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Sawyer RP, Blair J, Shatz R, Manly JJ, Judd SE. Association of Adherence to a MIND-Style Diet With the Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Decline in the REGARDS Cohort. Neurology 2024; 103:e209817. [PMID: 39292985 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diet may influence the development of cognitive impairment and affect cognitive decline, but whether this relationship varies between Black American and White American people is unclear. This study examined the association of Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) and incident cognitive impairment and cognitive trajectories in a biracial prospective cohort study. METHODS Using data derived from the Food Frequency Questionnaire in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study, we compared MIND diet adherence with incident cognitive impairment and cognitive trajectory in Black participants and White participants. Logistic regression was used to model MIND diet score (continuous variable and using tertiles) and incident cognitive impairment after adjusting for age, sex, race, region, education, income, total energy, hypertension history, dyslipidemia, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, ischemic heart conditions, atrial fibrillation, and lifestyle factors including sedentary, obesity, and smoking. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between cognitive trajectory and MIND diet adherence. RESULTS Dietary data to calculate the MIND diet score and cognitive data were available on 14,145 participants with a mean age of 64 years (SD 9.0 years) that was 56.7% female. Greater MIND diet adherence was associated with a decreased incidence of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p = 0.02) after adjusting for all covariates. In the fully adjusted model, greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment in female participants (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96, p < 0.001) but not in male participants (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97-1.06, p = 0.64). In all models, greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline. MIND diet adherence was a better predictor of cognitive decline in Black participants (β = 0.04, SE = 0.007, p < 0.001) than in White participants (β = 0.03, SE = 0.004, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment in female participants but not male participants, with no difference between Black participants and White participants. However, MIND diet adherence was a better predictor of cognitive trajectory in Black participants than in White participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Sawyer
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Jessica Blair
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Rhonna Shatz
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
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Contador I, Buch-Vicente B, del Ser T, Llamas-Velasco S, Villarejo-Galende A, Benito-León J, Bermejo-Pareja F. Charting Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4100. [PMID: 39064140 PMCID: PMC11278014 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial condition without cure at present. The latest treatments, based on anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, have only a modest effect in reducing the progression of cognitive decline in AD, whereas the possibility of preventing AD has become a crucial area of research. In fact, recent studies have observed a decrease in dementia incidence in developed regions such as the US and Europe. However, these trends have not been mirrored in non-Western countries (Japan or China), and the contributing factors of this reduction remain unclear. The Lancet Commission has delineated a constrained classification of 12 risk factors across different life stages. Nevertheless, the scientific literature has pointed to over 200 factors-including sociodemographic, medical, psychological, and sociocultural conditions-related to the development of dementia/AD. This narrative review aims to synthesize the risk/protective factors of dementia/AD. Essentially, we found that risk/protective factors vary between individuals and populations, complicating the creation of a unified prevention strategy. Moreover, dementia/AD explanatory mechanisms involve a diverse array of genetic and environmental factors that interact from the early stages of life. In the future, studies across different population-based cohorts are essential to validate risk/protective factors of dementia. This evidence would help develop public health policies to decrease the incidence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Contador
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17117 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bárbara Buch-Vicente
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lázaro I, Grau‐Rivera O, Suárez‐Calvet M, Fauria K, Minguillón C, Shekari M, Falcón C, García‐Prat M, Huguet J, Molinuevo JL, Gispert J, Sala‐Vila A. Omega-3 blood biomarkers relate to brain glucose uptake in individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease dementia. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12596. [PMID: 38974876 PMCID: PMC11224768 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain glucose hypometabolism is a preclinical feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dietary omega-3 fatty acids promote brain glucose metabolism, but clinical research is incipient. Circulating omega-3s objectively reflect their dietary intake. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in 320 cognitively unimpaired participants at increased risk of AD dementia. Using lipidomics, we determined blood docosahexaenoic (DHA) and alpha-linolenic (ALA) acid levels (omega-3s from marine and plant origin, respectively). We assessed brain glucose metabolism using [18-F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). RESULTS Blood ALA directly related to FDG uptake in brain areas known to be affected in AD. Stronger associations were observed in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers and homozygotes. For DHA, significant direct associations were restricted to amyloid beta-positive tau-positive participants. DISCUSSION Blood omega-3 directly relate to preserved glucose metabolism in AD-vulnerable brain regions in individuals at increased risk of AD dementia. This adds to the benefits of omega-3 supplementation in the preclinical stage of AD dementia. Highlights Blood omega-3s were related to brain glucose uptake in participants at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.Complementary associations were observed for omega-3 from marine and plant sources.Foods rich in omega-3 might be useful in early features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Lázaro
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Oriol Grau‐Rivera
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Servei de NeurologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marc Suárez‐Calvet
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Servei de NeurologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Carolina Minguillón
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Mahnaz Shekari
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Department of Medicine and Life SciencesUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Marina García‐Prat
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jordi Huguet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Lundbeck A/SCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Juan‐Domingo Gispert
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Aleix Sala‐Vila
- Hospital del Mar Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Fatty Acid Research InstituteSioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
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Townsend R, Fairley A, Gregory S, Ritchie C, Stevenson E, Shannon OM. Nutrition for dementia prevention: a state of the art update for clinicians. Age Ageing 2024; 53:ii30-ii38. [PMID: 38745491 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dementia prevalence continues to rise. It is therefore essential to provide feasible and effective recommendations to encourage healthy brain ageing and reduce dementia risk across the population. Appropriate nutrition represents a potential strategy to mitigate dementia risk and could be recommended by clinicians as part of mid-life health checks and other health initiatives to reduce dementia prevalence. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinician-focused update on the current state of the knowledge on nutrition and dementia prevention. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Strong evidence exists to support the consumption of healthy, plant-based dietary patterns (e.g. Mediterranean, MIND or Nordic diet) for maintaining cognitive function and reducing dementia risk in later life and is supported by dementia prevention guideline from leading public health bodies (e.g. World Health Organization). Emerging evidence suggests potential cognitive benefits of consuming specific nutrients/foods (e.g. n-3 fatty acids or fish, flavonols and B-vitamins) and multi-nutrient compounds (e.g. Fortasyn Connect). Challenges and opportunities for integrating nutritional/dietary interventions for dementia prevention into clinical practice are explored in this review. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate nutrition represents an important factor to help facilitate healthy cognitive ageing and allay dementia risk. The information provided in this article can help clinicians provide informed opinions on appropriate nutritional strategies as part of mid-life Health Checks and other risk reduction initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Townsend
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrea Fairley
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Gregory
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Health and Neurodegenerative Medicine, Mackenzie Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Emma Stevenson
