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Chen YF, Luh F, Ho YS, Yen Y. Exosomes: a review of biologic function, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications, and clinical trials. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:67. [PMID: 38992695 PMCID: PMC11238361 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles generated by all cells and they carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They mediate the exchange of substances between cells,thereby affecting biological properties and activities of recipient cells. In this review, we briefly discuss the composition of exocomes and exosome isolation. We also review the clinical applications of exosomes in cancer biology as well as strategies in exosome-mediated targeted drug delivery systems. Finally, the application of exosomes in the context of cancer therapeutics both in practice and literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- International Master Program in Translation Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23564, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23564, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23564, Taiwan
- Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Frank Luh
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, Covina, CA, 91722, USA
| | - Yuan-Soon Ho
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Yun Yen
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan.
- Cancer Center, Taipei Municipal WanFang Hospital, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Translational Research, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, 970374, Taiwan.
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Zheng L, Li J, Li Y, Sun W, Ma L, Qu F, Tan W. Empowering Exosomes with Aptamers for Precision Theranostics. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400551. [PMID: 38967170 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
As information messengers for cell-to-cell communication, exosomes, typically small membrane vesicles (30-150 nm), play an imperative role in the physiological and pathological processes of living systems. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that exosomes are potential biological candidates for theranostics, including liquid biopsy-based diagnosis and drug delivery. However, their clinical applications are hindered by several issues, especially their unspecific detection and insufficient targeting ability. How to upgrade the accuracy of exosome-based theranostics is being widely explored. Aptamers, benefitting from their admirable characteristics, are used as excellent molecular recognition elements to empower exosomes for precision theranostics. With high affinity against targets and easy site-specific modification, aptamers can be incorporated with platforms for the specific detection of exosomes, thus providing opportunities for advancing disease diagnostics. Furthermore, aptamers can be tailored and functionalized on exosomes to enable targeted therapeutics. Herein, this review emphasizes the empowering of exosomes by aptamers for precision theranostics. A brief introduction of exosomes and aptamers is provided, followed by a discussion of recent progress in aptamer-based exosome detection for disease diagnosis, and the emerging applications of aptamer-functionalized exosomes for targeted therapeutics. Finally, current challenges and opportunities in this research field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zheng
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/ Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jin Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/ Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Weidi Sun
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/ Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - LeLe Ma
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Fengli Qu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Shen A, Feng X, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Li Y, Ali MM, Hu L. High-throughput proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from saliva by chemical probe-based array. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1309:342699. [PMID: 38772652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-released, nucleus-free particles with a double-membrane structure that effectively prevents degradation of internal components by a variety of salivary enzymes. Saliva is an easily accessible biofluid that contains a wealth of valuable information for disease diagnosis and monitoring and especially reflect respiratory and digestive tract diseases. However, the lack of efficient and high-throughput methods for proteomic analysis of salivary biomarkers poses a significant challenge. Herein, we designed a salivary EV amphiphile-dendrimer supramolecular probe (SEASP) array which enables efficient enrichment and in situ detection of EVs protein biomarkers. Detergent Tween-20 washing of SEASP arrays removes high abundance of heteroproteins from saliva well. This array shows good analytical performance in the linear range of 10 μL-150 μL (LOD = 0.4 μg protein, or 10 μL saliva), exhibiting a good recovery (80.0 %). Compared to ultracentrifugation (UC), this procedure provides simple and convenient access to high-purity EVs (1.3 × 109 particles per mg protein) with good physiological status and structure. Coupling with mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis, differentially expressed proteins as selected asthma biomarkers have been screened. Then, we validated the proteomics primary screening results through clinical samples (100 μL each) using the SEASP array. Utilizing the dual antibody fluorescence technology, SEASP enables the simultaneous high-throughput detection of two proteins. Therefore, the EVs marker protein CD81 could be used as an internal standard to normalize the number of EVs, which was stably expressed in EVs. Proteomics and array results suggested that HNRNPU (P = 4.9 * 10-6) and MUC5B (P = 4.7 * 10-11) are promising protein biomarkers for infantile asthma. HNRNPU and MUC5B may be associated with disease onset and subtypes. The SEASP arrays provide a significant advancement in the field of salivary biomarker. The array enables high-throughput in situ protein detection for highly viscous and complex biological samples. It provides a rapid, low-cost, highly specific screening procedure and experimental basis for early disease screening and diagnosis in the field of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China; The π-HuB Project Infrastructure, International Academy of Phronesis Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China; The π-HuB Project Infrastructure, International Academy of Phronesis Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaifu Zhang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pediatrics Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Weller J, Potthoff AL, Zeyen T, Schaub C, Duffy C, Schneider M, Herrlinger U. Current status of precision oncology in adult glioblastoma. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38899374 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of precision oncology, the application of targeted drugs based on comprehensive molecular profiling, has revolutionized treatment strategies in oncology. This review summarizes the current status of precision oncology in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults with a median survival below 2 years. Targeted treatments without prior target verification have consistently failed. Patients with BRAF V600E-mutated GBM benefit from BRAF/MEK-inhibition, whereas targeting EGFR alterations was unsuccessful due to poor tumor penetration, tumor cell heterogeneity, and pathway redundancies. Systematic screening for actionable molecular alterations resulted in low rates (< 10%) of targeted treatments. Efficacy was observed in one-third and currently appears to be limited to BRAF-, VEGFR-, and mTOR-directed treatments. Advancing precision oncology for GBM requires consideration of pathways instead of single alterations, new trial concepts enabling rapid and adaptive drug evaluation, a focus on drugs with sufficient bioavailability in the CNS, and the extension of target discovery and validation to the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell networks, and their interaction with immune cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weller
- Department of Neurooncology, Center for Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Zeyen
- Department of Neurooncology, Center for Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Schaub
- Department of Neurooncology, Center for Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Cathrina Duffy
- Department of Neurooncology, Center for Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Department of Neurooncology, Center for Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
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Lim W, Lee S, Koh M, Jo A, Park J. Recent advances in chemical biology tools for protein and RNA profiling of extracellular vesicles. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:483-499. [PMID: 38846074 PMCID: PMC11151817 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by cells that contain various cellular components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from the parent cell. EVs are abundant in body fluids and can serve as circulating biomarkers for a variety of diseases or as a regulator of various biological processes. Considering these characteristics of EVs, analysis of the EV cargo has been spotlighted for disease diagnosis or to understand biological processes in biomedical research. Over the past decade, technologies for rapid and sensitive analysis of EVs in biofluids have evolved, but detection and isolation of targeted EVs in complex body fluids is still challenging due to the unique physical and biological properties of EVs. Recent advances in chemical biology provide new opportunities for efficient profiling of the molecular contents of EVs. A myriad of chemical biology tools have been harnessed to enhance the analytical performance of conventional assays for better understanding of EV biology. In this review, we will discuss the improvements that have been achieved using chemical biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojeong Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ala Jo
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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Padinharayil H, George A. Small extracellular vesicles: Multi-functional aspects in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 198:104341. [PMID: 38575042 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact normal and pathological cellular signaling through bidirectional trafficking. Exosomes, a subset of EVs possess biomolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments and various RNA species reflecting a speculum of their parent cells. The involvement of exosomes in bidirectional communication and their biological constituents substantiate its role in regulating both physiology and pathology, including multiple cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancers (85%) with high incidence, mortality and reduced overall survival. Lack of efficient early diagnostic and therapeutic tools hurdles the management of NSCLC. Interestingly, the exosomes from body fluids similarity with parent cells or tissue offers a potential future multicomponent tool for the early diagnosis of NSCLC. The structural twinning of exosomes with a cell/tissue and the competitive tumor derived exosomes in tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the unpinning horizons of exosomes as a drug delivery, vaccine, and therapeutic agent. Exosomes in clinical point of view assist to trace: acquired resistance caused by various therapeutic agents, early diagnosis, progression, and surveillance. In an integrated approach, EV biomarkers offer potential cutting-edge techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer, though the purification, characterization, and biomarker identification processes for the translational research regarding EVs need further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur-05, Kerala, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur-05, Kerala, India.
