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Vieira Antão A, Oltmanns F, Schmidt A, Viherlehto V, Irrgang P, Rameix-Welti MA, Bayer W, Lapuente D, Tenbusch M. Filling two needs with one deed: a combinatory mucosal vaccine against influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376395. [PMID: 38975350 PMCID: PMC11224462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Virus (IAV) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are both responsible for millions of severe respiratory tract infections every year worldwide. Effective vaccines able to prevent transmission and severe disease, are important measures to reduce the burden for the global health system. Despite the strong systemic immune responses induced upon current parental immunizations, this vaccination strategy fails to promote a robust mucosal immune response. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a mucosal adenoviral vector vaccine to tackle both pathogens simultaneously at their entry site. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with adenoviral vectors (Ad) encoding the influenza-derived proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP), in combination with an Ad encoding for the RSV fusion (F) protein. The mucosal combinatory vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies as well as local IgA responses against both viruses. Moreover, the vaccine elicited pulmonary CD8+ and CD4+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) against the immunodominant epitopes of RSV-F and IAV-NP. Furthermore, the addition of Ad-TGFβ or Ad-CCL17 as mucosal adjuvant enhanced the formation of functional CD8+ TRM responses against the conserved IAV-NP. Consequently, the combinatory vaccine not only provided protection against subsequent infections with RSV, but also against heterosubtypic challenges with pH1N1 or H3N2 strains. In conclusion, we present here a potent combinatory vaccine for mucosal applications, which provides protection against two of the most relevant respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vieira Antão
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Oltmanns
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Viherlehto
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Irrgang
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay – Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Parsons EL, Kim JS, Malloy AMW. Development of innate and adaptive immunity to RSV in young children. Cell Immunol 2024; 399-400:104824. [PMID: 38615612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Infection of the respiratory tract with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common and occurs repeatedly throughout life with most severe disease occurring at the extremes of age: in young infants and the elderly. Effective anti-viral therapeutics are not available and therefore prevention has been the primary strategy for reducing the disease burden. Our current understanding of respiratory mucosal cell biology and the immune response within the respiratory tract is inadequate to prevent infection caused by a pathogen like RSV that does not disseminate outside of this environment. Gaps in our understanding of the activation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to RSV and the role of age upon infection also limit improvements in the design of therapeutics and vaccines for young infants. However, advancements in structural biology have improved our ability to characterize antibodies against viral proteins and in 2023 the first vaccines for those over 60 years and pregnant women became available, potentially reducing the burden of disease. This review will examine our current understanding of the critical facets of anti-RSV immune responses in infants and young children as well as highlight areas where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jisung S Kim
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Noh HE, Rha MS. Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Respiratory Tract. Pathogens 2024; 13:113. [PMID: 38392851 PMCID: PMC10892713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract, the first-line defense, is constantly exposed to inhaled allergens, pollutants, and pathogens such as respiratory viruses. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract plays a crucial role in the protection against invading respiratory pathogens. Therefore, a better understanding of mucosal immunity in the airways is critical for the development of novel therapeutics and next-generation vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, our knowledge of mucosal immune responses in the airways has expanded. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge regarding the key components of the mucosal immune system in the respiratory tract. In addition, we summarize the host immune responses in the upper and lower airways following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, and discuss the impact of allergic airway inflammation on mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Noh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhou J, Uddback I, Kohlmeier JE, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Vaccine induced memory CD8 + T cells efficiently prevent viral transmission from the respiratory tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1322536. [PMID: 38164135 PMCID: PMC10757911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal immunization eliciting local T-cell memory has been suggested for improved protection against respiratory infections caused by viral variants evading pre-existing antibodies. However, it remains unclear whether T-cell targeted vaccines suffice for prevention of viral transmission and to which extent local immunity is important in this context. Methods To study the impact of T-cell vaccination on the course of viral respiratory infection and in particular the capacity to inhibit viral transmission, we used a mouse model involving natural murine parainfluenza infection with a luciferase encoding virus and an adenovirus based nucleoprotein targeting vaccine. Results and discussion Prior intranasal immunization inducing strong mucosal CD8+ T cell immunity provided an almost immediate shut-down of the incipient infection and completely inhibited contact based viral spreading. If this first line of defense did not operate, as in parentally immunized mice, recirculating T cells participated in accelerated viral control that reduced the intensity of inter-individual transmission. These observations underscore the importance of pursuing the development of mucosal T-cell inducing vaccines for optimal protection of the individual and inhibition of inter-individual transmission (herd immunity), while at the same time explain why induction of a strong systemic T-cell response may still impact viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Uddback
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Bartsch YC, Cizmeci D, Yuan D, Mehta N, Tolboom J, De Paepe E, van Heesbeen R, Sadoff J, Comeaux CA, Heijnen E, Callendret B, Alter G, Bastian AR. Vaccine-induced antibody Fc-effector functions in humans immunized with a combination Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0077123. [PMID: 37902399 PMCID: PMC10688327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00771-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious illness in older adults (i.e., those aged ≥60 years). Because options for RSV prophylaxis and treatment are limited, the prevention of RSV-mediated illness in older adults remains an important unmet medical need. Data from prior studies suggest that Fc-effector functions are important for protection against RSV infection. In this work, we show that the investigational Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine induced Fc-effector functional immune responses in adults aged ≥60 years who were enrolled in a phase 1/2a regimen selection study of Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein. These results demonstrate the breadth of the immune responses induced by the Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roy van Heesbeen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Christy A. Comeaux
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit Callendret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Mitsi E, Diniz MO, Reiné J, Collins AM, Robinson RE, Hyder-Wright A, Farrar M, Liatsikos K, Hamilton J, Onyema O, Urban BC, Solórzano C, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sheehan E, Lambe T, Draper SJ, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Maini MK, Ferreira DM. Respiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6815. [PMID: 37884506 PMCID: PMC10603102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal immunity induced by vaccination is vital for protection from coronavirus infection in animal models. In humans, the capacity of peripheral vaccination to generate sustained immunity in the lung mucosa, and how this is influenced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, is unknown. Here we show using bronchoalveolar lavage samples that donors with history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated. Infection also induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery. Spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunising event. Thus, peripheral vaccination alone does not appear to induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mitsi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan E Robinson
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Hyder-Wright
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Farrar
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Josh Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Onyia Onyema
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Britta C Urban
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Emma Sheehan
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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7
