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Smith M, Miller S. The Evolution of Forensic Genomics: Regulating Massively Parallel Sequencing. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2024; 21:365-372. [PMID: 37966660 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Forensic genomics now enables law enforcement agencies to undertake rapid and detailed analysis of suspect samples using a technique known as massively parallel sequencing (MPS), including information such as physical traits, biological ancestry, and medical conditions. This article discusses the implications of MPS and provides ethical analysis, drawing on the concept of joint rights applicable to genomic data, and the concept of collective moral responsibility (understood as joint moral responsibility) that are applicable to law enforcement investigations that utilize genomic data. The widespread and unconstrained use of this technology without appropriate legal protections of individual moral rights and associated accountability mechanisms, could potentially not only involve violations of individual moral rights but also lead to an unacceptable shift in the balance of power between governments and the citizenry. We argue that in light of the rights of victims and the security benefits for society, there is a collective moral responsibility for individuals to submit their DNA to law enforcement and for MPS to be used where other, less invasive techniques are not effective. However, this application should be limited by legislation, including that any data obtained should be directly relevant to the investigation and should be destroyed at the conclusion of the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Smith
- Charles Sturt University, 10 Brisbane Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Seumas Miller
- Charles Sturt University, 10 Brisbane Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Weidler C, Hofhansel L, Regenbogen C, Müller D, Clemens B, Montag C, Reif A, Habel U. The influence of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on prefrontal TDCS effects on aggression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3437. [PMID: 38341445 PMCID: PMC10858895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances cognitive control and might reduce aggression. The Val158Met polymorphism within the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (rs4680) plays a pivotal role in prefrontal dopamine signaling, displaying associations with aggressive behavior, and potentially influencing the effects of tDCS. In a double-blind, sham-controlled study, we investigated the influence of rs4680 on tDCS effects on aggression. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, 89 healthy male participants performed the Taylor aggression paradigm before and immediately after tDCS. Actively stimulated participants (n = 45) received anodal tDCS (1.5 mA) for 20 min targeting the right DLPFC. Carriers of the val-allele (val+; n = 46; active tDCS n = 23) were compared to met-allele homozygotes (val-; n = 43; active tDCS n = 22). Analysis revealed decreased aggressive behavior in the val- group following active tDCS (p < 0.001). The val+ group showed increased aggression during the second session (p < 0.001) with an even higher increase following active as compared to sham tDCS (p < 0.001). No effects of stimulation or rs4680 on brain activation were found. Our study provides evidence for opposite tDCS effects on aggressive behavior in val-carriers and val-noncarriers. By shedding light on genetic factors predicting tDCS responsivity, the study will help to pave the way toward individualized-and thus more effective-tDCS treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Weidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lena Hofhansel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Regenbogen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dario Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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del Puerto-Golzarri N, Azurmendi A, Muñoz JM, Carreras MR, Pascual-Sagastizabal E. The Val158Met Polymorphism in 8-Year-Old Boys and Girls Moderates the Influence of Parenting Styles on Proactive Aggression: Testing the Sensitivity to the Environment. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1513. [PMID: 38002474 PMCID: PMC10669819 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the possible vulnerability (diathesis-stress), susceptibility (differential susceptibility), or vantage (vantage sensitivity) properties of COMT gen Val158Met polymorphism to adverse and favorable parenting styles from both parents in relation to children's reactive and proactive aggressive behavior. Within 279 eight-year-old children (125 girls and 154 boys) from Spain, reactive and proactive aggressive behavior was measured through the "Reactive and Proactive Questionnaire" (RPQ). Saliva samples were collected to genotype for the COMT Val158Met polymorphism via real-time PCR. Finally, parenting styles were assessed using the "Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire" (PSDQ). The results revealed that for boys, the Met allele was a vulnerability factor for proactive aggression in response to low-authoritative parenting from the father. For girls, it was the Val allele, the vulnerability variable to the high authoritarian style of the father, and the susceptibility factor to the authoritative style of the mother over proactive aggression. The results are discussed, considering possible sex differences. Our results indicate that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism is a biological variable that confers greater sensitivity to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora del Puerto-Golzarri
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
| | - Aitziber Azurmendi
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
| | - José Manuel Muñoz
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz (UCA), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - María Rosario Carreras
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz (UCA), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Eider Pascual-Sagastizabal
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
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Yu B, Xiang L, Peppelenbosch MP, Fuhler GM. Overlapping cytokines in H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: A tandem meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125658. [PMID: 37006300 PMCID: PMC10050690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious evidence indicated that Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation is the first step towards gastric carcinogenesis. However, investigations of the immunological factors driving this process have shown inconsistencies. We aimed to present a thorough summary of all researched cytokines in relation to H. pylori infection and GC and relate these to global GC risk.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and tandem meta-analysis identifying all published studies reporting on serum cytokine levels in H. pylori-infected cases vs. non-infected controls and gastric cancer cases vs. non-gastric cancer controls, with sub-analyses performed to identify global regional differences in cytokine induction and their correlation with GC incidence.ResultsOnly levels of systemic IL-6 (standardized mean difference [SMD]:0.95, 95%CI [0.45;1.45]) and TNF-α (SMD:0.88, 95%CI [0.46; 1.29]) were significantly increased upon H. pylori infection. Sub-analysis showed that of IL-6 levels were increased upon H. pylori infection in East Asian, Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian cohorts, but not in North America, Europe, Russia and Africa. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α were significantly raised in GC. Exploration of the relationship between serum cytokines changes upon H. pylori infection and regional differences in risk of GC development indicated that the SMD of IL-6 serum levels presents a significant correlation with the relative incidence of GC (r=0.81, p=0.00014).ConclusionThis study shows that H. pylori infection and GC are associated with increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Particularly, IL-6 shows region-specific increases that correlate with GC incidence, making it a key contender for the cause of this disease.