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Mastrototaro L, Roden M. The effects of extracellular vesicles and their cargo on metabolism and its adaptation to physical exercise in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300078. [PMID: 37525338 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle modification represents the first-line strategy for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is frequently associated with obesity and characterized by defective pancreatic insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. Exercise training is an essential component of lifestyle modification and has been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance by reducing body fat mass and by enhancing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin-independent glucose uptake. Additionally, exercising stimulates the release of exerkines such as metabolites or cytokines, but also long non-coding RNA, microRNAs, cell-free DNA (cf-DNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contribute to inter-tissue communication. There is emerging evidence that EV number and content are altered in obesity and T2DM and may be involved in several metabolic processes, specifically either worsening or improving insulin resistance. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the metabolic effects of exercise training and on the potential role of humoral factors and EV as new biomarkers for early diagnosis and tailored treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Qiu J, Guo Q, Chu Y, Wang C, Xue H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Li G, Han L. Efficient EVs separation and detection by an alumina-nanochannel-array-membrane integrated microfluidic chip and an antibody barcode biochip. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342576. [PMID: 38637043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small endosome-derived lipid nanovesicles (30-200 nm) are actively secreted by living cells and serve as pivotal biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. However, the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) requires isolation and purification from various body fluids. Although traditional EVs isolation and detection technologies are mature, they usually require large amount of sample, consumes long-time, and have relatively low-throughput. How to efficiently isolate, purify and detect these structurally specific EVs from body fluids with high-throughput remains a great challenge in in vitro diagnostics and clinical research. RESULTS Herein, we suggest a nanosized microfluidic device for efficient and economical EVs filtration based on an alumina nanochannel array membrane. We evaluated the filtration device performance of alumina membranes with different diameters and found that an optimized chamber array with a hydrophilic-treated channel diameter of 90 nm could realize a filtration efficiency of up to 82% without any assistance from chemical or physical separation methods. Importantly, by integrating meticulously designed multichannel microfluidic biochips, EVs can be captured in-situ and monitored by antibody barcode biochip. The proposed filtration chip together with the high-throughput detection chip were capable of filtration of a few tens of μL samples and recognition of different phonotypes. The practical filtration and detection of EVs from clinical samples demonstrated the high performance of the device. SIGNIFICANT Overall, this work provides a cost-effective, highly efficient and automated EVs filtration chip and detection dual-function integrated chip platform, which can directly separate EVs from serum or cerebrospinal fluid with an efficiency of 82% and conduct in-situ detection. This small fluidic device can provide a powerful tool for highly efficient identifying and analyzing EVs, presenting great application potential in clinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Qiu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qindong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yujin Chu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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Bhadra M, Sachan M. An overview of challenges associated with exosomal miRNA isolation toward liquid biopsy-based ovarian cancer detection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30328. [PMID: 38707279 PMCID: PMC11068823 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the deadliest gynaecological cancers, ovarian cancer has been on the list. With lesser-known symptoms and lack of an accurate detection method, it is still difficult to catch it early. In terms of both the diagnosis and outlook for cancer, liquid biopsy has come a long way with significant advancements. Exosomes, extracellular components commonly shed by cancerous cells, are nucleic acid-rich particles floating in almost all body fluids and hold enormous promise, leading to minimallyinvasive molecular diagnostics. They have been shown as potential biomarkers in liquid biopsy, being implicated in tumour growth and metastasis. In order to address the drawbacks of ovarian cancer tumor heterogeneity, a liquid biopsy-based approach is being investigated by detecting cell-free nucleic acids, particularly non-coding RNAs, having the advantage of being less invasive and more prominent in nature. microRNAs are known to actively contribute to cancer development and their existence inside exosomes has also been made quite apparent which can be leveraged to diagnose and treat the disease. Extraction of miRNAs and exosomes is an arduous execution, and while other approaches have been investigated, none have produced results that are as encouraging due to limits in time commitment, yield, and, most significantly, damage to the exosomal structure resulting discrepancies in miRNA-based expression profiling for disease diagnosis. We have briefly outlined and reviewed the difficulties with exosome isolation techniques and the need for their standardization. The several widely used procedures and their drawbacks in terms of the exosomal purity they may produce have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Bhadra
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology-Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology-Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen J, Zheng M, Xiao Q, Wang H, Chi C, Lin T, Wang Y, Yi X, Zhu L. Recent Advances in Microfluidic-Based Extracellular Vesicle Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:630. [PMID: 38793203 PMCID: PMC11122811 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as vital messengers, facilitating communication between cells, and exhibit tremendous potential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, conventional EV isolation methods are labor-intensive, and they harvest EVs with low purity and compromised recovery. In addition, the drawbacks, such as the limited sensitivity and specificity of traditional EV analysis methods, hinder the application of EVs in clinical use. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective and standardized methods for isolating and detecting EVs. Microfluidics technology is a powerful and rapidly developing technology that has been introduced as a potential solution for the above bottlenecks. It holds the advantages of high integration, short analysis time, and low consumption of samples and reagents. In this review, we summarize the traditional techniques alongside microfluidic-based methodologies for the isolation and detection of EVs. We emphasize the distinct advantages of microfluidic technology in enhancing the capture efficiency and precise targeting of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We also explore its analytical role in targeted detection. Furthermore, this review highlights the transformative impact of microfluidic technology on EV analysis, with the potential to achieve automated and high-throughput EV detection in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Qiaoling Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Caixing Chi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Tahui Lin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Xue Yi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
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Wu T, Wang L, Jian C, Gao C, Liu Y, Fu Z, Shi C. Regulatory T cell-derived exosome mediated macrophages polarization for osteogenic differentiation in fracture repair. J Control Release 2024; 369:266-282. [PMID: 38508525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Refractory fracture presents an intractable challenge in trauma treatment. Selective polarization of macrophages as well as the recruitment of osteogenic precursor cells play key roles in osteogenic differentiation during fracture healing. Here we constructed regulatory T cell (Treg)-derived exosomes (Treg-Exo) for the treatment of fracture. The obtained exosomes displayed a spheroid shape with a hydrated particle size of approximately 130 nm. With further purification using CD39 and CD73 antibody-modified microfluidic chips, CD39 and CD73 specifically expressing exosomes were obtained. This kind of Treg-Exo utilized the ectonucleotidases of CD39 and CD73 to catalyze the high level of ATP in the fracture area into adenosine. The generated adenosine further promoted the selective polarization of macrophages. When interacting with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, osteogenic precursor cells), both Treg-Exo and Treg-Exo primed macrophages facilitated the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. After administration in vivo, Treg-Exo effectively promoted fracture healing compared with conventional T cell-derived exosome. To further improve the delivery efficacy of exosomes and integrate multiple biological processes of fracture healing, an injectable hydrogel was fabricated to co-deliver Treg-Exo and stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α). With the dual effect of Treg-Exo for macrophage polarization and SDF-1α for MSC recruitment, the multifunctional hydrogel exerted a synergistic effect on fracture repair acceleration. This study provided a promising therapeutic candidate and synergistic strategy for the clinical treatment of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China.