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Lyon De Ana C, Shenoy AT, Barker KA, Arafa EI, Etesami NS, Korkmaz FT, Soucy AM, Breen MP, Martin IMC, Tilton BR, Devarajan P, Crossland NA, Pihl RMF, Goltry WN, Belkina AC, Jones MR, Quinton LJ, Mizgerd JP. GL7 ligand expression defines a novel subset of CD4 + T RM cells in lungs recovered from pneumococcus. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:699-710. [PMID: 37604254 PMCID: PMC10591822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common etiology of bacterial pneumonia, one of the leading causes of death in children and the elderly worldwide. During non-lethal infections with S. pneumoniae, lymphocytes accumulate in the lungs and protect against reinfection with serotype-mismatched strains. Cluster of differentiation CD4+ resident memory T (TRM) cells are known to be crucial for this protection, but the diversity of lung CD4+ TRM cells has yet to be fully delineated. We aimed to identify unique subsets and their contributions to lung immunity. After recovery from pneumococcal infections, we identified a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells defined by the phenotype CD11ahiCD69+GL7+ in mouse lungs. Phenotypic analyses for markers of lymphocyte memory and residence demonstrated that GL7+ T cells are a subset of CD4+ TRM cells. Functional studies revealed that unlike GL7- TRM subsets that were mostly (RAR-related Orphan Receptor gamma T) RORγT+, GL7+ TRM cells exhibited higher levels of (T-box expressed in T cells) T-bet and Gata-3, corresponding with increased synthesis of interferon-γ, interleukin-13, and interleukin-5, inherent to both T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 functions. Thus, we propose that these cells provide novel contributions during pneumococcal pneumonia, serving as important determinants of lung immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lyon De Ana
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anukul T Shenoy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kimberly A Barker
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emad I Arafa
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neelou S Etesami
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filiz T Korkmaz
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia M Soucy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Breen
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian M C Martin
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian R Tilton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Priyadharshini Devarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wesley N Goltry
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Virology, Immunology, & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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8
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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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9
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Ayasoufi K, Wolf DM, Namen SL, Jin F, Tritz ZP, Pfaller CK, Zheng J, Goddery EN, Fain CE, Gulbicki LR, Borchers AL, Reesman RA, Yokanovich LT, Maynes MA, Bamkole MA, Khadka RH, Hansen MJ, Wu LJ, Johnson AJ. Brain resident memory T cells rapidly expand and initiate neuroinflammatory responses following CNS viral infection. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 112:51-76. [PMID: 37236326 PMCID: PMC10527492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of circulating verses tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) to clinical neuropathology is an enduring question due to a lack of mechanistic insights. The prevailing view is TRMs are protective against pathogens in the brain. However, the extent to which antigen-specific TRMs induce neuropathology upon reactivation is understudied. Using the described phenotype of TRMs, we found that brains of naïve mice harbor populations of CD69+ CD103- T cells. Notably, numbers of CD69+ CD103- TRMs rapidly increase following neurological insults of various origins. This TRM expansion precedes infiltration of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells and is due to proliferation of T cells within the brain. We next evaluated the capacity of antigen-specific TRMs in the brain to induce significant neuroinflammation post virus clearance, including infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells, activation of T cells in the brain, microglial activation, and significant blood brain barrier disruption. These neuroinflammatory events were induced by TRMs, as depletion of peripheral T cells or blocking T cell trafficking using FTY720 did not change the neuroinflammatory course. Depletion of all CD8 T cells, however, completely abrogated the neuroinflammatory response. Reactivation of antigen-specific TRMs in the brain also induced profound lymphopenia within the blood compartment. We have therefore determined that antigen-specific TRMs can induce significant neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and peripheral immunosuppression. The use of cognate antigen to reactivate CD8 TRMs enables us to isolate the neuropathologic effects induced by this cell type independently of other branches of immunological memory, differentiating this work from studies employing whole pathogen re-challenge. This study also demonstrates the capacity for CD8 TRMs to contribute to pathology associated with neurodegenerative disorders and long-term complications associated with viral infections. Understanding functions of brain TRMs is crucial in investigating their role in neurodegenerative disorders including MS, CNS cancers, and long-term complications associated with viral infections including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delaney M Wolf
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shelby L Namen
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zachariah P Tritz
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cori E Fain
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Anna L Borchers
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Lila T Yokanovich
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Maynes
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael A Bamkole
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Roman H Khadka
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States.
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10
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Pulkina A, Vasilyev K, Muzhikyan A, Sergeeva M, Romanovskaya-Romanko E, Shurygina AP, Shuklina M, Vasin A, Stukova M, Egorov A. IgGκ Signal Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of an Influenza Vector Vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11445. [PMID: 37511205 PMCID: PMC10380829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination using influenza vectors is a promising approach to developing vaccines against respiratory pathogens due to the activation of the mucosa-associated immune response. However, there is no clear evidence of a vector design that could be considered preferable. To find the optimal structure of an influenza vector with a modified NS genomic segment, we constructed four vector expressing identical transgene sequences inherited from the F protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Two vectors were designed aiming at transgene accumulation in the cytosol. Another two were supplemented with an IgGκ signal peptide prior to the transgene for its extracellular delivery. Surprisingly, adding the IgGκ substantially enhanced the T-cell immune response to the CD8 epitope of the transgene. Moreover, this strategy allowed us to obtain a better protection of mice from the RSV challenge after a single intranasal immunization. Protection was achieved without antibodies, mediated by a balanced T-cell immune response including the formation of the RSV specific effector CD8+ IFNγ+/IL10+-producing cells and the accumulation of Treg cells preventing immunopathology in the lungs of infected mice. In addition to the presented method for optimizing the influenza vector, our results highlight the possibility of achieving protection against RSV through a respiratory-associated T-cell immune response alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pulkina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Vasilyev
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Sergeeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Romanovskaya-Romanko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna-Polina Shurygina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Shuklina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej Egorov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Cheon IS, Son YM, Sun J. Tissue-resident memory T cells and lung immunopathology. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:63-83. [PMID: 37014096 PMCID: PMC10524334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid reaction to microbes invading mucosal tissues is key to protect the host against disease. Respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells provide superior immunity against pathogen infection and/or re-infection, due to their presence at the site of pathogen entry. However, there has been emerging evidence that exuberant TRM -cell responses contribute to the development of various chronic respiratory conditions including pulmonary sequelae post-acute viral infections. In this review, we have described the characteristics of respiratory TRM cells and processes underlying their development and maintenance. We have reviewed TRM -cell protective functions against various respiratory pathogens as well as their pathological activities in chronic lung conditions including post-viral pulmonary sequelae. Furthermore, we have discussed potential mechanisms regulating the pathological activity of TRM cells and proposed therapeutic strategies to alleviate TRM -cell-mediated lung immunopathology. We hope that this review provides insights toward the development of future vaccines or interventions that can harness the superior protective abilities of TRM cells, while minimizing the potential for immunopathology, a particularly important topic in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Su Cheon
