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Gil-Almagro F, García-Hedrera FJ, Carmona-Monge FJ, Peñacoba-Puente C. A study on optimism as a psychological strength in nurses through a prospective study from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic to two years later. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100782. [PMID: 38706572 PMCID: PMC11070230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims and objectives This study analyzes, in nurses, the influence of openness to experience and hardiness (assessed at baseline and one year after the COVID-19 pandemic respectively) on the development of optimism (assessed two years after the COVID-19 pandemic). Concerns about self-contagion were included as a moderating variable, given their relevance as a risk factor. Background Nurses have been among the healthcare professionals most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most previous studies have focused on the variables contributing to psychological symptoms, whilst the attention given to the variables adding to the well-being of these professionals has been much scarcer. Design A prospective study was carried out. Methods This study was carried out using three data collection periods: Period 1 (From May to June 2020), Period 2 (From January 2021 to April 2021), and Period 3 (From April 2022 to July 2022), with the participation of 151 Spanish nurses, using online self-reporting questionnaires. The study followed the STROBE statement. Results The results showed that the proposed model was statistically significant. There was a positive effect of openness to experience (year 2020) on hardiness assessed one year later (year 2021). Similarly, hardiness had a positive effect on optimism assessed another year on (year 2022). Conclusions Concerns about self-contagion behaved as a moderator in the relationship between openness to experience and hardiness (the relationship between openness and hardiness was statistically significant when contagion concern was higher). Relevance to clinical practice: In-depth understanding of the psychological processes that trigger psychological strengths (i.e. optimism) as a result of adverse situations (i.e. COVID-19 pandemic) is essential in promoting the mental health of healthcare professionals. Interventions targeting resilient personality traits and cognitive flexibility are key to this goal. No Patient or Public Contribution: The participants contributed exclusively to the collection of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gil-Almagro
- Unidad de Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C. Budapest, 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J. García-Hedrera
- Unidad de Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C. Budapest, 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Carmona-Monge
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Rúa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Av. de Atenas, s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Chilcot J, Hackett RA. Association Between Optimism and Incident Stroke Among Stroke Survivors: Findings From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:48-55. [PMID: 37706520 PMCID: PMC10729789 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality has been implicated in stroke death. However, the role of personality in stroke incidence is unclear. PURPOSE Our primary aim was to investigate associations between optimism, determination, control, and the "Big Five" personality traits on incident stroke. A secondary aim was to assess the potential mediating role of health behaviors in the personality-stroke relationship. METHODS A total of 3,703 stroke-free participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing provided data on personality using the Midlife Development Inventory at Wave 5 (2010/11). Self-reported incident stroke was assessed from Waves 6 to 8 (2012-2017). Associations were modeled using discrete-time survival proportional odds logistic models. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, history of other cardiometabolic diseases, and health behaviors. RESULTS Over 6 years follow-up there were 125 incident strokes. Higher optimism (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53, 0.82), openness (HR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.53, 0.98), and conscientiousness (HR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.42, 0.84) were associated with reduced incident stroke risk in unadjusted models. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors and history of cardiometabolic disease, only the association between optimism and incident stroke remained significant (HR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.57, 0.92). The effect of optimism remained significant in a final model adjusting for health behaviors (HR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.60, 0.96). There was evidence of a small but significant mediating effect of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Higher trait optimism was associated with reduced stroke risk. This association was partially mediated by physical activity albeit the effect was small, and caution warranted inferring causality. The interplay of personality, behavior, and clinical risk factors in stroke incidence and survivorship needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chilcot
- Health Psychology Section, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth A Hackett
- Health Psychology Section, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London, London, UK
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Arumäe K, Mõttus R, Vainik U. Body mass predicts personality development across 18 years in middle to older adulthood. J Pers 2023; 91:1395-1409. [PMID: 36718127 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested these associations' compatibility with causality in either direction. METHOD Using three waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 12,235, Mage = 53.33 at baseline), we tested how accurately the Five-Factor Model personality domains and their items could collectively predict BMI and change in it with elastic net models. With multilevel models, we tested (a) bidirectional and (b) within-person associations between BMI and personality traits. RESULTS The five domains were able to predict concurrent (r = 0.08), but not future BMI. Twenty-nine personality items predicted concurrent and future BMI at r = 0.21 and r = 0.16 to 0.25, respectively. Neither the domains nor items could collectively predict change in BMI. Similarly, no individual trait predicted change in BMI, but BMI predicted changes in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and several items (|b*| = 0.03 to 0.08). BMI had within-person correlations with these same traits; time-invariant third factors like genetics or childhood environments therefore could not (fully) account for their relations. CONCLUSIONS Body weight may contribute to adults' personality development, but the reverse appears less likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Arumäe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - René Mõttus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chen DR, Weng HC. Associations of health literacy, personality traits, and pro-individualism with the willingness to complete advance directives in Taiwan. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:91. [PMID: 37424005 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicated that patients with advance directives (ADs) have a generally better quality of life near death. Yet, the concept of ADs is relatively new in East Asian countries. This study examined the associations between health literacy, pro-individualism in end-of-life (EOL) decisions (i.e., EOL pro-individualism), and master-persistence personality traits with the willingness to complete ADs. METHODS The data is from a representative data of 1478 respondents from the 2022 Taiwan Social Change Survey. Generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM) was used to conduct path analysis. RESULTS Nearly half of the respondents (48.7%) were willing to complete ADs. Health literacy has direct and indirect effects through EOL pro-individualism values on the willingness to complete ADs. Noncognitive factors such as mastery-persistence personality traits and EOL pro-individualism values enhanced the willingness to complete ADs. CONCLUSION A personalized communication strategy, mindful of personality dimensions and cultural values, can address individual fears and concerns, promoting the benefits of advance care planning (ACP). These influences can provide a roadmap for healthcare providers to customize their approach to ACP discussions, improving patient engagement in AD completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Rung Chen
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Population Health Research Center, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ching Weng
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kang W, Steffens F, Pineda S, Widuch K, Malvaso A. Personality traits and dimensions of mental health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7091. [PMID: 37127723 PMCID: PMC10151354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals are different in a relatively constant pattern of thoughts, feeling, and behaviors, which are called personality traits. Mental health is a condition of well-being in which people may reach their full potential and deal effectively with stress, work efficiently, and contribute to their communities. Indeed, the link between personality and mental health as indicated by the 12-item version of the general health questionnaires (GHQ-12) has been well-established according to evidence found by decades of research. However, the GHQ-12 comprises many questions asking about different dimensions of mental health. It is unclear how personality traits relate to these dimensions of mental health. In this paper, we try to address this question. We analyzed data from 12,007 participants from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and generalized linear models. We replicated the factor structure of GHQ-12 labeled as GHQ-12A (social dysfunction & anhedonia; 6 items), GHQ-12B (depression & anxiety; 4 items), and GHQ-12C (loss of confidence; 2 items). Moreover, Neuroticism was positively related to all dimensions of mental health issues, Extraversion was negatively related to GHQ-12A (social dysfunction & anhedonia) and GHQ-12B (depression & anxiety), Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were negatively related to GHQ-12A (social dysfunction & anhedonia) and GHQ-12C (loss of confidence), and Openness was negatively related to GHQ-12B (depression & anxiety). These results contribute to theories including the predisposition/vulnerability model, complication/scar model, pathoplasty/exacerbation model, and the spectrum model, which propose that personality traits are linked to mental health and explained possible reasons. Psychologists may use results from this study to identify individuals who may be at high risk of developing various non-psychiatric mental health issues and intervene to avoid negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kang
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, 3rd floor Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | - Sònia Pineda
- TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Malvaso
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, National Neurological Institute, IRCCS "C. Mondino" Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sutin AR, Brown J, Luchetti M, Aschwanden D, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Five-Factor Model Personality Traits and the Trajectory of Episodic Memory: Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis of 471,821 Memory Assessments from 120,640 Participants. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:421-433. [PMID: 36179266 PMCID: PMC9985335 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Five-factor model (FFM) personality traits are associated with concurrent memory function and risk of incident dementia but are less consistently associated with the change in episodic memory. The present research analyzes multiple large-scale studies with a consistent analytic approach to evaluate the association between personality and change in episodic memory over time. METHOD Across nine public longitudinal data sets, 120,640 participants provided 471,821 memory assessments over up to 26 years (age range 18-108). FFM traits were tested as predictors of the average level (intercept) and change over time (slope) of episodic memory. Results from the individual samples were meta-analyzed to summarize the associations. RESULTS Consistent with expectations for the intercept, higher neuroticism was associated with worse memory performance, whereas higher openness and conscientiousness were associated with better performance; extraversion and agreeableness were also associated with better performance. Higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness were related to declines in memory only in samples with more than two assessments of memory. The other three traits were unrelated to memory slope. The pattern was similar when participants with dementia were excluded from the analysis, and the association with the slope was not moderated by age. DISCUSSION FFM traits have a robust association with average memory performance. Higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness were associated with declines in memory performance only among samples with more than two memory assessments. The heterogeneity across studies suggests that multiple memory assessments are needed to reliably detect change over time, which may be one reason for past inconsistencies across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Damaris Aschwanden