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Kempes M. Added value of neurotechnology for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:217-232. [PMID: 37633712 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The attention for neuroscience in relation to criminal behavior is growing rapidly, and research shows that neurobiological factors have added value to the understanding of psychological and social factors in explaining delinquency. There is evidence that neurotechnology can be used in criminal justice and may be of relevance for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment. However, the question is whether scientific knowledge of neurobiological factors is applicable in daily practice of forensic assessment. Incorporation of basic technologies, e.g., psychophysiology (heart rate, skin conductance, wearables), hormonal measures (cortisol, testosterone), and neuropsychological testing might be evident, since they can be applied relatively easy. Moreover, a body of research shows the additive value of these technologies in this field. In addition, first steps are taken to apply these technologies in individual diagnostics, treatment, and risk assessment. Complex neurotechnologies like functional MRI (e.g., brain reading) and EEG show potential to be applicable in criminal justice, once it is known what additional information these indices offer for individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kempes
- Department of Science and Education, Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Odintsova VV, Hagenbeek FA, van der Laan CM, van de Weijer S, Boomsma DI. Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:13-44. [PMID: 37633706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial variation between humans in aggressive behavior, with its biological etiology and molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review chapter offers an overview of genomic and omics studies revealing the genetic contribution to aggression and first insights into associations with epigenetic and other omics (e.g., metabolomics) profiles. We allowed for a broad phenotype definition including studies on "aggression," "aggressive behavior," or "aggression-related traits," "antisocial behavior," "conduct disorder," and "oppositional defiant disorder." Heritability estimates based on family and twin studies in children and adults of this broadly defined phenotype of aggression are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. Next, we review the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) which search for associations with alleles and also allow for gene-based tests and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) which seek to identify associations with differently methylated regions across the genome. Both GWAS and EWAS allow for construction of Polygenic and DNA methylation scores at an individual level. Currently, these predict a small percentage of variance in aggression. We expect that increases in sample size will lead to additional discoveries in GWAS and EWAS, and that multiomics approaches will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V Odintsova
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel M van der Laan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Systematic identification of candidate genes associated with aggressive behavior: A neurogenetic approach. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li NX, Hu YR, Chen WN, Zhang B. Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:26-34. [PMID: 34587546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that psilocybin has antidepressant effects. In the current study, we aim to explore the dose effects of psilocybin on primary (major depression patients) and secondary depression (depressed cancer patients). METHODS Published studies concerning psilocybin for depression were retrieved. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov 2.3 and WanFang database) were searched for research studies published or still in progress from inception to 30 November, 2020, with language restricted to English and Chinese. Hedges' g of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score changes was calculated as the primary outcome. RESULTS 7 articles were finally included, with a total of 136 participants. In terms of efficacy, Hedges' g was 1.289 (95%CI=[1.020, 1.558], heterogeneity I2=50.995%, p<0.001). As psilocybin dose increases within a certain range, the antidepressive effect declines and then increases, with 30-35 mg/70 kg achieving the optimal therapeutic effect. Subgroup analysis suggested that the antidepressive effect of psilocybin was extremely significant at a relatively high dose (30-35mg/70kg: Hedges' g=3.059, 95%CI=[2.269, 3.849], p<0.001), long-term (>1month: Hedges' g=1.123, 95%CI=[0.861, 1.385], p<0.001) and when used in primary depression patients (Hedges' g=2.190, 95%CI=[1.423, 2.957], p<0.001). LIMITATIONS Only a small number of studies can be identified of variable quality, thus our conclusions remain preliminary. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results have shown that psilocybin exerts a rapid effect in reducing depressive symptom on primary and secondary depression. The optimal dose of psilocybin may be 30-35mg/70kg or higher; future clinical trials are warranted for further evaluation on its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Xi Li
- PsyNI Lab, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Mental Health College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ru Hu
- PsyNI Lab, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Mental Health College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang-Ni Chen
- PsyNI Lab, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Mental Health College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- PsyNI Lab, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Mental Health College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Schmitt A, Cardinale C, Loundou A, Miquel L, Agostini A. Nitrous oxide for pain management of first-trimester instrumental termination of pregnancy under local anaesthesia and/or minimal sedation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 261:193-199. [PMID: 33971381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O/O2) is used to reduce pain that is spontaneous or induced by procedures. N2O/O2 could be useful in the treatment of the pain in first-trimester termination of pregnancy performed under local anaesthesia and/or minimal sedation (FTOPL). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of N2O/O2 to reduce pain in FTOPL. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using keywords. STUDY SELECTION All studies comparing the use of N2O/O2 versus a placebo in the management of pain during FTOPL during the first trimester were included. Of the 199 studies identified, four were deemed eligible for this meta-analysis. DATA COLLECTION The extracted results were perioperative pain, immediate and delayed postoperative pain, anxiety scores, and the secondary effects (nausea, vomiting). The data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2.2.064. MAIN RESULTS There was a significant difference in favour of N2O/O2 for perioperative pain (p = 0.006; SMD = - 0.31; 95 % CI, -0.54 - -0.09). No difference was found, however, in postoperative pain, nor was there a difference in the secondary effects (nausea, vomiting) (p = 0.61). A significant decrease in postoperative anxiety scores was seen in the pooled placebo group (p = 0.049; SMD = 0.41; and 95 % CI, 0.001-0.83). CONCLUSIONS N2O/O2 reduces the pain of FTOPL. N2O/O2 could be recommended in FTOPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmitt
- Division of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproduction, Gynepôle, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - C Cardinale
- Division of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproduction, Gynepôle, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - A Loundou
- Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - L Miquel
- Division of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproduction, Gynepôle, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - A Agostini
- Division of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproduction, Gynepôle, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France.
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Katsouni E, Chrousos GP. From warrior genes to translational solutions: novel insights into monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and aggression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:130. [PMID: 33602896 PMCID: PMC7892552 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pervasive and frequently devastating nature of aggressive behavior calls for a collective effort to understand its psychosocial and neurobiological underpinnings. Regarding the latter, diverse brain areas, neural networks, neurotransmitters, hormones, and candidate genes have been associated with antisocial and aggressive behavior in humans and animals. This review focuses on the role of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and the genes coding for them, in the modulation of aggression. During the past 20 years, a substantial number of studies using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have linked the MAO system with aggressive and impulsive behaviors in healthy and clinical populations, including the recent discovery of MAALIN, a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulating the MAO-A gene in the human brain. Here, we first provide an overview of the MAOs and their physiological functions, we then summarize recent key findings linking MAO-related enzymatic and gene activity and aggressive behavior, and, finally, we offer novel insights into the mechanisms underlying this association. Using the existing experimental evidence as a foundation, we discuss the translational implications of these findings in clinical practice and highlight what we believe are outstanding conceptual and methodological questions in the field. Ultimately, we propose that unraveling the specific role of MAO in aggression requires an integrated approach, where this question is pursued by combining psychological, radiological, and genetic/genomic assessments. The translational benefits of such an approach include the discovery of novel biomarkers of aggression and targeting the MAO system to modulate pathological aggression in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue 127, 115 21, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Katsouni
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Livadias 8, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Athens, Greece.