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 17546
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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12
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Schmidt A, Paudyal B, Villanueva-Hernández S, Mcnee A, Vatzia E, Carr BV, Schmidt S, Mccarron A, Martini V, Schroedel S, Thirion C, Waters R, Salguero FJ, Gerner W, Tenbusch M, Tchilian E. Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181716. [PMID: 37153548 PMCID: PMC10159270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schmidt
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Mcnee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Selma Schmidt
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Mccarron
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Waters
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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13
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Qin T, Shen B, Li E, Jin S, Luo R, Zhang Y, Qi J, Deng X, Shi Z, Wang T, Zhou Y, Gao Y. MHC class I links with severe pathogenicity in C57BL/6N mice infected with SARS-CoV-2/BMA8. Virol J 2023; 20:75. [PMID: 37081549 PMCID: PMC10116088 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes non-symptomatic infection, mild influenza-like symptoms to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even death, reflecting different clinical symptoms of viral infection. However, the mechanism of its pathogenicity remains unclear. Host-specific traits have a breakthrough significance for studying the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. We previously reported SARS-CoV-2/BMA8, a mouse-adapted strain, was lethal to aged BALB/c mice but not to aged C57BL/6N mice. Here, we further investigate the differences in pathogenicity of BMA8 strain against wild-type aged C57BL/6N and BALB/c mice. METHODS Whole blood and tissues were collected from mice before and after BMA8 strain infection. Viral replication and infectivity were assessed by detection of viral RNA copies and viral titers; the degree of inflammation in mice was tested by whole blood cell count, ELISA and RT-qPCR assays; the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2/BMA8 in mice was measured by Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry; and the immune level of mice was evaluated by flow cytometry to detect the number of CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2/BMA8 strain caused lower pathogenicity and inflammation level in C57BL/6N mice than in BALB/c mice. Interestingly, BALB/c mice whose MHC class I haplotype is H-2Kd showed more severe pathogenicity after infection with BMA8 strain, while blockade of H-2Kb in C57BL/6N mice was also able to cause this phenomenon. Furthermore, H-2Kb inhibition increased the expression of cytokines/chemokines and accelerated the decrease of CD8+ T cells caused by SARS-CoV-2/BMA8 infection. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our work shows that host MHC molecules play a crucial role in the pathogenicity differences of SARS-CoV-2/BMA8 infection. This provides a more profound insight into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, and contributes enlightenment and guidance for controlling the virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- School of life sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Beilei Shen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Song Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
- College of life sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rongbo Luo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jing Qi
- School of life sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiuwen Deng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of life sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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14
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Saeland E, van der Fits L, Bolder R, Heemskerk-van der Meer M, Drijver J, van Polanen Y, Vaneman C, Tettero L, Cox F, Serroyen J, Jorgensen MJ, Langedijk JPM, Schuitemaker H, Callendret B, Zahn RC. Combination Ad26.RSV.preF/preF protein vaccine induces superior protective immunity compared with individual vaccine components in preclinical models. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:45. [PMID: 36949051 PMCID: PMC10033289 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease for which no licensed vaccine is available. We have previously shown that a prefusion (preF) conformation-stabilized RSV F protein antigen and an adenoviral vector encoding RSV preF protein (Ad26.RSV.preF) are immunogenic and protective in animals when administered as single components. Here, we evaluated a combination of the 2 components, administered as a single injection. Strong induction of both humoral and cellular responses was shown in RSV-naïve and pre-exposed mice and pre-exposed African green monkeys (AGMs). Both components of the combination vaccine contributed to humoral immune responses, while the Ad26.RSV.preF component was the main contributor to cellular immune responses in both mice and AGMs. Immunization with the combination elicited superior protection against RSV A2 challenge in cotton rats. These results demonstrate the advantage of a combination vaccine and support further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirikur Saeland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Renske Bolder
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke Drijver
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Freek Cox
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Rosato PC, Lotfi-Emran S, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe S, Quarnstrom CF, Degefu HN, Nedellec R, Schenkel JM, Beura LK, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells trigger rapid exudation and local antibody accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:17-26. [PMID: 36657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sahar Lotfi-Emran
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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16
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Bartsch YC, Cizmeci D, Kang J, Zohar T, Periasamy S, Mehta N, Tolboom J, Van der Fits L, Sadoff J, Comeaux C, Callendret B, Bukreyev A, Lauffenburger DA, Bastian AR, Alter G. Antibody effector functions are associated with protection from respiratory syncytial virus. Cell 2022; 185:4873-4886.e10. [PMID: 36513064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection and death in young infants and the elderly. With no effective prophylactic treatment available, current vaccine candidates aim to elicit neutralizing antibodies. However, binding and neutralization have poorly predicted protection in the past, and accumulating data across epidemiologic cohorts and animal models collectively point to a role for additional antibody Fc-effector functions. To begin to define the humoral correlates of immunity against RSV, here we profiled an adenovirus 26 RSV-preF vaccine-induced humoral immune response in a group of healthy adults that were ultimately challenged with RSV. Protection from infection was linked to opsonophagocytic functions, driven by IgA and differentially glycosylated RSV-specific IgG profiles, marking a functional humoral immune signature of protection against RSV. Furthermore, Fc-modified monoclonal antibodies able to selectively recruit effector functions demonstrated significant antiviral control in a murine model of RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic C Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jaewon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tomer Zohar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jerry Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christy Comeaux
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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17
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Patel A, Kosanovich J, Sansare S, Balmuri S, Sant V, Empey KM, Sant S. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Bioact Mater 2022; 24:124-135. [PMID: 36606255 PMCID: PMC9791695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis among children worldwide, yet there is no vaccine for RSV disease. This study investigates the potential of cube and sphere-shaped cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) to modulate reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and immune cell phenotypes in the presence of RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. Cube and sphere-shaped CNP were synthesized by hydrothermal and ultrasonication methods, respectively. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the shape of sphere and cube CNP and effect of various parameters on their particle size distribution and zeta potential. In vitro results revealed that sphere and cube CNP differentially modulated ROS and RNS levels in J774 macrophages. Specifically, cube CNP significantly reduced RSV-induced ROS levels without affecting RNS levels while sphere CNP increased RSV-induced RNS levels with minimal effect on ROS levels. Cube CNP drove an M1 phenotype in RSV-infected macrophages in vitro by increasing macrophage surface expression of CD80 and CD86 with a concomitant increase in TNFα and IL-12p70, while simultaneously decreasing M2 CD206 expression. Intranasal administration of sphere and cube-CNP were well-tolerated with no observed toxicity in BALB/c mice. Notably, cube CNP preferentially accumulated in murine alveolar macrophages and induced their activation, avoiding enhanced uptake and activation of other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, which are associated with RSV-mediated inflammation. In conclusion, we report that sphere and cube CNP modulate macrophage polarization and innate cellular responses during RSV infection.
