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JohnBritto JS, Di Ciaula A, Noto A, Cassano V, Sciacqua A, Khalil M, Portincasa P, Bonfrate L. Gender-specific insights into the irritable bowel syndrome pathophysiology. Focus on gut dysbiosis and permeability. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 125:10-18. [PMID: 38467533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder involving the brain-gut interaction. IBS is characterized by persistent abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. IBS exerts significant impacts on quality of life and imposes huge economic costs. Global epidemiological data reveal variations in IBS prevalence, both globally and between genders, necessitating comprehensive studies to uncover potential societal and cultural influences. While the exact pathophysiology of IBS remains incompletely understood, the mechanism involves a dysregulation of the brain-gut axis, leading to disturbed intestinal motility, local inflammation, altered intestinal permeability, visceral sensitivity, and gut microbiota composition. We reviewed several gender-related pathophysiological aspects of IBS pathophysiology, by focusing on gut dysbiosis and intestinal permeability. This perspective paves the way to personalized and multidimensional clinical management of individuals with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerlin Stephy JohnBritto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Noto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Velia Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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2
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Li Z, He H, Chen M, Ni M, Guo C, Wan Z, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Cai H, Li M, Sun H, Xu H. Novel mechanism of Clostridium butyricum alleviated coprophagy prevention-induced intestinal inflammation in rabbit. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111773. [PMID: 38430808 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As bacteria synthesize nutrients primarily in the cecum, coprophagy is indispensable for supplying rabbits with essential nutrients. Recent research has demonstrated its pivotal role in maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis and immune regulation in rabbits, although the specific mechanism remains unknown. Here, we used coprophagy prevention (CP) to investigate the effects of coprophagy on the cecum homeostasis and microbiota in New Zealand white rabbits. Furthermore, whether supplementation of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) may alleviate the cecum inflammation and apoptosis caused by CP was also explored. Four groups were randomly assigned: control (Con), sham-coprophagy prevention (SCP), coprophagy prevention (CP), and CP and C. butyricum addition (CPCB). Compared to Con and SCP, CP augmented cecum inflammation and apoptosis, as well as bacterial adhesion to the cecal epithelial mucosa, while decreasing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1). The relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria was significantly decreased in the CP group. Inversely, there was an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Additionally, CP increased the levels of Flagellin, IFN-γ, TNF-a, and IL-1β in cecum contents and promoted the expression of TLR5/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in cecum tissues. However, the CPCB group showed significant improvements in all parameters compared to the CP group. Dietary C. butyricum supplementation significantly increased the production of SCFAs, particularly butyric acid, triggering anti-inflammatory, tissue repairing, and barrier-protective responses. Notably, CPCB effectively mitigated CP-induced apoptosis and inflammation. In summary, CP disrupts the cecum epithelial barrier and induces inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits, but these effects can be alleviated by C. butyricum supplementation. This process appears to be largely associated with the TLR5/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Hui He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Mengjuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Mengke Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Chaohui Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Wan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianshe Zhou
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, PR China
| | - Zhitong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Hanfang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - HuiZeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Huifen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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3
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Derouiche F, Djemil R, Sebihi FZ, Douaouya L, Maamar H, Benjemana K. High methionine diet mediated oxidative stress and proteasome impairment causes toxicity in liver. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5555. [PMID: 38448604 PMCID: PMC10917754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) rich diet inducing oxidative stress is reported to alter many organs. Proteasome as a regulator of oxidative stress can be targeted. This study was performed to investigate if excessive methionine supplementation causes hepatotoxicity related to proteasome dysfunction under endogenous oxidative stress in rats. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 16) were divided into controls and treated groups. The treated rats (n = 08) received orally L-methionine (1 g/kg/day) for 21 days. Total homocysteine (tHcy), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), hepatic enzymes levels: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), with total bilirubin (TBil), albumin (Alb), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in plasma by biochemical assays. Liver supernatants were used for malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 20S proteasome activities and their subunits expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) evaluation by appropriate methods and light microscopy for liver histological examination. Methionine treatment increased homocysteine, TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI), MDA and PC but decreased TAS, GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx with the 20S proteasome activities and their β subunits expression. Liver proteins: AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, TBil and CRP were increased but Alb was decreased. Liver histology was also altered. An increase in liver TNF-α and IL-6 levels were observed. These findings indicated that methionine supplementation associated oxidative stress and proteasome dysfunction, caused hepatotoxicity and inflammation in rat. Further investigations should be to better understand the relation between methionine, oxidative stress, proteasome, and liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzia Derouiche
- Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria.
| | - Randa Djemil
- Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Fatima Zohra Sebihi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Lilia Douaouya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Hichem Maamar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Katia Benjemana
- Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Abbes Lagherour, Khenchela, Algeria
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Acciarino A, Diwakarla S, Handreck J, Bergola C, Sahakian L, McQuade RM. The role of the gastrointestinal barrier in obesity-associated systemic inflammation. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13673. [PMID: 38111141 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a key contributor to the onset and progression of several obesity-associated diseases and is thought to predominantly arise from the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipose tissue. However, a growing body of works suggests that early changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier may contribute to both local, within the GI lining, and systemic inflammation in obesity. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is well-characterized in inflammatory GI disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and is known to contribute to systemic inflammation. Thus, drawing parallels between GI disorders, where intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation are prominent features, and obesity-induced GI manifestations may provide insights into the potential role of the intestinal barrier in systemic inflammation in obesity. This review summarizes the current literature surrounding intestinal barrier dysfunction in obesity and explores the potential role of intestinal hyperpermeability and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the development of systemic inflammation and GI dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Acciarino
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Handreck
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cedrick Bergola
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Goodoory VC, Tuteja AK, Black CJ, Ford AC. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Efficacy of Mesalamine in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 22:243-251.e5. [PMID: 36858143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Some patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) demonstrate low-grade inflammation in the intestine. Mesalamine, which has anti-inflammatory effects, may be an efficacious treatment for IBS, but studies are conflicting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess efficacy and safety of mesalamine in IBS. METHODS We searched the medical literature up to September 14, 2022, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mesalamine in IBS. We judged efficacy and safety using dichotomous assessments of effect on global IBS symptoms, abdominal pain, bowel habit or stool frequency, and occurrence of any adverse event. We pooled data using a random effects model, with efficacy and safety reported as pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We identified 8 eligible RCTs (820 patients). Mesalamine was more efficacious than placebo for global IBS symptoms (RR of global symptoms not improving, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.95; number needed to treat = 10; 95% CI, 6-27), but not for abdominal pain or bowel habit or stool frequency. Subgroup analyses demonstrated efficacy of mesalamine in IBS with diarrhea for global IBS symptoms (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.99), but not patients with other predominant bowel habits or those with post-infection IBS. Adverse event rates were no higher with mesalamine (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.89-1.63) but were reported in only 5 trials. CONCLUSIONS Mesalamine may be modestly efficacious for global symptoms in IBS, particularly IBS with diarrhea, but quality of evidence was low. Adequately powered high quality RCTs of mesalamine in IBS are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek C Goodoory
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok K Tuteja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; George E. Wahlen V.A. Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher J Black
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander C Ford
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Wei Y, Fan Y, Huang S, Lv J, Zhang Y, Hao Z. Baizhu shaoyao decoction restores the intestinal barrier and brain-gut axis balance to alleviate diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome via FoxO1/FoxO3a. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155163. [PMID: 37924689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease. Besides, baizhu shaoyao decoction (BSD) is an effective treatment for IBS-D; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to assess the ability of BSD to therapy IBS-D and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS First, comprehensive analyses, including ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) screening, Venn analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and network construction, were performed to characterize IBS-D-related pathways and explore the synergistic effects of BSD active compounds. Next, an IBS-D model was constructed using a three-factor superposition method of neonatal maternal separation, chronic immobilization stress stimulation, and Sennae folium aqueous extract lavage. Moreover, the impact of BSD was assessed based on the body weight, fecal water content, and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), and the results of the open field test, sucrose preference test, intestinal permeability assessment, transmission electron microscopy, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The factors that regulate the BSD effects on IBS-D were estimated using immunoblotting, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-RTPCR), immunohistochemistry, and transcriptome sequencing analyses. RESULTS We found that BSD improved depressive behavior, brain-gut peptide levels, and intestinal permeability induced by IBS-D by increasing the abundance of intestinal tight junctions. In addition, BSD reduced secretory immunoglobulin A levels and the number of intestinal mast cells in IBS-D rats. Network pharmacology and transcriptome sequencing analysis further revealed that the forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway contributed to the BSD-induced alleviation of IBS-D, as BSD regulated the protein and mRNA levels of FoxO1, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and FoxO3a. Importantly, a FoxO1 inhibitor effectively alleviated IBS-D symptoms in rats, whereas a FoxO3a agonist had the opposite effects. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that BSD alleviates depression and intestinal symptoms by regulating brain-gut peptide expression and restoring the intestinal barrier function via the FoxO signaling pathway. Furthermore, our study uses serum pharmacochemistry technology to analyze the in vivo components of TCM formula under effective condition, solving the problem of the discovery of the effective components of TCM to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimeng Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sijuan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyu Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Awad K, Barmeyer C, Bojarski C, Nagel O, Lee IFM, Schweiger MR, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D) via Downregulation of Claudin-1. Cells 2023; 12:2846. [PMID: 38132165 PMCID: PMC10741936 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), the diarrheal mechanisms are largely unknown, and they were examined in this study on colon biopsies. METHODS Electrophysiological measurements were used for monitoring functional changes in the diarrheic colon specimens. In parallel, tight junction protein expression was analyzed by Western blot and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, and signaling pathway analysis was performed using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics. RESULTS Epithelial resistance was decreased, indicating an epithelial leak flux diarrheal mechanism with a molecular correlate of decreased claudin-1 expression, while induction of active anion secretion and impairment of active sodium absorption via the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, were not detected. The pathway analysis revealed activation of barrier-affecting cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS Barrier dysfunction as a result of epithelial tight junction changes plays a role in IBS-D as a pathomechanism inducing a leak flux type of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Awad
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - Christian Barmeyer
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - Oliver Nagel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - In-Fah M. Lee
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany (O.N.)