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Mullola S, Brooks-Gunn J, Elovainio M, Hakulinen C, Schneper LM, Notterman DA. Early childhood psychosocial family risks and cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing score: Links to behavior problems in U.S. 9-year-olds. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:432-441. [PMID: 33227672 PMCID: PMC7839973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined, (a) whether in early childhood exposure to risky family environment in different domains (socioeconomic, mental, parenting practices, health behavior, and child-related risks) and accumulatively across various domains (cumulative risk) is associated with child's problem behavior at age 9, and (b) whether the association is more pronounced in children carrying cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing genotype or living in low-income families. METHODS Participants were 2,860 9-year old children (48% females; 48% Black) and their mothers from the 'Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study', a probability birth cohort from large U.S. cities. Mothers responded to questions on child's problem behavior (CBCL). Children responded to questions about their vandalism and substance use. RESULTS Cumulative family risk was associated with higher internalizing and externalizing behavior and higher vandalism and substance use. All domain-specific risk clusters were associated with higher internalizing behavior and, with the exception of child-related risk, with higher externalizing behavior. Mental health risks, risky parenting practices, and risky health behavior were associated with higher vandalism. Risky parenting practices were associated with higher substance use. The associations were robust to adjustment for cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing genotype. No G x E interactions with dopaminergic genotype and family SES were observed. LIMITATIONS Sample size was relatively small for genetic analysis and polygenic risk scores were not available. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cumulative psychosocial family risks from early childhood is associated with early indicators of problem behavior in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Mullola
- Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Children and Families (NCCF), Thorndike Hall 525 West 120th Street, Box 39 New York, NY 10027, USA; Tampere University, Faculty of Education and Culture, Main Campus Virta, Åkerlundinkatu 5, P.O. Box 700, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Siltavuorenpenger 5A, P.O. Box 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
- Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Children and Families (NCCF), Thorndike Hall 525 West 120th Street, Box 39 New York, NY 10027, USA; Columbia University, The College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Marko Elovainio
- University of Helsinki, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00370 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- University of Helsinki, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lisa M. Schneper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Whiting D, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S. Violence and mental disorders: a structured review of associations by individual diagnoses, risk factors, and risk assessment. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:150-161. [PMID: 33096045 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Review, we summarise evidence on the association between different mental disorders and violence, with emphasis on high quality designs and replicated findings. Relative risks are typically increased for all violent outcomes in most diagnosed psychiatric disorders compared with people without psychiatric disorders, with increased odds in the range of 2-4 after adjustment for familial and other sources of confounding. Absolute rates of violent crime over 5-10 years are typically below 5% in people with mental illness (excluding personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance misuse), which increases to 6-10% in personality disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and to more than 10% in substance misuse. Past criminality and comorbid substance misuse are strongly predictive of future violence in many individual disorders. We reviewed national clinical practice guidelines, which vary in content and require updating to reflect the present epidemiological evidence. Standardised and clinically feasible approaches to the assessment and management of violence risk in general psychiatric settings need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Whiting
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Qadeer MI, Amar A, Huang YY, Min E, Galfalvy H, Hasnain S, Mann JJ. Association of serotonin system-related genes with homicidal behavior and criminal aggression in a prison population of Pakistani Origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 33462318 PMCID: PMC7813852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), 5-HT2A (HTR2A) and 5-HT2B (HTR2B) recepter genes, express proteins that are important regulators of serotonin reuptake and signaling, and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of aggressive criminal behavior. 370 sentenced murderers in Pakistani prisons and 359 men without any history of violence or criminal delinquency were genotyped for six candidate polymorphisms in SLC6A4, HTR2A and HTR2B genes. An association of higher expressing L/L and LA/LA variants of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was observed with homicidal behavior (bi-allelic: OR = 1.29, p = 0.016, tri-allelic: OR = 1.32, p = 0.015) and in the murderer group only with response to verbal abuse (OR = 2.11, p = 0.015), but not with other measures of self-reported aggression. L/L and LA/LA genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were associated with higher aggression scores on STAX1 scale of aggression compared to lower expressing genotypes (S/S, S/LG, LG/LG) in prison inmates. No associations were apparent for other serotonergic gene polymorphisms analyzed. Using the Braineac and GTEx databases, we demonstrated significant eQTL based functional effects for rs25531 in HTTLPR and other serotonergic polymorphisms analyzed in different brain regions and peripheral tissues. In conclusion, these findings implicate SLC6A4* HTTLPR as a major genetic determinant associated with criminal aggression. Future studies are needed to replicate this finding and establish the biologic intermediate phenotypes mediating this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Qadeer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan. .,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Yu Huang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Min
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Mental Health Data Science Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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The biology of aggressive behavior in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Detention in Juvenile Correctional Facilities Is Associated with Higher Platelet Monoamine Oxidase B Activity in Males. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111555. [PMID: 33203099 PMCID: PMC7697475 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile delinquency is related to several biological factors, yet very few vulnerability biomarkers have been identified. Previous data suggest that the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) influences several personality traits linked to the propensity to engage in delinquent behavior. Building on this evidence, we assessed whether conduct disorder (CD), juvenile delinquency adjudications, or detention in a correctional facility were associated with either platelet MAO-B activity or the MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism. The study enrolled 289 medication-free male youths, including 182 individuals detained in a correctional facility (with or without a diagnosis of CD). Of the remaining 107 participants, 26 subjects had a diagnosis of CD, and 81 were mentally healthy controls. Platelet MAO-B activity was determined by spectrophotofluorometry, while MAOB rs1799836 was genotyped using qPCR. Platelet MAO-B activity, corrected for age and smoking, was significantly higher in juvenile detainees (p < 0.001), irrespective of CD diagnosis. MAOB rs1799836 was not associated with platelet MAO-B activity or with detention in a correctional facility, CD diagnosis, or delinquent behavior. These data suggest that detention in a juvenile correctional facility increases platelet MAO-B activity in male adolescents. Future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms and functional significance of MAO-B peripheral elevation in juvenile male detainees.
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16
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Peeters DGA, Lange WG, von Borries AKL, Franke B, Volman I, Homberg JR, Verkes RJ, Roelofs K. Threat-Avoidance Tendencies Moderate the Link Between Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation and Reactive Aggression. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:562098. [PMID: 33132858 PMCID: PMC7549659 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.562098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism has been linked to reactive aggression in men, but this association is less consistent in females. Reactive aggression has been particularly described as a result of fear-driven defense to threat, but how this interaction between defensive behavior and aggression is expressed in S-allele carriers remains unknown. In order to explore this interplay between 5-HTTLPR genotype, defensive behavior and reactive aggression, we combined genotyping with objective measures of action tendencies toward angry faces in an approach-avoidance task (AAT) and reactive aggression in the Taylor aggression paradigm (TAP) in healthy females, N = 95. This study shows that female S-allele carriers in general display increased implicit reactive aggression (administering aversive white noise) toward opponents. Furthermore, we found that threat-avoidance tendencies moderate the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and aggression displayed on the TAP. Together, these findings indicate a positive correlation between avoidance of angry faces in the AAT and reactive aggression in the TAP exclusively present in S-allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah G. A. Peeters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wolf-Gero Lange
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A. Katinka L. von Borries
- Department of Psychocardiology, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Bergmannsheil und Kinderklinik Buer GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
