), and ATF4C (p = 0.03) compared to non-psychiatric controls. Further analysis suggested that changes in the expression of these genes were specifically higher only in those MDD subjects who died by suicide but not in those who died by causes other than suicide when compared with non-psychiatric controls (GRP78, p = 0.007; GRP94, p = 0.041; ATF4C, p = 0.037). LIMITATIONS This study was performed only in MDD subjects who had died by suicide. Suicide subjects with other psychiatric illnesses need to be included. CONCLUSIONS Given that UPR is involved in many physiological processes in the brain, including inflammatory response as well as apoptosis, increased expression of UPR genes indicates that ER stress and mediated UPR may be critical factors in suicidality among depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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22
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Hasanli S, Hojjati S, Koushkie Jahromi M. The Effect of Exercise and Psychological Stress on Anti- and Proinflammatory Cytokines. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:186-193. [PMID: 33503634 DOI: 10.1159/000512814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Research evidence regarding immune system responses and adaptations to psychological or physical stresses is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week psychological stress and exercise activity (chronic adaptation) and the acute response of possibly adapted rats to psychological stress and exercise considering IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-4/IFN-γ. METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals including control, exercise, psychological stress, and combination of exercise with psychological stress. IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines were measured pre-experiment (preEX), immediately postexercise (IpostEX), and 72-h postexperiment protocol (72hpostEX). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the study groups regarding IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-4/IFN-γ in preEX (p > 0.05), IpostEX (p > 0.05), and 72hpostEX (p > 0.05). However, IL-4 increased significantly in IpostEX compared with preEX in exercise (p = 0.012) and combination of exercise with psychological stress (p = 0.03) groups. CONCLUSIONS Exercise and combination of exercise and psychological stress induce similar acute response to IL-4 in chronic trained and stressed rats. Also, exercise may induce an acute synergistic effect with psychological stress on IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hasanli
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sarah Hojjati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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Kake T, Imai M, Takahashi N. Effects of β‐carotene on oxazolone‐induced atopic dermatitis in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1044-1050. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takamichi Kake
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
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Asari MA, Zulkaflee MH, Sirajudeen KNS, Mohd Yusof NA, Mohd Sairazi NS. Tualang honey and DHA-rich fish oil reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat brain following exposure to chronic stress. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2019; 14:317-323. [PMID: 31488962 PMCID: PMC6717079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Tualang honey (TH), DHA-rich fish oil, and their combination on the concentrations of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat brains following exposure to chronic stress. Methods Fifty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into (i) control, (ii) stress-exposed, (iii) stress-exposed and treated with TH (1 g/kg body weight twice daily via oral gavage), (iv) stress-exposed and treated with DHA-rich fish oil (450 mg/kg body weight twice daily via oral gavage), and (v) stress-exposed and treated with a combination of TH and DHA-rich fish oil. The chronic stress regimen consisted of a combination of restraint stress and a swim stress test for 28 days. The concentrations of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain homogenates (TNF-α, IL6, and IFN-γ) were measured by ELISA. Results The concentrations of TNF-α, IL6, and IFN-γ in brain homogenates from the DHA, TH, and TH + DHA-treated groups were significantly lower compared to the control and stress-only-exposed groups (p < 0.05), but no difference was observed between treatment groups. Conclusion Consumption of DHA-rich fish oil and TH can be effective in lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brains of rats under chronic stress conditions. However, consuming these agents together does not provide additional benefits compared to taking them separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd A Asari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd H Zulkaflee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - K N S Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul A Mohd Yusof
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur S Mohd Sairazi