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8
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Xia Y, Peng S, Lin M, Duan H, Yuan F, Shao M, Tan W, Luo H. Apigenin attenuates visceral hypersensitivity in water avoidance stress rats by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis and inhibiting mast cell activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115562. [PMID: 37801900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contribute to the occurrence and development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), exacerbated by stress. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid derived from plants, possesses a range of beneficial properties. However, additional research is necessary to investigate its potential in alleviating symptoms of IBS and elucidating its underlying mechanisms of action. Our study confirms that apigenin effectively reverses mast cell and microglial activation, regulates the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota, improves intestinal barrier function in rats induced with water-avoidance stress, and mitigates VH and colonic hypermotility. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest a potential role of dysbiotic gut microbiota in activating mast cells at the cellular level. Notably, apigenin inhibits mast cell degranulation through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) / myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) / nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In conclusion, this study discusses the potential therapeutic effects of apigenin in alleviating VH and modulating the gut-brain axis in water-avoidance stress rats, providing a novel or alternative treatment approach for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuai Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mengjuan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Houyu Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fangting Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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9
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Duffy M, Boggiano VL, Ganesh R, Mueller M. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Prim Care 2023; 50:429-446. [PMID: 37516512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are an extremely common set of more than 50 disorders characterized by persistent and recurring gastrointestinal symptoms. Most of these patients can be diagnosed and managed by primary care physicians. Treatment includes patient education and reassurance, eliminating triggers, dietary modification, and pharmacologic management. Primary care physicians should consider referral to gastroenterologists when patients exhibit red flag symptoms such as blood in stool, abnormal laboratory findings, involuntary weight loss, age of presentation greater than 50 years, or certain concerning family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Duffy
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Victoria L Boggiano
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ravindra Ganesh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) Street Southwest Rochester, MN 55906, USA
| | - Michael Mueller
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) Street Southwest Rochester, MN 55906, USA
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10
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Liang Z, You G. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, as Proteasome Inhibitors, Upregulate the Expression and Activity of Organic Anion Transporter 3. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1725. [PMID: 37376173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), at the basolateral membrane of kidney proximal tubule cells, facilitates the elimination of numerous widely used drugs. Earlier investigation from our laboratory revealed that ubiquitin conjugation to OAT3 leads to OAT3 internalization from the cell surface, followed by degradation in the proteasome. In the current study, we examined the roles of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), two well-known anti-malarial drugs, in their action as proteasome inhibitors and their effects on OAT3 ubiquitination, expression, and function. We showed that in cells treated with CQ and HCQ, the ubiquitinated OAT3 was considerably enhanced, which correlated well with a decrease in 20S proteasome activity. Furthermore, in CQ- and HCQ-treated cells, OAT3 expression and OAT3-mediated transport of estrone sulfate, a prototypical substrate, were significantly increased. Such increases in OAT3 expression and transport activity were accompanied by an increase in the maximum transport velocity and a decrease in the degradation rate of the transporter. In conclusion, this study unveiled a novel role of CQ and HCQ in enhancing OAT3 expression and transport activity by preventing the degradation of ubiquitinated OAT3 in proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxuan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Guofeng You
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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11
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Langlois LD, Oddoux S, Aublé K, Violette P, Déchelotte P, Noël A, Coëffier M. Effects of Glutamine, Curcumin and Fish Bioactive Peptides Alone or in Combination on Intestinal Permeability in a Chronic-Restraint Stress Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087220. [PMID: 37108383 PMCID: PMC10139227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a multifactorial intestinal disorder, is often associated with a disruption in intestinal permeability as well as an increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to first test the impact of treatment with glutamine (Gln), a food supplement containing natural curcumin extracts and polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (Cur); bioactive peptides from a fish protein hydrolysate (Ga); and a probiotic mixture containing Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus helveticus. These compounds were tested alone on a stress-based IBS model, the chronic-restraint stress model (CRS). The combination of Gln, Cur and Ga (GCG) was also tested. Eight-week-old C57Bl/6 male mice were exposed to restraint stress for two hours every day for four days and received different compounds every day one week before and during the CRS procedure. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured as a marker of stress, and colonic permeability was evaluated ex vivo in Ussing chambers. Changes in the gene expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1 and ZO 1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, TNFα, CXCL1 and IL10) were assessed using RT-qPCR. The CRS model led to an increase in plasma corticosterone and an increase in colonic permeability compared with unstressed animals. No change in plasma corticosterone concentrations was observed in response to CRS with the different treatments (Gln, Cur, Ga or GCG). Stressed animals treated with Gln, Cur and Ga alone and in combination showed a decrease in colonic permeability when compared to the CRS group, while the probiotic mixture resulted in an opposite response. The Ga treatment induced an increase in the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the GCG treatment was able to decrease the expression of CXCL1, suggesting the synergistic effect of the combined mixture. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a combined administration of glutamine, a food supplement containing curcumin and polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, and bioactive peptides from a fish hydrolysate was able to reduce colonic hyperpermeability and reduce the inflammatory marker CXCL1 in a stress-based model of IBS and could be of interest to patients suffering from IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic D Langlois
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, ADEN UMR1073 "Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis", F-76000 Rouen, France
- Laboratoire DIELEN, F-50110 Tourlaville, France
| | | | - Kanhia Aublé
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, ADEN UMR1073 "Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis", F-76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, ADEN UMR1073 "Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis", F-76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Moïse Coëffier
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, ADEN UMR1073 "Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis", F-76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
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12
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Sun Z, Wang X, Feng S, Xie C, Xing Y, Guo L, Zhao J, Ji C. A review of neuroendocrine immune system abnormalities in IBS based on the brain–gut axis and research progress of acupuncture intervention. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:934341. [PMID: 36968497 PMCID: PMC10034060 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.934341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder observed in clinics. Current studies suggest that the pathogenesis of the disease is closely related to abnormal brain–gut interactions, hypokinesia, visceral sensory hypersensitivity in the gastrointestinal tract, and alterations in the intestinal microenvironment. However, it is difficult for a single factor to explain the heterogeneity of symptoms. The Rome IV criteria emphasized the holistic biologic-psycho-social model of IBS, suggesting that symptoms of the disease are closely related to neurogastroenterology and various abnormalities in brain–gut interaction. This study comprehensively reviewed the relationship between the brain–gut axis and IBS, the structure of the brain–gut axis, and the relationship between the brain–gut axis and intestinal microenvironment, and discussed the relationship between the abnormal regulation of the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system and the incidence of IBS on the basis of brain–gut axis. In terms of treatment, acupuncture therapy can regulate the neuroendocrine-immune system of the body and improve the intestinal microenvironment, and it has the advantages of safety, economy, and effectiveness. We study the pathogenesis of IBS from local to global and micro to macro, and review the use of acupuncture to treat the disease as a whole so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyin Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoju Xie
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Zhao
| | - Changchun Ji
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- Changchun Ji
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13
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Insights of Endocytosis Signaling in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032971. [PMID: 36769293 PMCID: PMC9918140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis in mammalian cells is a fundamental cellular machinery that regulates vital physiological processes, such as the absorption of metabolites, release of neurotransmitters, uptake of hormone cellular defense, and delivery of biomolecules across the plasma membrane. A remarkable characteristic of the endocytic machinery is the sequential assembly of the complex proteins at the plasma membrane, followed by internalization and fusion of various biomolecules to different cellular compartments. In all eukaryotic cells, functional characterization of endocytic pathways is based on dynamics of the protein complex and signal transduction modules. To coordinate the assembly and functions of the numerous parts of the endocytic machinery, the endocytic proteins interact significantly within and between the modules. Clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, caveolar pathway, and receptor mediated endocytosis have been attributed to a greater variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles such as, autophagy, metabolism, cell division, apoptosis, cellular defense, and intestinal permeabilization. Notably, any defect or alteration in the endocytic machinery results in the development of pathological consequences associated with human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, an in-depth endeavor has been made to illustrate the process of endocytosis, and associated mechanisms describing pathological manifestation associated with dysregulated endocytosis machinery.