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12
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Thenuwara G, Javed B, Singh B, Tian F. Biosensor-Enhanced Organ-on-a-Chip Models for Investigating Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2865. [PMID: 38732975 PMCID: PMC11086276 DOI: 10.3390/s24092865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, an aggressive primary brain tumor, poses a significant challenge owing to its dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment. This review investigates the innovative integration of biosensor-enhanced organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models as a novel strategy for an in-depth exploration of glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. In recent years, the transformative approach of incorporating biosensors into OOC platforms has enabled real-time monitoring and analysis of cellular behaviors within a controlled microenvironment. Conventional in vitro and in vivo models exhibit inherent limitations in accurately replicating the complex nature of glioblastoma progression. This review addresses the existing research gap by pioneering the integration of biosensor-enhanced OOC models, providing a comprehensive platform for investigating glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. The applications of this combined approach in studying glioblastoma dynamics are critically scrutinized, emphasizing its potential to bridge the gap between simplistic models and the intricate in vivo conditions. Furthermore, the article discusses the implications of biosensor-enhanced OOC models in elucidating the dynamic features of the tumor microenvironment, encompassing cell migration, proliferation, and interactions. By furnishing real-time insights, these models significantly contribute to unraveling the complex biology of glioblastoma, thereby influencing the development of more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathree Thenuwara
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Bilal Javed
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baljit Singh
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Furong Tian
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Shen J, Ma Z, Xu J, Xue T, Lv X, Zhu G, Huang B. Exosome Isolation and Detection: From Microfluidic Chips to Nanoplasmonic Biosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38676635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are becoming more widely acknowledged as significant circulating indicators for the prognosis and diagnosis of cancer. Circulating exosomes are essential to the development and spread of cancer, according to a growing body of research. Using existing technology, characterizing exosomes is quite difficult. Therefore, a direct, sensitive, and targeted approach to exosome detection will aid in illness diagnosis and prognosis. The review discusses the new strategies for exosome isolation and detection technologies from microfluidic chips to nanoplasmonic biosensors, analyzing the advantages and limitations of these new technologies. This review serves researchers to better understand exosome isolation and detection methods and to help develop better exosome isolating and detecting devices for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Shen
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhengtai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Tianhao Xue
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guixian Zhu
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Beiju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Maitra S, Mukerjee N, Alharbi HM, Ghosh A, Alexiou A, Thorat ND. Targeted therapies for HPV-associated cervical cancer: Harnessing the potential of exosome-based chipsets in combating leukemia and HPV-mediated cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29596. [PMID: 38590017 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have emerged as significant vehicles for transporting disease-specific biomarkers. This feature provides profound insights into the progression of diseases and the responses of patients to treatments. For example, in leukemia, exosomes convey critical information through the carriage of specific proteins and nucleic acids. In the case of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical cancer, exosomes are particularly useful for noninvasive detection as they transport high-risk HPV DNA and specific biomolecules, which can be indicators of the disease. Despite their vast potential, there are several challenges associated with the use of exosomes in medical diagnostics. These include their inherent heterogeneity, the need for enhanced sensitivity in detection methods, the establishment of standardization protocols, and the requirement for cost-effective scalability in their application. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the effective implementation of exosome-based diagnostics. Future research and development are geared towards overcoming these obstacles. Efforts are concentrated on refining the processes of biomarker discovery, establishing comprehensive regulatory frameworks, developing convenient point-of-care devices, exploring methods for multimodal detection, and conducting extensive clinical trials. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to inaugurate a new era of precision diagnostics within healthcare. This would significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of diseases such as leukemia and HPV-mediated cervical cancer. The integration of exosomes with cutting-edge technology holds the promise of significantly reinforcing the foundations of healthcare, leading to enhanced diagnostic accuracy, better disease monitoring, and more personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanan M Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP, Med, Wein, Austria
| | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute and Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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15
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Andre M, Caobi A, Miles JS, Vashist A, Ruiz MA, Raymond AD. Diagnostic potential of exosomal extracellular vesicles in oncology. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:322. [PMID: 38454346 PMCID: PMC10921614 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy can detect circulating cancer cells or tumor cell-derived DNA at various stages of cancer. The fluid from these biopsies contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, exomeres, and exosomes. Exosomes contain proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) that can modify the microenvironment and promote cancer progression, playing significant roles in cancer pathology. Clinically, the proteins and nucleic acids within the exosomes from liquid biopsies can be biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of cancer. We review EVs protein and miRNA biomarkers identified for select cancers, specifically melanoma, glioma, breast, pancreatic, hepatic, cervical, prostate colon, and some hematological malignancies. Overall, this review demonstrates that EV biomolecules have great potential to expand the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers used in Oncology; ultimately, EVs could lead to earlier detection and novel therapeutic targets. Clinical implicationsEVs represent a new paradigm in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. The potential use of exosomal contents as biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic indicators may facilitate cancer management. Non-invasive liquid biopsy is helpful, especially when the tumor is difficult to reach, such as in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Moreover, another advantage of using minimally invasive liquid biopsy is that monitoring becomes more manageable. Identifying tumor-derived exosomal proteins and microRNAs would allow a more personalized approach to detecting cancer and improving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickensone Andre
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
| | - Allen Caobi
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
| | - Jana S Miles
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
| | - Marco A Ruiz
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
- Medical Oncology, Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, 33176, FL, USA
| | - Andrea D Raymond
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at, Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, FL, USA.
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16
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Omrani M, Beyrampour-Basmenj H, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Talebi M, Raeisi M, Serej ZA, Akbar-Gharalari N, Khodakarimi S, Wu J, Ebrahimi-Kalan A. Global trend in exosome isolation and application: an update concept in management of diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:679-691. [PMID: 37166542 PMCID: PMC10173230 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various cells offer great potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. EVs are heterogeneous membranous vesicles. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs, 40-150 nm spherical vesicles with a lipid layer derived from endosomes. Exosomes, which are involved in signal transduction and maintain homeostasis, are released from almost all cells, tissues, and body fluids. Although several methods exist to isolate and characterize EVs and exosomes, each technique has significant drawbacks and limitations that prevent progress in the field. New approaches in the biology of EVs show great potential for isolating and characterizing EVs, which will help us better understand their biological function. The strengths and limitations of conventional strategies and novel methods (microfluidic) for EV isolation are outlined in this review. We also present various exosome isolation techniques and kits that are commercially available and assess the global market demand for exosome assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhassan Omrani
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Beyrampour-Basmenj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Raeisi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari Serej
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Akbar-Gharalari
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Khodakarimi
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Zhu F, Wang T, Wang G, Yan C, He B, Qiao B. The Exosome-Mediated Bone Regeneration: An Advanced Horizon Toward the Isolation, Engineering, Carrying Modalities, and Mechanisms. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400293. [PMID: 38426417 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, nanoparticles secreted by various cells, composed of a bilayer lipid membrane, and containing bioactive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, etc., have been intensively investigated in tissue engineering owing to their high biocompatibility and versatile biofunction. However, there is still a lack of a high-quality review on bone defect regeneration potentiated by exosomes. In this review, the biogenesis and isolation methods of exosomes are first introduced. More importantly, the engineered exosomes of the current state of knowledge are discussed intensively in this review. Afterward, the biomaterial carriers of exosomes and the mechanisms of bone repair elucidated by compelling evidence are presented. Thus, future perspectives and concerns are revealed to help devise advanced modalities based on exosomes to overcome the challenges of bone regeneration. It is totally believed this review will attract special attention from clinicians and provide promising ideas for their future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Taiyou Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Guangjian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Caiping Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
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18