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Takahashi N, Kake T, Hasegawa S, Imai M. Effects of Post-administration of β-Carotene on Diet-induced Atopic Dermatitis in Hairless Mice. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:793-802. [PMID: 31292344 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a cutaneous condition characterized by itchy, swollen, and dry skin, which is mediated by T helper cell-related cytokines. β-Carotene, a natural red pigment found in plants, exhibits antioxidant activity that has been shown to promote an inflammatory response. Because it is not clear whether β-carotene suppresses inflammation in AD skin tissues, we examined the effects of oral administration of β-carotene in mice induced by a low zinc/magnesium diet (HR-AD diet). Our studies found that AD-like inflammation was remarkably reduced by β-carotene. In addition, β-carotene significantly suppressed protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 and mRNA expression of TSLP, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and Par-2 in AD-like skin tissues. It was also found that mRNA and protein expression of filaggrin (a major structural protein in epidermis) in AD-like skin was significantly elevated by β-carotene administration. Furthermore, β-carotene treatment significantly reduced the activity and/or mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), degradation of the extracellular matrix and regulation of chemokines. These results suggest that β-carotene reduces skin inflammation through the suppressed expression of inflammatory factors or the activity of MMPs as well as the promotion of filaggrin expression in AD-like skin. β-Carotene is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which improves AD-like skin by enhancing the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Takamichi Kake
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Shinya Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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Tait JL, Aisbett B, Hall SJ, Main LC. The inflammatory response to simulated day and night emergency alarm mobilisations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218732. [PMID: 31226144 PMCID: PMC6588278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Responding to emergency alarms is a daily occurrence for personnel in safety-critical occupations, and is associated with negative health outcomes in this population. The purpose of the present study was to determine the acute inflammatory response to an isolated emergency alarm mobilisation in both day and night conditions. Methods Sixteen healthy males (mean age 25 ± 4 years) spent four days and nights in a sleep laboratory and were required to mobilise to an emergency alarm either during the day (1558 h), or from nocturnal sleep (0358 h). Pro (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine responses to each alarm mobilisation were compared to time-matched control conditions without the alarm and mobilisation stimulus. Results Analysis revealed no significant drift of cytokine levels at 1400 h across the study (P≥0.139). The plasma concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was 84% greater in the 2-h sampling period following night alarm mobilisation compared to a night control of gentle awakening (P = 0.049), no other condition-by-time interactions were observed. The majority of inflammatory concentrations did not significantly change between alarm mobilisation and control conditions, in either day or night trials. Conclusions These findings may reflect the lack of a true emergency (and the perceived stress) for the alarm mobilisation, together with the neutralising effect of different circadian biorhythms on inflammatory cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Tait
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Hall
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luana C. Main
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Ren X. Innate immunity in the postmortem brain of depressed and suicide subjects: Role of Toll-like receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:101-111. [PMID: 30266463 PMCID: PMC6476429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and suicide. Interactions of TLRs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) initiate signaling through myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD88) and produce cytokines through the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB). We have earlier shown an increase in the protein and mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR4 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of depressed suicide (DS) subjects compared with normal control (NC) subjects. To examine if other TLRs are altered in postmortem brain, we have now determined the protein and mRNA expression of other TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10) in the PFC of DS, depressed non-suicide (DNS), non-depressed suicide (NDS) and NC subjects. We determined the protein expression by Western blot and mRNA expression levels by real-time PCR (qPCR) in the PFC of 24 NC, 24 DS, 12 DNS and 11 NDS subjects. Combined with our previous study of TLR3 and TLR4, we found that the protein expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR10, and mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR3 was significantly increased in the DS group compared with NC group. This study demonstrated that certain specific TLRs are altered in DS subjects, and hence those TLRs may be appropriate targets for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hooriyah S Rizavi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Runa Bhaumik
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinguo Ren
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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So WWY, Cai S, Yau SY, Tsang HWH. The Neurophysiological and Psychological Mechanisms of Qigong as a Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31824346 PMCID: PMC6880657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: An increasing number of studies have shown the anti-depressive effect of qigong. However, its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze existing literature on the mechanism of qigong in reducing depression. Method: The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials of qigong were searched from PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Academic Search Premier from inception to December 2018. Studies which involved depression and any neurophysiological or psychological mechanisms as outcomes were included. Publication bias was