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yannick Stephan
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Kang W. Associations between Big Five personality traits and episodic memory performance in young, middle-aged, and older people: Evidence from the immediate and delayed word recall tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sutin AR, Moffat SD, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Aschwanden D, Sesker AA, Luchetti M, Terracciano A. Five-Factor Model Personality Traits and 24-hour Urinary Cortisol in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Stress Health 2022; 38:837-843. [PMID: 35099848 PMCID: PMC9339027 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stress is implicated in models of personality and health as a mechanism that explains why traits like conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with long-term health outcomes. Evidence for an association between personality and cortisol, a biological marker of stress, however, has been inconsistent. This study examined the association between Five-Factor Model personality traits and 24-h urinary cortisol (operationalised as a ratio of urinary free cortisol to creatinine) measured up to 12 times over intervals as long as 30 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (Mage = 61.21, SD = 15.46; 49% female). There was a modest association between conscientiousness and lower mean-level cortisol that was attenuated only slightly in the fully-adjusted model. Neuroticism and the other traits were unrelated to cortisol levels, and none of the traits was related to cortisol change over time. The null association for neuroticism suggests that its relation with long-term health may be primarily through pathways other than cortisol. The modest association between conscientiousness and 24-h urinary cortisol replicates a previous finding with a longer-term measure of cortisol measured from hair, which calls for more research on the robustness and replicability of this finding. Cortisol may be one pathway through which conscientiousness is associated with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health
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9
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O'Connor M, Spry E, Patton G, Moreno-Betancur M, Arnup S, Downes M, Goldfeld S, Burgner D, Olsson CA. Better together: Advancing life course research through multi-cohort analytic approaches. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2022; 53:100499. [PMID: 36652217 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal cohorts can provide timely and cost-efficient evidence about the best points of health service and preventive interventions over the life course. Working systematically across cohorts has the potential to further exploit these valuable data assets, such as by improving the precision of estimates, enhancing (or appropriately reducing) confidence in the replicability of findings, and investigating interrelated questions within a broader theoretical model. In this conceptual review, we explore the opportunities and challenges presented by multi-cohort approaches in life course research. Specifically, we: 1) describe key motivations for multi-cohort work and the analytic approaches that are commonly used in each case; 2) flag some of the scientific and pragmatic challenges that arise when adopting these approaches; and 3) outline emerging directions for multi-cohort work in life course research. Harnessing their potential while thoughtfully considering limitations of multi-cohort approaches can contribute to the robust and granular evidence base needed to promote health and wellbeing over the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Connor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Spry
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah Arnup
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marnie Downes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Centre for Community Child Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of General Medicine, Parkville, Australia; Monash University, Department of Pediatrics, Clayton, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
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Zhang PR, Liu Y. The Higher the Children's Achievements, the Better the Elderly Health? Evidence From China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:871266. [PMID: 35719647 PMCID: PMC9204310 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.871266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Health, an important indicator for measuring the elderly's life and wellbeing, is an important part of positive and healthy aging. Children's achievements are closely linked to their parents' health. However, existing literature does not cover how children's achievements impact the health of their elderly parents. Data were derived from the 2014 Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey; this study includes 6,793 elderly people ages 60 and older as samples. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the correlation between children's achievements and their elderly parents' health statuses in China. The results show that the higher the children's income and education, the better their health of their elderly parents. Living patterns, children' financial support to their parents, and social capital play a mediating role in the relationship between children and their elderly parents. These findings provide further insight into potential factors associated with the children's achievements and elderly health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei ru Zhang
- School of Marxism, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- School of Government, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yiwei Liu
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Wettstein M, Kornadt AE, Wahl HW. Awareness of Age-Related Changes Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Longitudinal Trajectories, and the Role of Age Stereotypes and Personality Traits. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:902909. [PMID: 35693951 PMCID: PMC9174521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Awareness of Age-Related Change (AARC) describes to what extent people become aware of changes which they attribute to getting older. So far little is known regarding how different AARC dimensions change over time, to what extent these changes in different domains of AARC gains and losses are interrelated, and which predictors account for inter-individual differences in within-person longitudinal trajectories. Specifically, the extent to which individuals perceive age-related gains and losses might be shaped by their chronological age, their personality as well as by their general views on aging (i.e., their age stereotypes). We investigated changes in global and domain-specific AARC gains and losses over about five years in a sample of originally N = 423 participants aged 40 to 98 years at baseline. We analyzed the role of personality traits and age stereotypes for levels and changes of AARC, taking into account participants' age at baseline and controlling for gender, education, and subjective health. Based on longitudinal multilevel regression models, we observed mean-level declines in most AARC gain domains. In contrast, perceived general AARC losses, as well as AARC losses in health and physical functioning, in cognitive functioning and in social-cognitive/socio-emotional functioning remained, on average, stable over time. Baseline scores on AARC gains (global scale) were higher among individuals with higher neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness and more positive age stereotypes. Additionally, the association of higher neuroticism with higher AARC gain scores was stronger among individuals with more positive age stereotypes. Higher neuroticism and more negative age stereotypes also predicted higher baseline scores on AARC losses (global scale). At the same time, higher neuroticism was associated with a steeper decrease in AARC loss perceptions over time. Most of the intercorrelations within the intercepts and within the intra-individual trajectories of the different AARC domains were positive, but small in size. Our findings show the importance of considering trajectories of age-related gains and losses in parallel and across multiple developmental domains when investigating the subjective perception of the aging process. They also suggest that personality traits and general age stereotypes are related with individual experiences of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna E. Kornadt
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Tanios V, Terracciano A, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Sutin AR. Personality traits at age 16 and risk of metabolic syndrome at age 46. J Psychosom Res 2022; 155:110744. [PMID: 35124527 PMCID: PMC8940711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether five-factor model personality traits at age 16 are associated with risk of metabolic syndrome 30 years later at age 46 and whether adolescent personality mediates the association between childhood social class and midlife metabolic health. METHODS Participants were from the British Cohort Study 1970, a birth cohort study of participants all born in the same week in 1970. Personality was assessed by participants' mothers (n = 3819) and participants' themselves (n = 2697) at age 16. The five components of the metabolic syndrome were measured at the age 46 assessment: elevated blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, waist circumference and lower HDL cholesterol. RESULTS Mother-rated neuroticism and mother-rated conscientiousness at age 16 were associated with risk of metabolic syndrome at age 46 (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.36 and OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.78, respectively). Self-reported neuroticism was also associated with metabolic syndrome risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.91). Mother-rated conscientiousness at age 16 accounted for 10% of the association between childhood social class and metabolic health at age 46. None of the other traits were significant mediators. CONCLUSION Consistent with lifespan models of personality and health, age 16 personality traits were associated with metabolic health measured 30 years later. Personality traits may also function as a mechanism through which early-life socioeconomic status contributes to midlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Angelina R. Sutin
- Florida State University College of Medicine,Corresponding author at: Florida State University College of Medicine 1115 W. Call Street Tallahassee, FL 32306
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Sutin AR, Strickhouser JE, Sesker AA, Terracciano A. Prenatal and postnatal maternal distress and offspring temperament: A longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 147:262-268. [PMID: 35074742 PMCID: PMC8939128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal distress experienced prenatally and in the child's first year of life has been associated consistently with offspring psychopathology. Less research has addressed whether it is also associated with variations in psychological traits. The present research used two samples from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to examine the association between maternal prenatal and postnatal distress and offspring temperament across childhood. Maternal distress experienced by mothers was associated with higher offspring reactivity and lower offspring persistence. These associations replicated across both types of maternal distress (prenatal/postnatal), across two different measures of temperament, and remained significant controlling for maternal distress concurrent with the temperament measures and controlling for maternal personality. There was less evidence that either type of maternal distress was associated with sociability and no evidence that it was associated with the trajectory of the three dimensions of temperament across childhood. Maternal distress is associated with traits that reflect dysregulation and may be one mechanism through which prenatal and early life factors contribute to individual differences in psychological function.