- Institute for Stressmedicine, ISM Rhein Ruhr, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Volman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Lazebny OE, Kulikov AM, Butovskaya PR, Proshakov PA, Fokin AV, Butovskaya ML. Analysis of Aggressive Behavior in Young Russian Males Using 250 SNP Markers. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420080098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Widom CS, Miller D, Li X, Gordon D, Brzustowicz L. Childhood maltreatment, serotonin transporter gene, and risk for callous and unemotional traits: A prospective investigation. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113271. [PMID: 32629297 PMCID: PMC7484357 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported associations between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype and antisocial and aggressive traits and between child maltreatment and antisocial traits. However, few studies have examined whether 5-HTTLPR moderates the influence of childhood maltreatment on callous and unemotional traits, a hallmark of psychopathy. Using a prospective cohort design, children with documented cases of maltreatment and matched controls were followed up and interviewed in adulthood. DNA was extracted from blood and saliva (N = 414) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits were assessed. Childhood maltreatment predicted higher CU scores in adulthood, whereas the effect of 5-HTTLPR was not significant. The effect of child maltreatment on CU traits did not differ by genetic risk (high or low activity 5-HTTLPR), whereas controls with the LL genotype had higher CU scores than controls with the SS genotype. Similar results were found for females and White, non-Hispanics, but not for males and Blacks. Variations in 5-HTTLPR did not affect the impact of child maltreatment on CU traits in adulthood. Genetic risk had a stronger effect on adults with lower environmental risk (controls). Having a history of child maltreatment or the LL genotype placed participants at risk for higher levels of callous and unemotional trait scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Spatz Widom
- Psychology Department, John Jay College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 524W. 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Dana Miller
- Psychology Department, John Jay College, City University of New York, 524W. 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Xuechen Li
- Psychology Department, John Jay College, City University of New York, 524W. 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Derek Gordon
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8082, USA
| | - Linda Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8082, USA
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Bani-Fatemi A, Roy A, Dai N, Dada O, Adanty C, Kiruparajah L, Kolla N, Strauss J, Zai C, Graff A, Gerretsen P, De Luca V. Genome-wide association study of aggression and violence in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 732:135061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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A functional SNP in MIR124-1, a brain expressed miRNA gene, is associated with aggressiveness in a Colombian sample. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:499-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Interpersonal violence and suicide are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity around the world. In several developing countries, such as Colombia, they are among the first five entities of public health concern. Aggressiveness is an important endophenotype for aggression and suicidal behavior, having a heritability of around 50%. Exploration of classical candidate genes, involved in serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, has identified few consistent risk factors for aggressiveness. miRNAs are a novel class of molecules with a growing role in normal neural function and neuropsychiatric disorders; of special interest, miR-124 is a brain-specific miRNA that is key for neuronal plasticity. We evaluated the hypothesis that a functional polymorphism in MIR124-1 gene might be associated with aggressiveness in a Colombian sample.Methods:The Spanish adaptation of the refined version of the Aggression Questionnaire and the abbreviated Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were applied to 170 young subjects. The functional SNP in MIR124-1 (rs531564) was genotyped by a TaqMan assay.Results:We found a significant association between the MIR124-1 and aggressiveness in our sample, with G/G carriers having lower scores (P = 0.01). This association seemed to be specific for aggressiveness, as it was not significant for impulsiveness.Conclusions:We showed for the first time the association of a functional polymorphism in MIR124-1 and aggressiveness. Known targets of miR-124 (such as BDNF and DRD4 genes) could explain the effect of this miRNA on behavior. A future analysis of additional novel functional polymorphisms in other brain expressed miRNAs could be useful for a deeper understanding of aggression in humans.
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Ruisch IH, Dietrich A, Klein M, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Aggression based genome-wide, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and neuroendocrine polygenic risk scores predict callous-unemotional traits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:761-769. [PMID: 31918432 PMCID: PMC7075955 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aggression and callous, uncaring, and unemotional (CU) traits are clinically related behavioral constructs caused by genetic and environmental factors. We performed polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses to investigate shared genetic etiology between aggression and these three CU-traits. Furthermore, we studied interactions of PRS with smoking during pregnancy and childhood life events in relation to CU-traits. Summary statistics for the base phenotype were derived from the EAGLE-consortium genome-wide association study of children's aggressive behavior and were used to calculate individual-level genome-wide and gene-set PRS in the NeuroIMAGE target-sample. Target phenotypes were 'callousness', 'uncaring', and 'unemotional' sumscores of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits. A total of 779 subjects and 1,192,414 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were available for PRS-analyses. Gene-sets comprised serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and neuroendocrine signaling pathways. Genome-wide PRS showed evidence of association with uncaring scores (explaining up to 1.59% of variance; self-contained Q = 0.0306, competitive-P = 0.0015). Dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and neuroendocrine PRS showed evidence of association with unemotional scores (explaining up to 1.33, 2.00, and 1.20% of variance respectively; self-contained Q-values 0.037, 0.0115, and 0.0473 respectively, competitive-P-values 0.0029, 0.0002, and 0.0045 respectively). Smoking during pregnancy related to callousness scores while childhood life events related to both callousness and unemotionality. Moreover, dopaminergic PRS appeared to interact with childhood life events in relation to unemotional scores. Our study provides evidence suggesting shared genetic etiology between aggressive behavior and uncaring, and unemotional CU-traits in children. Gene-set PRS confirmed involvement of shared glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and neuroendocrine genetic variation in aggression and CU-traits. Replication of current findings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hyun Ruisch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Genomics of human aggression: current state of genome-wide studies and an automated systematic review tool. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 29:170-190. [PMID: 31464998 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are substantial differences, or variation, between humans in aggression, with its molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review summarizes knowledge on the genetic contribution to variation in aggression with the following three foci: (1) a comprehensive overview of reviews on the genetics of human aggression, (2) a systematic review of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and (3) an automated tool for the selection of literature based on supervised machine learning. The phenotype definition 'aggression' (or 'aggressive behaviour', or 'aggression-related traits') included anger, antisocial behaviour, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. The literature search was performed in multiple databases, manually and using a novel automated selection tool, resulting in 18 reviews and 17 GWASs of aggression. Heritability estimates of aggression in children and adults are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. In 17 GWASs, 817 variants were reported as suggestive (P ≤ 1.0E), including 10 significant associations (P ≤ 5.0E). Nominal associations (P ≤ 1E) were found in gene-based tests for genes involved in immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. Associations were not replicated across GWASs. A complete list of variants and their position in genes and chromosomes are available online. The automated literature search tool produced literature not found by regular search strategies. Aggression in humans is heritable, but its genetic basis remains to be uncovered. No sufficiently large GWASs have been carried out yet. With increases in sample size, we expect aggression to behave like other complex human traits for which GWAS has been successful.
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24
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Associations of multiple trauma types and MAOA with severe aggressive behavior and MAOA effects on training outcome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:66-74. [PMID: 28673475 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research showed that the disposition to react with disproportionate aggression in adults is influenced by an interaction between a variant in the X-chromosomal monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and early traumatic events. Such studies have often focused on a single type of trauma, whereas we know that experiencing multiple trauma types is associated with more detrimental consequences. The differential susceptibility hypothesis suggests that individuals who are most susceptible to adversity, are also most likely to benefit from supportive experiences in childhood. Differences in susceptibility are thought to be partly genetically driven. In the present study we explored whether a genotype of MAOA linked to lower expression of the gene (MAOA-L) modified the effect of multiple types of trauma on aggression and/or altered responsiveness to treatment among adults with severe aggression. Forensic psychiatric outpatients (FPOs) (N=150) receiving treatment for aggression regulation problems were recruited. Traumatic events and aggression were measured using self-report. FPOs with multiple trauma types and those with the MAOA-L allele reported more severe levels of aggression. No interaction effects between MAOA genotype and trauma emerged. There were no differences in response to the intervention between FPOs with and without the MAOA-L variant, whereas FPOs with a single type of trauma showed the slowest reduction of aggression. FPOs with multiple types of trauma reported the highest levels of aggression over the course of treatment. Future research is needed to elucidate this association in further detail. The current study emphasized the importance of early recognition of early traumatic events.