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Centre for Healthier Lives, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Chamorro F, Cassani L, Garcia-Oliveira P, Barral-Martinez M, Jorge AOS, Pereira AG, Otero P, Fraga-Corral M, P. P. Oliveira MB, Prieto MA. Health benefits of bluefin tuna consumption: ( Thunnus thynnus) as a case study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1340121. [PMID: 38628271 PMCID: PMC11018964 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1340121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly interested in food products with high nutritional value and health benefits. For instance, fish consumption is linked with diverse positive health benefits and the prevention of certain widespread disorders, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, or cardiovascular diseases. These benefits have been attributed to its excellent nutritional value (large amounts of high-quality fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals) and bioactive compounds, while being relatively low-caloric. Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus tynnus) is one of the most consumed species worldwide, motivated by its good nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. Recently, some organizations have proposed limitations on its consumption due to the presence of contaminants, mainly heavy metals such as mercury. However, several studies have reported that most specimens hold lower levels of contaminants than the established limits and that their richness in selenium effectively limits the contaminants' bioaccessibility in the human body. Considering this situation, this study aims to provide baseline data about the nutritional composition and the latest evidence regarding the beneficial effects of Atlantic bluefin tuna consumption. A review of the risk-benefit ratio was also conducted to evaluate the safety of its consumption, considering the current suggested limitations to this species' consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chamorro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - L. Cassani
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - P. Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - M. Barral-Martinez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - A. O. S. Jorge
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- REQUIMTE/Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A. G. Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - M. Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - M. A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Castellanos-Perilla N, Borda MG, Aarsland D, Barreto GE. An analysis of omega-3 clinical trials and a call for personalized supplementation for dementia prevention. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:313-324. [PMID: 38379273 PMCID: PMC11090157 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2313547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeted interventions are needed to delay or prevent the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Poor dietary habits are associated with cognitive decline, highlighting the benefits of a healthy diet with fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Intake of omega-3 PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is linked with healthy aging, cardiovascular benefits, and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. Although omega-3 has health benefits, its intake is often inadequate and insufficient in modern diets. Although fish oil supplements offer an alternative source, inconsistent results from clinical trials raise questions about the factors determining their success. AREAS COVERED In this this review, the authors discuss the aforementioned determining factors and highlight strategies that could enhance the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs interventions for dementia and cognitive decline. Moreover, the authors provide suggestions for potential future research. EXPERT OPINION Factors such as diet, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition can all influence the effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation. When implementing clinical trials, it is crucial to consider these factors and recognize their potential impact on the interpretation of results. It is important to study each variable independently and the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Castellanos-Perilla
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel Germán Borda
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Jafari RS, Behrouz V. Nordic diet and its benefits in neurological function: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215358. [PMID: 37645628 PMCID: PMC10461010 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurological disorders have been considered the major contributors to global long-term disability and lower quality of life. Lifestyle factors, such as dietary patterns, are increasingly recognized as important determinants of neurological function. Some dietary behaviors, such as Nordic diet (ND) were likely to have protective effects on brain function. However, an understanding of the effectiveness of the ND pattern to improve neurological function and brain health is not fully understood. We review the current evidence that supports the ND pattern in various aspects of neurological function and addresses both proven and less established mechanisms of action based on its food ingredients and biochemical compounds. Methods In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to February 2023. Observational and intervention studies were included. Results Of the 627 screened studies, 5 observational studies (including three cohorts and two cross-sectional studies) and 3 intervention studies investigating the association between ND and neurological function. Observational studies investigated the association of ND with the following neurological functions: cognition, stroke, and neuropsychological function. Intervention studies investigated the effects of ND on cognition and depression. Discussion Despite the limited literature on ND and its association with neurological function, several aspects of ND may lead to some health benefits suggesting neuroprotective effects. The current state of knowledge attributes the possible effects of characteristic components of the ND to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, gut-brain-axis modulating, and ligand activities in cell signaling pathways. Based on existing evidence, the ND may be considered a recommended dietary approach for the improvement of neurological function and brain health. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD2023451117].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahideh Behrouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Hashemi R, Vahabi Z, Rasekhi H, Shiraseb F, Amini M. Dietary patterns and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in an elderly Iranian population: a case-control study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:56. [PMID: 37322540 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies in Western countries have shown that healthy eating patterns have a protective effect against cognitive decline and dementia, however, information about this relationship among non-western populations with different cultural environments is scarce. The present study investigated the association between dietary patterns (DPs) and cognitive function in the Iranian elderly. METHODS In this case-control study, the data of 290 elderly people in two groups of case and control (Mean age in case: 74.2 ± 8.6, in control: 67.3 ± 7.3 year) were analyzed. Two DPs of healthy and unhealthy were extracted from a 142-item dish-based food frequency questionnaire, and patterns driven by principal components analysis (PCA) of 25 food groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression calculated the odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment with adjustment for potential confounding factors. RESULTS A healthy DP, characterized by high consumption of fruits and vegetables, legumes, and nuts, was related to a decrease in the odds of Alzheimer's disease in Iranian elderly people. Also, moderate adherence to an unhealthy food pattern was associated with an increase in the probability of the disease; however, the association was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In this elderly population, a healthy eating pattern was associated with reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Further prospective studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Hashemi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Geriatric Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurology Division, CNS Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hamid Rasekhi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amini
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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von Gerichten J, West AL, Irvine NA, Miles EA, Calder PC, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, Fielding BA. Oxylipin secretion by human CD3 + T lymphocytes in vitro is modified by the exogenous essential fatty acid ratio and life stage. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206733. [PMID: 37388745 PMCID: PMC10300345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune function changes across the life stages; for example, senior adults exhibit a tendency towards a weaker cell-mediated immune response and a stronger inflammatory response than younger adults. This might be partly mediated by changes in oxylipin synthesis across the life course. Oxylipins are oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that modulate immune function and inflammation. A number of PUFAs are precursors to oxylipins, including the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). LA and ALA are also substrates for synthesis of longer chain PUFAs. Studies with stable isotopes have shown that the relative amounts of LA and ALA can influence their partitioning by T lymphocytes between conversion to longer chain PUFAs and to oxylipins. It is not known whether the relative availability of EFA substrates influences the overall pattern of oxylipin secretion by human T cells or if this changes across the life stages. To address this, the oxylipin profile was determined in supernatants from resting and mitogen activated human CD3+ T cell cultures incubated in medium containing an EFA ratio of either 5:1 or 8:1 (LA : ALA). Furthermore, oxylipin profiles in supernatants of T cells from three life stages, namely fetal (derived from umbilical cord blood), adults and seniors, treated with the 5:1 EFA ratio were determined. The extracellular oxylipin profiles were affected more by the EFA ratio than mitogen stimulation such that n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipin concentrations were higher with the 5:1 EFA ratio than the 8:1 ratio, possibly due to PUFA precursor competition for lipoxygenases. 47 oxylipin species were measured in all cell culture supernatants. Extracellular oxylipin concentrations were generally higher for fetal T cells than for T cells from adult and senior donors, although the composition of oxylipins was similar across the life stages. The contribution of oxylipins towards an immunological phenotype might be due to the capacity of T cells to synthesize oxylipins rather than the nature of the oxylipins produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna von Gerichten