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Counterfactual inference with latent variable and its application in mental health care. Data Min Knowl Discov 2022; 36:811-840. [PMID: 35125931 PMCID: PMC8801560 DOI: 10.1007/s10618-021-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of modeling counterfactual reasoning in scenarios where, apart from the observed endogenous variables, we have a latent variable that affects the outcomes and, consequently, the results of counterfactuals queries. This is a common setup in healthcare problems, including mental health. We propose a new framework where the aforementioned problem is modeled as a multivariate regression and the counterfactual model accounts for both observed and a latent variable, where the latter represents what we call the patient individuality factor (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upvarphi $$\end{document}φ). In mental health, focusing on individuals is paramount, as past experiences can change how people see or deal with situations, but individuality cannot be directly measured. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first counterfactual approach that considers both observational and latent variables to provide deterministic answers to counterfactual queries, such as: what if I change the social support of a patient, to what extent can I change his/her anxiety? The framework combines concepts from deep representation learning and causal inference to infer the value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upvarphi $$\end{document}φ and capture both non-linear and multiplicative effects of causal variables. Experiments are performed with both synthetic and real-world datasets, where we predict how changes in people’s actions may lead to different outcomes in terms of symptoms of mental illness and quality of life. Results show the model learns the individually factor with errors lower than 0.05 and answers counterfactual queries that are supported by the medical literature. The model has the potential to recommend small changes in people’s lives that may completely change their relationship with mental illness.
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Weziak-Bialowolska D, Bialowolski P, Niemiec RM. Being good, doing good: The role of honesty and integrity for health. Soc Sci Med 2021; 291:114494. [PMID: 34678559 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychological traits, such as character strengths, have been already established in experimental studies as factors playing a favorable role for well-being and potentially reducing the risk of depression. Positive associations have been also reported between character strengths and physical fitness, self-reported physical and mental health. Yet, evidence with large scale, epidemiological data on the role of character strength of honesty and integrity (CSHI) in shaping subsequent health outcomes and daily functioning remains unexplored. We examined whether the character strength of honesty and integrity was prospectively associated with six physical health outcomes, two depression outcomes, and two daily functioning outcomes. We used data from the Health and Retirement Study obtained from a sample of 9813 older adults. We found that after a 4-year follow-up period, compared with individuals who scored the lowest in CSHI, participants who scored in the third tertile had a 18% lower risk of lung disease (RR = 0.824; 95% CI = 0.732; 0.927), and a 11% lower risk of depression (RR = 0.891; 95% CI = 0.806; 0.986). They also reported lower limitations in mobility (β = -0.048; 95% CI (-0.089; -0.008)] and less difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living [β = -0.088; 95% CI (-0.128; -0.047)]. These associations were independent of demographics, prior socioeconomic status, psychological factors, health conditions, and health behaviors. Policy makers and practitioners may consider the character strength of honesty and integrity as a factor for promoting healthy longevity, limiting risks of becoming physically inactive and reducing risk of physical and mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska
- Sustainability and Health Initiative (SHINE), Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, 129 Mt Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Piotr Bialowolski
- Sustainability and Health Initiative (SHINE), Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, 129 Mt Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Economics, Kozminski University, ul. Jagiellonska 57, 03-301, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryan M Niemiec
- VIA Institute on Character, 312 Walnut St #3600, Cincinnati, OH, 4520, USA
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Johansson B, Thorvaldsson V. What Matters and What Matters Most for Survival After age 80? A Multidisciplinary Exploration Based on Twin Data. Front Psychol 2021; 12:723027. [PMID: 34630233 PMCID: PMC8492959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given research and public interest for conditions related to an extended lifespan, we addressed the questions of what matters and what matters most for subsequent survival past age 80. The data was drawn from the population-based and multidisciplinary Swedish OCTO Twin Study, in which a sample (N = 699) consisting of identical and same-sex fraternal twin pairs, followed from age 80 until death, provided detailed data on health, physical functioning, life style, personality, and sociodemographic conditions. Information concerning date of birth and death were obtained from population census register. We estimated heritability using an ACE model and evaluated the role of multiple predictors for the mortality-related hazard rate using Cox regression. Our findings confirmed a low heritability of 12%. As expected, longer survival was associated with being a female, an apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele non-carrier, and a non-smoker. Several diseases were found to be associated with shorter survival (cerebrovascular, dementia, Parkinson's, and diabetes) as well as certain health conditions (high diastolic blood pressure, low body mass index, and hip fracture). Stronger grip and better lung function, as well as better vision (but not hearing), and better cognitive function (self-evaluated and measured) was related to longer survival. Social embeddedness, better self-evaluated health, and life-satisfaction were also significantly associated with longer survival. After controlling for the impact of comorbidity, functional markers, and personality-related predictors, we found that sex, cerebrovascular diseases, compromised cognitive functioning, self-related health, and life-satisfaction remained as strong predictors. Cancer was only associated with the mortality hazard when accounting for other co-morbidities. The survival estimates were mostly in anticipated directions and contained effect sizes within the expected range. Noteworthy, we found that some of the so-called "soft-markers" remained strong predictors, despite a control for other factors. For example, self-evaluation of health and ratings of life-satisfaction provide additional and valuable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Vital personality scores and healthy aging: Life-course associations and familial transmission. Soc Sci Med 2021; 285:114283. [PMID: 34450386 PMCID: PMC8482063 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Personality traits are linked with healthy aging, but it is not clear how these associations come to manifest across the life-course and across generations. To study this question, we tested a series of hypotheses about (a) personality-trait prediction of markers of healthy aging across the life-course, (b) developmental origins, stability and change of links between personality and healthy aging across time, and (c) intergenerational transmission of links between personality and healthy aging. For our analyses we used a measure that aggregates the contributions of Big 5 personality traits to healthy aging: a "vital personality" score. METHODS Data came from two population-based longitudinal cohort studies, one based in New Zealand and the other in the UK, comprising over 6000 study members across two generations, and spanning an age range from birth to late life. RESULTS Our analyses revealed three main findings: first, individuals with higher vital personality scores engaged in fewer health-risk behaviors, aged slower, and lived longer. Second, individuals' vital personality scores were preceded by differences in early-life temperament and were relatively stable across adulthood, but also increased from young adulthood to midlife. Third, individuals with higher vital personality scores had children with similarly vital partners, promoted healthier behaviors in their children, and had children who grew up to have more vital personality scores themselves, for genetic and environmental reasons. CONCLUSION Our study shows how the health benefits associated with personality accrue throughout the life-course and across generations.