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25
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Vaht M, Laas K, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Kurrikoff T, Kanarik M, Faraone SV, Tooding LM, Veidebaum T, Franke B, Reif A, Cormand B, Harro J. Variants of the Aggression-Related RBFOX1 Gene in a Population Representative Birth Cohort Study: Aggressiveness, Personality, and Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:501847. [PMID: 33329073 PMCID: PMC7732512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.501847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, RBFOX1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, has consistently been associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Several loci in the gene have been nominally associated with aggression in genome-wide association studies, the risk alleles being more frequent in the general population. We have hence examined the association of four RBFOX1 single nucleotide polymorphisms, previously found related to aggressive traits, with aggressiveness, personality, and alcohol use disorder in birth cohort representative samples. Methods: We used both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behavior and Health Study (ECPBHS; original n = 1,238). Aggressiveness was assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Lifetime History of Aggressiveness structured interview at age 25 (younger cohort) or 33 (older cohort). Big Five personality at age 25 was measured with self-reports and the lifetime occurrence of alcohol use disorder assessed with the MINI interview. RBFOX1 polymorphisms rs809682, rs8062784, rs12921846, and rs6500744 were genotyped in all participants. Given the restricted size of the sample, correction for multiple comparisons was not applied. Results: Aggressiveness was not significantly associated with the RBFOX1 genotype. RBFOX1 rs8062784 was associated with neuroticism and rs809682 with extraversion. Two out of four analyzed RBFOX1 variants, rs8062784 and rs12921846, were associated with the occurrence of alcohol use disorder. Conclusions: In the birth cohort representative sample of the ECPBHS, no association of RBFOX1 with aggressiveness was found, but RBFOX1 variants affected basic personality traits and the prevalence of alcohol use disorder. Future studies on RBFOX1 should consider the moderating role of personality and alcohol use patterns in aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kariina Laas
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Triin Kurrikoff
- Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Monoamine and neuroendocrine gene-sets associate with frustration-based aggression in a gender-specific manner. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:75-86. [PMID: 29191428 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigating phenotypic heterogeneity in aggression and understanding the molecular biological basis of aggression subtypes may lead to new prevention and treatment options. In the current study, we evaluated the taxonomy of aggression and examined specific genetic mechanisms underlying aggression subtypes in healthy males and females. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to replicate a recently reported three-factor model of the Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) in healthy adults (n = 661; median age 24.0 years; 41% male). Gene-set association analysis, aggregating common genetic variants within (a combination of) three molecular pathways previously implicated in aggression, i.e. serotonergic, dopaminergic, and neuroendocrine signaling, was conducted with MAGMA software in males and females separately (total n = 395) for aggression subtypes. We replicate the three-factor CFA model of the RPQ, and found males to score significantly higher on one of these factors compared to females: proactive aggression. The genetic association analysis showed a female-specific association of genetic variation in the combined gene-set with a different factor of the RPQ; reactive aggression due to internal frustration. Both the neuroendocrine and serotonergic gene-sets contributed significantly to this association. Our genetic findings are subtype- and sex-specific, stressing the value of efforts to reduce heterogeneity in research of aggression etiology. Importantly, subtype- and sex-differences in the underlying pathophysiology of aggression suggest that optimal treatment options will have to be tailored to the individual patient. Male and female needs of intervention might differ, stressing the need for sex-specific further research of aggression. Our work highlights opportunities for sample size maximization offered by population-based studies of aggression.
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Meta-Analysis Reveals the Association Between Male Occupational Exposure to Solvents and Impairment of Semen Parameters. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:e533-e542. [PMID: 30095585 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Solvent exposure is among the most common occupational exposures to chemical toxicants; data about the impact of such exposure on semen parameters are contradictory. We conducted the first meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of alteration in semen parameters related to occupational exposure to solvents. METHODS From the PubMed database, we selected studies analyzing the semen of subjects occupationally exposed to solvents, compared with unexposed controls. The meta-analysis was performed on the various semen parameters analyzed in both populations. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the study. The meta-analysis revealed a significant decrease in ejaculate volume [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.35 (-0.63 to -0.07)] and sperm concentration [SMD = -0.36 (-0.64 to -0.08)] in workers exposed to solvents compared with unexposed controls. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of preventing reprotoxic risks to male fertility in the workplace.
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Cho W, Shin WS, An I, Bang M, Cho DY, Lee SH. Biological Aspects of Aggression and Violence in Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:475-486. [PMID: 31671484 PMCID: PMC6852683 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.4.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of patients with schizophrenia are not actually violent, an increased tendency toward violent behaviors is known to be associated with schizophrenia. There are several factors to consider when identifying the subgroup of patients with schizophrenia who may commit violent or aggressive acts. Comorbidity with substance abuse is the most important clinical indicator of increased aggressive behaviors and crime rates in patients with schizophrenia. Genetic studies have proposed that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene and in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene are related to aggression. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that fronto-limbic dysfunction may be related to aggression or violence. By identifying specific risk factors, a more efficient treatment plan to prevent violent behavior in schizophrenia will be possible. Management of comorbid substance use disorder may help prevent violent events and overall aggression. Currently, clozapine may be the only effective antipsychotic medication to repress aggressive behavior. With the current medical field moving toward tailored medicine, it is important to identify vulnerable schizophrenia populations and provide efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonKyung Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA Universiy School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Shin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA Universiy School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Iseul An
- Clinical Counseling Psychology Graduate School, CHA University, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Doo-Yeoun Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA Universiy School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA Universiy School of Medicine, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Kennedy CH, Richman DM. Preventing Challenging Behaviors in People with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-019-00177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smeijers D, Bulten EBH, Brazil IA. The Computations of hostile biases (CHB) model: Grounding hostility biases in a unified cognitive framework. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 73:101775. [PMID: 31726277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our behavior is partly a product of our perception of the world, and aggressive individuals have been found to have 'hostility biases' in their perception and interpretation of social information. Four types of hostility biases can be distinguished: the hostile attribution, interpretation, expectation, and perception bias. Such low-level biases are believed to have a profound influence on decision-making, and possibly also increase the likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts. The current review systematically examined extant research on the four types of hostility bias, with a particular focus on the associations between each type of hostility bias and aggressive behavior. The results confirmed the robust association between hostility biases and aggressive behavior. However, it is still unknown how exactly hostility biases are acquired. This is also caused by a tendency to study hostility biases separately, as if they are non-interacting phenomena. Another issue is that current approaches cannot directly quantify the latent cognitive processes pertaining to the hostility biases, thus creating an explanatory gap. To fill this gap, we embedded the results of the systematic review in a state-of-the-art computational framework, which provides a novel mechanistic account with testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique Smeijers
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik B H Bulten
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inti A Brazil
