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Kastanias P, Wang W, Robinson S, Mackenzie K, Wnuk SM. Predictors of Chronic Pain 6 Months and 1 Year After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2024; 34:1786-1792. [PMID: 38564171 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and chronic pain (CP) represent serious, interrelated global public health concerns that have a profound impact on individuals and society. Bariatric surgery is increasing in popularity and has been proven safe and efficacious, providing long-term weight loss and improvements in many obesity-related co-morbidities. A decrease in CP is often a motivation for bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in CP postoperatively and to examine the relationship between psychosocial measures and pain. METHODS A total of 155 adult bariatric surgery patients were recruited and completed self-report measures for CP severity and interference, neuropathic pain, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation and perceived social support at three timepoints preoperative and 6 and 12 months postoperative. RESULTS Pain significantly decreased between preoperative and postoperative timepoints, and preoperative pain was the most significant predictor of postoperative pain. Preoperative CP was correlated with anxiety (p < 0.05) and depression (p < 0.01) at 6 months postoperatively and perceived social support (p < 0.01) at 1 year postoperatively. However, regression analyses with psychological variables were not significant. CONCLUSION CP decreases after bariatric surgery, but further research with larger sample sizes is needed to establish whether psychosocial characteristics impact this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti Kastanias
- Bariatric Program, University Health Network, MP4-305, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Wei Wang
- Bariatric Program, University Health Network, MP4-305, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Suite 130, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Sandra Robinson
- Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Suite 130, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Karyn Mackenzie
- Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Susan M Wnuk
- Bariatric Program, University Health Network, MP4-305, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
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Rojo-Ramos P, Galán-Arroyo C, Gómez-Paniagua S, Castillo-Paredes A, Rojo-Ramos J. Emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life in high-performance mountain sports athletes. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1370124. [PMID: 38689724 PMCID: PMC11059068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1370124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional regulation is an indispensable capacity for human beings, so that alterations in it can lead to the appearance of psychological, social and/or cognitive disorders. Therefore, possessing adequate emotional strategies is intimately related to the quality of life that a person presents. In this sense, high-level athletes suffer constant setbacks and frustrations due to the performance of their sporting activity, in addition to continuous modifications of their daily life activities. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life of high-level athletes in mountain sports, analyzing the possible influences of gender, demographic location, body mass index and age. Fifty-four athletes belonging to the High Performance Technification Center of Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, as well as the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the WHOQOL-BREF. The Shapiro-Wilkins test was used to analyze the normality of the variables collected and nonparametric statistics were used since the assumption was not met. Both gender and demographic location showed significant differences in the dimensions of the two questionnaires. Likewise, age was associated with the dimensions of both scales, but not body mass index, which was only associated with self-perceived quality of life. In addition, the stepwise linear regression model predicted self-perceived quality of life with a value of 60% across self-culpability, gender body mass index and planning. Therefore, it appears that gender, demographic location, age and body mass index could exert modifications on the levels of emotional regulation and self-perceived quality of life of high-level mountain athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rojo-Ramos
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Galán-Arroyo
- Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQoL), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Castillo-Paredes
- Grupo AFySE, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Rojo-Ramos
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Mikkelsen MB, O'Toole MS, Elkjaer E, Mehlsen M. The effect of age on emotion regulation patterns in daily life: Findings from an experience sampling study. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:231-239. [PMID: 37750248 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The present experience sampling study investigated the effect of age on emotion regulation patterns (i.e., emotion regulation strategy effectiveness, variability, and differentiation) in daily life. The study further explored the implications of potential age differences in emotion regulation patterns for well-being. A sample of 406 adults (age range: 18-81, 62.8% female) were prompted five times a day for seven days to rate momentary emotions, emotion regulation strategy use, and emotion regulation strategy effectiveness. Based on these ratings, indicators of emotion regulation variability and differentiation were calculated. Well-being outcomes included daily positive and negative emotions, and symptoms of depression and anxiety assessed at baseline. The findings revealed reduced emotion regulation variability with age and a negative association between emotion regulation variability and well-being. There were no associations between age and emotion regulation effectiveness or differentiation. Emotion regulation effectiveness was associated with more positive and less negative daily emotions, and these associations were stronger for younger adults compared to older adults. Drawing on prominent lifespan theories, the findings may indicate that as people age, they select and apply a few strategies that they know will be effective given the context and their resources which leads to reduced emotion regulation variability but ultimately more well-being. Concerning emotion regulation effectiveness, the findings suggest that effectiveness is less important for emotional well-being in daily life in older adulthood possibly because well-being is determined by other factors (e.g., less frequent and more predictable stressors) with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Skytte O'Toole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma Elkjaer
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mimi Mehlsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Riediger M, Rauers A. Daily affect across adulthood and into old age: Recent advances from ambulatory research. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101767. [PMID: 38103283 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Ambulatory research - such as daily-diary or experience sampling studies - captures experiences as they naturally occur in people's daily lives. It shows that older adults' daily affective experiences, on average, are more positive and more stable, compared to younger age groups. Recent advances in ambulatory research contribute a more refined understanding beyond the valence dimension, demonstrating that the arousal of affective experiences matters as well, and that discrete emotions, such as sadness, may be differently prevalent and adaptive in different phases of adulthood. Another recent contribution is evidence that cross-sectional adult age differences in daily affect may not map onto within-person change over time. While longitudinal improvement in daily affect is observed across young and into early middle adulthood, stability and decline in affective well-being are typical throughout late middle and older adulthood, respectively. Likewise, empirical support for the claim that emotion regulation is a prime reason for age differences in daily affect remains mixed. Older as compared to younger adults are indeed more motivated to feel better, and more confident that their affect-regulation is successful. However, there is no consistent support that older adults' daily affect-regulation strategies, effectiveness, or flexibility differ from younger age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Riediger
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Developmental Psychology, Germany.