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Conger RD, Martin MJ, Masarik AS. Dynamic associations among socioeconomic status (SES), parenting investments, and conscientiousness across time and generations. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:147-163. [PMID: 33539124 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Building on recommendations from several of the articles in the special section on conscientiousness in the June 2014 issue of Developmental Psychology, the present study tested predictions from the interactionist model (IM) of socioeconomic influences on individual development. In an approach consistent with the idea of cumulative advantage, the model proposed that adolescent and child conscientiousness would be fostered by higher family socioeconomic status (SES) and the parenting and material investments that SES promotes. The IM also predicted a transactional process in which adolescent conscientiousness would promote future socioeconomic success which, in turn, would foster greater adult conscientiousness. Analyses with a cohort of 347 adolescents followed for over 20 years were largely consistent with these predictions, although the findings suggested some modifications to the IM, including the addition of a stronger direct role for family processes in eventual social and economic outcomes. Moreover, additional analyses with 282 of the children of these cohort members demonstrated that this same process was partially replicated in the next generation of children. The findings suggest reciprocal or transactional influences that promote conscientiousness and accumulating personal, economic, and social advantages over time and generations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Grosz MP, Lemp JM, Rammstedt B, Lechner CM. Personality Change Through Arts Education: A Review and Call for Further Research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:360-384. [PMID: 34283673 PMCID: PMC8902031 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621991852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Education involving active engagement in the arts, herein called arts education, is often believed to foster the development of desirable personality traits and skills in children and adolescents. Yet the impact of arts education on personality development has rarely been systematically investigated. In the current article, we reviewed the literature on personality change through arts education. We identified 36 suitable experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Evidence from these studies tentatively suggests that arts-education programs can foster personality traits such as extraversion and conscientiousness but not self-esteem. In addition, the effects of arts education appeared to be stronger in early and middle childhood than in preadolescence and early adolescence. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of arts education was very limited among the few included true experiments. Furthermore, the reviewed studies were heterogenous and subject to content-related, methodological, and statistical limitations. Thus, the current evidence base is inconclusive as to the effects of arts education on personality development. By identifying potential effects of arts education and limitations of past research, our review serves as a call for more research and guidepost for future studies on arts education and personality change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia M Lemp
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Heidelberg
| | - Beatrice Rammstedt
- Department of Survey Design and Methodology, GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim
| | - Clemens M Lechner
- Department of Survey Design and Methodology, GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim
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Sutin AR, Aschwanden D, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. The association between facets of conscientiousness and performance-based and informant-rated cognition, affect, and activities in older adults. J Pers 2021; 90:121-132. [PMID: 34169528 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify facets of conscientiousness associated with objective cognitive performance, informant-rated cognitive decline, and informant-rated affect and activities implicated in cognitive health. METHOD Health and Retirement Study participants (N = 2,516) reported on their personality, completed a comprehensive cognitive assessment, and had knowledgeable informants report on their cognition, affect, and activities. RESULTS Industriousness and responsibility were associated with better cognitive performance; order was associated with less informant-rated cognitive decline. The facets were also associated with more positive affect, less negative affect, greater engagement in cognitive activities and activities outside the house, and less engagement in passive activities, as rated by a knowledgeable informant. Informant-rated engagement in cognitive activities mediated the association between self-reported responsibility and objective cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Tendencies toward achievement and accountability were associated with healthier cognitive performance and daily profiles that support cognitive health, whereas organization was associated with cognition as reported by a knowledgeable informant. The differential pattern of correlates is informative for the theoretical processes that link distinct facets of conscientiousness to healthier cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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21
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Wehrle FM, Caflisch J, Eichelberger DA, Haller G, Latal B, Largo RH, Kakebeeke TH, Jenni OG. The Importance of Childhood for Adult Health and Development-Study Protocol of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:612453. [PMID: 33633550 PMCID: PMC7901945 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.612453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that individual and environmental factors in childhood and adolescence should be considered when investigating adult health and aging-related processes. The data required for this is gathered by comprehensive long-term longitudinal studies. This article describes the protocol of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies (ZLS), a set of three comprehensive cohort studies on child growth, health, and development that are currently expanding into adulthood. Between 1954 and 1961, 445 healthy infants were enrolled in the first ZLS cohort. Their physical, motor, cognitive, and social development and their environment were assessed comprehensively across childhood, adolescence, and into young adulthood. In the 1970s, two further cohorts were added to the ZLS and assessed with largely matched study protocols: Between 1974 and 1979, the second ZLS cohort included 265 infants (103 term-born and 162 preterm infants), and between 1970 and 2002, the third ZLS cohort included 327 children of participants of the first ZLS cohort. Since 2019, the participants of the three ZLS cohorts have been traced and invited to participate in a first wave of assessments in adulthood to investigate their current health and development. This article describes the ZLS study protocol and discusses opportunities, methodological and conceptual challenges, and limitations arising from a long-term longitudinal cohort recruited from a study about development in early life. In the future, the ZLS will provide data to investigate childhood antecedents of adult health outcomes and, ultimately, will help respond to the frequent call of scientists to shift the focus of aging research into the first decades of life and, thus, to take a lifespan perspective on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jon Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulia Haller
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Remo H. Largo
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Personality plays a major role in determining the way people adjust to life experiences, ultimately affecting life satisfaction. Aging attitudes also impact well-being, but there is little research on whether these personality and attitudinal effects reflect the same mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine whether aging attitudes mediate the relationship between personality and well-being across seven different domains of everyday functioning, and whether this effect depends on age. METHODS Data from 563 adults ranging in age from 30 to 89 were used. Sociodemographic information as well as the Big Five Inventory, aging attitudes, and well-being (i.e. current self-views and life satisfaction) in seven different life domains was assessed. RESULTS The mediating effect of aging attitudes in the relationship between personality and well-being was strong for neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness and varied across domains. Significant mediation effects were limited for openness and extraversion. Significant moderated mediations were rather limited but the effects were stronger in later life. DISCUSSION These results suggest that personality influences aging attitudes, which in turn affect well-being. Further, our results indicate that such relationships are context-specific, suggesting that the global assessments of attitudes and well-being may not fully characterize significant aging outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Park
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thomas M Hess
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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23