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Guillen Gonzalez D, Bittlinger M, Erk S, Müller S. Neuroscientific and Genetic Evidence in Criminal Cases: A Double-Edged Sword in Germany but Not in the United States? Front Psychol 2019; 10:2343. [PMID: 31681122 PMCID: PMC6805698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study The study examines how neurobiological and genetic explanations of psychopathy influence decision-making of German law students about legal and moral responsibility and sentencing of a defendant in a case of manslaughter. Previous studies from the United States and Germany have been criticized because they partly contradict legal analyses of real-world criminal cases. With a modified design, which integrates the main criticism, we re-examined the impact of biological explanations for psychopathy on decision-making in the courtroom. Methods We developed an improved quasi-experimental design to probe three case vignettes presenting different explanations of psychopathy in a criminal case of manslaughter. All three vignettes present the same information about a forensic expert's testimony that is said to report compelling evidence for the diagnosis of "psychopathy." The independent variable being manipulated is the type of information supporting the expert diagnosis: either no biological explanation of "psychopathy" versus a neurological explanation (brain injury) versus a genetic explanation (MAOA gene). The outcome measure is a questionnaire on legal and moral responsibility, free will, the type of custody, and the duration of the sentence. The study is adequately powered. We openly publish the data and all statistical analyses as reproducible R scripts. Results The answers of German law students (n = 317) indicate that the omission of a neurobiological explanation is significantly associated with higher ratings of legal responsibility while compared to no biological explanation. However, there was no significant difference on the prison sentencing and type of custody assigned. Furthermore, there was no difference in the self-reported impact of the explanation of psychopathy on the participants' decision-making. Conclusion Our findings from German law students corroborates previous research on German judges but is markedly distinct from studies on United States judges. Whereas in the United States, biological information seems to have a mitigating effect, it seems to increase the rate of involuntary commitment to forensic psychiatric hospitals in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guillen Gonzalez
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin Bittlinger
- QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatric disorders are often considered the leading cause of violence. This may be due to a stereotype created by media and general opinion. METHOD The Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) was used to evaluate the severity of aggressive and violent behaviors in 400 patients who attended a post-acute psychiatric service in Milan from 2014 to 2016 and suffered from different psychiatric disorders. The psychopathological clinical picture was evaluated by Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The study also assessed the possible correlation between epidemiologic and sociodemographic factors, clinical variables, and aggression and violence. RESULTS Of the total number of subjects, 21.50% showed a MOAS score >0, 11.50% presented mild aggression (0-10 MOAS weighted score), 9% moderate aggression (11-20), and 1% severe aggression (MOAS >20). With respect to violent behaviors, 16% of patients showed a score >0 in one MOAS subscale other than verbal aggression according to violence definition. The severity of clinical picture seemed to be related to higher weighted MOAS score. Multivariate testing of different sociodemographic and clinical variables showed that violence was related to unemployment status, and significantly correlated to compulsory admission (TSO), suicide attempts (TS), and personality disorders, while the severity of clinical psychiatric picture seemed to play a secondary role. CONCLUSION Results have shown that personality disorders and sociodemographic factors, including economic factors, seem to be major determinants of violence among patients diagnosed with mental disorders.
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Manchia M, Comai S, Pinna M, Pinna F, Fanos V, Denovan-Wright E, Carpiniello B. Biomarkers in aggression. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 93:169-237. [PMID: 31655730 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of prediction would be to include biological data in the predictive models. Clearly, to be included in such models, biological markers should be reliably associated with the specific trait under study (i.e., diagnostic biomarkers). Aggression, however, is phenotypically highly heterogeneous, an element that has hindered the identification of reliable biomarkers. However, current research is trying to overcome these challenges by focusing on more homogenous aggression subtypes and/or by studying large sample size of aggressive individuals. Further advance is coming by bioinformatics approaches that are allowing the integration of inter-species biological data as well as the development of predictive algorithms able to discriminate subjects on the basis of the propensity toward aggressive behavior. In this review we first present a brief summary of the available evidence on neuroimaging of aggression. We will then treat extensively the data on genetic determinants, including those from hypothesis-free genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies. Transcriptomic and neurochemical biomarkers will then be reviewed, and we will dedicate a section on the role of metabolomics in aggression. Finally, we will discuss how biomarkers can inform the development of new pharmacological tools as well as increase the efficacy of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Stefano Comai
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute University, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martina Pinna
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Sardinia Health Agency, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Ruisch IH, Dietrich A, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Interplay between genome-wide implicated genetic variants and environmental factors related to childhood antisocial behavior in the UK ALSPAC cohort. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:741-752. [PMID: 30569215 PMCID: PMC6689282 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated gene-environment (G × E) interactions related to childhood antisocial behavior between polymorphisms implicated by recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and two key environmental adversities (maltreatment and smoking during pregnancy) in a large population cohort (ALSPAC). We also studied the MAOA candidate gene and addressed comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ALSPAC is a large, prospective, ethnically homogeneous British cohort. Our outcome consisted of mother-rated conduct disorder symptom scores at age 7;9 years. G × E interactions were tested in a sex-stratified way (α = 0.0031) for four GWAS-implicated variants (for males, rs4714329 and rs9471290; for females, rs2764450 and rs11215217), and a length polymorphism near the MAOA-promoter region. We found that males with rs4714329-GG (P = 0.0015) and rs9471290-AA (P = 0.0001) genotypes were significantly more susceptible to effects of smoking during pregnancy in relation to childhood antisocial behavior. Females with the rs11215217-TC genotype (P = 0.0018) were significantly less susceptible to effects of maltreatment, whereas females with the MAOA-HL genotype (P = 0.0002) were more susceptible to maltreatment effects related to antisocial behavior. After adjustment for comorbid ADHD symptomatology, aforementioned G × E's remained significant, except for rs11215217 × maltreatment, which retained only nominal significance. Genetic variants implicated by recent GWASs of antisocial behavior moderated associations of smoking during pregnancy and maltreatment with childhood antisocial behavior in the general population. While we also found a G × E interaction between the candidate gene MAOA and maltreatment, we were mostly unable to replicate the previous results regarding MAOA-G × E's. Future studies should, in addition to genome-wide implicated variants, consider polygenic and/or multimarker analyses and take into account potential sex stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Hyun Ruisch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Runions KC, Morandini HAE, Rao P, Wong JWY, Kolla NJ, Pace G, Mahfouda S, Hildebrandt CS, Stewart R, Zepf FD. Serotonin and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:117-144. [PMID: 30446991 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of serotonin (5-HT) in human aggression has been the subject of a large number of studies, mostly with adults. Meta-analyses indicate a small but significant inverse relationship between central nervous 5-HT availability and aggression, but genetically informed studies suggest two pathways: one to reactive aggression and the other to proactive aggression. METHOD We conducted a systemic review on central nervous 5-HT function in children and adolescents, with attention to the function of aggression. RESULTS In total, 675 articles were screened for relevance, with 45 reviewed. These included blood assays (e.g. plasma, 5-HIAA; platelet 5-HTR2A ), epigenetic studies, retrospective PET studies and 5-HT challenge paradigms (e.g. tryptophan depletion). Overall, findings were mixed, with support both for negative and for positive associations of central nervous 5-HT function with aggression in children and adolescents. CONCLUSION We propose factors that may be blurring the picture, including problems in the conceptualization and measurement of aggression in young people, the lack of prospective designs and the bias towards clinical samples of boys. Research needs to account for variance in the both motivation for and implementation of aggression, and look to the behavioural economics literature to consider the roles of reward, vengeance and self-control more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Runions
- Department of Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - H A E Morandini
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Rao
- Department of Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J W Y Wong
- Department of Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N J Kolla
- Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Pace
- Department of Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - S Mahfouda
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C S Hildebrandt
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinics of the City Cologne GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Stewart
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - F D Zepf
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinics of the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Ling S, Umbach R, Raine A. Biological explanations of criminal behavior. PSYCHOLOGY, CRIME & LAW : PC & L 2019; 25:626-640. [PMID: 31327915 PMCID: PMC6640871 DOI: 10.1080/1068316x.2019.1572753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing literature on biological explanations of antisocial and criminal behavior. This paper provides a selective review of three specific biological factors - psychophysiology (with the focus on blunted heart rate and skin conductance), brain mechanisms (with a focus on structural and functional aberrations of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatum), and genetics (with an emphasis on gene-environment and gene-gene interactions). Overall, understanding the role of biology in antisocial and criminal behavior may help increase the explanatory power of current research and theories, as well as inform policy and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Ling