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Annette L. West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A. Irvine
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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10
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Yavari M, Ramalingam L, Harris BN, Kahathuduwa CN, Chavira A, Biltz C, Mounce L, Maldonado KA, Scoggin S, Zu Y, Kalupahana NS, Yosofvand M, Moussa H, Moustaid-Moussa N. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Protects against Metabolic Impairments in the APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Nutr 2023; 153:1038-1051. [PMID: 36781072 PMCID: PMC10273166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. Systemic inflammation and obesity may exacerbate AD pathogenesis. We previously reported anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects of EPA in mice. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether EPA reduces obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions and Aβ accumulation in AD amyloidogenic mice. METHODS Two-mo-old APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (TG) mice and non-TG littermates were randomly assigned to low fat (LF; 10% kcal fat), high fat (HF; 45% kcal fat), or EPA (36 g/kg)-supplemented HF diets. Body composition, glucose tolerance, and energy expenditure were measured, and serum and brain metabolic markers were tested 38 wk postintervention. Outcomes were statistically analyzed via 3-factor ANOVA, modeling genotype, sex, and diet interactions. RESULTS HF-fed males gained more weight than females (Δ = 61 mg; P < 0.001). Compared with LF, HF increased body weights of wild-type (WT) males (Δ = 31 mg; P < 0.001). EPA reduced HF-induced weight gain in WT males (Δ = 24 mg; P = 0.054) but not in females. HF mice showed decreased glucose clearance and respiratory energy compared with LF-fed groups (Δ = -1.31 g/dL; P < 0.001), with no significant effects of EPA. However, EPA conferred metabolic improvements by decreasing serum leptin and insulin (Δ = -2.51 g/mL and Δ = -0.694 ng/mL, respectively compared with HF, P ≤ 0.05) and increasing adiponectin (Δ = 21.6 ng/mL; P < 0.001). As we expected, TG mice expressed higher serum and brain Aβ than WT mice (Δ = 0.131 ng/mL; P < 0.001 and Δ = 0.56%; P < 0.01, respectively), and EPA reduced serum Aβ1-40 in TG males compared with HF (Δ = 0.053 ng/mL; P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report that EPA reduces serum Aβ1-40 in obese AD male mice, warranting further investigations into tissue-specific mechanisms of EPA in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Yavari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Breanna N Harris
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chanaka Nadeeshan Kahathuduwa
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Angela Chavira
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Biltz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Logan Mounce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yujiao Zu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammad Yosofvand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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11
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Bray EE, Raichlen DA, Forsyth KK, Promislow DEL, Alexander GE, MacLean EL. Associations between physical activity and cognitive dysfunction in older companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project. GeroScience 2023; 45:645-661. [PMID: 36129565 PMCID: PMC9886770 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a form of dementia that shares many similarities with Alzheimer's disease. Given that physical activity is believed to reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease in humans, we explored the association between physical activity and cognitive health in a cohort of companion dogs, aged 6-18 years. We hypothesized that higher levels of physical activity would be associated with lower (i.e., better) scores on a cognitive dysfunction rating instrument and lower prevalence of dementia, and that this association would be robust when controlling for age, comorbidities, and other potential confounders. Our sample included 11,574 companion dogs enrolled through the Dog Aging Project, of whom 287 had scores over the clinical threshold for CCD. In this observational, cross-sectional study, we used owner-reported questionnaire data to quantify dog cognitive health (via a validated scale), physical activity levels, health conditions, training history, and dietary supplements. We fit regression models with measures of cognitive health as the outcome, and physical activity-with several important covariates-as predictors. We found a significant negative relationship between physical activity and current severity of cognitive dysfunction symptoms (estimate = - 0.10, 95% CI: - 0.11 to - 0.08, p < 0.001), extent of symptom worsening over a 6-month interval (estimate = - 0.07, 95% CI: - 0.09 to - 0.05, p < 0.001), and whether a dog reached a clinical level of CCD (odds ratio = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.63, p < 0.001). Physical activity was robustly associated with better cognitive outcomes in dogs. Our findings illustrate the value of companion dogs as a model for investigating relationships between physical activity and cognitive aging, including aspects of dementia that may have translational potential for Alzheimer's disease. While the current study represents an important first step in identifying a relationship between physical activity and cognitive function, it cannot determine causality. Future studies are needed to rule out reverse causation by following the same dogs prospectively over time, and to evaluate causality by administering physical activity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Bray
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Canine Companions for Independence, National Headquarters, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
| | - David A Raichlen
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiersten K Forsyth
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, M University, Texas A &, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Evan L MacLean
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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12
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Mustafa Khalid N, Haron H, Shahar S, Fenech M. Current Evidence on the Association of Micronutrient Malnutrition with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Frailty, and Cognitive Frailty among Older Adults: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15722. [PMID: 36497797 PMCID: PMC9736259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition is thought to play an important role in the cause of cognitive impairment and physical frailty. The purpose of this scoping review was to map current evidence on the association between micronutrient deficiency in blood and mild cognitive impairment, frailty, and cognitive frailty among older adults. The scoping review was conducted based on the 2005 methodological framework by Arksey and O'Malley. The search strategy for potential literature on micronutrient concentration in blood and cognitive frailty was retrieved based on the keywords using electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Ovid, and Science Direct) from January 2010 to December 2021. Gray literature was also included in the searches. A total of 4310 articles were retrieved and 43 articles were incorporated in the review. Findings revealed a trend of significant association between low levels of B vitamins (folate and vitamin B12), vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, omega 3 fatty acid, and albumin, and high homocysteine levels in blood with an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment among older adults. The results also indicated that low vitamin D levels, albumin, and antioxidants (lutein and zeaxanthin) in blood were significantly associated with frailty among older adults, while β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin in blood were inversely associated with the risk of cognitive frailty. Vitamin D and antioxidants seemed to be targeted nutrients for the prevention of cognitive frailty. In conclusion, a wide range of micronutrient deficiency was associated with either mild cognitive impairment or frailty; however, little evidence exists on the dual impairment, i.e., cognitive frailty. This scoping review can serve as preliminary evidence for the association between micronutrient deficiency in blood and mild cognitive impairment, frailty, and cognitive frailty among older adults and prove the relevancy of the topic for future systematic reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Mustafa Khalid
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Haron
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia
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13