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14
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Gao X, Frakich N, Filippini P, Edwards LJ, Vinkemeier U, Gran B, Tanasescu R, Bayraktutan U, Colombo S, Constantinescu CS. Effects of substance P on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 are mediated exclusively through a truncated NK-1 receptor and depend on cell confluence. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102265. [PMID: 35696961 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) mediates pain transmission, immune modulation, vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation. Its role in the peripheral nervous system has been well characterised. However, its actions on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are less clear and warrant further study. The aim of this study was to characterise the effect of SP on the brain microvascular endothelial cells using the immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. As part of our studies, we have evaluated changes in expression, at mRNA and protein levels, of genes involved in the function of the blood-brain barrier such as occludin, induced by exposure to SP. We show that the effect of SP is dependent on cell confluence status. Thus, at low confluence but not at full confluence, SP treatment reduced occludin expression. The expression of the SP receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) (the truncated form of the receptor expressed exclusively in this cell line) was also modulated in a similar pattern. SP treatment stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk2) phosphorylation which was not associated to changes in Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), or Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) protein expression. In addition, SP treatment effectively recovered nitric oxide production on cells exposed to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). SP did not trigger intracellular calcium release in hCMEC/D3 cells. We conclude that hCMEC/D3 cells are partially responsive to SP, that the effects are mediated through the truncated form of the receptor and are dependent on the confluence status of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Nanci Frakich
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Perla Filippini
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura J Edwards
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Uwe Vinkemeier
- School of Life Science, Action Medical Research Professor of Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sergio Colombo
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Cris S Constantinescu
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; Department of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Neurological Institute, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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15
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Pretorius L, Van Staden ADP, Van der Merwe JJ, Henning N, Smith C. Alterations to microbial secretome by estrogen may contribute to sex bias in irritable bowel syndrome. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:267-281. [PMID: 35022916 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a female predominant functional gastrointestinal disorder, underpinned by microbial dysbiosis and microinflammation. We suggest that changes in trace amine (TA) load and metabolism may link together diet, inflammation and sex in this context. METHODS The effect of E2 treatment on microbial growth and TA generation was assessed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry methodology. To investigate the effects of TAs on the gut, WST-1, prostaglandin E2 and tight junction protein dynamics were investigated in TA treated (HT-29) colon epithelial monolayer cultures. RESULTS Differential E2-dependent alterations of the TA production capabilities of microbes were observed. Significantly, E2 treatment resulted in a 50% increase in tryptamine secretion from a probiotic microbe (p < 0.0001). Moreover, in vitro experiments indicated that TA treatment exerted type-specific effects in the gut, e.g., reducing mitochondrial functionality, even at low doses of tryptamine (p < 0.0001) and ρ-tyramine (p < 0.001). Additionally, prostaglandin E2 levels were significantly increased following ρ-tyramine and agmatine treatment (p < 0.05). In terms of functionality, all investigated TAs resulted in occludin redistribution and loss of zona occludens-1 and occludin co-localization. CONCLUSION Increases in the gastrointestinal TA load may contribute to a relatively pro-inflammatory outcome in the intestine, along with tight junction protein disruption. Additionally, fluctuating levels of endogenous E2 may modulate microbially-derived TA levels, potentially explaining exaggerating gastrointestinal symptomology in females during low E2 phases. Thus, current data warrants subsequent investigations in appropriate in vivo models to fully elucidate the role of the trace aminergic system in the sex bias observed in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anton du Preez Van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johannes J Van der Merwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,LabSPACE, Midrand, South Africa
| | - Natasha Henning
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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16
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Layer P, Andresen V, Allescher H, Bischoff SC, Claßen M, Elsenbruch S, Freitag M, Frieling T, Gebhard M, Goebel-Stengel M, Häuser W, Holtmann G, Keller J, Kreis ME, Kruis W, Langhorst J, Jansen PL, Madisch A, Mönnikes H, Müller-Lissner S, Niesler B, Pehl C, Pohl D, Raithel M, Röhrig-Herzog G, Schemann M, Schmiedel S, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Storr M, Preiß JC, Andus T, Buderus S, Ehlert U, Engel M, Enninger A, Fischbach W, Gillessen A, Gschossmann J, Gundling F, Haag S, Helwig U, Hollerbach S, Karaus M, Katschinski M, Krammer H, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Matthes H, Menge D, Miehlke S, Posovszky MC, Schaefert R, Schmidt-Choudhury A, Schwandner O, Schweinlin A, Seidl H, Stengel A, Tesarz J, van der Voort I, Voderholzer W, von Boyen G, von Schönfeld J, Wedel T. Update S3-Leitlinie Reizdarmsyndrom: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Gemeinsame Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM) – Juni 2021 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021/016. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:1323-1415. [PMID: 34891206 DOI: 10.1055/a-1591-4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Layer
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - V Andresen
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - H Allescher
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Gastroent., Hepatologie u. Stoffwechsel, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Deutschland
| | - S C Bischoff
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - M Claßen
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - S Elsenbruch
- Klinik für Neurologie, Translational Pain Research Unit, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland.,Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - M Freitag
- Abteilung Allgemeinmedizin Department für Versorgungsforschung, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - T Frieling
- Medizinische Klinik II, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Deutschland
| | - M Gebhard
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Pathologie-Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Goebel-Stengel
- Innere Medizin II, Helios Klinik Rottweil, Rottweil, und Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomat. Medizin u. Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - W Häuser
- Innere Medizin I mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Klinikum Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Deutschland
| | - G Holtmann
- Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australien
| | - J Keller
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M E Kreis
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - J Langhorst
- Klinik für Integrative Medizin und Naturheilkunde, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - P Lynen Jansen
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Madisch
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, interventionelle Endoskopie und Diabetologie, Klinikum Siloah, Klinikum Region Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - H Mönnikes
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - B Niesler
- Abteilung Molekulare Humangenetik Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - C Pehl
- Medizinische Klinik, Krankenhaus Vilsbiburg, Vilsbiburg, Deutschland
| | - D Pohl
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - M Raithel
- Medizinische Klinik II m.S. Gastroenterologie und Onkologie, Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | | | - M Schemann
- Lehrstuhl für Humanbiologie, TU München, Deutschland
| | - S Schmiedel
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Deutschland
| | - J Schwille-Kiuntke
- Abteilung für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.,Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Versorgungsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - M Storr
- Zentrum für Endoskopie, Gesundheitszentrum Starnberger See, Starnberg, Deutschland
| | - J C Preiß
- Klinik für Innere Medizin - Gastroenterologie, Diabetologie und Hepatologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
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Kumar S, Singh P, Kumar A. Targeted therapy of irritable bowel syndrome with anti-inflammatory cytokines. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 15:1-10. [PMID: 34862947 PMCID: PMC8858303 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disease of which infection, as well as inflammation, has recently been considered as an important cause. Inflammation works as a potential pathway for the pathogenesis of IBS. In this review, we have discussed the targeted therapy of IBS. We used the search term “inflammation in IBS” and “proinflammatory” and “antiinflammatory cytokines and IBS” using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. The literature search included only articles written in the English language. We have also reviewed currently available anti-inflammatory treatment and future perspectives. Cytokine imbalance in the systematic circulation and the intestinal mucosa may also characterize IBS presentation. Imbalances of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and polymorphisms in cytokine genes have been reported in IBS. The story of targeted therapy of IBS with anti-inflammatory cytokines is far from complete and it seems that it has only just begun. This review describes the key issues related to pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with IBS, molecular regulation of immune response in IBS, inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokines in IBS, and clinical perspectives of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow- Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow- Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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A Survey of Methodologies for Assessing Mast Cell Density and Activation in Patients with Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord3040016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to assess methods utilized in assessing mast cell involvement in functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs), specifically to describe variability in methods utilized to assess both mast cell density and activation and determine if a consensus exists. After a literature search identified 70 manuscripts assessing mast cell density, data were extracted including FAPD diagnosis, site of biopsy, selection of microscopic fields analyzed, selection of mucosal region analyzed, method of mast cell identification, method to assess mast cell density, and if performed, method to assess mast cell activation. There appears to be some consensus favoring inmmunohistochemical stains over histochemical stains for identifying mast cells. Otherwise, considerable variability exists in methodology for assessing mast cell density and activation. Regardless of method, approximately 80% of studies found increased mast cell density and/or activation in comparison to controls with no method being superior. A wide variety of methods have been employed to assess mast cell density and activation with no well-established consensus and inadequate data to recommend specific approaches. The current methodology providing physiologic information needs to be translated to a standard methodology providing clinical information with the development of criteria establishing abnormal density and/or activation, and more importantly, predicting treatment response.