| | - Antje Rauers
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Developmental Psychology, Germany
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5
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Rossi G, van Alphen SPJ, Videler AC, Diaz-Batanero C. Can personality disorder be accurately assessed in older age? A differential item functioning analysis of ICD-11 inventories. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 39:e6075. [PMID: 38459700 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The contested categorical personality disorder (PD) criteria are not well suited to inform PD diagnoses in older adults. Yet, the classification of PDs is undergoing a critical transition phase with a paradigm shift to a dimensional approach for diagnosing PDs. No special attention was given to the expression of PDs in older age when the dimensional ICD-11 model was developed. Given that PDs are highly prevalent in older adults, there is an urgent need to examine if ICD-11 related instruments are able to adequately assess for PDs in older adults. METHODS The age-neutrality of ICD-11 measures was examined in a sample of 208 Dutch community-dwelling adults (N = 208, M age = 54.96, SD = 21.65), matched on sex into 104 younger (age range 18-64) and 104 older (age range 65-93) adults. An instrument is considered not to be age-neutral if a collective large level of differential item functioning (DIF) exists in a group of items of an instrument (i.e., 25% or more with DIF). We therefore set out to detect possible DIF in the following ICD-11 self-report measures: the Standardized Assessment of Severity of Personality Disorder (SASPD), the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), and the Borderline Pattern Scale (BPS). RESULTS DIF analyses using a non-parametric odds ratio approach demonstrated that SASPD, PiCD, and BPS were age-neutral with less than 25% of items showing DIF. Yet, impact of DIF at scale level, examined by way of differential test functioning (DTF), indicated a DTF effect on the SASPD total score. CONCLUSIONS These results of age-neutrality of the PiCD and BPS are promising for measuring ICD-11 traits and the borderline pattern. Yet, the age-neutral measurement of PD severity requires further research. With a rapidly aging population, its accurate assessment across the entire adult life span, including older age, is a prerequisite for an adequate detection of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Rossi
- Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Centre, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Videler
- PersonaCura, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo, Scientific Centre for Care and Wellbeing of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Diaz-Batanero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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Anthony M, Turnbull A, Tadin D, Lin FV. Positive affect disrupts neurodegeneration effects on cognitive training plasticity in older adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae004. [PMID: 38252656 PMCID: PMC10939393 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training for older adults varies in efficacy, but it is unclear why some older adults benefit more than others. Positive affective experience (PAE), referring to high positive valence and/or stable arousal states across everyday scenarios, and associated functional networks can protect plasticity mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration, which may contribute to training outcome variability. The objective of this study is to investigate whether PAE explains variability in cognitive training outcomes by disrupting the adverse effect of neurodegeneration on plasticity. The study's design is a secondary analysis of a randomized control trial of cognitive training with concurrent real or sham brain stimulation (39 older adults with mild cognitive impairment; mean age, 71). Moderation analyses, with change in episodic memory or executive function as the outcome, PAE or baseline resting-state connectivity as the moderator and baseline neurodegeneration as the predictor are the methods used in the study. The result of the study is that PAE stability and baseline default mode network (DMN) connectivity disrupted the effect of neurodegeneration on plasticity in executive function but not episodic memory. The study concludes that PAE stability and degree of DMN integrity both explained cognitive training outcome variability, by reducing the adverse effect of neurodegeneration on cognitive plasticity. We highlight the need to account for PAE, brain aging factors and their interactions with plasticity in cognitive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Anthony
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Adam Turnbull
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Duje Tadin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - F Vankee Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Niu L, Song X, Li Q, Peng L, Dai H, Zhang J, Chen K, Lee TMC, Zhang R. Age-related positive emotional reactivity decline associated with the anterior insula based resting-state functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26621. [PMID: 38339823 PMCID: PMC10858337 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that emotional reactivity changes with age, but the neural basis is still unclear. The insula may be critical for the emotional reactivity. The current study examined how ageing affects emotional reactivity using the emotional reactivity task data from a human sample (Cambridge Center for Age and Neuroscience, N = 243, age 18-88 years). The resting-state magnetic resonance measurements from the same sample were used to investigate the potential mechanisms of the insula. In the initial analysis, we conducted partial correlation assessments to examine the associations between emotional reactivity and age, as well as between the gray matter volume (GMV) of the insula and age. Our results revealed that emotional reactivity, especially positive emotional reactivity, decreased with age and that the GMV of the insula was negatively correlated with age. Subsequently, the bilateral insula was divided into six subregions to calculate the whole brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). The mediating effect of the rsFC on age and emotional reactivity was then calculated. The results showed that the rsFC of the left anterior insula (AI) with the right hippocampus, and the rsFCs of the right AI with the striatum and the thalamus were mediated the relationship between positive emotional reactivity and age. Our findings suggest that attenuating emotional reactivity with age may be a strategic adaptation fostering emotional stability and diminishing emotional vulnerability. Meanwhile, the findings implicate a key role for the AI in the changes in positive emotional reactivity with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Niu
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqi Song
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human NeuroscienceThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Qian Li
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lanxin Peng
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haowei Dai
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Keyin Chen
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tatia M. C. Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human NeuroscienceThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceGuangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay AreaGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouPR China
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Castrellon JJ, Zald DH, Samanez-Larkin GR, Seaman KL. Adult age-related differences in susceptibility to social conformity pressures in self-control over daily desires. Psychol Aging 2024; 39:102-112. [PMID: 38059928 PMCID: PMC10922454 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental literature suggests that susceptibility to social conformity pressure peaks in adolescence and disappears with maturity into early adulthood. Predictions about these behaviors are less clear for middle-aged and older adults. On the one hand, while age-related increases in prioritization of socioemotional goals might predict greater susceptibility to social conformity pressures, aging is also associated with enhanced emotion regulation that could support resistance to conformity pressures. In this exploratory research study, we used mobile experience sampling surveys to naturalistically track how 157 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 80 practice self-control over spontaneous desires in daily life. Many of these desires were experienced in the presence of others enacting that desire. Results showed that middle-aged and older adults were better at controlling their desires than younger adults when desires were experienced in the presence of others enacting that desire. Consistent with the literature on improved emotion regulation with age, these results provide evidence that the ability to resist social conformity pressure is enhanced across the adult life span. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David H. Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kendra L. Seaman
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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Ivcevic Z, Shen S, Lin S, Cheng D, Probasco R, Silbermann B, Zhang F, Lin X, Brackett M. Daily positive and negative affect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1239123. [PMID: 38259529 PMCID: PMC10800618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic influenced emotional experiences globally. We examined daily positive and negative affect between May/June 2020 and February 2021 (N = 151,049; 3,509,982 observations) using a convenience sample from a national mobile application-based survey that asked for daily affect reports. Four questions were examined: (1) How did people in the United States feel from May/June 2020 to February 2021?; (2) What demographic variables are related to positive and negative affect?; (3) What is the relationship between experienced stressors and daily affect?; and (4) What is the relationship between daily affect and preventive behavior? Positive affect increased, and negative decreased over time. Demographic differences mirrored those from before the pandemic (e.g., younger participants reported more negative and less positive affect). Stressors such as feeling unwell, experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, exposure to COVID-19, and lack of sleep were associated with less positive and more negative affect. Exercising protective behaviors predicted future affect, and affect also predicted future protective behaviors (e.g., less protective behavior when happy but more when grateful and thoughtful). The implications for public health communication were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Ivcevic
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuting Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shengjie Lin
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David Cheng
- The How We Feel Project, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Probasco
- The How We Feel Project, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ben Silbermann
- The How We Feel Project, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- The How We Feel Project, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- The How We Feel Project, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marc Brackett
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, New Haven, CT, United States