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213954. [PMID: 36430432 PMCID: PMC9697769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent case of neurodegenerative disease and is becoming a major public health problem all over the world. Many therapeutic strategies have been explored for several decades; however, there is still no curative treatment, and the priority remains prevention. In this review, we present an update on the clinical and physiological phase of the AD spectrum, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for AD treatment with a focus on prevention strategies, then research models used in AD, followed by a discussion of treatment limitations. The prevention methods can significantly slow AD evolution and are currently the best strategy possible before the advanced stages of the disease. Indeed, current drug treatments have only symptomatic effects, and disease-modifying treatments are not yet available. Drug delivery to the central nervous system remains a complex process and represents a challenge for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies. Studies are underway to test new techniques to facilitate the bioavailability of molecules to the brain. After a deep study of the literature, we find the use of soft nanoparticles, in particular nanoliposomes and exosomes, as an innovative approach for preventive and therapeutic strategies in reducing the risk of AD and solving problems of brain bioavailability. Studies show the promising role of nanoliposomes and exosomes as smart drug delivery systems able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and target brain tissues. Finally, the different drug administration techniques for neurological disorders are discussed. One of the promising therapeutic methods is the intranasal administration strategy which should be used for preclinical and clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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da Silva L, Chaves A, Casadevall M, de Azevedo O, Macêdo D, de Vasconcelos P. Ad libitum consumption of milk supplemented with omega 3, 6, and 9 oils from infancy to middle age alters behavioral and oxidative outcomes in male mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12195. [PMID: 36259798 PMCID: PMC9578697 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that administration of omega (ω)-9, ω-3, and ω-6 to mice can prevent oxidative alterations responsible for behavioral and cognitive alterations related with aging. Twenty-eight-day-old mice received skim milk (SM group), SM enriched with omega oil mixture (EM group), or water (control group) for 10 and 14 months, equivalent to middle age. Mice were evaluated for behavioral alterations related to depression and memory and oxidative status [brain levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO)]. The 10-month EM group increased immobility time during the forced swimming test compared with control, indicating increased stress response. The 14-month SM- and EM-treated groups increased sucrose consumption compared with control, showing an expanded motivational state. The 14-month SM group decreased the number of rearings compared with the 14-month control and EM groups. The number of entries and time spent in the central square of the open field was higher in the 10-month EM group than in the control, revealing an anxiolytic-like behavior. TBARS decreased in the hippocampus and striatum of the 10-month EM group compared with the control. A similar decrease was observed in the striatum of the 10-month SM group. GSH levels were higher in all 14-month treated groups compared with 10-month groups. MPO activity was higher in the 14-month EM group compared with the 14-month control and SM groups, revealing a possible pro-inflammatory status. In conclusion, omega oils induced conflicting alterations in middle-aged mice, contributing to enhanced behavior and anxiolytic and expanded motivational state, but also to increased stress response and pro-inflammatory alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.B. da Silva
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Médicas Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A.J.M. Chaves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M.Q.F.C. Casadevall
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Médicas Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - O.G.R. de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Médicas Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D.S. Macêdo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - P.R.L. de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Médicas Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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15
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Selman A, Burns S, Reddy AP, Culberson J, Reddy PH. The Role of Obesity and Diabetes in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169267. [PMID: 36012526 PMCID: PMC9408882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and dementia are increasing in the United States (US) population. Knowledge of these chronic conditions, preventative measures, and proper management tactics is important and critical to preventing disease. The overlap between obesity, diabetes, and dementia is becoming further elucidated. These conditions share a similar origin through the components of increasing age, gender, genetic and epigenetic predispositions, depression, and a high-fat Western diet (WD) that all contribute to the inflammatory state associated with the development of obesity, diabetes, and dementia. This inflammatory state leads to the dysregulation of food intake and insulin resistance. Obesity is often the cornerstone that leads to the development of diabetes and, subsequently, in the case of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), progression to “type 3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM)”. Obesity and depression are closely associated with diabetes. However, dementia can be avoided with lifestyle modifications, by switching to a plant-based diet (e.g., a Mediterranean diet (MD)), and increasing physical activity. Diet and exercise are not the only treatment options. There are several surgical and pharmacological interventions available for prevention. Current and future research within each of these fields is warranted and offers the chance for new treatment options and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Selman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Scott Burns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - John Culberson
- Department of Family Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-743-3194
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16
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common major neurocognitive disorder of ageing. Although largely ignored until about a decade ago, accumulating evidence suggests that deteriorating brain energy metabolism plays a key role in the development and/or progression of AD-associated cognitive decline. Brain glucose hypometabolism is a well-established biomarker in AD but was mostly assumed to be a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and death. However, its presence in cognitively asymptomatic populations at higher risk of AD strongly suggests that it is actually a pre-symptomatic component in the development of AD. The question then arises as to whether progressive AD-related cognitive decline could be prevented or slowed down by correcting or bypassing this progressive ‘brain energy gap’. In this review, we provide an overview of research on brain glucose and ketone metabolism in AD and its prodromal condition – mild cognitive impairment (MCI) – to provide a clearer basis for proposing keto-therapeutics as a strategy for brain energy rescue in AD. We also discuss studies using ketogenic interventions and their impact on plasma ketone levels, brain energetics and cognitive performance in MCI and AD. Given that exercise has several overlapping metabolic effects with ketones, we propose that in combination these two approaches might be synergistic for brain health during ageing. As cause-and-effect relationships between the different hallmarks of AD are emerging, further research efforts should focus on optimising the efficacy, acceptability and accessibility of keto-therapeutics in AD and populations at risk of AD.
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17
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Lin YK, Liang CS, Tsai CK, Tsai CL, Lee JT, Sung YF, Chou CH, Shang HS, Yang BH, Lin GY, Su MW, Yang FC. A Metallomic Approach to Assess Associations of Plasma Metal Levels with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: An Exploratory Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133655. [PMID: 35806940 PMCID: PMC9267221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves the abnormal activity of transition metals and metal ion dyshomeostasis; however, the potential of trace metal biomarkers in predicting cognitive decline has not been evaluated. This study aimed to assess the potential of 36 trace elements in predicting cognitive decline in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or AD. Participants (9 controls, 23 aMCI due to AD, and 8 AD dementia) underwent comprehensive cognitive tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and trace metal analysis. The correlations between the plasma trace element levels and annual MMSE changes during follow-up were analyzed. We found that an increase in disease severity was linked to lower plasma levels of boron (B), bismuth (Bi), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) (adjusted p < 0.05). Higher baseline calcium levels (r = 0.50, p = 0.026) were associated with less annual cognitive decline; those of B (r = −0.70, p = 0.001), zirconium (r = −0.58, p = 0.007), and Th (r = −0.52, p = 0.020) with rapid annual cognitive decline in the aMCI group; and those of manganese (r = −0.91, p = 0.035) with rapid annual cognitive decline in the AD group. Overall, our exploratory study suggests that plasma metal levels have great potential as in vivo biomarkers for aMCI and AD. Larger sample studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Chung-Hsing Chou
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Sheng Shang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-S.S.); (B.-H.Y.)
| | - Bing-Heng Yang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-S.S.); (B.-H.Y.)