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19
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The Role of H 2S in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Microbiota. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1315:67-98. [PMID: 34302689 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathways and mechanisms of the production of H2S in the gastrointestinal tract are briefly described, including endogenous H2S produced by the organism and H2S from microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the physiological regulatory functions of H2S on gastrointestinal motility, sensation, secretion and absorption, endocrine system, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, and the possible mechanisms involved are introduced. In view of the complexity of biosynthesis, physiological roles, and the mechanism of H2S, this chapter focuses on the interactions and dynamic balance among H2S, gastrointestinal microorganisms, and the host. Finally, we focus on some clinical gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, functional gastrointestinal disease, which might occur or develop when the above balance is broken. Pharmacological regulation of H2S or the intestinal microorganisms related to H2S might provide new therapeutic approaches for some gastrointestinal diseases.
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Qin C, Jiang Y, Yu M, Bian Y, Yu Y. Exploration of Potential Molecular Targets of Dexmedetomidine in the Intestinal Repair of Burnt Rats. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3197-3206. [PMID: 34285543 PMCID: PMC8286122 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s315952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More and more burn survivors were suffering from varying degrees of damage to the intestinal barrier. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) was frequently used as sedative in more cases, but it was found to have repair effect on intestinal barrier dysfunction recently. This study aimed to explore the potential specific targets of Dex in intestinal barrier repair in burn rats model. Methods Male adult SD rats were used to establish 40% TBSA III degree scald model in our study. The samples were divided into four groups: burn rats (Burn), burn rats with Dex medication (Burn-Dex), sham rats (Sham) and sham rats with Dex medication (Sham-Dex). And plasma FITC-dextran and diamine oxidase (DAO) were detected to determine the intestinal permeability. Differentially expressed proteins were further adopted to protein-protein interaction network analysis, Gene Ontology analysis (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Results It showed that 40% TBSA III degree scald model was successfully constructed. And plasma FITC-dextran and DAO decreased significantly after Dex administration. Additionally, differentially expressed genes Psmb10, Psmb7 among the experimental groups were screened, which were significantly enriched in proteasome and other several pathways. Conclusion The results above suggested that Q4KM35 and Q9JHW0, which are encoded by Psmb10 and Psmb7, respectively, are two possible protein targets of Dex in intestinal barrier repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, 300000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University), Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, 300000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, 300000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxue Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, 300000, People's Republic of China
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21
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Gatekeepers of the Gut: The Roles of Proteasomes at the Gastrointestinal Barrier. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070989. [PMID: 34356615 PMCID: PMC8301830 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelial barrier provides the first line of defense protecting the internal milieu from the environment. To circumvent the exposure to constant challenges such as pathogenic infections and commensal bacteria, epithelial and immune cells at the gut barrier require rapid and efficient means to dynamically sense and respond to stimuli. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of proteolysis in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to the dynamic changes of the conditions in the gut environment. Primarily, proteolytic activities that are involved in immune regulation and inflammation have been examined in the context of the lysosome and inflammasome activation. Yet, the key to cellular and tissue proteostasis is the ubiquitin–proteasome system, which tightly regulates fundamental aspects of inflammatory signaling and protein quality control to provide rapid responses and protect from the accumulation of proteotoxic damage. In this review, we discuss proteasome-dependent regulation of the gut and highlight the pathophysiological consequences of the disarray of proteasomal control in the gut, in the context of aberrant inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis.
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22
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Eslampour E, Ghanadi K, Aghamohammadi V, Kazemi AM, Mohammadi R, Vahid F, Abbasnezhad A. "Association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study". Nutr J 2021; 20:60. [PMID: 34183016 PMCID: PMC8240213 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathophysiology of IBS is not well recognized; however, several studies have shown the possible relationship between diet and risk of IBS. We assessed the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict the risk of IBS. Methods The subjects were 155 IBS cases and 310 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (aged ≥18 years). The participants were recruited from June, 2019 to March, 2020. IBS was recognized using the Rome IV criteria. DII score was computed based on dietary intake using a 168-item FFQ. The DII score was calculated based on energy-adjusted amounts of nutrients using residual method. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable odds ratios (ORs). Results The mean DII score was significantly higher among IBS patients in comparison to healthy controls (0.78 ± 2.22 vs. − 0.39 ± 2.27). In crude model, increase in DII as continuous variable was associated with a significant increase in the risk of IBS (OR (95% CI): 1.26 (1.1–15.38)). Furthermore, the association remained significant even after adjusting for age and sex (OR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.1–17.41)) and after multivariate adjustment (OR (95% CI): 1.38 (1.2–1.56)). In crude, age and sex adjusted and multivariate-adjusted models subjects in fourth quartile of DII had higher OR in comparison to subjects in first quartile. Conclusions This study showed a possible positive association between a pro-inflammatory diet and the risk of IBS. Thus, encouraging intake of more anti-inflammatory dietary factors and reducing intake of pro-inflammatory factors may be a strategy for reducing risk of IBS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-021-00721-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Eslampour
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Koroush Ghanadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Moayed Kazemi
- Razi Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Vahid
- Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Amir Abbasnezhad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 6813833946, Goledasht Blvd, Khorramabad, Iran.
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23
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Mahurkar-Joshi S, Rankin CR, Videlock EJ, Soroosh A, Verma A, Khandadash A, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA, Chang L. The Colonic Mucosal MicroRNAs, MicroRNA-219a-5p, and MicroRNA-338-3p Are Downregulated in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Are Associated With Barrier Function and MAPK Signaling. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2409-2422.e19. [PMID: 33617890 PMCID: PMC8169529 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) and in the intestinal barrier are putative risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to identify differentially expressed colonic mucosal miRNAs, their targets in IBS compared to healthy controls (HCs), and putative downstream pathways. METHODS Twenty-nine IBS patients (15 IBS with constipation [IBS-C], 14 IBS with diarrhea [IBS-D]), and 15 age-matched HCs underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsies. A nCounter array was used to assess biopsy specimen-associated miRNA levels. A false discovery rate (FDR) < 10% was considered significant. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to validate differentially expressed genes. To assess barrier function, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and dextran flux assays were performed on Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells that were transfected with miRNA-inhibitors or control inhibitors. Protein expression of barrier function associated genes was confirmed using western blots. RESULTS Four out of 247 miRNAs tested were differentially expressed in IBS compared to HCs (FDR < 10%). Real-time PCR validation suggested decreased levels of miR-219a-5p and miR-338-3p in IBS (P = .026 and P = .004), and IBS-C (P = .02 and P = .06) vs. HCs as the strongest associations. Inhibition of miR-219a-5p resulted in altered expression of proteasome/barrier function genes. Functionally, miR-219a-5p inhibition enhanced the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells as TEER was reduced (25-50%, P < .05) and dextran flux was increased (P < .01). Additionally, inhibition of miR-338-3p in cells caused alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway genes. CONCLUSION Two microRNAs that potentially affect permeability and visceral nociception were identified to be altered in IBS patients. MiR-219a-5p and miR-338-3p potentially alter barrier function and visceral hypersensitivity via neuronal and MAPK signaling and could be therapeutic targets in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Carl Robert Rankin
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Elizabeth Jane Videlock
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Artin Soroosh
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Abhishek Verma
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Ariela Khandadash
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Lin Chang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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24
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Cheng L, Luo QQ, Chen SL. The role of intestinal mast cell infiltration in irritable bowel syndrome. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:143-151. [PMID: 33511763 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As an essential part of the immune system, mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Accumulating evidence has identified altered MC count and density in intestinal mucosa of patients with IBS; however, conflicting findings yield inconsistent conclusions. Currently, most studies have suggested intestinal MC infiltration in IBS patients. Considering the pivotal role of MCs in IBS, it is necessary to achieve a better understanding about the pathological changes in the intestine. The risk factors for IBS, including dietary habits, psychological factors, infection, and dysbiosis, are implicated to induce intestinal MC infiltration. Mechanistically, food may trigger immune-related allergic reactions and affect the intestinal microbiota activity. Some exogenous pathogens and altered profile of commensal bacteria promote intestinal MC recruitment through promoted release of chemokines from epithelial cells or direct activation of the immune system. In addition, psychological factors may affect the microenvironment where MCs live. MCs have been proven to interact with the enteric neurons and other immunocytes, evidenced by the close proximity of MCs to neurons and regional altered immune system components. A variety of mediators released by the enteric neurons, immunocytes, and MCs per se, such as neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines, and chemokines, may have stimulant effects on MCs by modulating the survival, proliferation, and recruitment process of MCs in the intestine. In this review, the associations between IBS and intestinal MC density and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Qing Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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25