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Handlovsky I, Wonsiak T, Amato AT. Older, self-identifying gay men's conceptualisations of psychological well-being (PWB): A Canadian perspective. Nurs Philos 2024; 25:e12466. [PMID: 37828850 DOI: 10.1111/nup.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Many older gay men experience diminished psychological well-being (PWB) due to unique circumstances including discrimination, living with HIV, and aging through the HIV/AIDS crisis. However, there remains ambiguity as to how older gay men define and understand PWB. Our team interviewed and analyzed the accounts of 26 older (50+) self-identifying English-speaking men living in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We drew on tenets of constructivist grounded theory and intersectionality to account for unique contextual considerations and power relations. Semi-structured Zoom interviews were conducted from August-October 2022. Interview transcripts were compared to generate high-order conceptual findings underpinned by processes understood as central to PWB. Three PWB temporal processes highlighted interlocking social and contextual circumstances intersecting with power and maturation: (1) being emotionally balanced, (2) living gratitude (3) and fully embracing self-acceptance. Being emotionally balanced supported the affective and sustainable state of contentment, living gratitude drew from the wisdom of accrued experiences to cultivate a positive affective state inclusive to recognising social location privileges, whilst fully embracing self-acceptance redressed the harms of anti-gay discourses that men endured throughout their lives. The knowledge is relevant to service and resource development to deliver tailored PWB supports to older gay men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Handlovsky
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tessa Wonsiak
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony T Amato
- Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Gitlitz T, Ayalon L. The mediating role of self-directed ageism in sexual health among Jewish-Israeli older people. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 54:341-349. [PMID: 37952297 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the relationships between physical health, personal resilience and healthy sexuality in older adults, and the mediating role of self-directed ageism in these relationships. Healthy sexuality, which encompasses sexual partnership satisfaction, sexual behaviors, successful sexual functioning, few negative changes, and few sexual health concerns, is important in old age. Five hundred Jewish-Israeli women and men, aged 60 years and over, participated in the study. Five questionnaires were administered that examined the number of diseases, level of resilience, self-perceptions of aging, and sexual relationships and activities. The data were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regressions, and path analysis for the mediating role of self-directed ageism. The results showed that higher levels of resilience were positively related to aspects of sexual health, while reporting more diseases and higher self-directed ageism were negatively related to sexual health. Self-directed ageism mediated the relationships between resilience and number of diseases and sexual health. The findings supported the biopsychosocial model of healthy sexuality. It was concluded that sexual health in older age may be promoted by fostering resilience, promoting good health, and reducing self-directed ageism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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12
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Svačinka S, Ševčíková A, Gottfried J. Exploring challenges in later-life relationships: a qualitative study of the queries posted on counselling websites. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1245736. [PMID: 38022986 PMCID: PMC10644207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1245736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Divorce rates among individuals aged 50 and above are on the rise. Given the greater life expectancy compared to previous generations, this is an issue that is affecting an increasing number of people. Therefore, it warrants an inquiry into the challenges these individuals encounter in their intimate relationships. Methods This study analyzed 225 relationship-related queries posted on Czech counselling websites to identify the strains and stressor patterns that older adults face in their relationships. The queries were limited to those that concerned themes and problems related to partnerships, were posted by one of the partners aged 60 or over, and were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Four main relationship issues were identified: infidelity and jealousy; relationship estrangement and cooling; undesirable changes in personality; and illness and somatic issues. Additionally, three recurring themes were identified that made the problems more demanding and that were specific to older age: lack of norms for relationships in that age group, absence of resources to tackle the issues, and personal calculation for Time Spent and Time Remaining. Discussion The research found that the types of problems encountered by older adults were similar to those experienced by younger individuals. However, the way these problems were perceived and processed was influenced by specific aspects of aging, such as societal expectations, available coping resources, and the perception of time. The findings also highlighted the challenges faced by older adults in terms of relationship norms, sexual functioning, and personality changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Svačinka
- Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Anna Ševčíková
- Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Gottfried
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, South Bohemia, Czechia
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13
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Sella E, Palumbo R, Di Domenico A, Borella E. How emotions induced by reading influence sleep quality in young and older adults. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1812-1820. [PMID: 36300485 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2138266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined whether emotions induced by reading before sleep influence sleep quality in young and older adults. METHOD Sixty older adults (64-75 years) and 60 young adults (18-35 years) were randomly assigned to three conditions: positive reading, neutral reading, and control. The reading groups read a short story at bedtime, whereas the control group kept its routine. Participants completed measures of affective states, subjective sleep parameters, and self-reported sleep quality related to emotions over 7 consecutive days. RESULTS Older adults reported much longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency than young adults. In both reading conditions, older adults reported reduced sleep latencies compared to the control group. In the positive reading condition, older adults reported an increased sleep duration compared to younger adults and the other conditions. Young and older adults in the positive condition showed better self-reported sleep quality than those in the neutral conditions, regardless of age. CONCLUSIONS Reading at bedtime appears to reduce older adults' time to fall asleep and increase their sleep duration. Positive emotions induced by reading short stories at bedtime seem to be a sleep-promoting factor that improves bedtime and wake time in young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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14
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Andrews JL, Dalgleish T, Stretton J, Schweizer S. Reappraisal capacity is unrelated to depressive and anxiety symptoms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7189. [PMID: 37138001 PMCID: PMC10156669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests affective symptoms are associated with reduced habitual use of reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with mental health problems. Less is known, however, about whether mental health problems are related to reduced reappraisal capacity per se. The current study investigates this question using a film-based emotion regulation task that required participants to use reappraisal to downregulate their emotional response to highly evocative real-life film footage. We pooled data (N = 512, age: 18-89 years, 54% female) from 6 independent studies using this task. In contrast to our predictions, symptoms of depression and anxiety were unrelated to self-reported negative affect after reappraisal or to emotional reactivity to negative films. Implications for the measurement of reappraisal as well as future directions for research in the field of emotion regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Stretton
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Schweizer
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Mikels JA, Taullahu DB. Emotion, Aging, and Decision Making: A State of the Art Mini-Review. ADVANCES IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND RESEARCH 2023; 5:e230003. [PMID: 37216197 PMCID: PMC10193527 DOI: 10.20900/agmr20230003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, interest has begun to surge in understanding the role of emotion in decision making, and more recently in studies across the adult life span. Relevant to age-related changes in decision making, theoretical perspectives in judgment and decision making draw critical distinctions between deliberative versus intuitive/affective processes, as well as integral versus incidental affect. Empirical findings demonstrate the central role of affect in various decision-related domains such as framing and risk taking. To situate this review within an adult life-span context, we focus on theoretical perspectives in adult development regarding emotion and motivation. As a result of age differences in deliberative and emotional processes, taking a life-span perspective is critical to advance a comprehensive and grounded understanding of the role of affect in decision making. Age-related shifts in information processing from negative toward positive material also have consequential implications. By taking a life-span perspective, not only will decision theorists and researchers benefit, but so too will practitioners who encounter individuals of various ages as they make consequential decisions.
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16
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Liu P, Wang Y, Hu J, Qing L, Zhao K. Development and validation of a highly dynamic and reusable picture-based scale: A new affective measurement tool. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1078691. [PMID: 36733871 PMCID: PMC9888759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1078691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion measurement is crucial to conducting emotion research. Numerous studies have extensively employed textual scales for psychological and organizational behavior research. However, emotions are transient states of organisms with relatively short duration, some insurmountable limitations of textual scales have been reported, including low reliability for single measurement or susceptibility to learning effects for multiple repeated use. In the present article, we introduce the Highly Dynamic and Reusable Picture-based Scale (HDRPS), which was randomly generated based on 3,386 realistic, high-quality photographs that are divided into five categories (people, animals, plants, objects, and scenes). Affective ratings of the photographs were gathered from 14 experts and 209 professional judges. The HDRPS was validated using the Self-Assessment Manikin and the PANAS by 751 participants. With an accuracy of 89.73%, this new tool allows researchers to measure individual emotions continuously for their research. The non-commercial use of the HDRPS system can be freely accessible by request at http://syy.imagesoft.cc:8989/Pictures.7z. HDRPS is used for non-commercial academic research only. As some of the images are collected through the open network, it is difficult to trace the source, so please contact the author if there are any copyright issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya’nan Wang