tested before conducting meta-analysis. Two independent raters were involved for the entire review process. Results: A total of nine studies were identified which covered both neurophysiological and psychological mechanisms. Among these selected studies, seven were involved in meta-analysis, which suggested that qigong was effective in alleviating depression (standardized mean difference, SMD = -0.27, p < 0.05, I 2 = 27%). A significant effect was also found for diastolic blood pressure (SMD = -1.64, p < 0.05, I 2 = 31%). However, no significant effect was found for cortisol level and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: This review shows that qigong is effective in reducing depression through activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Future studies with higher quality of research methodology with less selection and attrition bias should be conducted to unravel the possible anti-depressive effect of qigong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wing Yan So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhe Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Suk Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hector Wing Hong Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Near-infrared photobiomodulation combined with coenzyme Q 10 for depression in a mouse model of restraint stress: reduction in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:213-222. [PMID: 30385146 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on depressive-like behavior, cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in mice. To induce a depressive-like model, mice were subjected to sub-chronic restraint stress for 5 consecutive days. NIR PBM (810 nm laser, 33.3 J/cm2) and/or CoQ10 (500 mg/kg/day, gavage) were administered for five days concomitantly with immobilization. Behavior was evaluated by the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT). Mitochondrial membrane potential as well as oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory, and markers of apoptosis were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and corticosterone were also measured. PBM or CoQ10, or the combination, ameliorated depressive-like behaviors induced by restraint stress as indicated by decreased immobility time in both the FST and TST. PBM and/or CoQ10 treatments decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced total antioxidant capacity (TAC), GSH levels, GPx and SOD activities in both brain areas. The neuroinflammatory response in the HIP and PFC was suppressed, as indicated by decreased NF-kB, p38, and JNK levels in PBM and/or CoQ10 groups. Intrinsic apoptosis biomarkers, BAX, Bcl-2, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 and -9, were also significantly down-regulated by both treatments. Furthermore, both treatments decreased the elevated serum levels of cortisol, corticosterone, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by restraint stress. Transcranial NIR PBM and CoQ10 therapies may be effective antidepressant strategies for the prevention of psychopathological and behavioral symptoms induced by stress.
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Haldar R, Shaashua L, Lavon H, Lyons YA, Zmora O, Sharon E, Birnbaum Y, Allweis T, Sood AK, Barshack I, Cole S, Ben-Eliyahu S. Perioperative inhibition of β-adrenergic and COX2 signaling in a clinical trial in breast cancer patients improves tumor Ki-67 expression, serum cytokine levels, and PBMCs transcriptome. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:294-309. [PMID: 29800703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamines and prostaglandins are secreted abundantly during the perioperative period in response to stress and surgery, and were shown by translational studies to promote tumor metastasis. Here, in a phase-II biomarker clinical trial in breast cancer patients (n = 38), we tested the combined perioperative use of the β-blocker, propranolol, and the COX2-inhibitor, etodolac, scheduled for 11 consecutive perioperative days, starting 5 days before surgery. Blood samples were taken before treatment (T1), on the mornings before and after surgery (T2&T3), and after treatment cessation (T4). Drugs were well tolerated. Results based on a-priori hypotheses indicated that already before surgery (T2), serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6, CRP, and IFNγ, and anti-inflammatory, cortisol and IL-10, increased. At T2 and/or T3, drug treatment reduced serum levels of the above pro-inflammatory cytokines and of TRAIL, as well as activity of multiple inflammation-related transcription factors (including NFκB, STAT3, ISRE), but not serum levels of cortisol, IL-10, IL-18, IL-8, VEGF and TNFα. In the excised tumor, treatment reduced the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, and positively affected its transcription factors SP1 and AhR. Exploratory analyses of transcriptome modulation in PBMCs revealed treatment-induced improvement at T2/T3 in several transcription factors that in primary tumors indicate poor prognosis (CUX1, THRa, EVI1, RORa, PBX1, and T3R), angiogenesis (YY1), EMT (GATA1 and deltaEF1/ZEB1), proliferation (GATA2), and glucocorticoids response (GRE), while increasing the activity of the oncogenes c-MYB and N-MYC. Overall, the drug treatment may benefit breast cancer patients through reducing systemic inflammation and pro-metastatic/pro-growth biomarkers in the excised tumor and PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Haldar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hagar Lavon
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yasmin A Lyons
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Division of Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas, Huston, TX, USA
| | - Oded Zmora
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Yehudit Birnbaum
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Tanir Allweis