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Hanning N, Edwinson AL, Ceuleers H, Peters SA, De Man JG, Hassett LC, De Winter BY, Grover M. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:1756284821993586. [PMID: 33717210 PMCID: PMC7925957 DOI: 10.1177/1756284821993586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder. Sensory, motor and barrier dysfunctions are the key physiological endophenotypes of IBS. Our aim is to review studies evaluating barrier dysfunction in adults and children with IBS, as well as to link those changes with IBS symptomatology and quality of life. METHODS A comprehensive and systematic review of multiple databases was performed up to March 2020 to identify studies comparing intestinal permeability in IBS patients with healthy controls. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were considered. RESULTS We identified 66 studies, of which 27 used intestinal probes to quantify barrier function. The prevalence of barrier dysfunction differed between PI-IBS (17-50%), IBS-D (37-62%) and IBS-C (4-25%). At a group level, permeability was increased compared with healthy controls in IBS-D (9/13 studies) and PI-IBS (4/4 studies), but only a minority of IBS-C (2/7 studies) and not in the only IBS-M study. All four studies in children with IBS demonstrated loss of barrier function. A heterogeneous set of tight junction genes were found to be altered in small and large intestines of adults with IBS, but these have not been evaluated in children. Positive associations were identified between barrier dysfunction and bowel disturbances (6/9 studies), abdominal pain (9/13 studies), overall symptom severity (1/6 studies), depression and anxiety (1/1 study) and quality of life (1/4 studies). Fecal slurry or supernatants of IBS patients were found to induce barrier disruption in animal models (5/6 studies). CONCLUSIONS Barrier dysfunction is present in a significant proportion of adult and all pediatric IBS studies, especially in the IBS-D and PI-IBS subtype. The majority of studies indicated a positive association between loss of barrier function and symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in the bowel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Hanning
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adam L. Edwinson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hannah Ceuleers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephanie A. Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joris G. De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Jiang Y, Song J, Xu Y, Liu C, Qian W, Bai T, Hou X. Piezo1 regulates intestinal epithelial function by affecting the tight junction protein claudin-1 via the ROCK pathway. Life Sci 2021; 275:119254. [PMID: 33636174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Defective tight junctions (TJs) can induce intestinal epithelial dysfunction, which participates in various diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome. However, the mechanisms of TJ defects remain unclear. Our study revealed the role of Piezo1 in regulating intestinal epithelial function and TJs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 were cultured on Transwell plate to form an epithelial barrier in vitro, and Piezo1 expression was manipulated using a lentivirus vector. Epithelial function was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electronic resistance (TEER) and 4-kDa FITC-dextran (FD4) transmission. TJ proteins (claudin-1, occludin, ZO-1) were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunostaining analysis. Potential signal pathways, including the ROCK and Erk pathways, were detected. Moreover, to explore the regulatory effect of Piezo1 activity on epithelial function, inhibitors (ruthenium red, GsMTx4) and an agonist (Yoda1) were introduced both ex vivo and in vitro. KEY FINDINGS Alteration of Piezo1 expression altered epithelial function and the expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1. Piezo1 expression regulated phosphorylated ROCK1/2 expression, whereas interference on ROCK1/2 prevented the regulation of claudin-1 by Piezo1. In both Caco-2 monolayer and mouse colon epithelium, Piezo1 activity directly modulated epithelial function and permeability. SIGNIFICANCE Piezo1 negatively regulates epithelial barrier function by affecting the expression of claudin-1. Such regulation may be achieved partially via the ROCK1/2 pathway. Moreover, activating Piezo1 can induce epithelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Caiyuan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
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27
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Zhao X, Zeng H, Lei L, Tong X, Yang L, Yang Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Luo L, Huang J, Xiao R, Chen J, Zeng Q. Tight junctions and their regulation by non-coding RNAs. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:712-727. [PMID: 33767583 PMCID: PMC7975691 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) is a “zippering up” junction structure located at the uppermost portion of adjacent epithelial/endothelial cells in organs and tissues. TJs maintain the relative stability of intracellular substances and functions by closing or opening intercellular pathways, coordinating the entry and exit of molecules of different sizes and charges, and regulating the permeability of paracellular barrier. TJs also prevent microbial invasion, maintain epithelial/endothelial cell polarity, and regulate cell proliferation. TJs are widely present in the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers, intestinal epithelial barrier, glomerular filtration barrier, bladder epithelial barrier, blood-brain barrier, brain-blood tumor barrier, and blood-testis barrier. TJ dysfunction in different organs can lead to a variety of diseases. In addition to signal pathways, transcription factors, DNA methylation, histone modification, TJ proteins can also be regulated by a variety of non-coding RNAs, such as micro-RNAs, long-noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, directly or indirectly. This review summarizes the structure of TJs and introduces the functions and regulatory mechanisms of TJs in different organs and tissues. The roles and mechanisms of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of TJs are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yuehua Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yuehua Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yuehua Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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28
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Choo J, Heo G, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Posttranslational modifications as therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105412. [PMID: 33412276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of biological processes are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage, control diverse physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a better understanding of their implications in intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and colorectal cancer would provide a basis for the identification of novel biomarkers as well as attractive therapeutic targets. Posttranslational modifications can be common denominators, as well as distinct biomarkers, characterizing pathological differences of various intestinal diseases. This review provides experimental evidence that identifies changes in posttranslational modifications from patient samples, primary cells, or cell lines in intestinal disorders, and a summary of carefully selected information on the use of pharmacological modulators of protein modifications as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Bellini M, Berti G, Bonfrate L, Ciranni F, Di Ciaula A, Di Ruscio M, Dell’Era A, Lambiase C, Noto A, Pancetti A, Portincasa P, Rettura F. Use of GELSECTAN ® in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): an Italian Experience. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:1763-1774. [PMID: 34413634 PMCID: PMC8370582 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s318859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent chronic abdominal pain and impaired bowel habits, which affects daily activity and work productivity, and is associated with a significant healthcare economic burden as well as an impaired quality of life and psycho-affective profile. Management of patients is a great challenge for physicians; at the present, the therapeutic strategy aimed to treat the different symptoms, and no medical therapy is proven to modify the natural history of the disease. GELSECTAN® (xyloglucan, pea protein and tannins, xylo-oligosaccharides) is a medical device with both protective and prebiotic actions on the intestinal mucosa, able to restore intestinal permeability and to improve gastrointestinal symptoms, controlling diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloating in adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome. We report and discuss four cases of different patients with irritable bowel syndrome successfully managed with Gelsectan in the real clinical practice. Literature data, as well as these case reports, show that this device is effective and safe in improving symptoms and bowel habits associated to irritable bowel syndrome; its efficacy and safety were confirmed for the long-term use too. Agents with film-forming protective properties, such as Gelsectan, represent a new alternative therapeutic option for the management of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bellini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ginevra Berti
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Flavia Ciranni
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mirko Di Ruscio
- IBD Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dell’Era
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit – ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Lambiase
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonino Noto
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Pancetti
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Rettura
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Francesco Rettura Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyTel +39 50 997411Fax +39 50 997412 Email
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Kumari MV, Amarasiri L, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Functional abdominal pain disorders and asthma: two disorders, but similar pathophysiology? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:9-24. [PMID: 32909837 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1821652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) and asthma are common ailments affecting both children and adults worldwide. Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between these two disorders. However, the exact reason for this observed association is not apparent. AREAS COVERED The current review has explored available literature and outlined multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, common to both asthma and FAPDs, as possible reasons for this association. EXPERT OPINION Smooth muscle dysfunction, hypersensitivity and hyper-responsiveness, mucosal inflammation, and barrier dysfunction involving gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms described for the generation of symptoms in FAPDs and asthma. In addition, alterations in neuroendocrine regulatory functions, immunological dysfunction, and microbial dysbiosis have been described in both disorders. We believe that the pathophysiological processes that were explored in this article would be able to expand the mechanisms of the association. The in-depth knowledge is needed to be converted to therapeutic and preventive strategies to improve the quality of care of children suffering from FAPDs and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori Vijaya Kumari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka , Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Lakmali Amarasiri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Carco C, Young W, Gearry RB, Talley NJ, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Increasing Evidence That Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Have a Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:468. [PMID: 33014892 PMCID: PMC7509092 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors most of the microbial cells inhabiting the body, collectively known as the microbiota. These microbes have several implications for the maintenance of structural integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, metabolism of nutrients, and protection against pathogens. Dysfunctions in these mechanisms are linked to a range of conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, including functional gastrointestinal disorders, ranging from irritable bowel syndrome, to functional constipation and functional diarrhea. Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by chronic abdominal pain with changes in bowel habit in the absence of morphological changes. Despite the high prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the global population, the mechanisms responsible for this condition are poorly understood. Although alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota, low-grade inflammation and immune activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders, there is inconsistency between studies and a lack of consensus on what the exact role of the microbiota is, and how changes to it relate to these conditions. The complex interplay between host factors, such as microbial dysbiosis, immune activation, impaired epithelial barrier function and motility, and environmental factors, including diet, will be considered in this narrative review of the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Carco
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard B Gearry