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ya’nan Wang,
| | | | - Lin’bo Qing
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Jiang L, Carstensen LL. COVID-19 reduced age differences in social motivation. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1075814. [PMID: 36698578 PMCID: PMC9870591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1075814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) maintains that when futures loom large, as they typically do in youth, people are motivated to explore. When future time is perceived as more limited, as is typical in old age, people are motivated to pursue emotionally meaningful goals. Because the COVID-19 pandemic primed mortality across the age spectrum, it provided an opportunity to examine whether age differences in social motivation typically observed were also present during the pandemic. We measured social motivation, as operationalized by social preferences, in two studies during peak of the pandemic in 2020. Once vaccines were introduced in 2021, we conducted two additional studies using the same experimental paradigm. As hypothesized, at the peak of the pandemic, social preferences favored emotionally meaningful partners regardless of age. Social preferences differed by age (as reliably observed in research conducted before the pandemic) when vaccines were available. Findings suggest that widely documented age differences in social motivation reflect time horizons more than chronological age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Marketing, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States,*Correspondence: Li Jiang,
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18
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Seaman KL, Juarez EJ, Troutman A, Salerno JM, Samanez-Larkin SP, Samanez-Larkin GR. Decision Making across Adulthood during Physical Distancing. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:53-65. [PMID: 34369305 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.1962793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covid-19-related social-distancing measures have dramatically limited physical social contact between individuals and increased monetary and health concerns for individuals of all ages. We wondered how these new societal conditions would impact the choices individuals make about monetary, health, and social rewards, and if these unprecedented conditions would have a differential impact on older individuals. We conducted two online studies to examine temporal discounting of monetary, health, and social rewards; stated preferences for monetary, health, and social rewards; and physical distancing behaviors. Both studies recruited equal numbers of White/Caucasian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latinx participants. We found that older adults were more likely to prefer smaller, sooner social and health-related rewards in decision-making tasks. These data further support the assertion that older adults have increased motivation for social and health rewards compared to younger individuals and that these age differences in motivation are important to consider when examining decision-making across the adult life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Seaman
- Center for Vital Longevity, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, US.,Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, US
| | - Eric J Juarez
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, TX, US
| | - Addison Troutman
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, TX, US
| | - Joanna M Salerno
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, TX, US
| | | | - Gregory R Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, TX, US.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, TX, US
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19
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Vila-Marti A, Ramírez-Contreras C, Apolinar-Jiménez E, Rojas-Cárdenas P, Valera-Gran D, Almendra-Pegueros R, Navarrete-Muñoz EM. Factors Associated with Dietary Restriction and Emotional and Uncontrolled Eating in Adults from Spanish-Speaking Countries during the COVID-19 Confinement: Results of the CoV-Eat Project. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224866. [PMID: 36432551 PMCID: PMC9693495 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first COVID-19 confinement has led to changes in the population’s behaviour. However, little has been analysed about the changes in eating behaviour beyond the decrease in adherence to healthy dietary patterns. The aim of the CoV-Eat project was to identify factors related to each of the following eating behaviours (EB): cognitive restraints (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating (EE) in adults from Spanish-speaking countries. Participants completed an anonymous online survey. EB was assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the scores were classified into tertiles. Socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits including physical activity, sleep quality, screen use, smoking consumption, and relationship with food were also collected. A total of 9849 participants from 21 countries were included in this study. The median of CR, UE, and EE behaviours was 15, 24, and 9, respectively. We observed that higher age, days of confinement, number of times leaving home in the last week, changes in sleep quality, and their relationship with food were negatively associated with CR, EE, and UE, while being a man was positively associated with an increased in all these EBs. A higher household income was negatively associated with a higher score of CR, and a higher education level (>primary) was positively associated with a medium score of EE. Lower physical activity was a factor negatively associated with a medium score of EE and UE. Higher screen use showed the same negative association for a medium score of EE and UE and a high score of CR. In addition, higher tobacco consumption was found to be a protective factor against having a medium or high score of CR and EE. In conclusion, some sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle changes may be important factors for EB and should be considered in emergency situations such as confinement to prevent risky eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vila-Marti
- Research Group M3O, Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i el Benestar, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Catalina Ramírez-Contreras
- Departamento de Nutrición, Ciencias de la Alimentación y Gastronomía, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Nutrición y Seguridad Alimentaria (INSA-UB), Universidad de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Evelia Apolinar-Jiménez
- Unidad de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, León 37660, Mexico
| | - Pía Rojas-Cárdenas
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Desirée Valera-Gran
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Ocupacional (InTeO), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.V.-G.); (R.A.-P.); Tel.: +34-965-233-705 (D.V.-G.); +34-935-565-897 (ext. 5894) (R.A.-P.)
| | - Rafael Almendra-Pegueros
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Red de Nutrición Basada en la Evidencia, Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.V.-G.); (R.A.-P.); Tel.: +34-965-233-705 (D.V.-G.); +34-935-565-897 (ext. 5894) (R.A.-P.)
| | - Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Ocupacional (InTeO), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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20
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Shavit YZ, Estlein R, Elran-Barak R, Segel-Karpas D. Positive Relationships have Shades of Gray: Age is Associated with More Complex Perceptions of Relationship Quality During the COVID-19 Lockdown. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022; 30:224-235. [PMID: 36373100 PMCID: PMC9638464 DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on socioemotional selectivity theory, we examined the effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on perceptions of romantic relationships quality among older, compared to younger, adults. During the first lockdown in Israel which involved strict restrictions on movement and association with others, 280 adults aged 25-81 reported positive and negative qualities of their romantic relationship. Of these, 105 participants completed the survey again once lockdown restrictions were lifted. Contrary to our hypotheses, no evidence for age differences in the effect of the lockdown on positive or negative perceptions of relationship quality was detected. In addition, the lockdown did not influence participants' positive and negative perceptions of their romantic partners. However, we did find that, whereas people of all ages represent positive and negative qualities of their romantic partners as separate constructs, the negative association between the two is weaker for older adults compared to younger adults during (but not after) the lockdown. This finding suggests that in stressful times, older adults are better able to avoid negative perceptions clouding positive perceptions and see positive aspects of relationships with romantic partners in the face of negative ones. Findings extend evidence for age associations with complex emotional experiences to emotional aspects of interpersonal relationships. Findings enrich the theoretical understanding of age-related advantages in emotional well-being and may inform potential interventions for improving emotional health and well-being during times of crisis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10804-022-09431-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Z. Shavit
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford University, Littlefield Center, 365 Lasuen St., Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Roi Estlein
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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21
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Expectant parents' emotions evoked by pregnancy: A longitudinal dyadic analysis of couples in the Swedish Pregnancy Panel. Soc Sci Med 2022; 312:115362. [PMID: 36155356 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Holistic antenatal care requires knowledge of individuals' emotional response to pregnancy. Little is known about how a pregnant woman and her partner influence each other emotionally during a pregnancy. OBJECTIVE This study examines six discrete emotions that expectant couples experience during pregnancy, how these emotions change mid-to late-pregnancy, and whether the partners' emotional responses influence each other. METHODS A longitudinal dyadic study where pregnant women and their partners (1432 couples) rated the extent to which the pregnancy evoked joy, strength, security, worry, shame, and anger at pregnancy week 12-19, 22-24, and 36. Latent curve models with structured residuals identify levels of and change in these emotions over time, while accounting for between- and within-couple variance. RESULTS Pregnancy evoked mainly joy, strength, security, and worry, and lower levels of anger and shame. Pregnant women and partners felt similar levels of joy, strength, and security, but pregnant women felt more worry, shame, and anger. There was little to no mean-level change in all six measured emotions evoked by pregnancy (between-couple change), and no reciprocal effects between the partners (within-couple change). CONCLUSIONS Emotions in mid-pregnancy were also felt in late pregnancy. Furthermore, the pregnant woman and her partner have individual emotional trajectories. The results can assist healthcare professionals and researchers target interventions to expectant mothers and partners, specifically by understanding emotional response to pregnancy as a stable confound and by not approaching the couple as one emotional unit.