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Songshan Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Chi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-K.L.); (C.-K.T.); (C.-L.T.); (J.-T.L.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-H.C.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-87923311; Fax: +886-87927174
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Heath L, Earls JC, Magis AT, Kornilov SA, Lovejoy JC, Funk CC, Rappaport N, Logsdon BA, Mangravite LM, Kunkle BW, Martin ER, Naj AC, Ertekin-Taner N, Golde TE, Hood L, Price ND. Manifestations of Alzheimer's disease genetic risk in the blood are evident in a multiomic analysis in healthy adults aged 18 to 90. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6117. [PMID: 35413975 PMCID: PMC9005657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics play an important role in late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD) etiology and dozens of genetic variants have been implicated in AD risk through large-scale GWAS meta-analyses. However, the precise mechanistic effects of most of these variants have yet to be determined. Deeply phenotyped cohort data can reveal physiological changes associated with genetic risk for AD across an age spectrum that may provide clues to the biology of the disease. We utilized over 2000 high-quality quantitative measurements obtained from blood of 2831 cognitively normal adult clients of a consumer-based scientific wellness company, each with CLIA-certified whole-genome sequencing data. Measurements included: clinical laboratory blood tests, targeted chip-based proteomics, and metabolomics. We performed a phenome-wide association study utilizing this diverse blood marker data and 25 known AD genetic variants and an AD-specific polygenic risk score (PGRS), adjusting for sex, age, vendor (for clinical labs), and the first four genetic principal components; sex-SNP interactions were also assessed. We observed statistically significant SNP-analyte associations for five genetic variants after correction for multiple testing (for SNPs in or near NYAP1, ABCA7, INPP5D, and APOE), with effects detectable from early adulthood. The ABCA7 SNP and the APOE2 and APOE4 encoding alleles were associated with lipid variability, as seen in previous studies; in addition, six novel proteins were associated with the e2 allele. The most statistically significant finding was between the NYAP1 variant and PILRA and PILRB protein levels, supporting previous functional genomic studies in the identification of a putative causal variant within the PILRA gene. We did not observe associations between the PGRS and any analyte. Sex modified the effects of four genetic variants, with multiple interrelated immune-modulating effects associated with the PICALM variant. In post-hoc analysis, sex-stratified GWAS results from an independent AD case-control meta-analysis supported sex-specific disease effects of the PICALM variant, highlighting the importance of sex as a biological variable. Known AD genetic variation influenced lipid metabolism and immune response systems in a population of non-AD individuals, with associations observed from early adulthood onward. Further research is needed to determine whether and how these effects are implicated in early-stage biological pathways to AD. These analyses aim to complement ongoing work on the functional interpretation of AD-associated genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - John C Earls
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Thorne HealthTech, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Nathan D Price
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Thorne HealthTech, New York, NY, USA.
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Lipidomics in Understanding Pathophysiology and Pharmacologic Effects in Inflammatory Diseases: Considerations for Drug Development. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040333. [PMID: 35448520 PMCID: PMC9030008 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidome has a broad range of biological and signaling functions, including serving as a structural scaffold for membranes and initiating and resolving inflammation. To investigate the biological activity of phospholipids and their bioactive metabolites, precise analytical techniques are necessary to identify specific lipids and quantify their levels. Simultaneous quantification of a set of lipids can be achieved using high sensitivity mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, whose technological advancements have significantly improved over the last decade. This has unlocked the power of metabolomics/lipidomics allowing the dynamic characterization of metabolic systems. Lipidomics is a subset of metabolomics for multianalyte identification and quantification of endogenous lipids and their metabolites. Lipidomics-based technology has the potential to drive novel biomarker discovery and therapeutic development programs; however, appropriate standards have not been established for the field. Standardization would improve lipidomic analyses and accelerate the development of innovative therapies. This review aims to summarize considerations for lipidomic study designs including instrumentation, sample stabilization, data validation, and data analysis. In addition, this review highlights how lipidomics can be applied to biomarker discovery and drug mechanism dissection in various inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, lung disease, and autoimmune disease.
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Total Lipids, Fatty Acid Composition, Total Cholesterol and Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Vitamins in the longissimus lumborum Muscle of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Different Production Systems of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050595. [PMID: 35268164 PMCID: PMC8909051 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The constant search for higher living standards and better health makes consumers more aware of the nutritional compositions of foods. Water buffalo meat has so far been poorly characterized. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of different production systems in the Eastern Amazon on meat nutritional quality parameters of water buffalo. Meat nutritional value was improved when buffaloes were reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol, associated with a higher h/H ratio and a lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overall, meat from buffaloes raised in pasture production systems showed better lipid nutritional quality. Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of distinct production systems and seasonal variation in the Brazilian Eastern Amazon on the meat lipid composition of water buffaloes. Water buffaloes were reared in commercial farms in the Eastern Amazon either in extensive systems (Marajó Island, Nova Timboteua and Santarém locations), during rainy or dry seasons, or intensive (feedlot) systems. Animals reared in extensive systems were fed natural pastures, and those reared in feedlots were fed sorghum silage and commercial pellets. Buffaloes were slaughtered and ribeye muscle (longissimus lumborum) samples collected. Lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids were analyzed. The nutritional value of meat from buffaloes reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season was higher than that of other systems, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol associated with higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio and lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, with increased PUFA/saturated fatty acids ratio and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. However, all extensive systems produced meat with a relatively low index of thrombogenicity values, which is advantageous for human health.
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Lin PY, Cheng C, Satyanarayanan SK, Chiu LT, Chien YC, Chuu CP, Lan TH, Su KP. Omega-3 fatty acids and blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:289-298. [PMID: 34755655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers are consistently associated with cognitive decline. The omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) had been linked to slowing cognitive decline due to their potential anti-inflammatory effects. To our knowledge, the different regiments of pure DHA, pure EPA, and their combination on various associated symptoms of dementia, including a mild form of cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), have never been studied. METHODS This multisite, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at two veteran's retirement centers and one medical center in central Taiwan between 2013 and 2015. 163 MCI or AD patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 40), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 0.7 g/day, n = 41), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1.6 g/day, n = 40), or EPA (0.8 g/day) + DHA (0.35 g/day) (n = 42) group for 24 months. The results were measured as the cognitive and functional abilities, biochemical, and inflammatory cytokines profiles. Chi-square tests, two-sample t-test, ANOVA, and linear mixedeffects models were conducted with p < 0.05. RESULTS 131 (80%) participants had completed the trial with all cognitive, functional, and mood status assessments. The statistically significant difference between the placebo and treatment groups was not determined, concerning the changes in cognitive, functional, and mood status scores, the biochemical profiles, and inflammatory cytokines levels. However, EPA was found to reduce the C-C motif ligands 4 (CCL4) level (p < 0.001). Additionally, EPA could reduce the constructional praxis (p < 0.05) and spoken language ability scores (p < 0.01), and DHA also reduced the spoken language ability score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, n-3 PUFAs supplements did not reduce cognitive, functional, and depressive symptom outcomes, but spoken language ability and constructional praxis subitems of ADAS-cog. These findings show that attention to clinical heterogeneity in dementia is crucial when studying nutrients interventions, such as n-3 PUFAs. In addition, with small effect size CCL4 is a better indicator than other inflammatory cytokines for EPA treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Good Day Psychiatric Clinic, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lu-Ting Chiu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chien
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsuo-Hung Lan
- Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institue of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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22