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Martínez C, Lasitschka F, Thöni C, Wohlfarth C, Braun A, Granzow M, Röth R, Dizdar V, Rappold GA, Hausken T, Langeland N, Hanevik K, Niesler B. Comparative expression profiling in the intestine of patients with Giardia-induced postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13868. [PMID: 32391639 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Giardia outbreak in Bergen, Norway, caused postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGIDs). Despite the devastating effects of this outbreak, it presented a unique chance to investigate the implication on the dysregulation of genetic pathways in PI-FGID. METHODS We performed the first comparative expression profiling of miRNAs and their potential target genes in microdissected rectal biopsies from 20 Giardia-induced PI-FGID patients vs 18 healthy controls by nCounter analysis. Subsequently, candidates were validated on protein level by immunostaining. KEY RESULTS miRNA profiling on rectal biopsy samples from 5 diarrhea-predominant PI-IBS cases compared to 10 healthy controls revealed differential expression in the epithelial layer. The top five regulated miRNAs were implicated in GI disease, inflammatory response, and immunological disease. Subsequently, these miRNAs and 100 potential mRNA targets were examined in 20 PI-FGID cases and 18 healthy controls in both the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. Although deregulation of the selected miRNAs could not be verified in the larger sample set, mRNAs involved in barrier function were downregulated in the epithelium. Pro-inflammatory genes and genes implicated in epigenetic modifications were upregulated in the lamina propria. Immunostaining for selected candidates on 17 PI-FGID cases and 16 healthy controls revealed increased tryptase levels as well as a decreased and aberrant subcellular expression of occludin. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Genes relevant to immune and barrier function as well as stress response and epigenetic modulation are differentially expressed in PI-FGIDs and may contribute to disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.,Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) Research Network Europe, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Thöni
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Wohlfarth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Braun
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility Heidelberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vernesa Dizdar
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility Heidelberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) Research Network Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) Research Network Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) Research Network Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, National Advisory Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) Research Network Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility Heidelberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
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Intestinal permeability in participants with thermal injury: A case series from a prospective, longitudinal study (HESTIA). BURNS OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burnso.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Theodorou V, Beaufrand C, Yvon S, Laforge G, Burmeister Y, Müller A, Seilheimer B, Bueno L, Eutamene H. The multicomponent medication Spascupreel attenuates stress-induced gut dysfunction in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13798. [PMID: 32059072 PMCID: PMC7217055 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain/discomfort and changes in bowel habits. Due to the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneity of IBS patients, appropriate treatment of IBS is still a challenge. Spascupreel (SP-11), as a multicomponent medication, has the potential to modulate multiple pathophysiological pathways simultaneously. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of oral SP-11 treatment on stress-induced changes of peripheral and central functions in a rat model mimicking human IBS. METHODS Naïve Wistar rats were treated with SP-11 (0.9 tab/kg) or NaCl 0.9% by oral gavage for 4 days before 2-hour partial restraint stress (PRS) procedure. Twenty minutes after PRS, central and peripheral stress-induced changes affecting IBS were assessed. These include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response through plasma ACTH and corticosterone measurements, visceral pain in response to colorectal distension, gut permeability, colonic mast cell number, and sensitization as well as gut transit time. RESULTS Treatment with SP-11 reduced the HPA axis activation in response to PRS. At the gut level, a reduction in colonic hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, a normalization of gut transit time acceleration, a reduced mast cell sensitization, and a trend toward reduced gut hyperpermeability were observed. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that stress-induced IBS signs can be reduced using SP-11 in rats. The observed effects and the good tolerability of the drug make SP-11 an innovative candidate in the management of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilia Theodorou
- INRAToxAlimUMR 1331Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Nutrition GroupENVTINP‐PurpanUPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Catherine Beaufrand
- INRAToxAlimUMR 1331Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Nutrition GroupENVTINP‐PurpanUPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Sophie Yvon
- INRAToxAlimUMR 1331Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Nutrition GroupENVTINP‐PurpanUPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Guylaine Laforge
- INRAToxAlimUMR 1331Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Nutrition GroupENVTINP‐PurpanUPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - Helene Eutamene
- INRAToxAlimUMR 1331Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Nutrition GroupENVTINP‐PurpanUPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
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Bahlouli W, Breton J, Lelouard M, L'Huillier C, Tirelle P, Salameh E, Amamou A, Atmani K, Goichon A, Bôle-Feysot C, Ducrotté P, Ribet D, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is exacerbated during diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108382. [PMID: 32417626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two major public health issues. Interestingly previous data report a marked increase of IBS prevalence in morbid obese subjects compared with non-obese subjects but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Obesity and IBS share common intestinal pathophysiological mechanisms such as gut dysbiosis, intestinal hyperpermeability and low-grade inflammatory response. We thus aimed to evaluate the link between obesity and IBS using different animal models. Male C57Bl/6 mice received high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and were then submitted to water avoidance stress (WAS). In response to WAS, HFD mice exhibited higher intestinal permeability and plasma corticosterone concentration than non-obese mice. We were not able to reproduce a similar response both in ob/ob mice and in leptin-treated non-obese mice. In addition, metformin, a hypoglycemic agent, limited fasting glycaemia both in unstressed and WAS diet-induced obese mice but only partially restored colonic permeability in unstressed HFD mice. Metformin failed to improve intestinal permeability in WAS HFD mice. Finally, cecal microbiota transplantation from HFD mice in antibiotics-treated recipient mice did not reproduce the effects observed in stressed HFD mice. In conclusion, stress induced a more marked intestinal barrier dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice compared with non-obese mice that seems to be independent of leptin, glycaemia and gut microbiota. These data should be further confirmed and the role of the dietary composition should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bahlouli
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Mauranne Lelouard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Clément L'Huillier
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Pauline Tirelle
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Emmeline Salameh
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Asma Amamou
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Karim Atmani
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bôle-Feysot
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Ducrotté
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
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Lee JY, Kim N, Park JH, Nam RH, Lee SM, Song CH, Kim G, Na HY, Choi YJ, Kim JJ, Lee DH. Expression of Neurotrophic Factors, Tight Junction Proteins, and Cytokines According to the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtype and Sex. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26:106-116. [PMID: 31623029 PMCID: PMC6955198 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Emerging evidence shows that the mechanism of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with neurotrophic factors and tight junction proteins (TJPs). It is known that there are sex differences in the pathophysiology of IBS. The aim of the present study is to determine expression levels of neurotrophic factors, TJPs, and cytokines according to IBS subtype and sex. Methods From 59 IBS (33 IBS-constipation, 21 IBS-diarrhea, and 5 IBS-mixed) and 36 control patients, colonic mucosa mRNA expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and various TJPs were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was performed to determine levels of zonular occludens-1 (ZO-1). Serum levels of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results TRPV1, GDNF, and NGF mRNA levels were significantly increased in those with IBS-constipation compared to those in controls (all P < 0.05). However, they showed no significant difference between those with IBS-diarrhea and controls. Expression level of TRPV1 correlated with that of GDNF (r = 0.741, P < 0.001) and NGF (r = 0.935, P < 0.001). ZO-1 RNA expression levels were lower (P = 0.021) in female IBS-diarrhea than those in controls, although they showed no significant differences between male IBS-diarrhea and controls. Serum IL-1β levels in female IBS were significantly higher than those of male IBS, especially in IBS-constipation (P < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that neurotrophic factors and IL-1β are closely related to IBS-constipation and that decrease of ZO-1 is an important factor in female with IBS-diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yup Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sun Min Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chin-Hee Song
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Geun Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hee Young Na
- Departments of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Choi
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Edogawa S, Edwinson AL, Peters SA, Chikkamenahalli LL, Sundt WJ, Graves S, Gurunathan SV, Breen-Lyles MK, Johnson S, Dyer RB, Graham RP, Chen J, Kashyap P, Farrugia G, Grover M. Serine proteases as luminal mediators of intestinal barrier dysfunction and symptom severity in IBS. Gut 2020; 69:62-73. [PMID: 30923071 PMCID: PMC6765451 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal lumen contains several proteases. Our aim was to determine the role of faecal proteases in mediating barrier dysfunction and symptoms in IBS. DESIGN 39 patients with IBS and 25 healthy volunteers completed questionnaires, assessments of in vivo permeability, ex vivo colonic barrier function in Ussing chambers, tight junction (TJ) proteins, ultrastructural morphology and 16 s sequencing of faecal microbiota rRNA. A casein-based assay was used to measure proteolytic activity (PA) in faecal supernatants (FSNs). Colonic barrier function was determined in mice (ex-germ free) humanised with microbial communities associated with different human PA states. RESULTS Patients with IBS had higher faecal PA than healthy volunteers. 8/20 postinfection IBS (PI-IBS) and 3/19 constipation- predominant IBS had high PA (>95th percentile). High-PA patients had more and looser bowel movements, greater symptom severity and higher in vivo and ex vivo colonic permeability. High-PA FSNs increased paracellular permeability, decreased occludin and increased phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) expression. Serine but not cysteine protease inhibitor significantly blocked high-PA FSN effects on barrier. The effects on barrier were diminished by pharmacological or siRNA inhibition of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). Patients with high-PA IBS had lower occludin expression, wider TJs on biopsies and reduced microbial diversity than patients with low PA. Mice humanised with high-PA IBS microbiota had greater in vivo permeability than those with low-PA microbiota. CONCLUSION A subset of patients with IBS, especially in PI-IBS, has substantially high faecal PA, greater symptoms, impaired barrier and reduced microbial diversity. Commensal microbiota affects luminal PA that can influence host barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Edogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adam L Edwinson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Sundt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara Graves