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González Á, López-Borrego S, Sandúa A, Vales-Gomez M, Alegre E. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: challenges and opportunities for clinical laboratories. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38361287 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2309935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles secreted by most cells. They transport different types of biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) characteristic of their tissue or cellular origin that can mediate long-distance intercellular communication. In the case of cancer, EVs participate in tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment, favoring immune tolerance and metastasis development. Consequently, EVs have great potential in liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up. In addition, EVs could have a role in cancer treatment as a targeted drug delivery system. The intense research in the EV field has resulted in hundreds of patents and the creation of biomedical companies. However, methodological issues and heterogeneity in EV composition have hampered the advancement of EV validation trials and the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic products. Consequently, only a few EV biomarkers have moved from research to clinical laboratories, such as the ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) test, a CLIA/FDA-approved EV prostate cancer diagnostic test. In addition, the number of large-scale multicenter studies that would clearly define biomarker performance is limited. In this review, we will critically describe the different types of EVs, the methods for their enrichment and characterization, and their biological role in cancer. Then, we will specially focus on the parameters to be considered for the translation of EV biology to the clinic laboratory, the advances already made in the field of EVs related to cancer diagnosis and treatment, and the issues still pending to be solved before EVs could be used as a routine tool in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro González
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia López-Borrego
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Sandúa
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Alegre
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Wang X, Wang L, Lin H, Zhu Y, Huang D, Lai M, Xi X, Huang J, Zhang W, Zhong T. Research progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in cancer liquid biopsy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1303335. [PMID: 38333685 PMCID: PMC10850354 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1303335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vehicles (EVs) have received significant attention in recent times as emerging biomarkers and subjects of transformational studies. The three main branches of liquid biopsy have evolved from the three primary tumor liquid biopsy detection targets-CTC, ctDNA, and EVs-each with distinct benefits. CTCs are derived from circulating cancer cells from the original tumor or metastases and may display global features of the tumor. ctDNA has been extensively analyzed and has been used to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neoplastic diseases. EVs contain tumor-derived material such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, sugar structures, and metabolites. The three provide different detection contents but have strong complementarity to a certain extent. Even though they have already been employed in several clinical trials, the clinical utility of three biomarkers is still being studied, with promising initial findings. This review thoroughly overviews established and emerging technologies for the isolation, characterization, and content detection of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Also discussed were the most recent developments in the study of potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis prediction. These included CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Finally, the potential and challenges of employing liquid biopsy based on CTC, ctDNA, and EVs for precision medicine were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haihong Lin
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mi Lai
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xuxiang Xi
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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20
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Zhang N, Shu L, Liu Z, Shi A, Zhao L, Huang S, Sheng G, Yan Z, Song Y, Huang F, Tang Y, Zhang Z. The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1336685. [PMID: 38269274 PMCID: PMC10805838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1336685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that originates from the biliary system. With restricted treatment options at hand, the challenging aspect of early CCA diagnosis leads to a bleak prognosis. Besides the intrinsic characteristics of tumor cells, the generation and progression of CCA are profoundly influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which engages in intricate interactions with cholangiocarcinoma cells. Of notable significance is the role of extracellular vesicles as key carriers in enabling communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research examining the interplay between extracellular vesicles and the tumor microenvironment in the context of CCA. Specifically, we will emphasize the significant contributions of extracellular vesicles in molding the CCA microenvironment and explore their potential applications in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhuang Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Anda Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoli Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangdi Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongchang Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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21
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Zhyvolozhnyi A, Samoylenko A, Bart G, Kaisanlahti A, Hekkala J, Makieieva O, Pratiwi F, Miinalainen I, Kaakinen M, Bergman U, Singh P, Nurmi T, Khosrowbadi E, Abdelrady E, Kellokumpu S, Kosamo S, Reunanen J, Röning J, Hiltunen J, Vainio SJ. Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:48-63. [PMID: 38164498 PMCID: PMC10750121 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.87822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweat contains biomarkers for real-time non-invasive health monitoring, but only a few relevant analytes are currently used in clinical practice. In the present study, we investigated whether sweat-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be used as a source of potential protein biomarkers of human and bacterial origin. Methods: By using ExoView platform, electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting we characterized EVs in the sweat of eight volunteers performing rigorous exercise. We compared the presence of EV markers as well as general protein composition of total sweat, EV-enriched sweat and sweat samples collected in alginate skin patches. Results: We identified 1209 unique human proteins in EV-enriched sweat, of which approximately 20% were present in every individual sample investigated. Sweat derived EVs shared 846 human proteins (70%) with total sweat, while 368 proteins (30%) were captured by medical grade alginate skin patch and such EVs contained the typical exosome marker CD63. The majority of identified proteins are known to be carried by EVs found in other biofluids, mostly urine. Besides human proteins, EV-enriched sweat samples contained 1594 proteins of bacterial origin. Bacterial protein profiles in EV-enriched sweat were characterized by high interindividual variability, that reflected differences in total sweat composition. Alginate-based sweat patch accumulated only 5% proteins of bacterial origin. Conclusion: We showed that sweat-derived EVs provide a rich source of potential biomarkers of human and bacterial origin. Use of commercially available alginate skin patches selectively enrich for human derived material with very little microbial material collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Zhyvolozhnyi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anatoliy Samoylenko
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Geneviève Bart
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Kaisanlahti
- Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jenni Hekkala
- Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Olha Makieieva
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Feby Pratiwi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kaakinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Prateek Singh
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Nurmi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elham Khosrowbadi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eslam Abdelrady
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susanna Kosamo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Röning
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Seppo J. Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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22
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Chen CC, Benavente CA. Exploring the Impact of Exosomal Cargos on Osteosarcoma Progression: Insights into Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:568. [PMID: 38203737 PMCID: PMC10779183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high metastasis. Poor prognosis highlights a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles, have been identified as essential players in the modulation of cancer. Recent studies have suggested that OS-derived exosomes can drive pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes by transferring specific cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, to neighboring cells, significantly impacting the regulation of cellular processes. This review discusses the advancement of exosomes and their cargos in OS. We examine how these exosomes contribute to the modulation of cellular phenotypes associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, we explore the potential of exosomes as valuable biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostic purposes and their role in shaping innovative therapeutic strategies in OS treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Claudia A. Benavente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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23
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Slika H, Karimov Z, Alimonti P, Abou-Mrad T, De Fazio E, Alomari S, Tyler B. Preclinical Models and Technologies in Glioblastoma Research: Evolution, Current State, and Future Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16316. [PMID: 38003507 PMCID: PMC10671665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary central nervous system tumor and one of the most debilitating cancers. The prognosis of patients with glioblastoma remains poor, and the management of this tumor, both in its primary and recurrent forms, remains suboptimal. Despite the tremendous efforts that are being put forward by the research community to discover novel efficacious therapeutic agents and modalities, no major paradigm shifts have been established in the field in the last decade. However, this does not mirror the abundance of relevant findings and discoveries made in preclinical glioblastoma research. Hence, developing and utilizing appropriate preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the characteristics and behavior of human glioblastoma is of utmost importance. Herein, we offer a holistic picture of the evolution of preclinical models of glioblastoma. We further elaborate on the commonly used in vitro and vivo models, delving into their development, favorable characteristics, shortcomings, and areas of potential improvement, which aids researchers in designing future experiments and utilizing the most suitable models. Additionally, this review explores progress in the fields of humanized and immunotolerant mouse models, genetically engineered animal models, 3D in vitro models, and microfluidics and highlights promising avenues for the future of preclinical glioblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Ziya Karimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Tatiana Abou-Mrad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emerson De Fazio
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
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24
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Sajeer Paramabth M, Varma M. Demystifying PCR tests, challenges, alternatives, and future: A quick review focusing on COVID and fungal infections. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 51:719-728. [PMID: 37485773 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is one of the most potent tools in molecular biology. It is extensively used for various applications ranging from medical diagnostics to forensic science and food quality testing. This technique has facilitated to survive COVID-19 pandemic by identifying the virus-infected individuals effortlessly and effectively. This review explores the principles, recent advancements, challenges, and alternatives of PCR technique in the context of COVID-19 and fungal infections. The introduction of PCR technique for anyone new to this field is the primary aim of this review and thereby equips them to understand the science of COVID-19 and related fungal infections in a simplistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Varma