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Sutin AR, Gamaldo AA, Stephan Y, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A. Personality Traits and the Subjective and Objective Experience of Sleep. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:481-485. [PMID: 31755033 PMCID: PMC7239706 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that five-factor model personality traits are associated with self-reported sleep. We test whether these associations extend to objective sleep measures in older adulthood and whether measures of objective sleep mediate the relation between personality and subjective sleep. METHODS A random subsample of participants in the National Social Life and Aging Project (NSHAP) wore an accelerometer for up to three nights and had information on FFM personality traits (N = 620). Participants also reported on their feelings of being rested. RESULTS Higher neuroticism and lower extraversion and conscientiousness were associated with more frequent wake after sleep onset, greater fragmentation, and feeling less rested. Concurrent body mass index, disease burden, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms accounted for these associations. Personality was unrelated to total time spent asleep but conscientiousness was associated with earlier and more consistent bedtimes. None of the objective sleep metrics mediated the relation between personality and subjective sleep. CONCLUSIONS The present research indicates that the associations typically found for personality and subjective sleep extend to objective sleep fragmentation. These objective measures, however, do not account for the relation between personality and feeling rested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Alyssa A Gamaldo
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason E Strickhouser
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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24
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Grosz MP, Rohrer JM, Thoemmes F. The Taboo Against Explicit Causal Inference in Nonexperimental Psychology. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:1243-1255. [PMID: 32727292 PMCID: PMC7472833 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620921521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Causal inference is a central goal of research. However, most psychologists refrain from explicitly addressing causal research questions and avoid drawing causal inference on the basis of nonexperimental evidence. We argue that this taboo against causal inference in nonexperimental psychology impairs study design and data analysis, holds back cumulative research, leads to a disconnect between original findings and how they are interpreted in subsequent work, and limits the relevance of nonexperimental psychology for policymaking. At the same time, the taboo does not prevent researchers from interpreting findings as causal effects—the inference is simply made implicitly, and assumptions remain unarticulated. Thus, we recommend that nonexperimental psychologists begin to talk openly about causal assumptions and causal effects. Only then can researchers take advantage of recent methodological advances in causal reasoning and analysis and develop a solid understanding of the underlying causal mechanisms that can inform future research, theory, and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia M Rohrer
- International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development.,Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig
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25
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Yañez AM, Bennasar-Veny M, Leiva A, García-Toro M. Implications of personality and parental education on healthy lifestyles among adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7911. [PMID: 32404935 PMCID: PMC7220907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown an association between personality and health status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between personality traits, parental education and health-related lifestyles in a cohort of Spanish adolescents. This is a longitudinal study with a source population of 1,123 third-year students (aged 14-15) in secondary schools in Spain. At the baseline evaluation sociodemographic variables, parental education and personality (Big Five Questionnaire for Children) were collected. At 18 months of follow-up health related lifestyles, including adherence to a healthy diet (KidMed index), tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical exercise, sleep problems and recreative screen and social network time were collected. A total of 824 adolescents (73.4%) completed the 18 months assessment and 695 (84.3%) presented valid data. Higher conscientiousness was associated to a lower risk for non-adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.9), tobacco (OR = 0.5, 95% CIs=0.3-0.7) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.6, 95% CIs=0.5-0.8), excessive use of screens (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.9) and social network sites (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.8). Higher levels of extraversion was significantly related to a lower risk of physical inactivity (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.6-0.9), but they are at a higher risk of low adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 1.3, 95% CIs=1.0-1.7), tobacco (OR = 2.7, 95% CIs=1.7-4.3) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.9, 95% CIs=1.5-2.4) and excessive use of social network sites (OR = 1.6, 95% CIs=1.3-1.9). High levels of emotional instability were associated with tobacco consumption (OR = 1.5, 95% CIs=1.0-2.2) and sleep problems (OR = 2.0, 95% CIs=1.5-2.7). Finally, we found an association with lower parental education and adolescents' low adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 1.6, 95% CIs=1.0-2.4) and sleep problems (OR = 1.8, 95% CIs=1.0-3.0). Cluster analysis of health-related behaviours indicated the presence of two different clusters (unhealthy and healthy adolescents) that were associated with personality traits. Conscientiousness, extraversion, emotional instability and parental education are independent factors associated with the acquisition of adolescent healthy lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina M Yañez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Bennasar-Veny
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. .,Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Leiva
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Balearic Islands Health Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Mauro García-Toro
- Department of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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Abstract
Background: Adolescence is a critical transition point for body weight. Personality traits are associated consistently with weight and obesity risk in adulthood. We examined whether personality, particularly Conscientiousness (the tendency to be organized, disciplined, and responsible), is associated with weight outcomes between ages 13 and 17. Methods: Data are drawn from the Growing Up in Ireland suites of studies. Parents rated their child's personality at age 13, and trained staff measured weight and height at ages 13 and 17 (N = 4962). Logistic regression was used to predict risk of incident obesity and obesity remission between ages 13 and 17. Results: Among children who were not in the obesity category at age 13, higher Conscientiousness was associated with lower risk of moving into the obesity category by age 17, and, among children with obesity at age 13, Conscientiousness was associated with greater likelihood of moving to the nonobesity category by age 17. These associations were independent of sociodemographic characteristics, parent body mass index, and were similar across gender. The other five-factor model personality traits were unrelated to weight outcomes. Conclusions: Conscientiousness is one trait psychological factor implicated in weight transitions across a critical period during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL.,Address correspondence to: Angelina R. Sutin, PhD, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | | | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL
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27
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Sutin AR, Aschwanden D, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Five Factor Model Personality Traits and Subjective Cognitive Failures. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020; 155:109741. [PMID: 32863506 PMCID: PMC7451823 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Momentary lapses in memory, perception, or action, known as cognitive failures, are relatively common. These lapses may reflect, in part, aspects of psychological functioning, such as personality traits. The present research addresses how Five Factor Model personality traits and facets are associated with cognitive failures, and whether these associations are accounted for by depressed affect. Participants (N=5,133; 50% female) who ranged in age from 18 to 91 completed an online survey that assessed their personality traits, cognitive failures, and depressed affect. Higher neuroticism was associated with more cognitive failures, whereas Conscientiousness and Agreeableness were associated with fewer failures, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Controlling for depressed affect reduced the associations in most cases by about 50%, but most relations were still apparent. Facet-level analyses provided a more detailed picture of how the traits are associated with cognitive failures. Subjective perceptions of lapses in cognition are associated with basic personality traits and may reflect, in part, processes related to those traits beyond depressed affect.