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Johnson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rondell P. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Purna Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence: Madhusudan Grover, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: 507-284-2478, Fax: 507-266-0350,
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Sundin J, Nordlander S, Eutamene H, Alquier-Bacquie V, Cartier C, Theodorou V, Le Nevé B, Törnblom H, Simrén M, Öhman L. Colonic mast cell numbers, symptom profile, and mucosal expression of elements of the epithelial barrier in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13701. [PMID: 31518490 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine whether patients with IBS displayed altered mucosal mast cell (MC) numbers and proportions of MCs co-localizing with nerves compared with healthy subjects (HS) and whether these MC characteristics correlated with IBS symptoms, elements of the epithelial barrier, or visceral sensitivity. METHODS Mucosal MC characteristics were determined using immunoassay. IBS symptoms, gene expression of elements of the epithelial barrier, fecal serine protease activity, and visceral sensitivity were assessed. KEY RESULTS The MC numbers per mm2 were 2.0 (0.0-6.0) in patients with IBS (n = 43) and 3.5 (1.1-9.1) in HS (n = 20, P = .26). Of these, MCs were 0.0 (0.0-20) % vs 3.1 (0.0-18) % (P = .76) in IBS and HS, respectively, in co-localization with nerve fibers. MC characteristics were equivalent in the different IBS subtypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified two distinct groups among patients with IBS: MC high (higher MC numbers and proportions of MCs co-localizing with nerves) and MC low (lower MC numbers and proportions of MCs co-localizing with nerves). The MC high and MC low groups could not be discriminated with regard to IBS symptoms, parameters of visceral sensitivity, gene expression of elements of the epithelial barrier, and fecal protease activity. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES There was no evidence of increased infiltration or altered localization of MCs in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBS. These MC characteristics were not linked to global IBS symptoms or mucosal expression of elements of the epithelial barrier. These findings indicate that quantity and location of mucosal MCs are factors not involved in the pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sundin
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nordlander
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Eutamene
- Neuro-Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Valerie Alquier-Bacquie
- Neuro-Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Endocrinology & Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier Group, UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Neuro-Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Boris Le Nevé
- Danone Nutricia Research, Innovation, Science and Nutrition, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Person-Centred Care, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Person-Centred Care, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lena Öhman
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hadjivasilis A, Tsioutis C, Michalinos A, Ntourakis D, Christodoulou DK, Agouridis AP. New insights into irritable bowel syndrome: from pathophysiology to treatment. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32:554-564. [PMID: 31700231 PMCID: PMC6826071 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2019.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common reason to visit a gastroenterologist. IBS was believed to be a functional disease, but many possible pathophysiologic mechanisms can now explain the symptoms. IBS patients are classified into subtypes according to their predominant bowel habit, based on the Rome IV criteria. These include diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant IBS, as well as the mixed type, a combination of the two. Usually, IBS treatment is based on the predominant symptoms, with many options for each subtype. A new promising treatment option, fecal microbiota transplantation, seems to have beneficial effects on IBS. However, treating the pathophysiological causative agent responsible for the symptoms is an emerging approach. Therefore, before the appropriate therapeutic option is chosen for treating IBS, a clinical evaluation of its pathophysiology should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hadjivasilis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Constantinos Tsioutis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Adamantios Michalinos
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Dimitrios Ntourakis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Dimitrios K. Christodoulou)
| | - Aris P Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
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Hou Q, Zhu S, Zhang C, Huang Y, Guo Y, Li P, Chen X, Wen Y, Han Q, Liu F. Berberine improves intestinal epithelial tight junctions by upregulating A20 expression in IBS-D mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109206. [PMID: 31306972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate effects of berberine exerts on A20 expression and regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junctions via the TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D). C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and A20 IEC-KO mice (48 each) were randomly divided into normal control (NC), model control (MC), rifaximin and berberine groups (12 mice per group). An experimental model of IBS-D was established using 4% acetic acid and evaluated by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. rifaximin and berberine mice were treated with rifaximin and berberine, respectively. Intestinal epithelial space of WT berberine mice improved more than A20 IEC-KO berberine mice compared to MC mice. WT berberine mice exhibited greater expression of A20 compared with MC mice(P < 0.01). TNF-α, NF-kB p65, MLCK, MLC, TRAF6 and RIP1 levels in A20 IEC-KO and WT berberine mice were all decreased compared to MC mice(P all<0.05). NF-κB p65, MLCK and TRAF6 levels were increased in A20 IEC-KO berberine mice as compared to WT berberine mice (P all<0.05). Intestinal epithelial levels of occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 and F-actin increased in all berberine mice (P all<0.01-0.05), while occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 levels were lower in A20 IEC-KO berberine mice(P < 0.05). Berberine downregulates abnormal activation of the TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway by upregulating expression of A20 in a mouse model of IBS-D, thereby protecting intestinal epithelial tight junctions and repairing the damage IBS-D causes to the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuke Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuilian Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Changrong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Inernational Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Statistics, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Pardo-Camacho C, Santos J, Martínez C. Mucosal RNA and protein expression as the next frontier in IBS: abnormal function despite morphologically intact small intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G701-G719. [PMID: 30767681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00186.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the commonest gastrointestinal disorders. Although long-time considered a pure functional disorder, intense research in past years has rendered a very complex and varied array of observations indicating the presence of structural and molecular abnormalities underlying characteristic motor and sensitive changes and clinical manifestations. Analysis of gene and protein expression in the intestinal mucosa has shed light on the molecular mechanisms implicated in IBS physiopathology. This analysis uncovers constitutive and inductive genetic and epigenetic marks in the small and large intestine that highlight the role of epithelial barrier, immune activation, and mucosal processing of foods and toxins and several new molecular pathways in the origin of IBS. The incorporation of innovative high-throughput techniques into IBS research is beginning to provide new insights into highly structured and interconnected molecular mechanisms modulating gene and protein expression at tissue level. Integration and correlation of these molecular mechanisms with clinical and environmental data applying systems biology/medicine and data mining tools emerge as crucial steps that will allow us to get meaningful and more definitive comprehension of IBS-detailed development and show the real mechanisms and causality of the disease and the way to identify more specific diagnostic biomarkers and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kotska Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cristina Pardo-Camacho
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina) , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina) , Barcelona , Spain
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Li Y, Yang T, Yao Q, Li S, Fang E, Li Y, Liu C, Li W. Metformin prevents colonic barrier dysfunction by inhibiting mast cell activation in maternal separation-induced IBS-like rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13556. [PMID: 30740845 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiologic factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Metformin improves intestinal barrier function, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully explained. This study evaluates the protective effect of metformin on colonic barrier integrity and explores the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS IBS-like rats were induced by maternal separation. Metformin was administered daily by gavage at 08:30, and rat pups were then separated from their mother. Visceral hyperalgesia and depression-like behaviors were evaluated by colorectal distension, sucrose preference tests, and forced swimming tests. Intestinal integrity was analyzed using sugar probes and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory factors and the levels of corticotropin-releasing factor were assessed by PCR and ELISA. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Protein expression and localization were determined using Western blot and immunochemistry. KEY RESULTS Metformin pretreatment (a) reduced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, immobility time and enhanced sucrose consumption; (b) decreased urine lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucralose output; (c) inhibited the dilation of tight junction and prevented claudin-4 translocation; (d) inhibited mast cell activation and downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-18, tryptase, PAR-2, and ERK activation; (e) inhibited claudin-4 phosphorylation at serine sites and interactions between clau-4 and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Metformin may block mast cell activation to reduce PAR-2 expression and subsequently inhibit ERK activation and clau-4 phosphorylation at serine sites to normalize the interaction of clau-4 and ZO-1 and clau-4 distribution. Metformin may be clinically beneficial for patients with IBS or IBS-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Songsong Li
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - En Fang
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Edwinson AL, Grover M. Measurement of novel intestinal secretory and barrier pathways and effects of proteases. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13547. [PMID: 30843358 PMCID: PMC6407641 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in conjunction with the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in mediating solute absorption and secretion. A dysregulated ionic movement across the epithelium can result in GI diseases that manifest as either watery diarrhea or constipation. Hirschsprung disease is an example of an ENS disorder characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in distal gut resulting in obstructive phenotype. Receptor rearranged during transfection (RET) gene variants are the most commonly recognized genetic associations with Hirschsprung disease. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Russell et al demonstrate that RET mediates colonic ion transport through modulation of cholinergic nerves. They go on to show inhibition of RET can attenuate accelerated transit in a rat model. Normalizing secretory and absorptive defects has been an attractive therapeutic strategy. In addition to the intrinsic regulation of secretory processes, luminal mediators like bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and proteases can affect both secretion and barrier function of the intestinal epithelium. Elevated levels of proteases have been identified in a wide range of GI diseases including irritable bowel syndrome. Proteases are known to cause visceral hypersensitivity and barrier disruption in vitro and in animal models. The goals of this review are to describe fundamental concepts related to intestinal epithelial secretion, the utility of Ussing chambers to measure ionic mechanisms and to discuss examples of novel signaling pathways; namely the RET signaling cascade in secretomotor neurons and effects of luminal proteases on barrier and ionic secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Edwinson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence: Madhusudan Grover, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: 507-284-2478, Fax: 507-266-0350,