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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26
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Zhang Y, Zhao L, Li Y, Wan S, Yuan Z, Zu G, Peng F, Ding X. Advanced extracellular vesicle bioinformatic nanomaterials: from enrichment, decoding to clinical diagnostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:366. [PMID: 37798669 PMCID: PMC10557264 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane nanoarchitectures generated by cells that carry a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites. These characteristics make them attractive as circulating bioinformatic nanocabinets for liquid biopsy. Recent advances on EV biology and biogenesis demonstrate that EVs serve as highly important cellular surrogates involved in a wide range of diseases, opening up new frontiers for modern diagnostics. However, inefficient methods for EV enrichment, as well as low sensitivity of EV bioinformatic decoding technologies, hinder the use of EV nanocabinet for clinical diagnosis. To overcome these challenges, new EV nanotechnology is being actively developed to promote the clinical translation of EV diagnostics. This article aims to present the emerging enrichment strategies and bioinformatic decoding platforms for EV analysis, and their applications as bioinformatic nanomaterials in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaocheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhiyao Yuan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Guangyue Zu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xianguang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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27
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Chen K, Duong BTV, Ahmed SU, Dhavarasa P, Wang Z, Labib M, Flynn C, Xu J, Zhang YY, Wang H, Yang X, Das J, Zargartalebi H, Ma Y, Kelley SO. A magneto-activated nanoscale cytometry platform for molecular profiling of small extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5576. [PMID: 37696888 PMCID: PMC10495366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) has recently received significant attention as a biomarker predicting immunotherapeutic responses involving the PD1/PD-L1 pathway. However, current technologies for exosomal analysis rely primarily on bulk measurements that do not consider the heterogeneity found within exosomal subpopulations. Here, we present a nanoscale cytometry platform NanoEPIC, enabling phenotypic sorting and exoPD-L1 profiling from blood plasma. We highlight the efficacy of NanoEPIC in monitoring anti-PD-1 immunotherapy through the interrogation of exoPD-L1. NanoEPIC generates signature exoPD-L1 patterns in responders and non-responders. In mice treated with PD1-targeted immunotherapy, exoPD-L1 is correlated with tumor growth, PD-L1 burden in tumors, and the immune suppression of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with different PD-L1 expression levels display distinctive inhibitory effects on CD8 + T cells. NanoEPIC offers robust, high-throughput profiling of exosomal markers, enabling sEV subpopulation analysis. This platform holds the potential for enhanced cancer screening, personalized treatment, and therapeutic response monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bill T V Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharif U Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zongjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Connor Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jingya Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Y Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hossein Zargartalebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Jo A, Green A, Medina JE, Iyer S, Ohman AW, McCarthy ET, Reinhardt F, Gerton T, Demehin D, Mishra R, Kolin DL, Zheng H, Cheon J, Crum CP, Weinberg RA, Rueda BR, Castro CM, Dinulescu DM, Lee H. Inaugurating High-Throughput Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Earlier Ovarian Cancer Detection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301930. [PMID: 37485618 PMCID: PMC10520636 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Detecting early cancer through liquid biopsy is challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers for early lesions and potentially low levels of these markers. The current study systematically develops an extracellular-vesicle (EV)-based test for early detection, specifically focusing on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). The marker selection is based on emerging insights into HGSOC pathogenesis, notably that it arises from precursor lesions within the fallopian tube. This work thus establishes murine fallopian tube (mFT) cells with oncogenic mutations and performs proteomic analyses on mFT-derived EVs. The identified markers are then evaluated with an orthotopic HGSOC animal model. In serially-drawn blood of tumor-bearing mice, mFT-EV markers increase with tumor initiation, supporting their potential use in early cancer detection. A pilot clinical study (n = 51) further narrows EV markers to five candidates, EpCAM, CD24, VCAN, HE4, and TNC. The combined expression of these markers distinguishes HGSOC from non-cancer with 89% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The same markers are also effective in classifying three groups (non-cancer, early-stage HGSOC, and late-stage HGSOC). The developed approach, for the first time inaugurated in fallopian tube-derived EVs, could be a minimally invasive tool to monitor women at high risk of ovarian cancer for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Jo
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Allen Green
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jamie E. Medina
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Sonia Iyer
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Anders W. Ohman
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Eric T. McCarthy
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Thomas Gerton
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Daniel Demehin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ranjan Mishra
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - David L. Kolin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher P. Crum
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Robert A. Weinberg
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Bo R. Rueda
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Daniela M. Dinulescu
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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29
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Phillips KA, Kamson DO, Schiff D. Disease Assessments in Patients with Glioblastoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1057-1069. [PMID: 37470973 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The neuro-oncology team faces a unique challenge when assessing treatment response in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the standard imaging modality for measuring therapeutic response in both clinical practice and clinical trials. However, even for the neuroradiologist, MRI interpretations are not straightforward because of tumor heterogeneity, as evidenced by varying degrees of enhancement, infiltrating tumor patterns, cellular densities, and vasogenic edema. The situation is even more perplexing following therapy since treatment-related changes can mimic viable tumor. Additionally, antiangiogenic therapies can dramatically decrease contrast enhancement giving the false impression of decreasing tumor burden. Over the past few decades, several approaches have emerged to augment and improve visual interpretation of glioblastoma response to therapeutics. Herein, we summarize the state of the art for evaluating the response of glioblastoma to standard therapies and investigational agents as well as challenges and future directions for assessing treatment response in neuro-oncology. RECENT FINDINGS Monitoring glioblastoma responses to standard therapy and novel agents has been fraught with many challenges and limitations over the past decade. Excitingly, new promising methods are emerging to help address these challenges. Recently, the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group proposed an updated response criteria (RANO 2.0) for the evaluation of all grades of glial tumors regardless of IDH status or therapies being evaluated. In addition, advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as histogram analysis, parametric response maps, morphometric segmentation, radio pharmacodynamics approaches, and the integrating of amino acid radiotracers in the tumor evaluation algorithm may help resolve equivocal lesion interpretations without operative intervention. Moreover, the introduction of other techniques, such as liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence could complement conventional visual assessment of glioblastoma response to therapies. Neuro-oncology has evolved over the past decade and has achieved significant milestones, including the establishment of new standards of care, emerging therapeutic options, and novel clinical, translational, and basic research. More recently, the integration of histopathology with molecular features for tumor classification has marked an important paradigm shift in brain tumor diagnosis. In a similar manner, treatment response monitoring in neuro-oncology has made considerable progress. While most techniques are still in their inception, there is an emerging body of evidence for clinical application. Further research will be critically important for the development of impactful breakthroughs in this area of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kester A Phillips
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment at Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17Th Ave Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - David O Kamson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 201 North Broadway, Skip Viragh Outpatient Cancer Building, 9Th Floor, Room 9177, Mailbox #3, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, West Complex, Room 6225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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30
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Skouras P, Markouli M, Kalamatianos T, Stranjalis G, Korkolopoulou P, Piperi C. Advances on Liquid Biopsy Analysis for Glioma Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2371. [PMID: 37760812 PMCID: PMC10525418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas comprise the most frequent primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, characterized by remarkable genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, difficulty in monitoring, and increased relapse and mortality rates. Tissue biopsy is an established method of tumor cell collection and analysis that enables diagnosis, classification of different tumor types, and prediction of prognosis upon confirmation of tumor's location for surgical removal. However, it is an invasive and often challenging procedure that cannot be used for frequent patient screening, detection of mutations, disease monitoring, or resistance to therapy. To this end, the minimally invasive procedure of liquid biopsy has emerged, allowing effortless tumor sampling and enabling continuous monitoring. It is considered a novel preferable way to obtain faster data on potential tumor risk, personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence evaluation. The purpose of this review is to describe the advances on liquid biopsy for glioma diagnosis and management, indicating several biomarkers that can be utilized to analyze tumor characteristics, such as cell-free DNA (cfDNA), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), circulating proteins, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes. It further addresses the benefit of combining liquid biopsy with radiogenomics to facilitate early and accurate diagnoses, enable precise prognostic assessments, and facilitate real-time disease monitoring, aiming towards more optimal treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skouras