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28
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Schmidt FTC, Lechner CM, Danner D. New wine in an old bottle? A facet-level perspective on the added value of Grit over BFI-2 Conscientiousness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228969. [PMID: 32053673 PMCID: PMC7018017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging consensus that Grit's two facets-perseverance of effort and consistency of interest-are best understood as facets of the Big Five dimension of Conscientiousness. However, an in-depth investigation on whether Grit's facet offer any added value over more established facets of Conscientiousness is absent from the literature. In the present study, we investigated whether Grit's facets are empirically distinguishable from three facets of Conscientiousness as conceived in the well-validated Big-Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2), namely, Organization, Responsibility, Productiveness. Moreover, we investigated whether Grit's facets show different (and possibly stronger) associations than the facets of Conscientiousness with a broad set of external criteria (age, educational attainment, monthly income, life satisfaction, mental and physical health, fluid and crystallized intelligence); as well as whether the criterion correlations of Grit's facets are incremental over Conscientiousness. Findings from two latent-variable models in a large and diverse sample (N = 1,244) indicated that the facets of Grit showed moderate to strong relationships related to each other and to the three Conscientiousness facets of the BFI-2 (.41 ≤ r ≤ .94). Grit-Perseverance was almost indistinguishable from the Productiveness facet of Conscientiousness, whereas Grit-Consistency appeared to capture something unique beyond the Conscientiousness facets. The relationships with external criteria of Grit's facets were similar in direction and size to those of the Conscientiousness facets. The results give further purchase to the view that Grit's facets can be subsumed under the Conscientiousness domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian T. C. Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Danner
- University of Applied Labour Studies, Mannheim, Germany
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Weiss A, Deary IJ. A New Look at Neuroticism: Should We Worry So Much About Worrying? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419887184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People with higher levels of neuroticism seem to have drawn the short straw of personality. However, there are multiple ways to score highly in neuroticism. Analyses of the short scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised in three large data sets have revealed that higher neuroticism can mean having elevated scores on all items, elevated scores mainly on items related to anxiety and tension, or elevated scores mainly on items related to worry and vulnerability. Epidemiological and molecular genetic studies have revealed that people in the first group are at greater risk for poorer mental and physical health but that people in the latter two groups, especially those beset by worry and feelings of vulnerability, have better physical health. These findings suggest that future research on neuroticism and health should focus on different ways that people can exhibit high neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weiss
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, Terracciano A. Five-factor model personality traits and cognitive function in five domains in older adulthood. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:343. [PMID: 31805866 PMCID: PMC6896269 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Five-factor model (FFM) personality traits have been associated consistently with risk of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Less is known about how these traits are associated with functioning in specific domains of cognitive function in older adulthood. Methods Participants (N = 2865) were drawn from the 2016 Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol sub-study of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Participants completed a battery of cognitive tasks that measured performance in five domains: Memory (eight tasks), speed-attention-executive (five tasks), visuospatial ability (three tasks), fluency (one task), and numeric reasoning (one task). Participants completed an FFM personality measure as part of the regular HRS assessment in either 2014 or 2016. Linear regression was used to examine the association between the traits and each cognitive task and composite scores for the five domains, controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education. We also tested whether the associations were moderated by these sociodemographic factors or mental status. Results Neuroticism was associated with worse performance on all of the cognitive tasks. Conscientiousness was associated with better performance across all five cognitive domains, although not necessarily with every task. Openness and Agreeableness were associated with better performance in all domains, except for numeric reasoning. Extraversion was associated with better speed-attention-executive and fluency. There was no robust evidence that the association between personality and cognition was moderated by sociodemographic characteristics or global cognitive function. Conclusions Personality traits have pervasive associations with functioning across five cognitive domains. Consistent with the literature on personality and risk of ADRD, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were associated with cognitive performance in the expected direction in all domains. Extraversion was the only trait that showed domain-specific associations. The present research supports models of personality and health in the context of cognition and suggests that personality is associated with intermediate markers of cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | | | - Martina Luchetti
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Patrick CJ, Iacono WG, Venables NC. Incorporating neurophysiological measures into clinical assessments: Fundamental challenges and a strategy for addressing them. Psychol Assess 2019; 31:1512-1529. [PMID: 30896211 PMCID: PMC6754804 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific initiatives have called for increased use of neurobiological variables in clinical and other applied assessments. However, the task of incorporating neural measures into psychological assessments entails significant methodological challenges that have not been effectively addressed to date. As a result, neurophysiological measures remain underutilized in clinical and applied assessments, and formal procedures for integrating such measures with report-based measures are lacking. In this article, we discuss major methodological issues that have impeded progress in this direction, and propose a systematic research strategy for integrating neurophysiological measures into psychological assessment protocols. The strategy we propose is an iterative psychoneurometric approach that provides a means to establish multimethod (MM) measurement models for core biobehavioral traits that influence functioning across diverse areas of life. We provide a detailed illustration of a MM model for one such trait, inhibitory control (inhibition-disinhibition), and highlight work being done to develop counterpart models for other biobehavioral traits (i.e., threat sensitivity, reward sensitivity, affiliative capacity). We discuss how these measurement models can be refined and extended through use of already existing data sets, and outline steps that can be taken to establish norms for MM assessments and optimize the feasibility of their use in everyday practice. We believe this model-oriented strategy can provide a viable pathway toward effective use of neurophysiological measures in routine clinical assessments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Tabernero C, Gutiérrez-Domingo T, Vecchione M, Cuadrado E, Castillo-Mayén R, Rubio S, Arenas A, Delgado-Lista J, Jiménez-Pérez P, Luque B. A longitudinal study on perceived health in cardiovascular patients: The role of conscientiousness, subjective wellbeing and cardiac self-efficacy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223862. [PMID: 31622377 PMCID: PMC6797191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world’s most prevalent chronic disease and the leading chronic cause of morbidity. There are several psychosocial factors associated with quality of life during CVD. Our main objectives were to analyze the roles of conscientiousness, subjective wellbeing and self-efficacy beliefs. The sample comprised 514 patients (mean age 63.57 years) who were assessed twice over a nine-month interval. At Time 1, participants answered a questionnaire assessing conscientiousness, perceived subjective wellbeing (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction), cardiac self-efficacy and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The same variables (except for conscientiousness) were re-assessed at Time 2. Results showed that conscientiousness had a positive relation with subjective wellbeing, cardiac self-efficacy, and HRQoL at Time 1. Moreover, cardiac self-efficacy at Time 1 had a positive longitudinal effect on HRQoL at Time 2, while controlling for autoregressive effects. Mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between conscientiousness and HRQoL was mediated by positive affect and cardiac self-efficacy. These results suggest the usefulness of psychosocial interventions aimed at promoting positive affect and self-efficacy beliefs among CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Tabernero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamara Gutiérrez-Domingo
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Michele Vecchione
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Cuadrado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Castillo-Mayén
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Rubio
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Social and Experimental Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Arenas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Pérez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Damian RI, Luchetti M, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A. Five-factor model personality traits and verbal fluency in 10 cohorts. Psychol Aging 2019; 34:362-373. [PMID: 31070400 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits, such as Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, are associated with cognitive outcomes across the life span, including cognitive function in young adulthood and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age. Research on personality and age-related cognition has focused primarily on memory-related tasks and outcomes. The purpose of this research is to address the relation between Five Factor Model personality traits and another critical marker of cognitive function that has received less attention-verbal fluency. We examine this relation across adulthood in 10 cohorts (11 samples) that totaled more than 90,000 participants (age range 16-101). Participants in all samples reported on their personality traits and completed at least one fluency task (semantic and/or letter). A meta-analysis of semantic fluency (N = 86,044) indicated that participants who scored lower in Neuroticism, and higher in Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness, retrieved more words, independent of age, gender, and education. These associations generally replicated for the letter fluency task (3 samples; N = 11,551). Moderation analysis indicated that the associations between personality and semantic fluency were stronger in older samples (except for Openness) and among individuals with lower education. This pattern suggests that these associations are stronger in groups vulnerable to severe cognitive impairment. Personality traits have pervasive associations with fluency tasks that are replicable across samples and age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
| | - Jason E Strickhouser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Aschwanden D, Luchetti M, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A. Evaluations of a Previous Day as a Pathway Between Personality and Healthy Cognitive Aging. J Aging Health 2019; 32:642-653. [PMID: 31030604 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319843451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the association between Five-Factor Model personality traits and how individuals evaluate a recent day in their lives (yesterday) and whether these evaluations mediate personality and cognitive function over time. Methods: Participants were a subsample from the Health and Retirement Study who completed personality measures in 2008/2010, the day evaluation in 2011, and cognitive tasks in 2012 (N = 3,454). Results: Lower Neuroticism and Higher Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were associated with a more engaging day, fewer negative feelings, better subjective health, and less time spent alone. Active engagement and subjective health were associated with cognitive function and mediated the prospective associations between Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness and cognitive function. Discussion: Personality is associated with how individuals evaluated their previous day, which contributes to cognition over time. The present research contributes to a mechanistic model that aims to identify pathways through which personality contributes to cognitive aging.