- Department of Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Division of Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas, Huston, TX, USA
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Steve Cole
- Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Duchatel RJ, Meehan CL, Harms LR, Michie PT, Bigland MJ, Smith DW, Walker FR, Jobling P, Hodgson DM, Tooney PA. Late gestation immune activation increases IBA1-positive immunoreactivity levels in the corpus callosum of adult rat offspring. Psychiatry Res 2018; 266:175-185. [PMID: 29864618 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of maternal immune activation study the effects of infection, an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia, on brain development. Microglia activation and cytokine upregulation may have key roles in schizophrenia neuropathology. We hypothesised that maternal immune activation induces changes in microglia and cytokines in the brains of the adult offspring. Maternal immune activation was induced by injecting polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid into pregnant rats on gestational day (GD) 10 or GD19, with brain tissue collected from the offspring at adulthood. We observed no change in Iba1, Gfap, IL1-β and TNF-α mRNA levels in the cingulate cortex (CC) in adult offspring exposed to maternal immune activation. Prenatal exposure to immune activation had a significant main effect on microglial IBA1-positive immunoreactive material (IBA1+IRM) in the corpus callosum; post-hoc analyses identified a significant increase in GD19 offspring, but not GD10. No change in was observed in the CC. In contrast, maternal immune activation had a significant main effect on GFAP+IRM in the CC at GD19 (not GD10); post-hoc analyses only identified a strong trend towards increased GFAP+IRM in the GD19 offspring, with no white matter changes. This suggests late gestation maternal immune activation causes subtle alterations to microglia and astrocytes in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Duchatel
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Crystal L Meehan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Lauren R Harms
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Mark J Bigland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Doug W Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
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Assaf AM, Al-Abbassi R, Al-Binni M. Academic stress-induced changes in Th1- and Th2-cytokine response. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:1237-1247. [PMID: 29204074 PMCID: PMC5688230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress stimulates physiological responses releasing catecholamines and corticoids, which act via corresponding receptors on immune cells, producing a shift in the cytokine balance. These responses are variable depending on the nature of stressors. The effect of the academic stress on the production of the Th1-cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8) and Th2-cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) on 35 medical/health sciences students after completing their questionnaires was investigated. Blood samples were taken at three stages; baseline stage at the beginning, midterm and final academic examination stages. Plasma cortisol and cytokines were measured during the three stages. The last two stages were compared with the baseline non-stress period. Results of the stress induced during the final examination stage were the highest with a significant increase in cortisol release, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-1ra release with a shift in Th1:Th2 cytokines balance towards Th2. Whereby, the midterm stage did not show significant reduction in Th1-cytokines except for TNF-α, with an increase in IFN-γ level that was reduced in the third stage. Th2 cytokine, IL-1ra, had positive correlations with Th1 cytokines; IL-2 and IFN-γ in the second stage and IL-6 cytokine in the third stage. Cortisol was positively correlated with IL-8 in the last stage and heart rates had negative correlation with IL-10 in the first and last stages. Findings of this study indicate that exam stress down-regulates Th1 with a selective up-regulation of Th2-cytokines. In conclusion, Cortisol might have a role in suppressing the release of Th1- mediated cellular immune response which could increase the vulnerability among the students to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej M Assaf
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Reem Al-Abbassi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maysaa Al-Binni
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Yan J, Bai J, Gao C, Liang Y, Zhao B, Bian Y. Chronic unpredictable stress abrogates the endotoxin tolerance induced by repeated peripheral LPS challenge via the TLR4 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vasic V, Schmidt MHH. Resilience and Vulnerability to Pain and Inflammation in the Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040739. [PMID: 28362320 PMCID: PMC5412324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates the importance of hippocampal neurogenesis, a fundamental mechanism of neuroplasticity associated with cognition and emotion, in correlation to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders are often a result of chronic stress or pain followed by inflammation; all these conditions manifest cognitive deficits and impairments in neurogenesis. However, while some individuals are more susceptible to stress, others are able to adapt to new environments via mechanisms of resilience. In light of this emerging field and based on extensive research, the role of neurogenesis is summarized and presented as a potentially powerful therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Vasic
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz 55131, Germany.