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariam Markouli
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Theodosis Kalamatianos
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - George Stranjalis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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31
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Yan H, Han S, Hughes S, Zeng Y. Extraction-free, one-pot CRISPR/Cas12a detection of microRNAs directly from extracellular vesicles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10165-10168. [PMID: 37531174 PMCID: PMC10478011 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNA analysis mostly require RNA extraction, which results in a multi-step, time-consuming workflow. This study reports an extraction-free method that combines thermolysis treatment of EVs with a one-pot EXTRA-CRISPR assay, enabling the vastly simplified analysis of EV miRNAs with a comparable performance to that of the extraction-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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32
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Lin AA, Shen H, Spychalski G, Carpenter EL, Issadore D. Modeling and optimization of parallelized immunomagnetic nanopore sorting for surface marker specific isolation of extracellular vesicles from complex media. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13292. [PMID: 37587235 PMCID: PMC10432479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation of specific subpopulations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) based on their expression of surface markers poses a significant challenge due to their nanoscale size (< 800 nm), their heterogeneous surface marker expression, and the vast number of background EVs present in clinical specimens (1010-1012 EVs/mL in blood). Highly parallelized nanomagnetic sorting using track etched magnetic nanopore (TENPO) chips has achieved precise immunospecific sorting with high throughput and resilience to clogging. However, there has not yet been a systematic study of the design parameters that control the trade-offs in throughput, target EV recovery, and ability to discard background EVs in this approach. We combine finite-element simulation and experimental characterization of TENPO chips to elucidate design rules to isolate EV subpopulations from blood. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by reducing device background > 10× relative to prior published designs without sacrificing recovery of the target EVs by selecting pore diameter, number of membranes placed in series, and flow rate. We compare TENPO-isolated EVs to those of gold-standard methods of EV isolation and demonstrate its utility for wide application and modularity by targeting subpopulations of EVs from multiple models of disease including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hanfei Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Griffin Spychalski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erica L Carpenter
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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33
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Hu X, Xie J, Yang Y, Qiu Z, Lu W, Lin X, Xu B. Multi-Target Neural Differentiation (MTND) Therapeutic Cocktail to Suppress Brain Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12329. [PMID: 37569705 PMCID: PMC10418641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors have been proved challenging to treat. Here we established a Multi-Target Neural Differentiation (MTND) therapeutic cocktail to achieve effective and safe treatment of brain malignancies by targeting the important hallmarks in brain cancers: poor cell differentiation and compromised cell cycle. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments confirmed the significant therapeutic effect of our MTND therapy. Significantly improved therapeutic effects over current first-line chemo-drugs have been identified in clinical cells, with great inhibition of the growth and migration of tumor cells. Further in-vivo experiments confirmed that sustained MTND treatment showed a 73% reduction of the tumor area. MTND also induced strong expression of phenotypes associated with cell cycle exit/arrest and rapid neural reprograming from clinical glioma cells to glutamatergic and GABAergic expressing cells, which are two key neuronal types involved in many human brain functions, including learning and memory. Collectively, MTND induced multi-targeted genotypic expression changes to achieve direct neural conversion of glioma cells and controlled the cell cycle/tumorigenesis development, helping control tumor cells' malignant proliferation and making it possible to treat brain malignant tumors effectively and safely. These encouraging results open avenues to developing new therapies for brain malignancies beyond cytotoxic agents, providing more effective medication recommendations with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jingdun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Yilin Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ziyi Qiu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Weicheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Xudong Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
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34
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Song N, Sun S, Chen K, Wang Y, Wang H, Meng J, Guo M, Zhang XD, Zhang R. Emerging nanotechnology for Alzheimer's disease: From detection to treatment. J Control Release 2023; 360:392-417. [PMID: 37414222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, is characterized by memory impairment, synaptic dysfunction, and character mutations. The pathological features of AD are Aβ accumulation, tau protein enrichment, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation. Since the pathogenesis of AD is complicated and ambiguous, it is still challenging to achieve early detection and timely treatment of AD. Due to the unique physical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), nanotechnology has shown great potential for detecting and treating AD. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in AD detection via nanotechnology based on NPs with electrochemical sensing, optical sensing, and imaging techniques. Meanwhile, we highlight the important advances in nanotechnology-based AD treatment through targeting disease biomarkers, stem-cell therapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we summarize the current challenges and present a promising prospect for nanotechnology-based AD diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jian Meng
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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35
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Lee J, Hong J, Lee J, Lee C, Kim T, Jeong Y, Kim K, Jung I. Precise Filtration of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells by an Ultrathin Microporous Membrane with Backflushing to Minimize Fouling. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:707. [PMID: 37623768 PMCID: PMC10456395 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A cell filtration platform that affords accurate size separation and minimizes fouling was developed. The platform features an ultra-thin porous membrane (UTM) filter, a pumping head filtration with backflush (PHF), and cell size measurement (CSM) software. The UTM chip is an ultrathin free-standing membrane with a large window area of 0.68 mm2, a pore diameter of 5 to 9 μm, and a thickness of less than 0.9 μm. The PHF prevents filter fouling. The CSM software analyzes the size distributions of the supernatants and subnatants of isolated cells and presents the data visually. The D99 particle size of cells of the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) line K562 decreased from 22.2 to 17.5 μm after passage through a 5-μm filter. K562 cells could be separated by careful selection of the pore size; the recovery rate attained 91.3%. The method was compared to conventional blocking models by evaluating the mean square errors (MSEs) between the measured and calculated filtering volumes. The filtering rate was fitted by a linear regression model with a significance that exceeded 0.99 based on the R2 value. The platform can be used to separate various soft biomaterials and afford excellent stability during filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jeongpyo Hong
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jungwon Lee
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Changgyu Lee
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tony Kim
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Young Jeong
- R&D Center, Metapore Co., Ltd., Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 8F, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Inhwa Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
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36
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Mut M, Adiguzel Z, Cakir-Aktas C, Hanalioğlu Ş, Gungor-Topcu G, Kiyga E, Isikay I, Sarac A, Soylemezoglu F, Strobel T, Ampudia-Mesias E, Cameron C, Aslan T, Tekirdas E, Hayran M, Oguz KK, Henzler C, Saydam N, Saydam O. Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Cancer Panels Diagnose Glioblastomas with High Sensitivity and Specificity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3782. [PMID: 37568598 PMCID: PMC10417317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most devastating neoplasms of the central nervous system. This study focused on the development of serum extracellular vesicle (EV)-based glioblastoma tumor marker panels that can be used in a clinic to diagnose glioblastomas and to monitor tumor burden, progression, and regression in response to treatment. RNA sequencing studies were performed using RNA isolated from serum EVs from both patients (n = 85) and control donors (n = 31). RNA sequencing results for preoperative glioblastoma EVs compared to control EVs revealed 569 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 2XFC, FDR < 0.05). By using these DEGs, we developed serum-EV-based biomarker panels for the following glioblastomas: wild-type IDH1 (96% sensitivity/80% specificity), MGMT promoter methylation (91% sensitivity/73% specificity), p53 gene mutation (100% sensitivity/89% specificity), and TERT promoter mutation (89% sensitivity/100% specificity). This is the first study showing that serum-EV-based biomarker panels can be used to diagnose glioblastomas with a high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (Ş.H.); (I.I.); (T.A.); (E.T.)
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey;
| | - Zelal Adiguzel
- TUBİTAK, GEBI, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey; (Z.A.); (G.G.-T.); (E.K.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine KUTTAM, Koç University, Davutpaşa Street No. 4 Topkapi, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Canan Cakir-Aktas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey;
| | - Şahin Hanalioğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (Ş.H.); (I.I.); (T.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Gamze Gungor-Topcu
- TUBİTAK, GEBI, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey; (Z.A.); (G.G.-T.); (E.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Ezgi Kiyga
- TUBİTAK, GEBI, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey; (Z.A.); (G.G.-T.); (E.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilkay Isikay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (Ş.H.); (I.I.); (T.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Aydan Sarac
- TUBİTAK, GEBI, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey; (Z.A.); (G.G.-T.); (E.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Figen Soylemezoglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey;
| | - Thomas Strobel
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Elisabet Ampudia-Mesias
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Charles Cameron
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Tulay Aslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (Ş.H.); (I.I.); (T.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Eray Tekirdas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (Ş.H.); (I.I.); (T.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Mutlu Hayran
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara 06230, Turkey;
| | - Kader Karli Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey;
| | - Christine Henzler
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | | | - Okay Saydam
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.C.)