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22
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Sato W, Kochiyama T. Exploration of Emotion Dynamics Sensing Using Trapezius EMG and Fingertip Temperature. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176553. [PMID: 36081011 PMCID: PMC9460856 DOI: 10.3390/s22176553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the physiological signals associated with subjective emotional dynamics has practical significance. Previous studies have reported that the dynamics of subjective emotional valence and arousal can be assessed using facial electromyography (EMG) and electrodermal activity (EDA), respectively. However, it remains unknown whether other methods can assess emotion dynamics. To investigate this, EMG of the trapezius muscle and fingertip temperature were tested. These measures, as well as facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles, EDA (skin conductance level) of the palm, and continuous ratings of subjective emotional valence and arousal, were recorded while participants (n = 30) viewed emotional film clips. Intra-individual subjective-physiological associations were assessed using correlation analysis and linear and polynomial regression models. Valence ratings were linearly associated with corrugator and zygomatic EMG; however, trapezius EMG was not related, linearly or curvilinearly. Arousal ratings were linearly associated with EDA and fingertip temperature but were not linearly or curvilinearly related with trapezius EMG. These data suggest that fingertip temperature can be used to assess the dynamics of subjective emotional arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Psychological Process Research Team, Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions, Inc., 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
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23
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Myerson J, Strube MJ, Green L, Hale S, Bernstein B. Differential effects of psychological distress on mitigation and vaccination: A public health conundrum. Front Psychol 2022; 13:923056. [PMID: 35967691 PMCID: PMC9363824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CDC-recommended mitigation behaviors and vaccination status were assessed in an online sample (N = 810; ages 18–80). Results were consistent with a differential distress hypothesis positing that whereas psychological distress, which is induced in part by social deprivation, interferes with mitigation behaviors involving social distancing, it motivates vaccination, in part because it, in turn, can increase social interaction. Age modulated these effects. Despite the greater risk of severe consequences, older adults not only showed less distress, but compared to younger participants with equivalent levels of distress, the older adults showed less effect of distress on both social distancing and vaccination status. Together these findings highlight a conundrum faced in public health messaging. Traditional “fear messages” may be less effective for older adults, who are most in danger, whereas in younger adults, the distress induced by fear messages may motivate vaccination but diminish mitigation behaviors needed to prevent subsequent “breakthrough” infections.
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24
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Predicting Change in Emotion through Ordinal Patterns and Simple Symbolic Expressions. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10132253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human interlocutors may use emotions as an important signaling device for coordinating an interaction. In this context, predicting a significant change in a speaker’s emotion may be important for regulating the interaction. Given the nonlinear and noisy nature of human conversations and relatively short time series they produce, such a predictive model is an open challenge, both for modeling human behavior and in engineering artificial intelligence systems for predicting change. In this paper, we present simple and theoretically grounded models for predicting the direction of change in emotion during conversation. We tested our approach on textual data from several massive conversations corpora and two different cultures: Chinese (Mandarin) and American (English). The results converge in suggesting that change in emotion may be successfully predicted, even with regard to very short, nonlinear, and noisy interactions.
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25
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Patterns of Quality of Life and Perceived Satisfaction in Adults and Elderly in Spain: Daily Practices, Life Experiences and Psychological Profiles. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out with the purpose of determining the day-to-day practices, positive and stressful life experiences, and psychological profiles that underpin different perceptions of quality of life and perceived satisfaction. A total of 1095 adults and elderly people from Spain participated in the study. An online instrument designed using the tool Google Forms was administered to them. Descriptive and multivariate analysis was performed using the general linear model (GLM). Three types of finding were obtained. First, we identified everyday practices that promote perceived quality of life and perceived satisfaction. Second, we established the relationship between certain positive and stressful life experiences, their consequences, and different perceptions of quality of life and perceived satisfaction. Finally, we identified the distinguishing psychological profiles associated with these constructs. The results obtained here can contribute to the development of more successful psychological and social interventions. They reveal a set of indicators that, based on empirical evidence, should be part of any intervention design.
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26
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Lu S. Longitudinal associations between perception of future time and subjective well-being among middle-aged and older people in China: the moderating roles of individual health and socioeconomic status. Qual Life Res 2022; 31:3009-3018. [PMID: 35648281 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the longitudinal association between perception of future time (PFT) and subjective well-being among middle- and old-aged people in China, and investigated the moderating roles of individual health resources and socioeconomic status (SES) in the association between PFT and subjective well-being. METHODS Data for this study drew from a final sample of 10,644 respondents aged 45 years and above from four waves (2011-2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Subjective well-being was measured by depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Multilevel linear modelling (MLM) was applied to analyse the main effects of PFT on depressive symptoms and life satisfaction over time and the moderating effects of individual health resources and SES. RESULTS After controlling for the covariates, perceived future time as extended was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (β = - 0.85, p < 0.001) and higher levels of life satisfaction (β = 0.07, p < 0.001). Significant moderating effects of individual health resources (self-rated health, functional limitations and chronic diseases) and SES (urban-rural hukou) were found in associations between PFT and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Perceived future time as extended was associated with better subjective well-being. These associations differed in relation to different individual health resources and SES. This study extends understanding of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and helps identify vulnerable people when they feel near to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Lu
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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27
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Abstract
Older adults report surprisingly positive affective experience. The idea that older adults are better at emotion regulation has emerged as an intuitively appealing explanation for why they report such high levels of affective well-being despite other age-related declines. In this article, I review key theories and current evidence on age differences in the use and effectiveness of emotion-regulation strategies from a range of studies, including laboratory-based and experience sampling. These studies do not yet provide consistent evidence for age differences in emotion regulation and thus do not clearly support the assertion that older adults are better at emotion regulation. However, current approaches may be limited in describing and testing possible age-related changes in emotion regulation. Future work will need to more directly investigate individual trajectories of stability and change in emotion-regulation strategy use and effectiveness over time and also consider the possible roles of context, physiological reactivity, neural changes, acceptance, and personality.
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28
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Bellingtier JA, Luong G, Wrzus C, Wagner GG, Riediger M. A domain-differentiated approach to everyday emotion regulation from adolescence to older age. Psychol Aging 2022; 37:338-349. [PMID: 35084897 PMCID: PMC9117440 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flexibly using different emotion-regulation (ER) strategies in different situational contexts, such as domains, has been argued to promote effective emotion regulation. Additionally, emotion regulation processes may change with age as narrowing time horizons shift emotion-regulation preferences. The purpose of the present study was to examine the occurrence and effectiveness of flexible emotion regulation in response to daily hassles from different domains within the age range from adolescence to old age. Participants, ranging from 14 to 88 years old (N = 325), completed an experience-sampling study of approximately 9 days over a 3-week period. At each momentary assessment, participants reported on their hassles, emotion-regulation strategies, and affect. As expected, strategy use varied across individuals and domains. For example, emotion expression and suppression were typical responses to interpersonal hassles, whereas social sharing was often used in response to work/school hassles. In situations wherein hassles included multiple life domains, participants reported the use of more emotion-regulation strategies than for single-domain hassles. Although flexible emotion regulation was evident in participants' responses to hassles, the expectation that it would be associated with lower hassle reactivity was not confirmed. These patterns were, for the most part, consistent across ages. This study contributes new insights into situational characteristics that are associated with emotion-regulation flexibility, showing that hassles domains are important for strategy selection, and that this holds from adolescence to old age. It also suggests that such defined emotion-regulation flexibility is not as strongly linked to emotion-regulation effectiveness as has been previously suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Luong
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Heidelberg University
| | - Gert G. Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) Berlin
| | - Michaela Riediger
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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Fareri DS, Hackett K, Tepfer LJ, Kelly V, Henninger N, Reeck C, Giovannetti T, Smith DV. Age-Related Differences in Ventral Striatal and Default Mode Network Function During Reciprocated Trust. Neuroimage 2022; 256:119267. [PMID: 35504565 PMCID: PMC9308012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Social relationships change across the lifespan as social networks narrow and motivational priorities shift to the present. Interestingly, aging is also associated with changes in executive function, including decision-making abilities, but it remains unclear how age-related changes in both domains interact to impact financial decisions involving other people. To study this problem, we recruited 50 human participants (Nyounger = 26, ages 18–34; Nolder = 24, ages 63–80) to play an economic trust game as the investor with three partners (friend, stranger, and computer) who played the role of investee. Investors underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the trust game while investees were seated outside of the scanner. Building on our previous work with younger adults showing both enhanced striatal responses and altered default-mode network (DMN) connectivity as a function of social closeness during reciprocated trust, we predicted that these relations would exhibit age-related differences. We found that striatal responses to reciprocated trust from friends relative to strangers and computers were blunted in older adults relative to younger adults, thus supporting our primary pre-registered hypothesis regarding social closeness. We also found that older adults exhibited enhanced DMN connectivity with the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) during reciprocated trust from friends compared to computers while younger adults exhibited the opposite pattern. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of age-related differences in sensitivity to social closeness in the context of trusting others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S Fareri
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.