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Realo A, van Middendorp H, Kööts-Ausmees L, Allik J, Evers AWM. Role of personality traits in reporting the development of adverse drug reactions: a prospective cohort study of the Estonian general population. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022428. [PMID: 29991635 PMCID: PMC6089302 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits in reporting the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when controlling for sociodemographic variables and health status. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu. PARTICIPANTS 814 women and 543 men (mean age=47.9 years; SD=15.2) who after the initial enrolment in the Estonian Biobank were re-contacted for follow-up purposes about 5.3 years after the enrolment and for whom both self- and informant-reported personality data were available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Participants who did not report having any ADRs at baseline but who reported ADRs at the follow-up about 5.3 years later versus participants who did not report any ADRs at either time point. The reports of developing ADRs were predicted from the FFM personality traits after statistically controlling for sociodemographic variables (age, gender and education), baseline indicators of health status (number of diagnoses and medicines taken, body mass index and blood pressure), and the change in health status between the two measurements. RESULTS The results of a hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis showed that participants who reported the development of ADRs between the two measurements had higher levels of conscientiousness, were more likely to be women, were taking more medicines at baseline and had a higher increase in the number of medicines taken during the study period than participants who did not report any ADRs at either time point (all p values <0.05). Higher neuroticism (p=0.067) and a higher number of diagnosed diseases at baseline (p=0.053) also made marginal contributions to predicting the development of ADRs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that higher levels of conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with reporting the development of ADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wettstein M, Wahl HW, Heyl V. Four-year reciprocal relationships between personality and functional ability in older adults with and without sensory impairment: focus on neuroticism and agreeableness. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:834-843. [PMID: 28447472 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1318259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Personality traits have been found to influence health and functional ability (FA) via multiple pathways. However, personality traits may also change in reaction to constraints in FA, particularly in more vulnerable individuals with high risk of decline in independent functioning in daily life (e.g. older adults with sensory impairment). Therefore, conceptually anchored in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF model), this study investigated reciprocal relationships between personality, focusing on neuroticism and agreeableness, and indicators of FA (i.e. activities of daily living and subjective autonomy) as well as the potentially moderating role of sensory impairment status. METHOD The study sample consisted of 387 older adults (mean age at T1: M = 82.50 years, SD = 4.71 years) who were either sensory impaired (SI; i.e. visually or hearing impaired) or sensory unimpaired (UI). A total of 168 individuals were reassessed four years later. RESULTS Depending on sensory status, personality acted both as predictor and as outcome of FA. Neuroticism was more strongly related with later FA outcomes in SI than in UI individuals. FA variables, in turn, were significant predictors of later neuroticism in UI older adults only and of later agreeableness in SI individuals only. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the late-life personality-FA interplay needs to be considered bidirectional, and the direction of associations varies systematically as a function of sensory impairment status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- a Department of Psychological Aging Research , Heidelberg University , Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- a Department of Psychological Aging Research , Heidelberg University , Germany
| | - Vera Heyl
- b Institute of Special Education, University of Education , Heidelberg , Germany
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Lupattelli A, Ronningen E, Krogsrud SK, Nordeng H, Ystrom E. Personality and its relation to the use of alcohol and cigarettes during pregnancy: A multinational study. J Health Psychol 2018; 26:1293-1306. [PMID: 29771152 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318775194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the impact of women's personality on drinking and smoking habits before and during pregnancy, using a multinational perspective. Data on maternal personality traits, background information, and alcohol and cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy were collected from 9187 women from more than 18 countries. High conscientiousness and agreeableness resulted as protective factors against alcohol consumption during pregnancy; trait-specific associations were apparent on individual region level. Highly extrovert women were more likely to consume medium/high amount of alcohol (10%-17% increased odds). High neuroticism conferred a 16 percent increased odds for continued smoking during pregnancy. Personality and nationality are important factors for adequate pre- and postnatal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lupattelli
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, & PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stine Kleppe Krogsrud
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, & PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, & PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, & PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1100-1115. [PMID: 29718717 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between six facets of conscientiousness (self-control, order, industriousness, traditionalism, virtue, responsibility) and objective markers of health status, including adiposity, blood markers and physical performance. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of participants from the health and retirement study (N = 12,188). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adiposity (body mass index, waist circumference), blood markers (A1c, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, cystatin c, c-reactive protein) and physical performance (lung function, grip strength, walking speed). RESULTS Four of the six facets of conscientiousness were associated with nearly all of the health markers: Self-control, organisation, industriousness and responsibility were related to lower adiposity, healthier metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory markers, and better performance on physical assessments. Traditionalism and virtue had fewer associations with these objective markers. CONCLUSION This research took a facet-level approach to the association between conscientiousness and objective markers of health status. This research builds on models of conscientiousness and health to suggest that, in addition to health-risk behaviours, facets of conscientiousness are associated with more favourable biomedical markers of health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- a Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Yannick Stephan
- b University of Montpellier, UFRSTAPS , Montpellier , France
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Venables NC, Foell J, Yancey JR, Beaver KM, Iacono WG, Patrick CJ. Integrating Criminological and Mental Health Perspectives on Low Self-Control: A Multi-Domain Analysis. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2018; 56:2-10. [PMID: 29930435 PMCID: PMC6005661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Criminological theories of crime, delinquency, and deviancy emphasize the causal role of low self-control whereas models of psychopathology posit a general trait liability, "disinhibition", contributing to persistent antisocial behavior and substance use. The aim of the current work was to link these compatible perspectives on deviancy through reference to a biobehavioral conceptualization of disinhibition. METHODS We examined how the Grasmick et al. (1993) self-control scale, relates to (a) trait disinhibition as indexed by self-report scales, performance on inhibitory-control tasks, and brain reactivity to cognitive stimuli, and (b) a cross-domain index combining measures from these three domains. RESULTS As expected, variation in self-control was robustly associated with antisocial deviance, substance use problems, and measures of disinhibition across measurement domains. Further, a factor analytic model provided compelling evidence that the Grasmick et al. scale operates as a robust indicator within a biobehavioral conceptualization of disinhibition. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm a strong link between self-control and trait disinhibition, and support the view that deficits in self-control have a prominent biobehavioral basis. Research in the areas of criminology and psychopathology can mutually benefit from a focus on influences contributing to variations in self-control, conceptualized as trait disinhibition.
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Frith E, Loprinzi PD. 15-Year Secular Trends in Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in the United States. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:841-852. [PMID: 29566595 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118765227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is associated with various chronic diseases, including mobility limitation and early mortality. Thus, evaluating changes in cognition is of paramount public health interest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate secular trends in cognitive function among a representative sample of the U.S. older adult population. Data from the 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilized to identify an aggregate sample of adults 60+ years of age. The sample size across the four respective cycles was 1417, 1558, 1422, and 1592. Three cognitive assessments were employed, including the CERAD Word Learning subset (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease), the Animal Fluency test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). For the entire sample and several subpopulations, DSST scores increased from 1999 to 2012 and then decreased in the 2013 to 2014 cycle. For all CERAD trials, there was evidence of increased CERAD performance from 2011-2012 to 2013-2014. No secular trends were observed for the Animal Fluency task across these cycles. Select cognitive parameters appear to be improving among U.S. older adults. Future work is needed to further explore secular trends in cognitive sustainability, and, as evidenced by our present study, cognitive enrichment over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Ruiz-Palomino E, Giménez-García C, Ballester-Arnal R, Gil-Llario MD. Health promotion in young people: Identifying the predisposing factors of self-care health habits. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:1410-1424. [PMID: 29468900 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318758858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy behaviors are strongly associated with chronic diseases, disabilities, or mortality. Identifying the predisposing factors that influence on self-care healthy habits will improve an early detection of high-risk groups. Four hundred and sixty-six Spanish young people aged 18-25 years were assessed. Global perceived health self-care was predicted by Value of health and Conscientiousness, both in females (R2 = 0.185; F = 29.661; p < 0.001) and males (R2 = 0.154; F = 17.849; p < 0.001). The results have shown gender differences in health self-care habits. Health promotion policies should include specific health consciousness-based strategies.