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37
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Zanganeh S, Abbasgholinejad E, Doroudian M, Esmaelizad N, Farjadian F, Benhabbour SR. The Current Landscape of Glioblastoma Biomarkers in Body Fluids. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3804. [PMID: 37568620 PMCID: PMC10416862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain cancer that necessitates early detection and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging techniques and tissue biopsies, have limitations in providing real-time information and distinguishing treatment-related changes from tumor progression. Liquid biopsies, used to analyze biomarkers in body fluids, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach to detecting and monitoring GBM. This article provides an overview of GBM biomarkers in body fluids, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and extracellular vesicles. It explores the clinical utility of these biomarkers for GBM detection, monitoring, and prognosis. Challenges and limitations in implementing liquid biopsy strategies in clinical practice are also discussed. The article highlights the potential of liquid biopsies as valuable tools for personalized GBM management but underscores the need for standardized protocols and further research to optimize their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zanganeh
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Elham Abbasgholinejad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Nazanin Esmaelizad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Soumya Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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38
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Zhang Y, Wong CY, Lim CZJ, Chen Q, Yu Z, Natalia A, Wang Z, Pang QY, Lim SW, Loh TP, Ang BT, Tang C, Shao H. Multiplexed RNA profiling by regenerative catalysis enables blood-based subtyping of brain tumors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4278. [PMID: 37460561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current technologies to subtype glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal brain tumor, require highly invasive brain biopsies. Here, we develop a dedicated analytical platform to achieve direct and multiplexed profiling of circulating RNAs in extracellular vesicles for blood-based GBM characterization. The technology, termed 'enzyme ZIF-8 complexes for regenerative and catalytic digital detection of RNA' (EZ-READ), leverages an RNA-responsive transducer to regeneratively convert and catalytically enhance signals from rare RNA targets. Each transducer comprises hybrid complexes - protein enzymes encapsulated within metal organic frameworks - to configure strong catalytic activity and robust protection. Upon target RNA hybridization, the transducer activates directly to liberate catalytic complexes, in a target-recyclable manner; when partitioned within a microfluidic device, these complexes can individually catalyze strong chemifluorescence reactions for digital RNA quantification. The EZ-READ platform thus enables programmable and reliable RNA detection, across different-sized RNA subtypes (miRNA and mRNA), directly in sample lysates. When clinically evaluated, the EZ-READ platform established composite signatures for accurate blood-based GBM diagnosis and subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi Yan Wong
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carine Z J Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingchang Chen
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhonglang Yu
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing You Pang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Wee Lim
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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39
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Surappa S, Multani P, Parlatan U, Sinawang PD, Kaifi J, Akin D, Demirci U. Integrated "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic systems for isolation, enrichment, and analysis of cancer biomarkers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2942-2958. [PMID: 37314731 PMCID: PMC10834032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liquid biopsy has garnered considerable attention as a complementary clinical tool for the early detection, molecular characterization and monitoring of cancer over the past decade. In contrast to traditional solid biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy offers a less invasive and safer alternative for routine cancer screening. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled handling of liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers with high sensitivity, throughput, and convenience. The integration of these multi-functional microfluidic technologies into a 'lab-on-a-chip' offers a powerful solution for processing and analyzing samples on a single platform, thereby reducing the complexity, bio-analyte loss and cross-contamination associated with multiple handling and transfer steps in more conventional benchtop workflows. This review critically addresses recent developments in integrated microfluidic technologies for cancer detection, highlighting isolation, enrichment, and analysis strategies for three important sub-types of cancer biomarkers: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes. We first discuss the unique characteristics and advantages of the various lab-on-a-chip technologies developed to operate on each biomarker subtype. This is then followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field of integrated systems for cancer detection. Ultimately, integrated microfluidic platforms form the core of a new class of point-of-care diagnostic tools by virtue of their ease-of-operation, portability and high sensitivity. Widespread availability of such tools could potentially result in more frequent and convenient screening for early signs of cancer at clinical labs or primary care offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Surappa
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Priyanka Multani
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ugur Parlatan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jussuf Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Jalali M, Del Real Mata C, Montermini L, Jeanne O, I Hosseini I, Gu Z, Spinelli C, Lu Y, Tawil N, Guiot MC, He Z, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Zhou R, Petrecca K, Reisner WW, Rak J, Mahshid S. MoS 2-Plasmonic Nanocavities for Raman Spectra of Single Extracellular Vesicles Reveal Molecular Progression in Glioblastoma. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37366177 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are continually released from cancer cells into biofluids, carrying actionable molecular fingerprints of the underlying disease with considerable diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The scarcity, heterogeneity and intrinsic complexity of tumor EVs present a major technological challenge in real-time monitoring of complex cancers such as glioblastoma (GBM). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) outputs a label-free spectroscopic fingerprint for EV molecular profiling. However, it has not been exploited to detect known biomarkers at the single EV level. We developed a multiplex fluidic device with embedded arrayed nanocavity microchips (MoSERS microchip) that achieves 97% confinement of single EVs in a minute amount of fluid (<10 μL) and enables molecular profiling of single EVs with SERS. The nanocavity arrays combine two featuring characteristics: (1) An embedded MoS2 monolayer that enables label-free isolation and nanoconfinement of single EVs due to physical interaction (Coulomb and van der Waals) between the MoS2 edge sites and the lipid bilayer; and (2) A layered plasmonic cavity that enables sufficient electromagnetic field enhancement inside the cavities to obtain a single EV level signal resolution for stratifying the molecular alterations. We used the GBM paradigm to demonstrate the diagnostic potential of the SERS single EV molecular profiling approach. The MoSERS multiplexing fluidic achieves parallel signal acquisition of glioma molecular variants (EGFRvIII oncogenic mutation and MGMT expression) in GBM cells. The detection limit of 1.23% was found for stratifying these key molecular variants in the wild-type population. When interfaced with a convolutional neural network (CNN), MoSERS improved diagnostic accuracy (87%) with which GBM mutations were detected in 12 patient blood samples, on par with clinical pathology tests. Thus, MoSERS demonstrates the potential for molecular stratification of cancer patients using circulating EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jalali
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | | | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Olivia Jeanne
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Imman I Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marie Christine Guiot
- Department of Neuropathology, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Zhi He
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | | | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neuropathology, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Walter W Reisner
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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41
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins II: Intercellular Transfer of Matter (Inheritance?) That Matters. Biomolecules 2023; 13:994. [PMID: 37371574 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) bilayer by covalent linkage to a typical glycolipid and expressed in all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. Lipolytic release from PMs into extracellular compartments and intercellular transfer are regarded as the main (patho)physiological roles exerted by GPI-APs. The intercellular transfer of GPI-APs relies on the complete GPI anchor and is mediated by extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes and lipid-free homo- or heteromeric aggregates, and lipoprotein-like particles such as prostasomes and surfactant-like particles, or lipid-containing micelle-like complexes. In mammalian organisms, non-vesicular transfer is controlled by the distance between donor and acceptor cells/tissues; intrinsic conditions such as age, metabolic state, and stress; extrinsic factors such as GPI-binding proteins; hormones such as insulin; and drugs such as anti-diabetic sulfonylureas. It proceeds either "directly" upon close neighborhood or contact of donor and acceptor cells or "indirectly" as a consequence of the induced lipolytic release of GPI-APs from PMs. Those displace from the serum GPI-binding proteins GPI-APs, which have retained the complete anchor, and become assembled in aggregates or micelle-like complexes. Importantly, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs has been shown to induce specific phenotypes such as stimulation of lipid and glycogen synthesis, in cultured human adipocytes, blood cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. As a consequence, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs should be regarded as non-genetic inheritance of (acquired) features between somatic cells which is based on the biogenesis and transmission of matter such as GPI-APs and "membrane landscapes", rather than the replication and transmission of information such as DNA. Its operation in mammalian organisms remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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42
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Skouras P, Gargalionis AN, Piperi C. Exosomes as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10162. [PMID: 37373314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes constitute small extracellular vesicles that contain lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates from the secreted cells and are capable of transmitting signals between cells and coordinating cellular communication. By this means, they are ultimately involved in physiology and disease, including development, homeostasis, and immune system regulation, as well as contributing to tumor progression and neurodegenerative diseases pathology. Recent studies have shown that gliomas secrete a panel of exosomes which have been associated with cell invasion and migration, tumor immune tolerance, potential for malignant transformation, neovascularization, and resistance to treatment. Exosomes have therefore emerged as intercellular communicators, which mediate the tumor-microenvironment interactions and exosome-regulated glioma cell stemness and angiogenesis. They may induce tumor proliferation and malignancy in normal cells by carrying pro-migratory modulators from cancer cells as well as many different molecular cancer modifiers, such as oncogenic transcripts, miRNAs, mutant oncoproteins, etc., which promote the communication of cancer cells with the surrounding stromal cells and provide valuable information on the molecular profile of the existing tumor. Moreover, engineered exosomes can provide an alternative system for drug delivery and enable efficient treatment. In the present review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the role of exosomes in glioma pathogenesis, their utility in non-invasive diagnosis, and potential applications to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, 'Evangelismos' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biopathology, 'Eginition' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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43
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Lin AA, Shen H, Spychalski G, Carpenter EL, Issadore D. Parallelized immunomagnetic nanopore sorting: modeling, scaling, and optimization of surface marker specific isolation of extracellular vesicles from complex media. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2913647. [PMID: 37292737 PMCID: PMC10246262 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2913647/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of specific subpopulations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) based on their expression of surface markers poses a significant challenge due to their nanoscale size (< 800 nm), their heterogeneous surface marker expression, and the vast number of background EVs present in clinical specimens (10 10 -10 12 EVs/mL in blood). Highly parallelized nanomagnetic sorting using track etched magnetic nanopore (TENPO) chips has achieved precise immunospecific sorting with high throughput and resilience to clogging. However, there has not yet been a systematic study of the design parameters that control the trade-offs in throughput, target EV recovery, and specificity in this approach. We combine finite-element simulation and experimental characterization of TENPO chips to elucidate design rules to isolate EV subpopulations from blood. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by increasing specificity > 10x relative to prior published designs without sacrificing recovery of the target EVs by selecting pore diameter, number of membranes placed in series, and flow rate. We compare TENPO-isolated EVs to those of gold-standard methods of EV isolation and demonstrate its utility for wide application and modularity by targeting subpopulations of EVs from multiple models of disease including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer.