| | | | - Lindsey J Tepfer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Victoria Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Henninger
- Lew Klein College of Media and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Crystal Reeck
- Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - David V Smith
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Stretton J, Schweizer S, Dalgleish T. Age-Related Enhancements in Positive Emotionality across The Life Span: Structural Equation Modeling of Brain and Behavior. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3461-3472. [PMID: 35256529 PMCID: PMC9034776 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1453-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a bias in attention and memories toward positive and away from negative emotional content. In addition, emotion regulation appears to improve with age, despite concomitant widespread cognitive decline coupled with gray matter volume loss in cortical and subcortical regions thought to subserve emotion regulation. Here, we address this emotion-aging paradox using the behavioral data of an emotion regulation task from a population-derived, male and female, human sample (CamCAN) and use structural equation modeling together with multivariate analysis of structural MRI images of the same sample to investigate brain-behavior relationships. In a series of measurement models, we show the relationship between age and emotionality is best explained by a four-factor model, compared with single and hierarchical factor models. These four latent factors are interpreted as Basal Negative Affect, Positive Reactivity, Negative Reactivity and Positive Regulation (upregulating positive emotion to negative content). Increasing age uniquely contributes to increased Basal Negative Affect, Positive Reactivity, and Positive Regulation, but not Negative Reactivity. Furthermore, we show gray matter volumes, namely in the bilateral frontal operculum, medial frontal gyrus, bilateral hippocampal complex, bilateral middle temporal gyri, and bilateral angular gyrus, are distinctly related to these four latent factors. Finally, we show that a subset of these brain-behavior relationships remain significant when accounting for age and demographic data. Our results support the notion of an age-related increase in positivity and are interpreted in the context of the socioemotional selectivity theory of improved emotion regulation in older age.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging is associated with a paradoxical increase in well-being and improved emotion regulation despite widespread cognitive decline and gray matter volume loss in neural regions that underlie emotion regulation. Using a population-derived sample, we test the theories behind this emotion/aging paradox with an emotion regulation task and structural MRI data. We report robust age-related increases in positivity across the life span and show structural neural integrity influences this relationship with increasing age. Several brain-behavior relationships remained unaffected by age and may represent empirically derived neural markers to explore the paradox of increased well-being in old age. The results support the predictions of socioemotional selectivity theory of improved emotion regulation in older age and challenge the amygdala-focused neural predictions of the aging brain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Stretton
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Schweizer
- Department of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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31
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Fu YC, Chan TC, Chu YH, Hwang JS. Using contact tracing from interlocking diaries to map mood contagion along network chains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3400. [PMID: 35233037 PMCID: PMC8888769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viruses and moods are transmitted through interpersonal contacts, but it has been extremely difficult to track each unique chain of contacts through which particular moods diffuse. By analyzing 56,060 contact records from 113 interlocking, yearlong diaries collected through a web-based platform in Taiwan, we traced mood states before and after each specific contact along a triplet of persons where B contacts C and subsequently contacts A. Multilevel analyses show that both positive and negative emotions are contagious, but the two paths diverge markedly in how the diffusion stops. Positive contact between C and B (which leads to improved mood for B) spreads to A through B’s contact with A, making A feel better afterward, regardless of whether B’s mood deteriorated between the two interactions. Negative contact between C and B (which leads to worsened mood for B) also spreads to A, making A feel worse after the contact with B. However, the spread of a negative mood discontinues if B’s mood improved between the two contacts. The different patterns of diffusion suggest that a negative mood is harder to disperse, probably because people generally make efforts to keep their negative emotions from spreading to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chih Fu
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Chu
- Institute of Data Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shiang Hwang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Nankang 115, Taipei, Taiwan.
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32
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Seaman KL, Abiodun SJ, Fenn Z, Samanez-Larkin GR, Mata R. Temporal discounting across adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Aging 2022; 37:111-124. [PMID: 35113618 PMCID: PMC8827494 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting, or the devaluation of future rewards. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,737), a planned meta-analysis found no sizeable relation between age and temporal discounting, r = -0.068, 95% CI [-0.170, 0.035]. We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of research design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. real rewards), duration of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that younger, middle-aged, and older adults show similar preferences for smaller, sooner over larger, later rewards. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Seaman
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas
| | | | - Zöe Fenn
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel
| | - Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Rui Mata
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
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The age-related positivity effect in cognition: A review of key findings across different cognitive domains. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bettis AH, Burke TA, Nesi J, Liu RT. Digital Technologies for Emotion-Regulation Assessment and Intervention: A Conceptual Review. Clin Psychol Sci 2022; 10:3-26. [PMID: 35174006 PMCID: PMC8846444 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate emotions in response to stress is central to healthy development. While early research in emotion regulation predominantly employed static, self-report measurement, the past decade has seen a shift in focus toward understanding the dynamic nature of regulation processes. This is reflected in recent refinements in the definition of emotion regulation, which emphasize the importance of the ability to flexibly adapt regulation efforts across contexts. The latest proliferation of digital technologies employed in mental health research offers the opportunity to capture the state- and context-sensitive nature of emotion regulation. In this conceptual review, we examine the use of digital technologies (ecological momentary assessment; wearable and smartphone technology, physical activity, acoustic data, visual data, and geo-location; smart home technology; virtual reality; social media) in the assessment of emotion regulation and describe their application to interventions. We also discuss challenges and ethical considerations, and outline areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard T Liu
- Harvard Medical School
- Massachusetts General Hospital
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35
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Carstensen LL. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: The Role of Perceived Endings in Human Motivation. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 61:1188-1196. [PMID: 34718558 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) is a theory of life-span development grounded in the uniquely human ability to monitor time. SST maintains that the approach of endings-whether due to aging or other endings such as geographic relocations and severe illness-elicits motivational changes in which emotionally meaningful goals are prioritized over exploration. Research guided by SST has informed preferences, social networks, and emotional experience and led to the discovery of the positivity effect in cognitive processing. This article, based on my 2015 Robert W. Kleemeier Award Lecture, describes the development of SST and its related program of empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Carstensen
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Center on Longevity, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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36
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Rabinowitz S, Pavlov C, Mireku B, Ying K, Zhang J, Read K. I Feel Less Blue When I Read With You: The Effect of Reading Aloud With a Child on Adult Readers' Affect. Front Psychol 2021; 12:706729. [PMID: 34712168 PMCID: PMC8547731 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential benefits of shared reading with a child on adult readers’ mood. In two experiments, young adults were randomly assigned to either read storybooks with a child or to read the same books aloud alone. In both experiments, readers experienced more positive emotions than those who read the story aloud alone. In Experiment 1, the level of interactivity between the reader and child also positively correlated with readers’ experience of positive emotions. In Experiment 2, participants who read with a child aligned their own book preferences with those of the child. Overall, participants preferred the longer and more complex storybook as it gave more opportunities for the reader and child to interact. These findings support the hypothesis that simple read-aloud experiences are not only positive for children, but have the potential to also positively impact the mood of adult readers who share books with a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rabinowitz
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Christina Pavlov
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Mireku
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Katrina Ying
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Kirsten Read
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
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37