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Umbach
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Behavioral Sciences Training in Drug Abuse Research, NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Musci RJ, Bettencourt AF, Sisto D, Maher B, Masyn K, Ialongo NS. Violence exposure in an urban city: A GxE interaction with aggressive and impulsive behaviors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:72-81. [PMID: 30159911 PMCID: PMC6392042 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between community violence exposure and disruptive behavior problems among youth. No study to date, however, has explored the potential interaction between violence exposure in early adolescence and genetics. METHODS We explore the gene x environment interaction's impact on teacher-rated aggressive and impulsive behaviors. Violence exposure during the middle school years was assessed using self-report. Genetic data collection occurred in emerging adulthood. A polygenic score was created using findings from a conduct disorder symptomatology genome-wide association study. RESULTS Three longitudinal classes of teacher reported aggressive and impulsive behavior were identified. We found a significant relationship between violence exposure and class membership. There was a significant GxE interaction, such that those with below average levels of the polygenic score and who were exposed to violence were more likely to be in the moderately high aggressive and impulsive class as compared to the no to low class. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the influence of genetic risk together with violence exposure on adolescent problem behavior. Although youth may have little control over the environments in which they live, interventions can and should focus on helping all youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashelle J. Musci
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amie F. Bettencourt
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Danielle Sisto
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katherine Masyn
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Hess JL, Malki K, Glatt SJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1655-1667. [PMID: 29858598 PMCID: PMC6274606 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang-James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jonathan L Hess
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Karim Malki
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cKing’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), London, UK
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Bru Cormand
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Volgin AD, Yakovlev OA, Amstislavskaya TG, Friend AJ, Bao W, Alekseeva PA, Lakstygal AM, Meshalkina DA, Demin KA, de Abreu MS, Rosemberg DB, Kalueff AV. Understanding zebrafish aggressive behavior. Behav Processes 2019; 158:200-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology; Psychiatry, and Psychology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Vevera J, Zarrei M, Hartmannová H, Jedličková I, Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Oliveriusová P, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Preiss M, Příhodová K, Šaligová J, Wei J, Woodbury-Smith M, Bleyer AJ, Scherer SW, Kmoch S. Rare copy number variation in extremely impulsively violent males. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12536. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education; Prague Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petra Oliveriusová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Prison Service of the Czech Republic, Directorate General; Department of Psychology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; University of New York in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Příhodová
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šaligová
- Children's Faculty Hospital; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Kosice Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pavel Jozef Šafárik University Kosice; Kosice Slovakia
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc Woodbury-Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Center Blvd.; Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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Cecil CAM, Walton E, Pingault JB, Provençal N, Pappa I, Vitaro F, Côté S, Szyf M, Tremblay RE, Tiemeier H, Viding E, McCrory EJ. DRD4 methylation as a potential biomarker for physical aggression: An epigenome-wide, cross-tissue investigation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:746-764. [PMID: 30411855 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes that regulate gene expression, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), have been linked to individual differences in physical aggression. Yet, it is currently unclear whether: (a) DNAm patterns in humans associate with physical aggression independently of other co-occurring psychiatric and behavioral symptoms; (b) whether these patterns are observable across multiple tissues; and (c) whether they may function as a causal versus noncausal biomarker of physical aggression. Here, we used a multisample, cross-tissue design to address these questions. First, we examined genome-wide DNAm patterns (buccal swabs; Illumina 450k) associated with engagement in physical fights in a sample of high-risk youth (n = 119; age = 16-24 years; 53% female). We identified one differentially methylated region in DRD4, which survived genome-wide correction, associated with physical aggression above and beyond co-occurring symptomatology (e.g., ADHD, substance use), and showed strong cross-tissue concordance with both blood and brain. Second, we found that DNAm sites within this region were also differentially methylated in an independent sample of young adults, between individuals with a history of chronic-high versus low physical aggression (peripheral T cells; ages 26-28). Finally, we ran a Mendelian randomization analysis using GWAS data from the EAGLE consortium to test for a causal association of DRD4 methylation with physical aggression. Only one genetic instrument was eligible for the analysis, and results provided no evidence for a causal association. Overall, our findings lend support for peripheral DRD4 methylation as a potential biomarker of physically aggressive behavior, with no evidence yet of a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Provençal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Irene Pappa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvana Côté
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon J McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fazel S, Smith EN, Chang Z, Geddes JR. Risk factors for interpersonal violence: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 213:609-614. [PMID: 30058516 PMCID: PMC6157722 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The strength and population effect of modifiable risk factors for interpersonal violence, and the quality of the research evidence is not known.AimsWe aimed to examine the strength and population effect of modifiable risk factors for interpersonal violence, and the quality and reproducibility of the research evidence. METHOD We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of risk factors for interpersonal violence. A systematic search was conducted to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses in general population samples. Effect sizes were extracted, converted into odds ratios and synthesised, and population attributable risk fractions (PAF) were calculated. Quality analyses were performed, including of small study effects, adjustment for confounders and heterogeneity. Secondary analyses for aggression, intimate partner violence and homicide were conducted, and systematic reviews (without meta-analyses) were summarised. RESULTS We identified 22 meta-analyses reporting on risk factors for interpersonal violence. Neuropsychiatric disorders were among the strongest in relative and absolute terms. The neuropsychiatric risk factor that had the largest effect at a population level were substance use disorders, with a PAF of 14.8% (95% CI 9.0-21.6%), and the most important historical factor was witnessing or being a victim of violence in childhood (PAF = 12.2%, 95% CI 6.5-17.4%). There was evidence of small study effects and large heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS National strategies for the prevention of interpersonal violence may need to review policies concerning the identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors.Declarations of interestJ.R.G. is an NIHR Senior Investigator. The views expressed within this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seena Fazel
- Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - E. Naomi Smith
- Registrar in General and Older Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Zheng Chang
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - John Richard Geddes
- Professor of Epidemiological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Abstract
Although emerging findings in psychiatric and behavioral genetics create hope for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders, the introduction of such data as evidence in criminal and civil proceedings raises a host of ethical, legal, and social issues. Should behavioral and psychiatric genetic data be admissible in judicial proceedings? If so, what are the various means for obtaining such evidence, and for what purposes should its admission be sought and permitted? How could-and should-such evidence affect judicial outcomes in criminal and civil proceedings? And what are the potential implications of using behavioral and psychiatric genetic evidence for individuals and communities, and for societal values of equality and justice? This article provides an overview of the historical and current developments in behavioral genetics. We then explore the extent to which behavioral genetic evidence has-and should-affect determinations of criminal responsibility and sentencing, as well as the possible ramifications of introducing such evidence in civil courts, with a focus on tort litigation and child custody disputes. We also consider two ways in which behavioral genetic evidence may come to court in the future-through genetic theft or the subpoena of a litigant's biospecimen data that was previously obtained for clinical or research purposes-and the concerns that these possibilities raise. Finally, we highlight the need for caution and for approaches to prevent the misuse of behavioral genetic evidence in courts.