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Key Words
- APTES, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage
- BHA, Butylated hydroxyanisole
- Bioactive nanoparticles
- CNP, Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- DLS, Dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Gas6, Growth arrest specific-6
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Immunomodulation
- MFI, Mean fluorescence intensity
- Macrophage phenotypes
- Nanoparticle shape
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- RFU, Relative fluorescence units
- RNS, Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus
- Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TEM, Transmission electron microscopy
- iNOS, Induced nitrous oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jessica Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sameera Sansare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sricharani Balmuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Vinayak Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 3501 Terrace Street, 207 Salk Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh Technology Center, Room 4307, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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18
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Powell TJ, Jacobs A, Tang J, Cardenas E, Palath N, Daniels J, Boyd JG, Bergeron HC, Jorquera PA, Tripp RA. Microparticle RSV Vaccines Presenting the G Protein CX3C Chemokine Motif in the Context of TLR Signaling Induce Protective Th1 Immune Responses and Prevent Pulmonary Eosinophilia Post-Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122078. [PMID: 36560488 PMCID: PMC9785538 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer-by-layer microparticle (LbL-MP) fabrication was used to produce synthetic vaccines presenting a fusion peptide containing RSV G protein CX3C chemokine motif and a CD8 epitope of the RSV matrix protein 2 (GM2) with or without a covalently linked TLR2 agonist (Pam3.GM2). Immunization of BALB/c mice with either GM2 or Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP in the absence of adjuvant elicited G-specific antibody responses and M2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Following challenge with RSV, mice immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine developed a Th2-biased immune response in the lungs with elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and a pulmonary influx of eosinophils. By comparison, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP vaccine had considerably lower to non-detectable levels of the Th2 cytokines and chemokines and very low numbers of eosinophils in the BAL fluid post-RSV challenge. In addition, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP also had higher levels of RSV G-specific IgG2a and IgG2b in the post-challenge BAL fluid compared to those immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine. While both candidates protected mice from infection following challenge, as evidenced by the reduction or elimination of RSV plaques, the inclusion of the TLR2 agonist yielded a more potent antibody response, greater protection, and a clear shift away from Th2/eosinophil responses. Since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccines tested in the 1960s has been hypothesized to be partly due to the ablation of host TLR engagement by the vaccine and inappropriate Th2 responses upon subsequent viral infection, these findings stress the importance of appropriate engagement of the innate immune response during initial exposure to RSV G CX3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Edwin Cardenas
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer Daniels
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Lamichhane P, Schmidt ME, Terhüja M, Varga SM, Snider TA, Rostad CA, Oomens AGP. A live single-cycle RSV vaccine expressing prefusion F protein. Virology 2022; 577:51-64. [PMID: 36306605 PMCID: PMC10104964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines given intranasally have potential to provide comprehensive protection, including lung-resident immunity. It has however proven challenging to impart both sufficient safety and efficacy in a vaccine. To achieve the latter, we used a trans-complementing approach to generate live single-cycle RSV vaccines expressing the prefusion form (preF) of the viral fusion protein (F), either membrane-anchored or secreted. Both viruses were tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response in mice after intranasal prime-boost vaccination. The secreted preF vaccine failed to induce a protective response. The anchored preF vaccine induced anti-preF antibodies and antiviral T cells, and protected mice from lung pathology and viral shedding after challenge. Neither vaccine induced anti-G antibodies, for reasons unknown. In spite of the latter and single-cycle replication, the membrane-anchored preF vaccine was protective and demonstrates potential for development of an efficacious live vaccine with a stable safety phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Megolhubino Terhüja
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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20
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Hassert M, Harty JT. Tissue resident memory T cells- A new benchmark for the induction of vaccine-induced mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039194. [PMID: 36275668 PMCID: PMC9581298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity has been the induction of neutralizing antibodies detectable in the serum of peripheral blood. However, in recent years there has been a new appreciation for the mucosa as an important site for vaccine induced immunity. As a point of first contact, the mucosal tissue represents a major site of immune based detection and restriction of pathogen entry and dissemination. Tissue resident memory T cells (Trm) are one of the critical cell types involved in this early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens. Following tissue-specific infection or vaccination, Trm lodge themselves within tissues and can perform rapid sensing and alarm functions to control local re-infections, in an effort that has been defined as important for restriction of a number of respiratory pathogens including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Despite this characterized importance, only minor attention has been paid to the importance of Trm as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of Trm with particular emphasis on respiratory infections, and to suggest the inclusion of Trm elicitation as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity in animal models, and where possible, human samples.
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21
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Lim JME, Tan AT, Le Bert N, Hang SK, Low JGH, Bertoletti A. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinees induces virus-specific nasal-resident CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of broad specificity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220780. [PMID: 35972472 PMCID: PMC9386509 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid recognition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells by resident T cells in the upper airway might provide an important layer of protection against COVID-19. Whether parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection induces nasal-resident T cells specific for distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins is unknown. We isolated T cells from the nasal mucosa of COVID-19 vaccinees who either experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (n = 34) or not (n = 16) and analyzed their phenotype, SARS-CoV-2 specificity, function, and persistence. Nasal-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected almost exclusively in vaccinees who experienced SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Importantly, the Spike-specific T cells primed by vaccination did not suppress the induction of T cells specific for other SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The nasal-resident T cell responses persisted for ≥140 d, with minimal sign of waning. These data highlight the importance of viral nasal challenge in the formation of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral immunity at the site of primary infection and further define the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ming Er Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anthony Tanoto Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jenny Guek Hong Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Disease, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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22
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Bertoletti A, Le Bert N, Tan AT. Act Early and at the Right Location: SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Kinetics and Tissue Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10679. [PMID: 36142588 PMCID: PMC9505719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages able to escape antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination based on the Spike protein of the Wuhan isolates has reduced the ability of Spike-specific antibodies to protect previously infected or vaccinated individuals from infection. Therefore, the role played by T cells in the containment of viral replication and spread after infection has taken a more central stage. In this brief review, we will discuss the role played by T cells in the protection from COVID-19, with a particular emphasis on the kinetics of the T cell response and its localization at the site of primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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23
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Zhang M, Li N, He Y, Shi T, Jie Z. Pulmonary resident memory T cells in respiratory virus infection and their inspiration on therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943331. [PMID: 36032142 PMCID: PMC9412965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system generates memory cells on infection with a virus for the first time. These memory cells play an essential role in protection against reinfection. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can be generated in situ once attacked by pathogens. TRM cells dominate the defense mechanism during early stages of reinfection and have gradually become one of the most popular focuses in recent years. Here, we mainly reviewed the development and regulation of various TRM cell signaling pathways in the respiratory tract. Moreover, we explored the protective roles of TRM cells in immune response against various respiratory viruses, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza. The complex roles of TRM cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed. Current evidence supports the therapeutic strategies targeting TRM cells, providing more possibilities for treatment. Rational utilization of TRM cells for therapeutics is vital for defense against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Jie,
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24
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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunity 2022; 55:1764-1778. [PMID: 36049482 PMCID: PMC9385766 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increasing ability to evade neutralizing antibodies have emerged. Thus, earlier interest in defining the correlates of protection from infection, mainly mediated by humoral immunity, has shifted to correlates of protection from disease, which require a more comprehensive analysis of both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, we summarized the evidence that supports the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by infection, by vaccination or by their combination (defined as hybrid immunity) in disease protection. We then analyzed the different epidemiological and virological variables that can modify the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and their influence in the possible ability of T cells to protect the host from severe COVID-19 development.