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114080. [PMID: 34836334 PMCID: PMC8624903 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors combined are currently recognized as contributors to cognitive decline. The main independent risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia is advanced age followed by other determinants such as genetic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, including nutrition and physical activity. In the next decades, a rise in dementia cases is expected due largely to the aging of the world population. There are no hitherto effective pharmaceutical therapies to treat age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia, which underscores the crucial role of prevention. A relationship among diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors with cognitive function has been intensively studied with mounting evidence supporting the role of these determinants in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, which is a chief cause of disability globally. Several dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients have been investigated in this regard, with some encouraging and other disappointing results. This review presents the current evidence for the effects of dietary patterns, dietary components, some supplements, physical activity, sleep patterns, and social engagement on the prevention or delay of the onset of age-related cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; +39-0916554828
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Catanese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Flora Inzerillo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
- UOC of Neurology, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
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Passeri E, Elkhoury K, Jiménez Garavito MC, Desor F, Huguet M, Soligot-Hognon C, Linder M, Malaplate C, Yen FT, Arab-Tehrany E. Use of Active Salmon-Lecithin Nanoliposomes to Increase Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Bioavailability in Cortical Neurons and Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11859. [PMID: 34769291 PMCID: PMC8584305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) play an important role in the development, maintenance, and function of the brain. Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs in neurological diseases has been a subject of particular interest in preventing cognitive deficits, and particularly in age-related neurodegeneration. Developing strategies for the efficient delivery of these lipids to the brain has presented a challenge in recent years. We recently reported the preparation of n-3 PUFA-rich nanoliposomes (NLs) from salmon lecithin, and demonstrated their neurotrophic effects in rat embryo cortical neurons. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of these NLs to deliver PUFAs in cellulo and in vivo (in mice). NLs were prepared using salmon lecithin rich in n-3 PUFAs (29.13%), and characterized with an average size of 107.90 ± 0.35 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.25 ± 0.01, and a negative particle-surface electrical charge (-50.4 ± 0.2 mV). Incubation of rat embryo cortical neurons with NLs led to a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (51.5%, p < 0.01), as well as palmitic acid, and a small decrease in oleic acid after 72 h (12.2%, p < 0.05). Twenty mice on a standard diet received oral administration of NLs (12 mg/mouse/day; 5 days per week) for 8 weeks. Fatty acid profiles obtained via gas chromatography revealed significant increases in cortical levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid,) and n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) PUFAs. This was not the case for the hippocampus or in the liver. There were no effects on plasma lipid levels, and daily monitoring confirmed NL biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that NLs can be used for delivery of PUFAs to the brain. This study opens new research possibilities in the development of preventive as well as therapeutic strategies for age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Passeri
- LIBio Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (E.P.); (K.E.); (M.C.J.G.); (M.L.)
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Kamil Elkhoury
- LIBio Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (E.P.); (K.E.); (M.C.J.G.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Frédéric Desor
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Marion Huguet
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Claire Soligot-Hognon
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Michel Linder
- LIBio Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (E.P.); (K.E.); (M.C.J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Catherine Malaplate
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Frances T. Yen
- UR AFPA Laboratory, Qualivie Team, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (F.D.); (M.H.); (C.S.-H.); (C.M.)
| | - Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- LIBio Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (E.P.); (K.E.); (M.C.J.G.); (M.L.)
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Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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25
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Chen X, Liu Z, Sachdev PS, Kochan NA, O'Leary F, Brodaty H. Association of Dietary Patterns With Cognitive Function and Cognitive Decline in Sydney Memory and Ageing Study: A Longitudinal Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:949-960.e15. [PMID: 34688967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of dietary patterns to cognitive health in older adults has attracted much research attention. However, results from existing studies are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and overall cognitive performance and cognitive change over time. DESIGN This analysis was conducted as part of the longitudinal Sydney Memory and Ageing study with 6 years' follow-up. Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet scores were generated based on dietary intake for each individual, assessed by the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Version 2. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING This longitudinal study comprised 1037 community dwelling nondemented participants aged 70 to 90 years at baseline (September 2005 to December 2007), recruited from Sydney, Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neuropsychological tests assessed global cognition and 6 cognitive domains on 4 occasions, at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 years later. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Linear mixed-model analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between dietary scores, food components, and overall cognitive function and cognitive change over 6 years. RESULTS No associations of Mediterranean or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension dietary scores with overall cognition and cognitive decline over 6 years were found. Higher intake of legumes and nuts was related to better overall performance in global cognition (β = .091; 95% CI: 0.035-0.146; P = .001) and to multiple cognitive domains and to less decline in global cognition (β = -.016; 95% CI: -0.032 to -0.001; P = .032). CONCLUSION Study findings suggest that greater consumption of legumes and nuts may be important to slow cognitive decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, the University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, the University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, the University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, the University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona O'Leary
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, the University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
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Franzoni F, Scarfò G, Guidotti S, Fusi J, Asomov M, Pruneti C. Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Decline: The Neuroprotective Role of Natural Antioxidants. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:729757. [PMID: 34720860 PMCID: PMC8548611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.729757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Free- radicals (Oxygen and Nitrogen species) are formed in mitochondria during the oxidative phosphorylation. Their high reactivity, due to not-engaged electrons, leads to an increase of the oxidative stress. This condition affects above all the brain, that usually needs a large oxygen amount and in which there is the major possibility to accumulate "Reacting Species." Antioxidant molecules are fundamental in limiting free-radical damage, in particular in the central nervous system: the oxidative stress, in fact, seems to worsen the course of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to sum up natural antioxidant molecules with the greatest neuroprotective properties against free radical genesis, understanding their relationship with the Central Nervous System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarfò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Guidotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jonathan Fusi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Muzaffar Asomov
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Pruneti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Liu T, Li N, Hou Z, Liu L, Gao L, Wang L, Tan J. Nutrition and exercise interventions could ameliorate age-related cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1799-1809. [PMID: 33052590 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of nutrition combined physical exercise interventions on age-related cognitive decline by a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched 9 databases, including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Information, China Biological Medical Database (CBM) and Wanfang for studies published until the end of December 2019. The selected trials should meet the following criteria, study objects: healthy adults aged 65 and over with cognitive dysfunction or diagnosed as MCI, but not meet the diagnostic criteria for dementia as well as no restriction on follow-up time, race or gender. Study interventions: multiple interventions including nutrition and exercise. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (1) studies included elderly people with any type of dementia or patients with cognitive impairment induced by secondary causes, including drug, alcohol, severe organic brain diseases, mental disorders. (2) Republished literature. (3) Studies with significant differences in baseline data between groups. (4) The data in the study cannot be converted into the required data format. We reviewed and extracted information and assessed the risk of bias of recruited studies independently. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA v.15.1 software. The bias of publication was estimated by Egger test. RESULTS A total of six RCTs representing 1039 participates were included in our meta-analysis. In terms of global cognitive function that has been assessed by neuropsychological test in different combinations, the result showed that the beneficial effect of nutrition combined exercise interventions was statistically significant [SMD = 0.23, 95% CI (0.1, 0.36), P = 0.0004]. There were no statistical differences from assays on MMSE scores, Memory, Executive Function, Attention, and Information Processing Speed across groups. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that nutrition combined exercise interventions can improve global cognitive function in the aged with cognitive decline. Further researches emphasizing on longer follow-up time, experimental randomness, credibility and scale would better elucidate the effect of nutrition combined exercise interventions on cognitive function, particularly in older adults. (registration number: CRD42020159291, date of registration: 28/04/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Na Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zongjie Hou