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Goichon A, Bahlouli W, Ghouzali I, Chan P, Vaudry D, Déchelotte P, Ducrotté P, Coëffier M. Colonic Proteome Signature in Immunoproteasome-Deficient Stressed Mice and Its Relevance for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:478-492. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goichon
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
| | - Wafa Bahlouli
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
| | - Ibtissem Ghouzali
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Platform in proteomics PISSARO, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76821, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Platform in proteomics PISSARO, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76821, France
- INSERM unit 1239, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76821, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031, France
| | - Philippe Ducrotté
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Gastroenterology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- INSERM unit 1073, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, 22 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, F-76183, France
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031, France
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Mucosal permeability and mast cells as targets for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:66-71. [PMID: 30216901 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to harmful luminal content, and uptake is closely controlled and regulated by neuro-immune factors. If control is broken, it might lead to ongoing enhanced mucosal permeability, potentially resulting in functional gastrointestinal disorders. The importance of mast cells in the regulation of the mucosal barrier has become obvious, and increased numbers and more activated mast cells have been observed in irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. To target the disturbed mucosal permeability, directly or via mast cells, is therefore currently of major interest. For example, administration of mast cell stabilizers and probiotics have shown promising effects in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 Improved Expression of Genes of Tight Junction Proteins via the MLCK Pathway in IPEC-1 Cells during Infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6434910. [PMID: 30210262 PMCID: PMC6120278 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6434910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier damage disrupts immune homeostasis and leads to many intestinal disorders. Lactobacillus reuteri strains have probiotic functions in their modulation of the microbiota and immune system in intestines. In this study, the effects of L. reuteri LR1, a new strain isolated from the feces of weaning piglets, on intestinal epithelial barrier damage in IPEC-1 cells caused by challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 were examined. It was found that L. reuteri LR1, in large part, offset the ETEC K88-induced increase in permeability of IPEC-1 cell monolayers and decreased the adhesion and invasion of the coliform in IPEC-1 cells. In addition, L. reuteri LR1 increased transcript abundance and protein contents of tight junction (TJ) proteins zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in ETEC K88-infected IPEC-1 cells, whereas it had no effects on claudin-1 and F-actin expression. Using colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy, these effects of L. reuteri LR1 on ZO-1 and occludin content in IPEC-1 cells were confirmed. By using ML-7, a selective inhibitor of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), the beneficial effect of L. reuteri LR1 on contents of ZO-1 and occludin was shown to be dependent on the MLCK pathway. In conclusion, L. reuteri LR1 had beneficial effects on epithelial barrier function consistent with increasing ZO-1 and occludin expression via a MLCK-dependent manner in IPEC-1 cells during challenge with ETEC K88.
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Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30115904 PMCID: PMC6095905 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a specialized organ in which dynamic interactions between host cells and the complex environment occur in addition to food digestion. Together with the chemical barrier of the mucosal layer and the cellular immune system, the epithelial cell layer performs a pivotal role as the first physical barrier against external factors and maintains a symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. The tight junction proteins, including occludin, claudins, and zonula occludens, are crucial for the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. To allow the transport of essential molecules and restrict harmful substances, the intracellular signaling transduction system and a number of extracellular stimuli such as cytokines, small GTPases, and post-translational modifications dynamically modulate the tight junction protein complexes. An imbalance in these regulations leads to compromised barrier integrity and is linked with pathological conditions. Despite the obscurity of the causal relationship, the loss of barrier integrity is considered to contribute to inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and metabolic disorders. The elucidation of the role of diseases in barrier integrity and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have improved our understanding of the intestinal barrier to allow the development of novel and potent therapeutic approaches. A better understanding of how the cells that line the inside of the intestines allow nutrients in, while keeping harmful substances and pathogens out could lead to new therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and other conditions. A team from South Korea led by Sung Ho Ryu from Pohang University of Science and Technology review the regulatory mechanisms that help maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier. They discuss the role of tight junction proteins in forming a seal between adjacent cells and the various signaling pathways that loosen or tighten these junctions to enable limited transport. Loss of barrier integrity because of genetics, gut microbes, auto-immunity, diet, or other factors is often implicated in disease, and restoring barrier function with drugs or probiotics could help ameliorate many health problems.
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Jung HK, Talley NJ. Role of the Duodenum in the Pathogenesis of Functional Dyspepsia: A Paradigm Shift. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:345-354. [PMID: 29791992 PMCID: PMC6034675 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder characterized by chronic epigastric pain or burning, or bothersome postprandial fullness or early satiation, without a definitive organic cause. The pathogenesis of FD is likely heterogeneous. Classically, motor disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, and brain-gut interactions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of FD, but recently an important role for chronic low-grade inflammation and infection in FD has been reported and confirmed. Duodenal low-grade inflammation is frequently observed in FD in those with and without documented previous gastroenteritis. Duodenal eosinophils and in some cases mast cells may together or separately play a key role, and immune activation (eg, circulating homing small intestinal T cells) has been observed in FD. Low-grade intestinal inflammation in patients with FD may provoke impairment in motor-sensory abnormalities along the gastrointestinal neural axis. Among FD patients, the risk of developing dyspeptic symptoms after a bout of gastroenteritis is 2.54 (95% CI, 1.76–3.65) at more than 6 months after acute gastroenteritis. Gut host and microbial interactions are likely important, and emerging data demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative changes of duodenal mucosal and fecal microbiota in FD. Food antigens (eg, wheat proteins) may also play a role in inducing duodenal inflammation and dyspepsia. While causation is not established, the hypothesis that FD is a disorder of microscopic small intestinal inflammation in a major subset is gaining acceptance, opening the possibility of novel treatment approaches that may be able to alter the natural history of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S. Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Current knowledge, challenges and opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2211-2235. [PMID: 29881232 PMCID: PMC5989237 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i21.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and troublesome disorder in children with an increasing prevalence noted during the past two decades. It has a significant effect on the lives of affected children and their families and poses a significant burden on healthcare systems. Standard symptom-based criteria for diagnosis of pediatric IBS have changed several times during the past two decades and there are some differences in interpreting symptoms between different cultures. This has posed a problem when using them to diagnose IBS in clinical practice. A number of potential patho-physiological mechanisms have been described, but so far the exact underlying etiology of IBS is unclear. A few potential therapeutic modalities have been tested in children and only a small number of them have shown some benefit. In addition, most of the described patho-physiological mechanisms and treatment options are based on adult studies. These have surfaced as challenges when dealing with pediatric IBS and they need to be overcome for effective management of children with IBS. Recently suggested top-down and bottom-up models help integrating reported patho-physiological mechanisms and will provide an opportunity for better understanding of the diseases process. Treatment trials targeting single treatment modalities are unlikely to have clinically meaningful therapeutic effects on IBS with multiple integrating patho-physiologies. Trials focusing on multiple combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are likely to yield more benefit. In addition to treatment, in the future, attention should be paid for possible prevention strategies for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaman Rajindrajith
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
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Rajindrajith S, Zeevenhooven J, Devanarayana NM, Perera BJC, Benninga MA. Functional abdominal pain disorders in children. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:369-390. [PMID: 29406791 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1438188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain is a common problem in pediatric practice. The majority of cases fulfill the Rome IV criteria for functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). At times, these disorders may lead to rather serious repercussions. Area covered: We have attempted to cover current knowledge on epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors related to pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management of children with FAPDs. Expert commentary: FAPDs are a worldwide problem with a pooled prevalence of 13.5%. There are a number of predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms including stressful events, child maltreatment, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gastrointestinal motility and change in intestinal microbiota. It is possible that the environmental risk factors intricately interact with genes through epigenetic mechanisms to contribute to the pathophysiology. The diagnosis mainly depends on clinical evaluation. Commonly used pharmacological interventions do not play a major role in relieving symptoms. Centrally directed, nonpharmacological interventions such as hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy have shown both short and long term efficacy in relieving pain in children with FAPDs. However, these interventions are time consuming and need specially trained staff and therefore, not currently available at grass root level. Clinicians and researchers should join hands in searching for more pragmatic and effective therapeutic modalities to improve overall care of children with FAPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaman Rajindrajith
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Judith Zeevenhooven
- b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma Children, Hospital, Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc A Benninga
- b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma Children, Hospital, Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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