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25
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of studying antiviral immunity within sites of infection to gain insights into mechanisms for immune protection and disease pathology. As SARS-CoV-2 is tropic to the respiratory tract, many studies of airway washes, lymph node aspirates, and postmortem lung tissue have revealed site-specific immune dynamics that are associated with the protection or immunopathology but are not readily observed in circulation. This review summarizes the growing body of work identifying immune processes in tissues and their interplay with immune responses in circulation during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe disease, and memory persistence. Establishment of tissue resident immunity also may have implications for vaccination and the durability of immune memory and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia Davis‐Porada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of SurgeryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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26
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Maier C, Fuchs J, Irrgang P, Wißing MH, Beyerlein J, Tenbusch M, Lapuente D. Mucosal immunization with an adenoviral vector vaccine confers superior protection against RSV compared to natural immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920256. [PMID: 36003372 PMCID: PMC9394428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are the leading cause of severe respiratory illness in early infancy. Although the majority of children and adults mount immune responses against RSV, recurrent infections are frequent throughout life. Humoral and cellular responses contribute to an effective immunity but also their localization at respiratory mucosae is increasingly recognized as an important factor. In the present study, we evaluate a mucosal vaccine based on an adenoviral vector encoding for the RSV fusion protein (Ad-F), and we investigate two genetic adjuvant candidates that encode for Interleukin (IL)-1β and IFN-β promoter stimulator I (IPS-1), respectively. While vaccination with Ad-F alone was immunogenic, the inclusion of Ad-IL-1β increased F-specific mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). Consequently, immunization with Ad-F led to some control of virus replication upon RSV infection, but Ad-F+Ad-IL-1β was the most effective vaccine strategy in limiting viral load and weight loss. Subsequently, we compared the Ad-F+Ad-IL-1β-induced immunity with that provoked by a primary RSV infection. Systemic F-specific antibody responses were higher in immunized than in previously infected mice. However, the primary infection provoked glycoprotein G-specific antibodies as well eventually leading to similar neutralization titers in both groups. In contrast, mucosal antibody levels were low after infection, whereas mucosal immunization raised robust F-specific responses including IgA. Similarly, vaccination generated F-specific TRM more efficiently compared to a primary RSV infection. Although the primary infection resulted in matrix protein 2 (M2)-specific T cells as well, they did not reach levels of F-specific immunity in the vaccinated group. Moreover, the infection-induced T cell response was less biased towards TRM compared to vaccine-induced immunity. Finally, our vaccine candidate provided superior protection against RSV infection compared to a primary infection as indicated by reduced weight loss, virus replication, and tissue damage. In conclusion, our mucosal vaccine candidate Ad-F+Ad-IL-1β elicits stronger mucosal immune responses and a more effective protection against RSV infection than natural immunity generated by a previous infection. Harnessing mucosal immune responses by next-generation vaccines is therefore a promising option to establish effective RSV immunity and thereby tackle a major cause of infant hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Maier
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Irrgang
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jasmin Beyerlein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,*Correspondence: Matthias Tenbusch, ; Dennis Lapuente,
| | - Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,*Correspondence: Matthias Tenbusch, ; Dennis Lapuente,
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27
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Dayananda P, Chiu C, Openshaw P. Controlled Human Infection Challenge Studies with RSV. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35704096 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable momentum in the development of RSV vaccines and therapeutics, there remain substantial barriers to the development and licensing of effective agents, particularly in high-risk populations. The unique immunobiology of RSV and lack of clear protective immunological correlates has held back RSV vaccine development, which, therefore, depends on large and costly clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy. Studies involving the deliberate infection of human volunteers offer an intermediate step between pre-clinical and large-scale studies of natural infection. Human challenge has been used to demonstrate the potential efficacy of vaccines and antivirals while improving our understanding of the protective immunity against RSV infection. Early RSV human infection challenge studies determined the role of routes of administration and size of inoculum on the disease. However, inherent limitations, the use of highly attenuated/laboratory-adapted RSV strains and the continued evolutionary adaptation of RSV limits extrapolation of results to present-day vaccine testing. With advances in technology, it is now possible to perform more detailed investigations of human mucosal immunity against RSV in experimentally infected adults and, more recently, older adults to optimise the design of vaccines and novel therapies. These studies identified defects in RSV-induced humoral and CD8+ T cell immunity that may partly explain susceptibility to recurrent RSV infection. We discuss the insights from human infection challenge models, ethical and logistical considerations, potential benefits, and role in streamlining and accelerating novel antivirals and vaccines against RSV. Finally, we consider how human challenges might be extended to include relevant at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Dayananda
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Peter Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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28
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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29
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Hartwig SM, Miller AM, Varga SM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Provides Protection against a Subsequent Influenza A Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:720-731. [PMID: 35022269 PMCID: PMC8851717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The presence of multiple heterologous virus infections is routinely observed in a subset of individuals screened for the presence of respiratory viruses. However, the impact overlapping infections has on disease severity and the host immune response is not well understood. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) are two of the most common respiratory infections observed in hospitalized patients, particularly in the very young and aged populations. In this study, we examined how the order in which BALB/c mice were infected with both RSV and IAV impacts disease severity. RSV infection prior to an IAV infection was associated with decreased weight loss and increased survival as compared with IAV infection alone. In contrast, IAV infection prior to an RSV infection was associated with similar morbidity and mortality as compared with an IAV infection alone. Our results suggest that the order in which viral infections are acquired plays a critical role in the outcome of disease severity and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M. Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Ann M. Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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30
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Varese A, Nakawesi J, Farias A, Kirsebom FCM, Paulsen M, Nuriev R, Johansson C. Type I interferons and MAVS signaling are necessary for tissue resident memory CD8+ T cell responses to RSV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010272. [PMID: 35108347 PMCID: PMC8843175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in young children and the elderly. Lack of vaccines and recurrence of RSV infection indicate the difficulty in eliciting protective memory immune responses. Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) can confer protection from pathogen re-infection and, in human experimental RSV infection, the presence of lung CD8+ TRM cells correlates with a better outcome. However, the requirements for generating and maintaining lung TRM cells during RSV infection are not fully understood. Here, we use mouse models to assess the impact of innate immune response determinants in the generation and subsequent expansion of the TRM cell pool during RSV infection. We show that CD8+ TRM cells expand independently from systemic CD8+ T cells after RSV re-infection. Re-infected MAVS and MyD88/TRIF deficient mice, lacking key components involved in innate immune recognition of RSV and induction of type I interferons (IFN-α/β), display impaired expansion of CD8+ TRM cells and reduction in antigen specific production of granzyme B and IFN-γ. IFN-α treatment of MAVS deficient mice during primary RSV infection restored TRM cell expansion upon re-challenge but failed to recover TRM cell functionality. Our data reveal how innate immunity, including the axis controlling type I IFN induction, instructs and regulates CD8+ TRM cell responses to RSV infection, suggesting possible mechanisms for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Varese
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Nakawesi
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Farias
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Freja C. M. Kirsebom
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Paulsen
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rinat Nuriev
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Zheng MZM, Wakim LM. Tissue resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:379-388. [PMID: 34671115 PMCID: PMC8526531 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their capacity to rapidly spread across the population, airborne pathogens represent a significant risk to global health. Indeed, several of the past major global pandemics have been instigated by respiratory pathogens. A greater understanding of the immune cells tasked with protecting the airways from infection will allow for the development of strategies that curb the spread and impact of these airborne diseases. A specific subset of memory T-cell resident in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, termed tissue-resident memory (Trm), have been shown to play an instrumental role in local immune responses against a wide breadth of both viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we discuss factors that influence respiratory tract Trm development, longevity, and immune surveillance and explore vaccination regimes that harness these cells, such approaches represent exciting new strategies that may be utilized to tackle the next global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
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32