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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Ray A, Gulati K, Rai N. Stress, Anxiety, and Immunomodulation: A Pharmacological Analysis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:1-25. [PMID: 28061967 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress and stressful events are common occurrences in our daily lives and such aversive situations bring about complex changes in the biological system. Such stress responses influence the brain and behavior, neuroendocrine and immune systems, and these responses orchestrate to increase or decrease the ability of the organism to cope with such stressors. The brain via expression of complex behavioral paradigms controls peripheral responses to stress and a bidirectional link exists in the modulation of stress effects. Anxiety is a common neurobehavioral correlate of a variety of stressors, and both acute and chronic stress exposure could precipitate anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroimmunology involves interactions between the brain and the immune system, and it is now being increasingly recognized that the immune system could contribute to the neurobehavioral responses to stress. Studies have shown that the brain and its complex neurotransmitter networks could influence immune function, and there could be a possible link between anxiogenesis and immunomodulation during stress. Physiological and pharmacological data have highlighted this concept, and the present review gives an overview of the relationship between stress, anxiety, and immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ray
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - K Gulati
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - N Rai
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Bedrossian N, Haidar M, Fares J, Kobeissy FH, Fares Y. Inflammation and Elevation of Interleukin-12p40 in Patients with Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:16. [PMID: 27047333 PMCID: PMC4801873 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness with chronic symptoms and significant impairment in psychosocial functioning, which suggests that it likely has neurodegenerative characteristics. Inflammatory markers such as pro-inflammatory cytokines are well-known etiological contributors for psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Although, the role of inflammation in schizophrenia is becoming evident, the number of studies in this area is relatively scarce, especially in Lebanon, and increased procedural thoroughness is needed. Cytokines play a key role in the activation of the immune system and strongly influence neurotransmission. Previous investigation of plasma levels showed dysregulation of interleukin (IL)-12. However, genotypical variations of this interleukin have not been investigated for patients with schizophrenia yet. Thus, in this paper, we aimed to compute and assess IL-12p40 levels in the sera of individuals with schizophrenia from different provinces in Lebanon and compare it to controls. Healthy subjects comprised 60 individuals with a male/female (M/F) ratio of 31/29, whereas patients with schizophrenia consisted of 63 subjects with an M/F ratio of 30/33. The mean age for healthy controls was 30 years, whereas that for patients with schizophrenia was 35 years. A standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to measure the concentration of IL-12p40 in all collected sera (n = 123). The mean IL-12p40 levels in patients with schizophrenia were significantly higher than in healthy controls (p = 0.002). Healthy females had a significantly higher concentration of IL-12p40 than healthy males (p = 0.009). Female patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher concentrations of IL-12p40 than their male counterparts (p < 0.001), healthy females (p = 0.018), and healthy males (p < 0.001), respectively. Male patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher concentrations of IL-12p40 than healthy males (p = 0.023). The study's results suggest that IL-12p40 has a putative role as a potential marker in schizophrenia and that its elevation may participate in its pathogenesis. IL-12p40 may be included in a panel to be evaluated in the sera of patients with schizophrenia and an appreciation of its independent function is important for improving our understanding of both protective and pathogenic immune responses. Future research should aim to assess this interleukin and understand its role in other mental illnesses that share a similar etiology to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bedrossian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Haidar
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Jawad Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas H. Kobeissy
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical CenterBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