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Avgoulas DI, Tasioulis KS, Papi RM, Pantazaki AA. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potential of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems in Brain Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051439. [PMID: 37242681 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is designated as one of the principal causes of mortality universally. Among different types of cancer, brain cancer remains the most challenging one due to its aggressiveness, the ineffective permeation ability of drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and drug resistance. To overcome the aforementioned issues in fighting brain cancer, there is an imperative need for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes have been proposed as prospective "Trojan horse" nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the biological properties, physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, biogenesis and internalization of exosomes, while it emphasizes their therapeutic and diagnostic potential as drug vehicle systems in brain cancer, highlighting recent advances in the research field. A comparison of the biological activity and therapeutic effectiveness of several exosome-encapsulated cargo including drugs and biomacromolecules underlines their great supremacy over the non-exosomal encapsulated cargo in the delivery, accumulation, and biological potency. Various studies on cell lines and animals give prominence to exosome-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising and alternative approach in the management of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Avgoulas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S Tasioulis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rigini M Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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45
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Luo H, Zhang H, Mao J, Cao H, Tao Y, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Zhang N, Liu Z, Zhang J, Luo P, Xia Y, Cheng Y, Xie Z, Cheng Q, Liu G. Exosome-based nanoimmunotherapy targeting TAMs, a promising strategy for glioma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:235. [PMID: 37012233 PMCID: PMC10070666 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, the cell-derived small extracellular vehicles, play a vital role in intracellular communication by reciprocally transporting DNA, RNA, bioactive protein, chains of glucose, and metabolites. With great potential to be developed as targeted drug carriers, cancer vaccines and noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment response evaluation, prognosis prediction, exosomes show extensive advantages of relatively high drug loading capacity, adjustable therapeutic agents release, enhanced permeation and retention effect, striking biodegradability, excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, etc. With the rapid progression of basic exosome research, exosome-based therapeutics are gaining increasing attention in recent years. Glioma, the standard primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor, is still up against significant challenges as current traditional therapies of surgery resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy and numerous efforts into new drugs showed little clinical curative effect. The emerging immunotherapy strategy presents convincing results in many tumors and is driving researchers to exert its potential in glioma. As the crucial component of the glioma microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and strongly influence glioma progression via various signaling molecules, simultaneously providing new insight into therapeutic strategies. Exosomes would substantially assist the TAMs-centered treatment as drug delivery vehicles and liquid biopsy biomarkers. Here we review the current potential exosome-mediated immunotherapeutics targeting TAMs in glioma and conclude the recent investigation on the fundamental mechanisms of diversiform molecular signaling events by TAMs that promote glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinning Mao
- Health management center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanjian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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46
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Natalia A, Zhang L, Sundah NR, Zhang Y, Shao H. Analytical device miniaturization for the detection of circulating biomarkers. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:1-18. [PMID: 37359772 PMCID: PMC10064972 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Diverse (sub)cellular materials are secreted by cells into the systemic circulation at different stages of disease progression. These circulating biomarkers include whole cells, such as circulating tumour cells, subcellular extracellular vesicles and cell-free factors such as DNA, RNA and proteins. The biophysical and biomolecular state of circulating biomarkers carry a rich repertoire of molecular information that can be captured in the form of liquid biopsies for disease detection and monitoring. In this Review, we discuss miniaturized platforms that allow the minimally invasive and rapid detection and analysis of circulating biomarkers, accounting for their differences in size, concentration and molecular composition. We examine differently scaled materials and devices that can enrich, measure and analyse specific circulating biomarkers, outlining their distinct detection challenges. Finally, we highlight emerging opportunities in biomarker and device integration and provide key future milestones for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noah R. Sundah
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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47
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Jalaludin I, Lubman DM, Kim J. A guide to mass spectrometric analysis of extracellular vesicle proteins for biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:844-872. [PMID: 34747512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes have been extensively investigated for biomarker discoveries for various diseases. An important aspect of exosome analysis involves the development of enrichment methods that have been introduced for successful isolation of exosomes. These methods include ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, immunoaffinity-based enrichment, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation among others. To confirm the presence of exosomes, various characterization methods have been utilized such as Western blot analysis, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, optical methods, zeta potential, visual inspection, and mass spectrometry. Recent advances in high-resolution separations, high-performance mass spectrometry and comprehensive proteome databases have all contributed to the successful analysis of exosomes from patient samples. Herein we review various exosome enrichment methods, characterization methods, and recent trends of exosome investigations using mass spectrometry-based approaches for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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48
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Chen M, Lin S, Zhou C, Cui D, Haick H, Tang N. From Conventional to Microfluidic: Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Individual Characterization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202437. [PMID: 36541411 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which contain a wide variety of cargo such as proteins, miRNAs, and lipids. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although the excellent clinical value, their use in personalized healthcare practice is not yet feasible due to their highly heterogeneous nature. Taking the difficulty of isolation and the small size of EVs into account, the characterization of EVs at a single-particle level is both imperative and challenging. In a bid to address this critical point, more research has been directed into a microfluidic platform because of its inherent advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review discusses the biogenesis and heterogeneity of EVs and takes a broad view of state-of-the-art advances in microfluidics-based EV research, including not only EV separation, but also the single EV characterization of biophysical detection and biochemical analysis. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic techniques, conventional technologies are included for comparison. The current status of artificial intelligence (AI) for single EV characterization is then presented. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of microfluidics and its combination with AI applications in single EV characterization are also discussed. In the foreseeable future, recent breakthroughs in microfluidic platforms are expected to pave the way for single EV analysis and improve applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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49
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Jeong MH, Son T, Tae YK, Park CH, Lee HS, Chung MJ, Park JY, Castro CM, Weissleder R, Jo JH, Bang S, Im H. Plasmon-Enhanced Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205148. [PMID: 36698298 PMCID: PMC10015870 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal disease often detected late in unresectable stages. Currently, there are no effective diagnostic methods or biomarkers to detect CCA early with high confidence. Analysis of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) harvested from liquid biopsies can provide a new opportunity to achieve this goal. Here, an advanced nanoplasmonic sensing technology is reported, termed FLEX (fluorescence-amplified extracellular vesicle sensing technology), for sensitive and robust single EV analysis. In the FLEX assay, EVs are captured on a plasmonic gold nanowell surface and immunolabeled for cancer-associated biomarkers to identify tEVs. The underlying plasmonic gold nanowell structures then amplify EVs' fluorescence signals, an effective amplification process at the single EV level. The FLEX EV analysis revealed a wide heterogeneity of tEVs and their marker levels. FLEX also detected small tEVs not detected by conventional EV fluorescence imaging due to weak signals. Tumor markers (MUC1, EGFR, and EPCAM) are identified in CCA, and this marker combination is applied to detect tEVs in clinical bile samples. The FLEX assay detected CCA with an area under the curve of 0.93, significantly better than current clinical markers. The sensitive and accurate nanoplasmonic EV sensing technology can aid in early CCA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ho Jeong
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Taehwang Son
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Yoo Keung Tae
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Lee
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jung Hyun Jo
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Bang
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
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50
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Irmer B, Chandrabalan S, Maas L, Bleckmann A, Menck K. Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsies as Biomarkers for Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041307. [PMID: 36831648 PMCID: PMC9953862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all living cells and are ubiquitous in every human body fluid. They are quite heterogeneous with regard to biogenesis, size, and composition, yet always reflect their parental cells with their cell-of-origin specific cargo loading. Since numerous studies have demonstrated that EV-associated proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites can represent malignant phenotypes in cancer patients, EVs are increasingly being discussed as valuable carriers of cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsy samples. However, the lack of standardized and clinically feasible protocols for EV purification and characterization still limits the applicability of EV-based cancer biomarker analysis. This review first provides an overview of current EV isolation and characterization techniques that can be used to exploit patient-derived body fluids for biomarker quantification assays. Secondly, it outlines promising tumor-specific EV biomarkers relevant for cancer diagnosis, disease monitoring, and the prediction of cancer progression and therapy resistance. Finally, we summarize the advantages and current limitations of using EVs in liquid biopsy with a prospective view on strategies for the ongoing clinical implementation of EV-based biomarker screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Irmer
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Suganja Chandrabalan
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Lukas Maas
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Munster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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