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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33
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Goletti D, Petrone L, Manissero D, Bertoletti A, Rao S, Ndunda N, Sette A, Nikolayevskyy V. The potential clinical utility of measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific T-cell responses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1784-1789. [PMID: 34256141 PMCID: PMC8272618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are associated with immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although our understanding of the potential role of T-cell responses in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly increasing, more information is still needed. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the role of T-cell immunity in COVID-19, in the context of natural infection and post-vaccination, and discuss the potential utility of measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, drawing on experience of the use of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) in tuberculosis (TB). SOURCES PubMed articles up to 16 April 2021. CONTENT T-cell responses can be detected very early in the course of COVID-19, earlier than the detection of antibody responses, and are correlated with COVID-19 outcome. Lower CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts are markers of more severe disease, longer duration of viral RNA positivity and increased mortality. In line with natural infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination stimulates robust T-cell responses, which probably play an important role in protection; data on long-term T-cell responses are currently limited. The utility of measuring T-cell responses is already well established in both aiding the diagnosis of TB infection using IGRAs, and evaluation of T-cell responses to TB vaccine candidates. A variety of assays have already been developed to measure SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, including IGRAs, intracellular cytokine staining and activation-induced markers. IGRAs based on SARS-CoV-2 antigens can distinguish between convalescent and uninfected healthy blood donors. IMPLICATIONS Simple assays for measuring the quantity and function of T-cell responses may have utility in the prognostication of COVID-19, and for monitoring immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and population-based immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “Lazzaro Spallanzani”–IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Corresponding author: Delia Goletti, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “Lazzaro Spallanzani”–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), “Lazzaro Spallanzani”–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Immunology Network, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Nduku Ndunda
- Former QIAGEN Employee, 2005 Mada Residences, Downtown Dubai, PO Box 50502, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vladyslav Nikolayevskyy
- QIAGEN Manchester Ltd, Manchester, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College, London, UK
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Vaghari-Tabari M, Mohammadzadeh I, Qujeq D, Majidinia M, Alemi F, Younesi S, Mahmoodpoor A, Maleki M, Yousefi B, Asemi Z. Vitamin D in respiratory viral infections: a key immune modulator? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2231-2246. [PMID: 34470511 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1972407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are common respiratory diseases. Influenza viruses, RSV and SARS-COV2 have the potential to cause severe respiratory infections. Numerous studies have shown that unregulated immune response to these viruses can cause excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, regulating the antiviral immune response in the respiratory tract is of importance. In this regard, recent years studies have emphasized the importance of vitamin D in respiratory viral infections. Although, the most well-known role of vitamin D is to regulate the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium, it has been shown that this vitamin has other important functions. One of these functions is immune regulation. Vitamin D can regulate the antiviral immune response in the respiratory tract in order to provide an effective defense against respiratory viral infections and prevention from excessive inflammatory response and tissue damage. In addition, this vitamin has preventive effects against respiratory viral infections. Some studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a higher risk of mortality and sever disease in patients with COVID-19. Since, more attention has recently been focused on vitamin D. In this article, after a brief overview of the antiviral immune response in the respiratory system, we will review the role of vitamin D in regulating the antiviral immune response comprehensively. Then we will discuss the importance of this vitamin in influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- Schoole of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melborne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science and Health Services, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masomeh Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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35
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Considerations for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Targeting an Elderly Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060624. [PMID: 34207770 PMCID: PMC8228432 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most commonly associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. However, RSV also causes a high disease burden in the elderly that is often under recognized. Adults >65 years of age account for an estimated 80,000 RSV-associated hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths in the United States annually. RSV infection in aged individuals can result in more severe disease symptoms including pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Given the large disease burden caused by RSV in the aged, this population remains an important target for vaccine development. Aging results in lowered immune responsiveness characterized by impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity. This immune senescence poses a challenge when developing a vaccine targeting elderly individuals. An RSV vaccine tailored towards an elderly population will need to maximize the immune response elicited in order to overcome age-related defects in the immune system. In this article, we review the hurdles that must be overcome to successfully develop an RSV vaccine for use in the elderly, and discuss the vaccine candidates currently being tested in this highly susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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36
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Thornhill EM, Salpor J, Verhoeven D. Respiratory syntycial virus: Current treatment strategies and vaccine approaches. Antivir Chem Chemother 2021; 28:2040206620947303. [PMID: 32741202 PMCID: PMC7412623 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620947303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is a yearly respiratory virus that causes significant frequencies of morbidities, particularly in the young and elderly populations. However, preventive vaccines and/or treatment therapies are generally lacking, although much attention is now being placed on this virus. Moreover, there are now multiple strategies currently being explored in a race to the first licensed vaccine. While vaccines are being developed, multiple treatment strategies are being explored to attenuate the severity of infection and thus reduce hospitalization rates in vulnerable populations. This review outlines current strategies to prevent or treat this virus in the hopes of reducing significant human morbidity and mortality that occurs yearly with this seasonal virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Margret Thornhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Jessica Salpor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - David Verhoeven
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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37
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LeibundGut-Landmann S. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693055. [PMID: 34113356 PMCID: PMC8185520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are an integral part of the mammalian microbiota colonizing most if not all mucosal surfaces and the skin. Maintaining stable colonization on these surfaces is critical for preventing fungal dysbiosis and infection, which in some cases can lead to life threatening consequences. The epithelial barriers are protected by T cells and additional controlling immune mechanisms. Noncirculating memory T cells that reside stably in barrier tissues play an important role for host protection from commensals and recurrent pathogens due to their fast response and local activity, which provides them a strategic advantage. So far, only a few specific examples of tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) that act against fungi have been reported. This review provides an overview of the characteristics and functional attributes of TRMs that have been established based on human and mouse studies with various microbes. It highlights what is currently known about fungi specific TRMs mediating immunosurveillance, how they have been targeted in preclinical vaccination approaches and how they can promote immunopathology, if not controlled. A better appreciation of the host protective and damaging roles of TRMs might accelerate the development of novel tissue specific preventive strategies against fungal infections and fungi-driven immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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38
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Stephens LM, Ross KA, Waldstein KA, Legge KL, McLellan JS, Narasimhan B, Varga SM. Prefusion F-Based Polyanhydride Nanovaccine Induces Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Resulting in Long-Lasting Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2122-2134. [PMID: 33827894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in both young children and in older adults. Despite the morbidity, mortality, and high economic burden caused by RSV worldwide, no licensed vaccine is currently available. We have developed a novel RSV vaccine composed of a prefusion-stabilized variant of the fusion (F) protein (DS-Cav1) and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated within polyanhydride nanoparticles, termed RSVNanoVax. A prime-boost intranasal administration of RSVNanoVax in BALB/c mice significantly alleviated weight loss and pulmonary dysfunction in response to an RSV challenge, with protection maintained up to at least 6 mo postvaccination. In addition, vaccinated mice exhibited rapid viral clearance in the lungs as early as 2 d after RSV infection in both inbred and outbred populations. Vaccination induced tissue-resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs, as well as RSV F-directed neutralizing Abs. Based on the robust immune response elicited and the high level of durable protection observed, our prefusion RSV F nanovaccine is a promising new RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; .,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
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39