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Kim YK, Na KS, Myint AM, Leonard BE. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and the neuroendocrine system in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:277-84. [PMID: 26111720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are pleiotropic molecules with important roles in inflammatory responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are important not only in inflammatory responses but also in neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Sustained stress and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to chronic neuroinflammation, which contributes to depression. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and the associated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have close interactions with pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and GR functional resistance are among the most widely investigated factors in the pathophysiology of depression. These two major components create a vicious cycle. In brief, chronic neuroinflammation inhibits GR function, which in turn exacerbates pro-inflammatory cytokine activity and aggravates chronic neuroinflammation. On the other hand, neuroinflammation causes an imbalance between oxidative stress and the anti-oxidant system, which is also associated with depression. Although current evidence strongly suggests that cytokines and GRs have important roles in depression, they are essential components of a whole system of inflammatory and endocrine interactions, rather than playing independent parts. Despite the evidence that a dysfunctional immune and endocrine system contributes to the pathophysiology of depression, much research remains to be undertaken to clarify the cause and effect relationship between depression and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aye-Mu Myint
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Pharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Hoseinzadeh F, Abadi PH, Agheltar M, Aghayinejad A, Torabian F, Rezayat AA, Akbarzadeh F, Rahimi HR. The Role of Immune System in Depression Disorder. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.815167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chijiwa T, Oka T, Lkhagvasuren B, Yoshihara K, Sudo N. Prior chronic stress induces persistent polyI:C-induced allodynia and depressive-like behavior in rats: Possible involvement of glucocorticoids and microglia. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:264-73. [PMID: 25936823 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When animals suffer from viral infections, they develop a set of symptoms known as the "sickness response." Recent studies suggest that psychological stress can modulate the sickness response. However, it remains uncertain whether acute and chronic psychosocial stresses have the same effect on viral infection-induced sickness responses. To address this question, we compared changes in polyI:C-induced sickness responses, such as fever, change of body weight and food intake, mechanical allodynia, and depressive-like behavior, in rats that had been pre-exposed to single and repeated social defeat stresses. Intraperitoneal injection of polyI:C induced a maximal fever of 38.0°C 3h after injection. Rats exposed to prior social defeat stress exhibited blunted febrile responses, which were more pronounced in the repeated stress group. Furthermore, only the repeated stress group showed late-onset and prolonged mechanical allodynia lasting until 8days after injection in the von Frey test and prolonged immobility time in the forced swim test 9days post-injection. To assess the role of glucocorticoids and microglia in the delayed and persistent development of these sickness responses in rats exposed to repeated stress, we investigated the effect of pretreatment with RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, on polyI:C-induced allodynia and depressive-like behavior. Pretreatment with either drug inhibited both the delayed allodynia and depressive-like behavior. The present study demonstrates that repeated, but not single, social defeat stress followed by systemic polyI:C administration induced prolonged allodynia and depressive-like behavior in rats. Our results show that even though a single-event psychosocial stress does not have any effect by itself, animals may develop persistent allodynia and depressive-like behavior when they suffer from an infectious disease if they are pre-exposed to repeated or chronic psychosocial stress. Furthermore, this study suggests that stress-induced corticosterone and microglial activation play a pivotal role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Chijiwa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Battuvshin Lkhagvasuren