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Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Luchetti M, Bosselut G, Terracciano A. Physical Activity and Personality Development over Twenty Years: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Samples. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018; 73:173-179. [PMID: 29651189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A physically inactive lifestyle is associated with maladaptive patterns of personality development over relatively short follow-up periods. The present study extends existing research by examining whether this association persists over 20 years. Participants (total N = 8,723) were drawn from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduates and Siblings samples and the Midlife in the United States Study. Controlling for demographic factors and disease burden, baseline physical inactivity was related to steeper declines in conscientiousness in all three samples and a meta-analysis (β=-.06). The meta-analysis further showed that lower physical activity was associated with declines in openness (β=-.05), extraversion (β=-.03), and agreeableness (β=-.03). These findings provide evidence that a physically inactive lifestyle is associated with long-term detrimental personality trajectories.
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Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Personality and Body Weight: Mechanisms, Longitudinal Associations and Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:1-11. [PMID: 29249895 DOI: 10.2132/personality.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Models of personality and health have grown in complexity as more is discovered about how traits are related to health-related behaviors, morbidity, and mortality. The present article applies a model of personality and health that incorporates longitudinal relations, behavioral and physiological mechanisms, and context to the relation between Five-Factor Model personality traits and body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI≥30). Conscientiousness is associated consistently with lower body weight; the relation between the other traits and BMI is more complex. Conscientiousness is also associated with risk of obesity over time, and specific aspects of Conscientiousness and Neuroticism are associated with greater weight gain and are also sensitive to changes in weight over time. Behavioral (e.g., physical activity) and physiological (e.g., inflammation) factors explain part of the association between personality and BMI. Finally, the broader social environment shapes the expression of personality in relation to body weight. This review highlights replicable associations between personality and BMI and potential mechanisms of this association. Future research needs to better address how specific aspects of the social and family environment moderate the relation between personality and BMI and take a lifespan perspective to better incorporate how traits contribute to weight starting in childhood.
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Conkey LC, Whalen DJ. Recent advances in understanding physical health problems in personality disorders. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 21:1-5. [PMID: 28915400 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders are associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, contributing to the high healthcare utilization seen in patients with these disorders. A growing literature supports a robust association of personality disorders and health problems. The primary aim of this article is to summarize the most recent research documenting the associations between personality disorders and health conditions. Extending past reviews, we discuss the association of personality disorders with chronic physical illnesses, sleep disturbances, pain conditions, and obesity. We provide recommendations for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Lindsey C Conkey
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Box 8511, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
In 2005, we discovered that self-control "outdoes" talent in predicting academic success during adolescence. Since then, a surfeit of longitudinal evidence has affirmed the importance of self-control to achieving everyday goals that conflict with momentary temptations. In parallel, research that has "lumped" self-control with other facets of Big Five conscientiousness has shown the superior predictive power of this broad family of individual differences for diverse life outcomes. Self-control can also be "split" from related traits that in certain contexts demonstrate superior predictive power for achievement. Most important, both the "lumping" and "splitting" traditions have enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and antecedents of self-control. Collectively, progress over the past decade and a half suggests a bright future for the science and practice of self-control.
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Graham EK, Rutsohn JP, Turiano NA, Bendayan R, Batterham PJ, Gerstorf D, Katz MJ, Reynolds CA, Sharp ES, Yoneda TB, Bastarache ED, Elleman LG, Zelinski EM, Johansson B, Kuh D, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Deeg DJH, Lipton RB, Pedersen NL, Piccinin AM, Spiro A, Muniz-Terrera G, Willis SL, Schaie KW, Roan C, Herd P, Hofer SM, Mroczek DK. Personality Predicts Mortality Risk: An Integrative Data Analysis of 15 International Longitudinal Studies. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017; 70:174-186. [PMID: 29230075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the Big Five personality traits as predictors of mortality risk, and smoking as a mediator of that association. Replication was built into the fabric of our design: we used a Coordinated Analysis with 15 international datasets, representing 44,094 participants. We found that high neuroticism and low conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness were consistent predictors of mortality across studies. Smoking had a small mediating effect for neuroticism. Country and baseline age explained variation in effects: studies with older baseline age showed a pattern of protective effects (HR<1.00) for openness, and U.S. studies showed a pattern of protective effects for extraversion. This study demonstrated coordinated analysis as a powerful approach to enhance replicability and reproducibility, especially for aging-related longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua P Rutsohn
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Turiano
- Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rebecca Bendayan
- Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Batterham
- National Institute for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mindy J Katz
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Emily S Sharp
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tomiko B Yoneda
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily D Bastarache
- Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lorien G Elleman
- Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth M Zelinski
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology & Centre for Aging and Health (AgeCap), University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diana Kuh
- Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dorly J H Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard B Lipton
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea M Piccinin
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research & Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherry L Willis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - K Warner Schaie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carol Roan
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin
| | - Pamela Herd
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin
| | - Scott M Hofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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Rabin LA, Smart CM, Amariglio RE. Subjective Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2017; 13:369-396. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Rabin
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Colette M. Smart
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 2Y2, Canada
| | - Rebecca E. Amariglio
- Department of Neurology and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Hampson SE, Edmonds GW. A New Twist on Old Questions: A Life Span Approach to the Trait Concept. J Pers 2017; 86:97-108. [PMID: 28170097 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examine three cardinal concerns in personality psychology from a life span perspective: trait structure, trait stability, and trait mechanisms that account for the predictive utility of traits. We draw on previously published and new findings from the Hawaii Longitudinal Study of Personality and Health, as well as work by others. METHOD The Hawaii study provides a unique opportunity to relate a comprehensive assessment of participants' childhood personality traits (over 2,000 children, mean age 10 years) to their adult personality traits and other self-report outcomes in their 40s, 50s, and 60s, and their clinically assessed health at mean age 51. RESULTS Our analyses have demonstrated that the Big Five can be used to describe childhood personality in this cohort. The stability of the Big Five from childhood teacher assessments to adult self- or observer reports is modest and varies from Big Five trait to trait. Personality mechanisms of life span health behavior and life span trauma experience explain some of the influence of childhood Conscientiousness on adult health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A life span approach highlights the dynamic nature of traits and their long-term predictive utility, and it offers numerous directions for future research.
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Wettstein M, Tauber B, Wahl HW, Frankenberg C. 12-Year Associations of Health with Personality in the Second Half of Life. GEROPSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We examined longitudinal associations between personality, objective (physician-rated) and self-rated health over 12 years in two German cohorts (midlife cohort, born 1950/52, nT0 = 502; late-life cohort, born 1930/32, nT0 = 500) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE). Based on cross-lagged panel design analyses controlling for sex, education, depression, and cognitive abilities, we found that after 12 years better baseline objective health predicted lower Neuroticism and higher Agreeableness, whereas baseline Extraversion and Conscientiousness were positive predictors of later self-rated health. Our findings thus illustrate that the direction of longitudinal personality-health associations is dependent on whether objective or self-rated health is considered, whereas relations do not seem to be considerably different in midlife vs. in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Benjamin Tauber
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
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