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Linsheng Liu
- Tianshui Changkon Hospital, Tianshui, 741000, Gansu, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Tianshui Changkon Hospital, Tianshui, 741000, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of General Practice (Department of Geriatrics Ward 4), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jiying Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Sharma V, Firdaus Z, Rai H, Nayak PK, Singh TD, Gautam DNS. Consumption of Ashtanga Ghrita (clarified cow butter added with herb extracts) improves cognitive dysfunction induced by scopolamine in rats via regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:337-350. [PMID: 34109771 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ashtanga Ghrita (AG), an Indian traditional formulation, has been used to promote neuropharmacological activities. AG is made up of clarified cow butter (ghee) and eight different herbs. METHODS To test whether scopolamine (SCP)-induced dementia and brain oxidative stress can be counteracted by AG, rats were separated into five groups (n=6/group): group one control, group two SCP (1 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) treated and group three to five were co-treated with different doses of AG (1.25, 2.5 and 5 g/kg b.w., orally) and SCP. After the treatment regimen, behavioral (Y-maze test) and brain biochemical changes were measured in all groups. RESULTS Microbial load and heavy metals were found within permissible limits. Results from attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the complexation/interaction of herbal phytoconstituents with the functional groups of Ghrita. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of AG exhibited the occurrence of flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, and amino acids. Findings of the experimental study exhibited that AG significantly protected the rats from SCP-induced behavioral dysfunction and brain biochemical alterations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AG protects the brain from SCP-induced dementia by promoting brain antioxidant activity and thus could be a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Rai
- Department of Science and Technology-CIMS, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Nath Singh Gautam
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Skeletal Muscle Health and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010255. [PMID: 33383820 PMCID: PMC7795998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age. It involves both complex genetic and modifiable risk factors, such as lack of exercise, malnutrition and reduced neurological drive. Cognitive decline refers to diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual functioning. Contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which regulate synapses in the brain. Furthermore, skeletal muscle activity has important immune and redox effects that modify brain function and reduce muscle catabolism. The identification of common risk factors and underlying mechanisms for sarcopenia and cognition may allow the development of targeted interventions that slow or reverse sarcopenia and also certain forms of cognitive decline. However, the links between cognition and skeletal muscle have not been elucidated fully. This review provides a critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between skeletal muscle health and cognition. The literature suggests that sarcopenia and cognitive decline share pathophysiological pathways. Ageing plays a role in both skeletal muscle deterioration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, lifestyle risk factors, such as physical inactivity, poor diet and smoking, are common to both disorders, so their potential role in the muscle-brain relationship warrants investigation.
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Acute EPA-induced learning and memory impairment in mice is prevented by DHA. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5465. [PMID: 33122660 PMCID: PMC7596714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, has been widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and treat brain diseases alone or in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the impact of EPA and DHA supplementation on normal cognitive function and the molecular targets of EPA and DHA are still unknown. We show that acute administration of EPA impairs learning and memory and hippocampal LTP in adult and prepubescent mice. Similar deficits are duplicated by endogenously elevating EPA in the hippocampus in the transgenic fat-1 mouse. Furthermore, the damaging effects of EPA are mediated through enhancing GABAergic transmission via the 5-HT6R. Interestingly, DHA can prevent EPA-induced impairments at a ratio of EPA to DHA similar to that in marine fish oil via the 5-HT2CR. We conclude that EPA exhibits an unexpected detrimental impact on cognitive functions, suggesting that caution must be exercised in omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and the combination of EPA and DHA at a natural ratio is critical for learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. Acute administration of EPA impairs learning and memory and hippocampal LTP in mice that was mediated through enhancing GABAergic transmission via the 5-HT6R. DHA can prevent EPA-induced impairments at a ratio of EPA to DHA similar to that in marine fish oil via the 5-HT2CR.
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Gentile F, Doneddu PE, Riva N, Nobile-Orazio E, Quattrini A. Diet, Microbiota and Brain Health: Unraveling the Network Intersecting Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7471. [PMID: 33050475 PMCID: PMC7590163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence gives support for the idea that extra-neuronal factors may affect brain physiology and its predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological and experimental studies show that nutrition and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases after midlife, while the relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is uncertain, but suggests a protective effect of features of metabolic syndrome. The microbiota has recently emerged as a novel factor engaging strong interactions with neurons and glia, deeply affecting their function and behavior in these diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggested that gut microbes are involved in the seeding of prion-like proteins and their spreading to the central nervous system. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of metabolism, diet and microbiota in neurodegeneration, by affecting simultaneously several aspects of health regarding energy metabolism, immune system and neuronal function. Advancing technologies may allow researchers in the future to improve investigations in these fields, allowing the buildup of population-based preventive interventions and development of targeted therapeutics to halt progressive neurologic disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
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Houghton V, Du Preez A, Lefèvre-Arbogast S, de Lucia C, Low DY, Urpi-Sarda M, Ruigrok SR, Altendorfer B, González-Domínguez R, Andres-Lacueva C, Aigner L, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A, Samieri C, Manach C, Thuret S. Caffeine Compromises Proliferation of Human Hippocampal Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:806. [PMID: 33015033 PMCID: PMC7505931 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-associated reduction in the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been associated with cognitive decline. Numerous factors have been shown to modulate this process, including dietary components. Frequent consumption of caffeine has been correlated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, but further evidence of a negative effect on hippocampal progenitor proliferation is limited to animal models. Here, we used a human hippocampal progenitor cell line to investigate the effects of caffeine on hippocampal progenitor integrity and proliferation specifically. The effects of five caffeine concentrations (0 mM = control, 0.1 mM ∼ 150 mg, 0.25 mM ∼ 400 mg, 0.5 mM ∼ 750 mg, and 1.0 mM ∼ 1500 mg) were measured following acute (1 day) and repeated (3 days) exposure. Immunocytochemistry was used to quantify hippocampal progenitor integrity (i.e., SOX2- and Nestin-positive cells), proliferation (i.e., Ki67-positive cells), cell count (i.e., DAPI-positive cells), and apoptosis (i.e., CC3-positive cells). We found that progenitor integrity was significantly reduced in supraphysiological caffeine conditions (i.e., 1.0 mM ∼ 1500 mg), but relative to the lowest caffeine condition (i.e., 0.1 mM ∼ 150 mg) only. Moreover, repeated exposure to supraphysiological caffeine concentrations (i.e., 1.0 mM ∼ 1500 mg) was found to affect proliferation, significantly reducing % Ki67-positive cells relative to control and lower caffeine dose conditions (i.e., 0.1 mM ∼ 150 mg and 0.25 mM ∼ 400 mg). Caffeine treatment did not influence apoptosis and there were no significant differences in any measure between lower doses of caffeine (i.e., 0.1 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM) – representative of daily human caffeine intake – and control conditions. Our study demonstrates that dietary components such as caffeine can influence NSC integrity and proliferation and may be indicative of a mechanism by which diet affects cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Houghton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chiara de Lucia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorrain Y Low