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Mak HW, Schneider S. High and Low Arousal Daily Affect Dynamics Vary Across the Adult Lifespan. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:895-904. [PMID: 34698841 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age differences in affective experience across adulthood are widely documented. According to Russell's (2003) circumplex model, affect consists of two aspects-valence (positive vs. negative) and arousal (low activation vs. high activation). Prior research on age differences has primarily focused on the valence aspect. However, little is known about age differences in daily affect of high and low arousal. METHOD The present study examined age differences in daily dynamics (i.e., mean levels, variability, and inertia) of negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) of high and low arousal in a sample of 492 adults aged 21 to 91. Participants completed daily affect ratings for 21 consecutive days. RESULTS Age was negatively and linearly related to mean levels of both high-arousal and low-arousal NA. Both high-arousal and low-arousal PA mean levels showed increases after middle age. Further, age was related to lower variability in both NA and PA regardless of arousal. Additionally, high-arousal NA inertia showed a linear decrease with age whereas low-arousal PA inertia showed an inverted-U pattern with age. After controlling for mean levels of affect, the associations between age and affect variability remained significant whereas the associations between age and affect inertia did not. DISCUSSION The affective profile of older age is characterized by lower mean levels of NA, higher mean levels of PA, lower affect variability, and less persistence in high-arousal NA and low-arousal PA in daily life. Our results contribute to a nuanced understanding of which affective processes improve with age and which do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hio Wa Mak
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
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Wirth M, Voss A, Wirth S, Rothermund K. Affect dynamics and well-being: explanatory power of the model of intraindividual variability in affect (MIVA). Cogn Emot 2021; 36:188-210. [PMID: 34689718 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1993148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Affective experience is inherently dynamic and short-term changes in affect are supposed to offer important insights into well-being. Past years have shown a tremendous rise in investigations into the relation between affect dynamics and well-being. The indicators that have been introduced to capture unique dynamical aspects of affect, however, have been criticised for being purely statistical measures without theoretical foundation and were shown to have little added value for explaining well-being over and above mean levels of affect. To address these concerns, we applied our newly developed theory-based MIVA model to data on daily affective experience. The MIVA model allows estimating parameters for anchoring, reactivity, and regulation based on affective states in combination with daily events. Everyday affective experience was measured with a high temporal resolution, multiple indicators of well-being (e.g. life satisfaction, depression) were assessed, and the incremental value of the MIVA model parameters in predicting well-being was determined. The MIVA model parameters reflect essential processes that accounted for observed fluctuations in affective experience. Incremental validity for predicting well-being over and above mean levels of affect, however, was low. Together, our results suggest that research on affect dynamics needs to identify how affect dynamics can be assessed more validly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wirth
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Rothermund
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Carbone E, Palumbo R, Sella E, Lenti G, Di Domenico A, Borella E. Emotional, Psychological, and Cognitive Changes Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Is There an Advantage of Being an Older Adult? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:712369. [PMID: 34566622 PMCID: PMC8462933 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.712369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study examined age-related differences between young and older adults’ emotional and psychological experience as well as cognitive functioning throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Materials and Methods: Participants were interviewed by phone when confined at home during the national lockdown (T1-May 2020; N = 138 young adults; N = 119 older adults) and after the first wave of contagions, when restrictions were discarded (T2-September 2020; N = 52 young adults; N = 59 older adults). A sub-sample also participated in a third assessment (T3-December 2020). Participants completed questionnaires assessing their emotional and psychological functioning (i.e., positive and negative affect, perceived social and emotional loneliness, resilience) along with memory tasks (Backward Digit Span task and words list recall). Results: Although individuals reported less positive and more negative emotions during the lockdown than at T2, results showed that older adults displayed overall fewer negative emotions and greater resilience than young adults. The latter were those who reported feeling more emotionally lonely when compared to their older counterpart during the lockdown than afterward. Older adults’ advantage in emotional and psychological functioning was also confirmed 7 months after the national lockdown. Only age-related differences in favor of young adults for the memory tasks were found. The measures of interest were also susceptible to mood and/or concerns of COVID-19 effects. Discussion: These findings further highlight the age-related advantage of older adults managing the emotional and psychological experience even when facing an unexpected, prolonged, and unpredictable, stressful life event such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrico Sella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Graziana Lenti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Aizpurua A, Migueles M, Aranberri A. Prospective Memory and Positivity Bias in the COVID-19 Health Crisis: The Effects of Aging. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666977. [PMID: 34366984 PMCID: PMC8335556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the observed tendency to remember more positive than negative past events (positivity phenomena) also appears when recalling hypothetical events about the future. In this study, young, middle-aged, and older adults were presented with 28 statements about the future associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, half positive and half negative. In addition, half of these statements were endowed with personal implications while the other half had a more social connotations. Participants rated their agreement/disagreement with each statement and, after a distraction task, they recalled as many statements as possible. There was no difference in the agreement ratings between the three age groups, but the participants agreed with positive statements more than with negative ones and they identified more with statements of social content than of personal content. The younger and older individuals recalled more statements than the middle-aged people. More importantly, older participants recalled more positive than negative statements (positivity effect), and showed a greater tendency to turn negative statements into more positive or neutral ones (positivity bias). These findings showed that the positivity effect occurs in even such complex and situations as the present pandemic, especially in older adults. The results are discussed by reference to the notion of commission errors and false memories resulting from the activation of cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Aizpurua
- Faculty of Pychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
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Fu J, Cheng Z, Liu S, Hu Z, Zhong Z, Luo Y. Development and Validation of Peer Relationship Scale for Chinese Community-Dwelling Elderly. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:889-903. [PMID: 34234586 PMCID: PMC8253932 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s311352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to develop and psychometrically test the peer relationship scales (PRSs) for the Chinese community-dwelling elderly. METHODS Based on the Adams-Blieszner-Ueno integrative conceptual framework, we first drafted item-pool from the literature review, in-depth interviews, and group discussion. After a cross-sectional study in Chongqing, PR, China, we recruited a random sample of 404 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the factor structure of the scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability were used to assess internal consistency. Moreover, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity were all calculated. RESULTS The results supported a two-factor (ie, quantity of intimate peer relationship, the quantity of non-intimate peer relationship) model for PRS-Quantity and a 12-item three-factor (ie, cognitive process, affective process, behavioral process) model for PRS-Quality. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.870 for PRS-Quantity and 0.851 for PRS-Quality. Both scales showed good test-retest reliability (r = 0.890 for PRS-Quantity, r = 0.889 for PRS-Quality), concurrent validity (r = 0.832 for PRS-Quantity, -0.800 for PRS-Quality), and acceptable construct validity. DISCUSSION Overall, our findings suggested that the PRSs are reliable and valid measurements to evaluate the quantity and quality of peer relationships among Chinese community-dwelling elderly. The scales may serve as attempted tools for researchers and practitioners to access the social health of the elderly and evaluate the effectiveness of related services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fu
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongping Hu
- Department of Combination of Medical and Health, Thirteenth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Zhong