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Lin PH, Liang CY, Yao BY, Chen HW, Pan CF, Wu LL, Lin YH, Hsu YS, Liu YH, Chen PJ, Hu CMJ, Yang HC. Robust induction of T RMs by combinatorial nanoshells confers cross-strain sterilizing immunity against lethal influenza viruses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:299-314. [PMID: 33898629 PMCID: PMC8047433 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific lung-resident memory T cells (TRMs) constitute the first line of defense that mediates rapid protection against respiratory pathogens and inspires novel vaccine designs against infectious pandemic threats, yet effective means of inducing TRMs, particularly via non-viral vectors, remain challenging. Here, we demonstrate safe and potent induction of lung-resident TRMs using a biodegradable polymeric nanoshell that co-encapsulates antigenic peptides and TLR9 agonist CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) in a virus-mimicking structure. Through subcutaneous priming and intranasal boosting, the combinatorial nanoshell vaccine elicits prominent lung-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that surprisingly show better durability than live viral infections. In particular, nanoshells containing CpG-ODN and a pair of conserved class I and II major histocompatibility complex-restricted influenza nucleoprotein-derived antigenic peptides are demonstrated to induce near-sterilizing immunity against lethal infections with influenza A viruses of different strains and subtypes in mice, resulting in rapid elimination of replicating viruses. We further examine the pulmonary transport dynamic and optimal composition of the nanoshell vaccine conducive for robust TRM induction as well as the benefit of subcutaneous priming on TRM replenishment. The study presents a practical vaccination strategy for inducing protective TRM-mediated immunity, offering a compelling platform and critical insights in the ongoing quest toward a broadly protective vaccine against universal influenza as well as other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fu Pan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sung Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Doulberis M, Papaefthymiou A, Kotronis G, Gialamprinou D, Soteriades ES, Kyriakopoulos A, Chatzimichael E, Kafafyllidou K, Liatsos C, Chatzistefanou I, Anagnostis P, Semenin V, Ntona S, Gkolia I, Papazoglou DD, Tsinonis N, Papamichos S, Kirbas H, Zikos P, Niafas D, Kountouras J. Does COVID-19 Vaccination Warrant the Classical Principle " ofelein i mi vlaptin"? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:253. [PMID: 33803295 PMCID: PMC7999356 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic warrants an imperative necessity for effective and safe vaccination, to restrain Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) including transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality. In this regard, intensive medical and biological research leading to the development of an arsenal of vaccines, albeit incomplete preconditioned evaluation, due to emergency. The subsequent scientific gap raises some concerns in the medical community and the general public. More specifically, the accelerated vaccine development downgraded the value of necessary pre-clinical studies to elicit medium- and long-term beneficial or harmful consequences. Previous experience and pathophysiological background of coronaviruses' infections and vaccine technologies, combined with the global vaccines' application, underlined the obligation of a cautious and qualitative approach, to illuminate potential vaccination-related adverse events. Moreover, the high SARS-CoV-2 mutation potential and the already aggregated genetical alterations provoke a rational vagueness and uncertainty concerning vaccines' efficacy against dominant strains and the respective clinical immunity. This review critically summarizes existing evidence and queries regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, to motivate scientists' and clinicians' interest for an optimal, individualized, and holistic management of this unprecedented pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doulberis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54652 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.D.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54652 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.D.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larisa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larisa, Greece
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Aghios Pavlos of Thessaloniki, 55134 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Second Neonatal Department and NICU, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2252, Cyprus;
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Kyriakopoulos
- Nasco AD Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Research and Development, 18536 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios Chatzimichael
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kyriaki Kafafyllidou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Christos Liatsos
- Department of Gastroenterology, 401 Army General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Chatzistefanou
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, 424 General Military Hospital, Ring Road Efkarpia, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Paul Anagnostis
- ORL and Psychiatry Private Practice, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Vitalii Semenin
- Neurology and Psychiatry Private Practice, 2502 Biel, Switzerland;
| | - Smaragda Ntona
- Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ioanna Gkolia
- Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki, Stavroupolis, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios David Papazoglou
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Bürgerspital Solothurn, 4500 Solothurn, Switzerland;
| | | | - Spyros Papamichos
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54652 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.D.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Hristos Kirbas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, “Thegeneio” Cancer Hospital, 54007 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Petros Zikos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54652 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.D.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
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41
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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42
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Cosgrove PR, Redhu NS, Tang Y, Monuteaux MC, Horwitz BH. Characterizing T cell subsets in the nasal mucosa of children with acute respiratory symptoms. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1023-1030. [PMID: 33504970 PMCID: PMC7838854 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In infants admitted to an ICU with respiratory failure, there is an association between the ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ T cells within the upper respiratory tract and disease severity. Whether this ratio is associated with respiratory disease severity within children presenting to a pediatric emergency department is not known. METHODS We studied a convenience sample of 63 children presenting to a pediatric emergency department with respiratory symptoms. T cell subsets in the nasal mucosa were analyzed by flow cytometry. We compared CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets in these samples and analyzed the proportion of these subsets that expressed markers associated with tissue residency. RESULTS We were able to identify major subsets of CD8 and CD4 T cells within the nasal mucosa using flocked swabs. We found no difference in the ratio CD8+ to CD4+ T cells in children with upper or lower respiratory illness. A positive association between tissue-resident memory T cell frequency and patient age was identified. CONCLUSIONS In our patient populations, the CD8+:CD4+ ratio was not associated with disease severity. The majority of T cells collected on nasal swabs are antigen experienced, and there is an association between the frequency of tissue-resident T cells and age. IMPACT Immune cell populations from the nasal mucosa can be captured using flocked nasal swabs and analyzed by flow cytometry. Nasal CD8+:CD4+ ratio does not predict respiratory illness severity in children presenting to the emergency department. The frequency of CD8+ and CD4+ resident memory T cells within the nasal mucosa increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Cosgrove
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Naresh S. Redhu
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA USA
| | - Ying Tang
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Michael C. Monuteaux
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bruce H. Horwitz
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, Bagnoli F, McLoughlin RM. Targeting Skin-Resident Memory T Cells via Vaccination to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:6-17. [PMID: 33309137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells are important in adaptive immunity against many infections, rendering these cells attractive potential targets in vaccine development. Genetic and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cellular immunity in protection from Staphylococcus aureus skin infections, yet skin-resident memory T cells are, thus far, an untested component of immunity during such infections. Novel methods of generating and sampling vaccine-induced skin memory T cells are paralleled by discoveries of global, skin-wide immunosurveillance. We propose skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells as a potential missing link in the search for correlates of protection during S. aureus infections. A better appreciation of their phenotypes and functions could accelerate the development of preventive vaccines against this highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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44
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Jin L, Hu Q, Hu Y, Chen Z, Liao W. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Reduces Kynurenic Acid Production and Reverses Th17/Treg Balance by Modulating Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Molecules in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926763. [PMID: 33262321 PMCID: PMC7720431 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes a world-wide medical and economic burden. This study analyzed the effects of RSV infection on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and evaluated the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection by measuring relative numbers of FoxP3+ Treg cells and Th17 cells. Material/Methods pDCs were isolated from human blood samples, purified using magnetic microbeads, and treated with RSV, IFN-γ, or vehicle. These cells were mixed with purified CD4+ T cells to yield preparations of pDCs+T cells+vehicle, pDCs+T cells+RSV, and pDCs+T cells+IFN-γ. Preparations of pDCs+T cells+RSV were also incubated with an inducer or an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Kynurenic acid concentration was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg and Th17 cells from CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Results pDCs were successfully isolated and purified using the magnetic microbeads. Compared with preparations of pDCs+T cells+vehicle, RSV infection (pDCs+T cells+RSV) significantly reduced and IFN-γ treatment (pDC+T cells+IFN-γ) increased kynurenic acid concentrations and the proportions of Foxp3+ Tregs (p<0.05 each). Conversely, RSV infection increased and IFN-γ treatment decreased the proportions of Th17 cells (p<0.05 each). RSV infection reduced kynurenic acid concentrations and inhibited the transformation from Th17 to Foxp3+ Tregs by modulating IDO molecules. Conclusions RSV infection reduced the production of kynurenic acid and inhibited transformation from Th17 to Foxp3+ Tregs (Th17/Treg balance) by modulating IDO molecules in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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45