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yoshihara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Scotti MAL, Carlton ED, Demas GE, Grippo AJ. Social isolation disrupts innate immune responses in both male and female prairie voles and enhances agonistic behavior in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Horm Behav 2015; 70:7-13. [PMID: 25639952 PMCID: PMC4409529 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress, specifically social isolation, is an important risk factor for the development of a variety of psychological and physiological disorders. Changes in immune function have been hypothesized to mediate this relationship. The current study used the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) model of isolation-induced depressive-like behavior to test whether social isolation led to changes in innate immune function. Specifically, we used hemolytic complement (CH50) and bacteria killing assays to assess innate immunity, in paired or singly housed male and female prairie voles. Further, in a second experiment we tested whether females exposed to an additional short-term social stressor, a resident-intruder trial, would show changes in immune function as well as enhanced hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) activity as indicated by elevated plasma corticosterone levels. Socially isolated animals, regardless of sex, had significantly reduced CH50s and bacteria killing ability. Socially isolated females exposed to a resident-intruder stressor also showed reduced CH50s and bacteria killing ability as well as significant increases in aggressive behavior, however, they did not show elevated circulating corticosterone levels. Collectively, these data will help inform our understanding of the relationship between social isolation and physiological and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa-Ann L Scotti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | | | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Angela J Grippo
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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Na KS, Jung HY, Kim YK. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the neuroinflammation and neurogenesis of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:277-86. [PMID: 23123365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness with chronic symptoms and significant impairment in psychosocial functioning. Although novel antipsychotics have been developed, the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are still unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. The high level of social impairment and a chronic deteriorating course suggest that schizophrenia likely has neurodegenerative characteristics. Inflammatory markers such as pro-inflammatory cytokines are well-known etiological factors for psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Inflammation in the central nervous system is closely related to neurodegeneration. In addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia also play an important role in the inflammatory process in the CNS. Uncontrolled activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia can induce schizophrenia in tandem with genetic vulnerability and glutamatergic neurotransmitters. Several studies have investigated the possible effects of antipsychotics on inflammation and neurogenesis. Additionally, anti-inflammatory adjuvant therapy has been under investigation as a treatment option for schizophrenia. Further studies should consider the confounding effects of systemic factors such as metabolic syndrome and smoking. In addition, the unique mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the etiopathology of schizophrenia should be investigated. In this article, we aimed to review (1) major findings regarding neuroinflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia, (2) interactions between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis as possible neural substrates for schizophrenia, and (3) novel pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Serafini G, Pompili M, Elena Seretti M, Stefani H, Palermo M, Coryell W, Girardi P. The role of inflammatory cytokines in suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1672-86. [PMID: 23896009 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the pathophysiology of both major depression and suicidal behavior. Immunological differences have been reported in both major affective disorders and suicidal behavior. Specifically, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to correlate with the severity of depression and various cytokines have been identified as potentially important in understanding the pathophysiology of major affective disorders/suicidality. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the current literature to investigate the association between inflammatory cytokines and suicidal behavior. Only articles from peer-reviewed journals were selected for inclusion in the present review. Most studies documented the association between suicidality and IL2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF levels that have been found altered in suicidal behavior. The presence of major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation/attempts was associated with differences in inflammatory cytokine profile when compared to that without suicidal ideation/attempts. Most suicide attempters or subjects with suicidal ideation showed an imbalance of the immune system but this does not imply the existence of a causal link. Also, not all studies demonstrated a positive correlation between inflammatory cytokines and suicidal behavior. Further additional studies should elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the immune activation pathways underlying suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs-Suicide Prevention Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 1035-1039 Via di Grottarossa, Rome 00189, Italy.