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Psychopathological characteristics and adverse childhood events are differentially associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal acts in mood disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 53:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Depression is an important risk factor for suicide. However, other dimensions may contribute to the suicidal risk and to the transition from ideas to acts. We aimed to test the relative involvement of hopelessness, temperament, childhood trauma, and aggression in suicide risk in a large sample of patients with mood disorders.Methods:We assessed 306 patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders for clinical characteristics including hopelessness, temperament, childhood trauma, and aggression. We tested their associations with suicidal ideation and acts using standard univariate/bivariate methods, followed by multivariate logistic regression models.Results:In multivariate analyses, the loss of expectations subscore of the hopelessness scale was associated with lifetime suicidal ideation but not suicide attempt. Childhood emotional abuse, severity of current depression, and female gender were associated with lifetime suicide attempts, whereas hyperthymic temperament was protective. Only hyperthymic temperament differentiated patients with a history of suicidal ideas vs. those with a history of suicide attempt.Conclusions:Findings support the association of hopelessness with suicidal ideation and point to considering in suicidal acts not only depression, but also childhood emotional abuse, hyperthymic temperament, and gender.
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Yang C, Ba H, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhao H, Yu H, Gao Z, Wang B. The association of 22 Y chromosome short tandem repeat loci with initiative-aggressive behavior. Gene 2018; 654:10-13. [PMID: 29452231 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior represents an important public concern and a clinical challenge to behaviorists and psychiatrists. Aggression in humans is known to have an important genetic basis, so to investigate the association of Y chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci with initiative-aggressive behavior, we compared allelic and haplotypic distributions of 22 Y-STRs in a group of Chinese males convicted of premeditated extremely violent crimes (n = 271) with a normal control group (n = 492). Allelic distributions of DYS533 and DYS437 loci differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). The case group had higher frequencies of DYS533 allele 14, DYS437 allele 14, and haplotypes 11-14 of DYS533-DYS437 compared with the control group. Additionally, the DYS437 allele 15 frequency was significantly lower in cases than controls. No frequency differences were observed in the other 20 Y-STR loci between these two groups. Our results indicate a genetic role for Y-STR loci in the development of initiative aggression in non-psychiatric subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, No. 102 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huajie Ba
- DNA Laboratory, Public Security Bureau of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Genetics, s, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Judicial Identification, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuyou Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, No. 102 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, No. 102 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, No. 102 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, No. 102 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Center for Genetics, s, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Judicial Identification, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Sabatello M. A Genomically Informed Education System? Challenges for Behavioral Genetics. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2018; 46:130-144. [PMID: 29805246 PMCID: PMC5967657 DOI: 10.1177/1073110518766027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The exponential growth of genetic knowledge and precision medicine research raises hopes for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options for children with behavioral and psychiatric conditions. Although well-intended, this prospect also raise the possibility-and concern-that behavioral, including psychiatric genetic data would be increasingly used-or misused-outside the clinical context, such as educational settings. Indeed, there are ongoing calls to endorse a "personalized education" model that would tailor educational interventions to children's behavioral and psychiatric genetic makeup. This article explores the justifications for, and prospects and pitfalls of such endeavors. It considers the scientific challenges and highlights the ethical, legal, and social issues that will likely arise should behavioral genetic data become available (or be perceived as such) and are routinely incorporated in student education records. These include: when to disclose students' behavioral and psychiatric genetic profile; whose genomic privacy is protected and by whom; and how students' genetic data may affect education-related decisions. I argue that the introduction of behavioral genetics in schools may overshadow the need to address underlying structural and environmental factors that increase the risk for psychiatric conditions of all students, and that the unregulated use of student behavioral genetic profiles may lead to unintended consequences that are detrimental for individuals, families and communities. Relevant stakeholders-from parents and students to health professionals, educators, and policy-makers-ought to consider these issues before we forge ahead with a genomically informed education system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sabatello
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Bioethics and Co-Director, Precision Medicine: Ethics, Politics, and Culture Project, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
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Veenstra L, Bushman BJ, Koole SL. The facts on the furious: a brief review of the psychology of trait anger. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 19:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Association of genetic variations in the serotonin and dopamine systems with aggressive behavior in the Chinese adolescent population: Single- and multiple-risk genetic variants. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:374-380. [PMID: 28846959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic predisposition is an important factor leading to aggressive behavior. However, the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and aggressive behavior has not been elucidated. METHODS We identified candidate genes located in the dopaminergic and serotonin system (DRD3, DRD4, and FEV) that had been previously reported to be associated with aggressive behavior. We investigated 14 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a multi-analytic strategy combining logistic regression (LR) and classification and regression tree (CART) to explore higher-order interactions between these SNPs and aggressive behavior in 318 patients and 558 controls. RESULTS Both LR and CART analyses suggested that the rs16859448 polymorphism is the strongest individual factor associated with aggressive behavior risk. In CART analysis, individuals carrying the combined genotypes of rs16859448TT/GT-rs11246228CT/TT-rs3773679TT had the highest risk, while rs16859448GG-rs2134655CT had the lowest risk (OR = 5.25, 95% CI: 2.53-10.86). CONCLUSION This study adds to the growing evidence on the association of single- and multiple-risk variants in DRD3, DRD4, and FEV with aggressive behavior in Chinese adolescents. However, the aggressive behavior scale used to diagnose aggression in this study did not account for comorbid conditions; therefore, further studies are needed to confirm our observations.
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