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Nanoparticle vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus. Future Virol 2020; 15:763-778. [PMID: 33343684 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Despite the global burden, there is no licensed vaccine for RSV. Recent advances in the use of nanoparticle technology have provided new opportunities to address some of the limitations of conventional vaccines. Precise control over particle size and surface properties enhance antigen stability and prolong antigen release. Particle size can also be modified to target specific antigen-presenting cells in order to induce specific types of effector T-cell responses. Numerous nanoparticle-based vaccines are currently being evaluated for RSV including inorganic, polymeric and virus-like particle-based formulations. Here, we review the potential advantages of using different nanoparticle formulations in a vaccine for RSV, and discuss many examples of safe, and effective vaccines currently in both preclinical and clinical stages of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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46
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Paulsen M, Varese A, Pinpathomrat N, Kirsebom FCM, Paulsen M, Johansson C. MAVS Deficiency Is Associated With a Reduced T Cell Response Upon Secondary RSV Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572747. [PMID: 33123150 PMCID: PMC7573121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurs repeatedly throughout life because sustained, protective memory responses fail to develop. Why this occurs is not known. During RSV infection the recognition of the virus via the cytosolic RIG-I like receptors and signaling via the adaptor protein MAVS is crucial for mounting an innate immune response. However, if this signaling pathway is important for T cell responses during primary infection and during re-infection is not fully elucidated. We describe a second peak of pro-inflammatory mediators during the primary immune response to RSV that coincides with the arrival of T cells into the lung. This second peak of cytokines/chemokines is regulated differently than the early peak and is largely independent of signaling via MAVS. This was concurrent with Mavs−/− mice mounting a strong T cell response to primary RSV infection, with robust IFN-γ; and Granzyme B production. However, after RSV re-infection, Mavs−/− mice showed fewer CD4+ and CD8+ short term memory T cells and their capacity to produce IFN-γ; and Granzyme B, was decreased. In sum, cytosolic recognition of RSV is important not only for initiating innate anti-viral responses but also for generating or maintaining efficient, short term T cell memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Paulsen
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto Varese
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Freja C M Kirsebom
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's Campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Paik DH, Farber DL. Anti-viral protective capacity of tissue resident memory T cells. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:20-26. [PMID: 33130326 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that a subset of T cells which persist at diverse infection sites, known as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), can mediate efficacious protective immunity against many types of viral infections. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms by which TRM coordinate enhanced viral clearance in different sites through rapid production of effector cytokines and cytolytic mediators, in situ expansion, differentiation to circulating effector cells, and immune cell recruitment. This tissue-localized response also includes enhancement at the local lymphoid sites which contribute to fortifying TRM-mediated protection. Understanding how these responses occur in a tissue-wide context will provide key insights for development of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paik
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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48
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Chasaide CN, Mills KH. Next-Generation Pertussis Vaccines Based on the Induction of Protective T Cells in the Respiratory Tract. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E621. [PMID: 33096737 PMCID: PMC7711671 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines protects against severe pertussis, but immunity wanes rapidly after vaccination and these vaccines do not prevent nasal colonization with Bordetella pertussis. Studies in mouse and baboon models have demonstrated that Th1 and Th17 responses are integral to protective immunity induced by previous infection with B. pertussis and immunization with whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines. Mucosal Th17 cells, IL-17 and secretory IgA (sIgA) are particularly important in generating sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal cavity. Current aP vaccines induce potent IgG and Th2-skewed T cell responses but are less effective at generating Th1 and Th17 responses and fail to prime respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, that maintain long-term immunity at mucosal sites. In contrast, a live attenuated pertussis vaccine, pertussis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants do induce cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract, especially when delivered by the intranasal route. An increased understanding of the mechanisms of sustained protective immunity, especially the role of respiratory TRM cells, will facilitate the development of next generation pertussis vaccines that not only protect against pertussis disease, but prevent nasal colonization and transmission of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
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49
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Interferon-Induced Protein 44 and Interferon-Induced Protein 44-Like Restrict Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00297-20. [PMID: 32611756 PMCID: PMC7459546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00297-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV infects all children under 2 years of age, but only a subset of children get severe disease. We hypothesize that susceptibility to severe RSV necessitating hospitalization in children without predefined risk factors is, in part, mediated at the antiviral gene level. However, there is a large array of antiviral genes, particularly in the ISG family, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Having previously identified IFI44 and IFI44L as possible genes of interest in a bioinformatic screen, we dissected the function of these two genes in the control of RSV. Through a range of overexpression and knockout studies, we show that the genes are antiviral and antiproliferative. This study is important because IFI44 and IFI44L are upregulated after a wide range of viral infections, and IFI44L can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of viral infection. Cellular intrinsic immunity, mediated by the expression of an array of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes, is a vital part of host defense. We have previously used a bioinformatic screen to identify two interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) with poorly characterized function, interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44) and interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L), as potentially being important in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Using overexpression systems, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout, and a knockout mouse model, we investigated the antiviral capability of these genes in the control of RSV replication. Overexpression of IFI44 or IFI44L was sufficient to restrict RSV infection at an early time postinfection. Knocking out these genes in mammalian airway epithelial cells increased levels of infection. Both genes express antiproliferative factors that have no effect on RSV attachment but reduce RSV replication in a minigenome assay. The loss of Ifi44 was associated with a more severe infection phenotype in a mouse model of infection. These studies demonstrate a function for IFI44 and IFI44L in controlling RSV infection. IMPORTANCE RSV infects all children under 2 years of age, but only a subset of children get severe disease. We hypothesize that susceptibility to severe RSV necessitating hospitalization in children without predefined risk factors is, in part, mediated at the antiviral gene level. However, there is a large array of antiviral genes, particularly in the ISG family, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Having previously identified IFI44 and IFI44L as possible genes of interest in a bioinformatic screen, we dissected the function of these two genes in the control of RSV. Through a range of overexpression and knockout studies, we show that the genes are antiviral and antiproliferative. This study is important because IFI44 and IFI44L are upregulated after a wide range of viral infections, and IFI44L can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of viral infection.
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50
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de Alwis R, Chen S, Gan ES, Ooi EE. Impact of immune enhancement on Covid-19 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin therapy and vaccine development. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102768. [PMID: 32344202 PMCID: PMC7161485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of a novel coronavirus - SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a cause of acute respiratory illness, named Covid-19, is placing the healthcare systems of many countries under unprecedented stress. Global economies are also spiraling towards a recession in fear of this new life-threatening disease. Vaccines that prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapeutics that reduces the risk of severe Covid-19 are thus urgently needed. A rapid method to derive antiviral treatment for Covid-19 is the use of convalescent plasma derived hyperimmune globulin. However, both hyperimmune globulin and vaccine development face a common hurdle - the risk of antibody-mediated disease enhancement. The goal of this review is to examine the body of evidence supporting the hypothesis of immune enhancement that could be pertinent to Covid-19. We also discuss how this risk could be mitigated so that both hyperimmune globulin and vaccines could be rapidly translated to overcome the current global health crisis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Convalescence
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Global Health
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Macrophages/virology
- Models, Animal
- Monocytes/virology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Plasma
- Plasmapheresis
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Internalization
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Esther S Gan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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