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Omrani MD, Bagheri M, Bushehri B, Azizi F, Anoshae MR. The association of TGF-β1 codon 10 polymorphism with suicide behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:772-5. [PMID: 22825972 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many risk factors have been identified for suicide behavior and although a role for cytokines has been suggested in specific psychiatric conditions and suicide behavior, this role is not well-defined. Since some polymorphisms can alter the expression of cytokines, in this study we attempted to assess the role of TGF-β1 codon 10 (T/C) polymorphisms (rs1982073) in suicide behavior. A total of 145 individuals with suicide behavior as well as 200 control participants (without any history of suicide behavior) were included in the study. TGF-β1 codon 10 polymorphism was determined using allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction. Our results demonstrated that the TGF-β1 codon 10 T/T genotype was significantly more prevalent in individuals with suicide behavior (41.7%), in comparison with the controls (27%). The findings of this study demonstrated an association between TGF-β1 (codon 10) T/C polymorphisms and suicide behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Davood Omrani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The impact of acute-stressor exposure on splenic innate immunity: a gene expression analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:142-9. [PMID: 21893187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to intense, acute-stressors modulates immune function. We have previously reported, for example, that exposure to a single session of inescapable tailshock suppresses acquired and potentiates innate immune responses mediated by the spleen. The mechanisms for these changes remain unknown, however, they likely involve stress-induced modulation of cytokines. Cytokines operate in coordinated networks that include other immunoregulatory factors. Broad-scoped analyses are required to gain an understanding of the net-impact of stress on these immunoregulatory factors and the immune system. The goal of this study, therefore, is to examine the impact of acute-stressor exposure on network-wide changes in splenic immunoregulatory factor expression. One hundred and sixty-one genes linked to innate immune responses were quantified in the spleen following exposure to tailshock using an RT-PCR based gene array. Expression changes in 17 of the measured genes were confirmed using individual RT-PCR reactions. Further assessment of the expression changes using Exploratory Gene Association Networks (EGAN) identified important ontologies, processes and pathways that are indicative of a broader impact of stress on the immune system. Interestingly, EGAN identified several linkages between immunoregulatory factors that may be important in explaining previous results concerning the functional consequences of stress on splenic immunity. Additional processes, some of which are novel to this study, were also uncovered that may be important in directing future studies examining the impact of stress on the immune system. In this way, these analyses provide a better understanding of how acute stressor exposure modulates splenic immunity and may function as predictive tool for future related studies.
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Anna GM, Joanna T, Paulina R, Jadwiga S, Jan B. Effect of prior stress on interleukin-1β and HPA axis responses to acute stress. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gądek-Michalska A, Bugajski J. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in stress-induced activation of limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:969-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee HY, Kim YK. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and major depressive disorder with and without attempted suicide: preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:92-6. [PMID: 20452036 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence indicates that dysregulation of the immune system is associated with suicidal behavior in major depressive disorder (MDD). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is believed to be an important factor in regulating inflammatory responses and to have anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to identify the role of TGF-beta1 on suicidal depression. The TGF-beta1 polymorphisms at codons 10 and 25 were analyzed in 122 suicidal MDD patients, 61 non-suicidal MDD patients, and 120 control subjects and, among them, in vitro TGF-beta1 productions were measured in 48 suicidal MDD patients, 47 non-suicidal MDD patients, and 91 control subjects. There was no genetic polymorphism at codon 25 and three genotypes at codon 10. No significant difference in the distributions of the TGF-beta1 genotypes was found among the three groups. The in vitro TGF-beta1 productions were significantly higher in suicidal MDD patients (844.3+/-329.7 pg/ml) and in non-suicidal MDD patients (853.0+/-439.7 pg/ml) than in controls (683.0+/-397.0 pg/ml) (P=0.01). In vitro TGF-beta1 productions were not significantly different among patients with any of the TGF-beta1 alleles or genotypes. Our findings suggest that in vitro TGF-beta1 productions play an important role on MDD, but we found no associations between TGF-beta1 and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, Kyunggi Province, Republic of Korea
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49
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Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is considered to be a sudden and fatal degenerative brain disorder that leads to death within a few months. In the last decade, we have studied the course of familial CJD (fCJD) among Jews of Libyan descent, one of the largest clusters of fCJD in the world. Recently, we published results that included the identification of abnormal anxiety levels in healthy CJD E200K mutation carriers that were significantly different from those of healthy non-carriers from the same families. All participants were first-degree relatives of patients known to have been carriers of the E200K mutation and had died from CJD, and none of the participants was aware of his/her genetic make-up. In the current review, it is suggested that an abnormality in anxiety levels among the healthy fCJD mutation carriers may reflect the clinical presentation of the disease onset especially during and after any stressful experience. This hypothesis is supported by a summary of relevant literature, dealing with psychological, physiological, and cellular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Gigi
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University Center, Ariel, Israel.
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50
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Alford L. Unveiling the physical therapies. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2009.10873871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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