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Moore RC, Lee AY, Hancock JT, Halley MC, Linos E. Age-Related Differences in Experiences With Social Distancing at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Computational and Content Analytic Investigation of Natural Language From a Social Media Survey. JMIR Hum Factors 2021; 8:e26043. [PMID: 33914689 PMCID: PMC8191726 DOI: 10.2196/26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As COVID-19 poses different levels of threat to people of different ages, health communication regarding prevention measures such as social distancing and isolation may be strengthened by understanding the unique experiences of various age groups. Objective The aim of this study was to examine how people of different ages (1) experienced the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) their respective rates and reasons for compliance or noncompliance with social distancing and isolation health guidance. Methods We fielded a survey on social media early in the pandemic to examine the emotional impact of COVID-19 and individuals’ rates and reasons for noncompliance with public health guidance, using computational and content analytic methods of linguistic analysis. Results A total of 17,287 participants were surveyed. The majority (n=13,183, 76.3%) were from the United States. Younger (18-31 years), middle-aged (32-44 years and 45-64 years), and older (≥65 years) individuals significantly varied in how they described the impact of COVID-19 on their lives, including their emotional experience, self-focused attention, and topical concerns. Younger individuals were more emotionally negative and self-focused, while middle-aged people were other-focused and concerned with family. The oldest and most at-risk group was most concerned with health-related terms but were lower in anxiety (use of fewer anxiety-related terms) and higher in the use of emotionally positive terms than the other less at-risk age groups. While all groups discussed topics such as acquiring essential supplies, they differentially experienced the impact of school closures and limited social interactions. We also found relatively high rates of noncompliance with COVID-19 prevention measures, such as social distancing and self-isolation, with younger people being more likely to be noncompliant than older people (P<.001). Among the 43.1% (n=7456) of respondents who did not fully comply with health orders, people differed substantially in the reasons they gave for noncompliance. The most common reason for noncompliance was not being able to afford to miss work (n=4273, 57.3%). While work obligations proved challenging for participants across ages, younger people struggled more to find adequate space to self-isolate and manage their mental and physical health; middle-aged people had more concerns regarding childcare; and older people perceived themselves as being able to take sufficient precautions. Conclusions Analysis of natural language can provide insight into rapidly developing public health challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, uncovering individual differences in emotional experiences and health-related behaviors. In this case, our analyses revealed significant differences between different age groups in feelings about and responses to public health orders aimed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. To improve public compliance with health orders as the pandemic continues, health communication strategies could be made more effective by being tailored to these age-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Moore
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Angela Y Lee
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Hancock
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Meghan C Halley
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eleni Linos
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Delinquency differences in daily emotional reactivity to mindfulness lapses. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tyler CM, McKee GB, Alzueta E, Perrin PB, Kingsley K, Baker FC, Arango-Lasprilla JC. A Study of Older Adults' Mental Health across 33 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105090. [PMID: 34064973 PMCID: PMC8150919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite older adults’ extremely high vulnerability to COVID-19 complications and death, few studies have examined how personal characteristics and the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the mental health of older adults at the global level. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among demographics, COVID-19 life impacts, and depression and anxiety in adults aged 60 and older from 33 countries. A sample of 823 older adults aged 60–94 and residing in 33 countries completed a 10-min online survey following recruitment from mailing lists and social media. Being separated from and having conflicts with loved ones predicted both anxiety and depression, as did residing in a country with higher income. Getting medical treatment for severe symptoms of COVID-19 and having decreased work responsibilities predicted depression, but adjustment to working from home and younger age predicted both depression and anxiety. Participants from Europe and Central Asia reported higher depression than those from all other regions and higher anxiety than those from Latin America and the Caribbean. The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious deleterious effects on the mental health of older adults worldwide. The current findings have direct implications for mental health services that may be delivered to older adults to help facilitate healthy psychological adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Tyler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.M.T.); or (G.B.M.); (P.B.P.)
| | - Grace B. McKee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.M.T.); or (G.B.M.); (P.B.P.)
- Advanced Fellowship Program in Mental Illness Research and Treatment, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Elisabet Alzueta
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (E.A.); (F.C.B.)
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul B. Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.M.T.); or (G.B.M.); (P.B.P.)
| | - Kristine Kingsley
- Institute of Cognitive and Emotional Wellness, Westchester, NY 10801, USA;
| | - Fiona C. Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (E.A.); (F.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940 Vizcaya, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Choi I, Kim JH, Kim N, Choi E, Choi J, Suk HW, Na J. How COVID-19 affected mental well-being: An 11- week trajectories of daily well-being of Koreans amidst COVID-19 by age, gender and region. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250252. [PMID: 33891642 PMCID: PMC8064534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the daily well-being of Koreans (n = 353,340) for 11 weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic (January 20 -April 7). We analyzed whether and how life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and life meaning changed during the outbreak. First, we found that the well-being of Koreans changed daily in a cubic fashion, such that it declined and recovered during the early phase but declined substantially during the later phase (after COVID- 19 was declared world pandemic by WHO). Second, unlike other emotions, boredom displayed a distinctive pattern of linear increase, especially for younger people, suggesting that boredom might be, in part, responsible for their inability to comply with social distancing recommendations. Third, the well-being of older people and males changed less compared to younger people and females. Finally, daily well-being dropped significantly more in the hard-hit regions than in other regions. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Incheol Choi
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kim
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongan Choi
- Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Suk
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Na
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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González-Tovar M, Hernández-Rodríguez S. COVID-19 and Emotional Variables in a Sample of Chileans. Front Psychol 2021; 12:615268. [PMID: 33574788 PMCID: PMC7870464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.615268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a set of daily stressors are being experienced, all this affects people’s mental health, leading them to have a set of emotional disturbances. Little is known about how people’s age can influence their emotional well-being in the face of prolonged stress generate by the pandemic. Objective To clarify the presence of emotional aspects such as emotional expressiveness and the frequency of positive and negative affections in people with different age in times of crisis. Methods The final sample included 297 Chileans between 22 and 68 years old (M = 38.51, SD = 13.85), recruited through an online survey with the appropriate written informed consent. The study was carried out when the pandemic was spreading in Chile. Results The findings revealed age differences in emotional expressivity and the type of affections experienced. The expression of emotions was more affected by negative affections, the age and the gender of the people. While the avoidance of this emotional expression, by age and affections both positive and negative. Age was a significant predictor of emotional expressiveness. Discussion Findings suggests that the associations between both variables, varied according to the age group of the people. Furthermore, this finding proposes that although older people are facing the persistent and serious threat of COVID-19, they show better emotional functioning. Which would help to better understand the interaction of both positive and negative life experiences in times of crisis.
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Czeisler MÉ, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges, Populations at Risk, Implications, and Opportunities. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:301-311. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117120983982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark É. Czeisler
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E. Howard
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Johnson SS, Czeisler MÉ, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD, Mochari-Greenberger H, Pande RL, Mendell G. Knowing Well, Being Well: well-being born of understanding: Addressing Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Amid and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:299-319. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117120983982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Carstensen LL, Shavit YZ, Barnes JT. Age Advantages in Emotional Experience Persist Even Under Threat From the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1374-1385. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797620967261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is creating unprecedented, sustained, and unavoidable stress for the entire population, and older people are facing particularly heightened risk of contracting the virus and suffering severe complications, including death. The present study was conducted when the pandemic was spreading exponentially in the United States. To address important theoretical questions about age differences in emotional experience in times of crisis, we surveyed a representative sample of 945 Americans between the ages of 18 and 76 years and assessed the frequency and intensity of a range of positive and negative emotions. We also assessed perceived risk of contagion and complications from the virus, as well as personality, health, and demographic characteristics. Age was associated with relatively greater emotional well-being both when analyses did and did not control for perceived risk and other covariates. The present findings extend previous research about age and emotion by demonstrating that older adults’ relatively better emotional well-being persists even in the face of prolonged stress.
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