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudine Manach
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Wu R, Zhong S, Ni M, Zhu X, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Chen J. Effects of Malania oleifera Chun Oil on the Improvement of Learning and Memory Function in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8617143. [PMID: 33014116 PMCID: PMC7519201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8617143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruits of Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee have been highly sought after medically because its seeds have high oil content (>60%), especially the highest known proportion of nervonic acid (>55%). Objective of the Study. The objective was to explore the effects of different doses of Malania oleifera Chun oil (MOC oil) on the learning and memory of mice and to evaluate whether additional DHA algae oil and vitamin E could help MOC oil improve learning and memory and its possible mechanisms. METHODS After 30 days of oral administration of the relevant agents to mice, behavioral tests were conducted as well as detection of oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical indicators (acetylcholine, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) in the hippocampus. RESULTS Experimental results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could markedly improve learning and memory of mouse models in behavioral experiments and increase the activity of GSH-PX in hippocampus and reduce the content of MDA, especially the dose of 46.27 mg/kg. The addition of DHA and VE could better assist MOC oil to improve the learning and memory, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and restrain the activity of AChE and also increase the content of ACh. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could improve learning and memory impairments. Therefore, we suggest that MOC oil is a potentially important resource for the development of nervonic acid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhong
- West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Martins M, Silva R, M. M. Pinto M, Sousa E. Marine Natural Products, Multitarget Therapy and Repurposed Agents in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E242. [PMID: 32933034 PMCID: PMC7558913 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and nerve cell death that affects, mainly, older people. After decades of investigation, the search for an efficacious treatment for AD remains and several strategies can be and are being employed in this journey. In this review, four of the most promising strategies, alongside with its most promising agents under investigation or development are highlighted. Marine natural products (MNP) are a source of unique chemical structures with useful biological activities for AD treatment. One of the most promising compounds, a marine-derived acidic oligosaccharide (GV-971) just passed phase III clinical trials with a unique mechanism of action. Combination therapy and multitargeted-directed ligand therapy (MTDL) are also two important strategies, with several examples in clinical trials, based on the belief that the best approach for AD is a therapy capable of modulating multiple target pathways. Drug repurposing, a strategy that requires a smaller investment and is less time consuming, is emerging as a strong contender with a variety of pharmacological agents resurfacing in an attempt to identify a therapeutic candidate capable of modifying the course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Martins
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Troesch B, Eggersdorfer M, Laviano A, Rolland Y, Smith AD, Warnke I, Weimann A, Calder PC. Expert Opinion on Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA) in Aging and Clinical Nutrition. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2555. [PMID: 32846900 PMCID: PMC7551800 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy is increasing and so is the prevalence of age-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, older people and patients present with multi-morbidities and more complex needs, putting significant pressure on healthcare systems. Effective nutrition interventions could be an important tool to address patient needs, improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Inflammation plays a central role in NCDs, so targeting it is relevant to disease prevention and treatment. The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are known to reduce inflammation and promote its resolution, suggesting a beneficial role in various therapeutic areas. An expert group reviewed the data on omega-3 LCPUFAs in specific patient populations and medical conditions. Evidence for benefits in cognitive health, age- and disease-related decline in muscle mass, cancer treatment, surgical patients and critical illness was identified. Use of DHA and EPA in some conditions is already included in some relevant guidelines. However, it is important to note that data on the effects of omega-3 LCPUFAs are still inconsistent in many areas (e.g., cognitive decline) due to a range of factors that vary amongst the trials performed to date; these factors include dose, timing and duration; baseline omega-3 LCPUFA status; and intake of other nutrients. Well-designed intervention studies are required to optimize the effects of DHA and EPA in specific patient populations and to develop more personalized strategies for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Troesch
- Nutrition Science and Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (B.T.); (I.W.)
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, INSERM 1027, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - A. David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
| | - Ines Warnke
- Nutrition Science and Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (B.T.); (I.W.)
| | - Arved Weimann
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, St. Georg gGmbH Clinic, 04129 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Hewavitharana GG, Perera DN, Navaratne S, Wickramasinghe I. Extraction methods of fat from food samples and preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Baranowski BJ, Marko DM, Fenech RK, Yang AJT, MacPherson REK. Healthy brain, healthy life: a review of diet and exercise interventions to promote brain health and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1055-1065. [PMID: 32717151 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the world's population aging at a rapid rate, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has significantly increased. These statistics are alarming given recent evidence that a third of dementia cases may be preventable. The role of lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, can directly alter the risk of disease development. However, an understanding of the effectiveness of dietary patterns and exercise strategies to reduce AD risk or improve brain function is not fully understood. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of diet and exercise on AD risk. Key components of the Western and Mediterranean diets are discussed in relation to AD progression, as well as how physical activity promotes brain health. Components of the Western diet (saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates) are detrimental to the brain, impair cognition, and increase AD pathologies. While components of the Mediterranean diet (polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and antioxidants) are considered to be neuroprotective. Exercise can significantly reduce the risk of AD; however, specific exercise recommendations for older adults are limited and optimal intensity, duration, and type remains unknown. This review highlights important modifiable risk factors for AD and points out potential avenues for future research. Novelty Diet and exercise are modifiable factors that can improve brain health and reduce the risk of AD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and antioxidants are neuroprotective. Exercise reduces neuroinflammation, improves brain insulin sensitivity, and increases brain derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Baranowski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rachel K Fenech
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alex J T Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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NHANES 2011-2014 Reveals Cognition of US Older Adults may Benefit from Better Adaptation to the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071929. [PMID: 32610616 PMCID: PMC7399952 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Mediterranean diet (MedD) has gained interest for potential Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention, it is unknown how well US older adults follow a MedD. We used two National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011–2014) to conduct our primary aim of reporting population estimates of MedD adherence among older adults (60+ years) in the US (n = 3068). The mean MedD adherence score for US older adults was 5.3 ± 2.1 (maximum possible = 18), indicating that older adults in the US do not adhere to a MedD. There were various differences in MedD scores across demographic characteristics. We also assessed the cross-sectional relationship between MedD adherence and cognitive performance using survey-weighted ordinary least squares regression and binary logistic regression models adjusted for 11 covariates. Compared to the lowest MedD adherence tertile, the highest tertile had a lower odds ratio of low cognitive performance on three of five cognitive measures (p < 0.05 for each). Sensitivity analyses within participants without subjective memory complaints over the past year revealed similar results on the same three cognitive measures. We conclude that MedD interventions are a departure from usual dietary intake of older adults in the US and are a reasonable approach for AD prevention trials.
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Li D, Misialek JR, Jing M, Tsai MY, Eckfeldt JH, Steffen LM, Knopman D, Wruck L, Gottesman R, Mosley TH, Sharrett AR, Alonso A. Plasma phospholipid very-long-chain SFAs in midlife and 20-year cognitive change in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC): a cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:1252-1258. [PMID: 32320012 PMCID: PMC7266687 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) have recently gained considerable attention as having beneficial effects on health and aging. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the associations of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs [arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), tricosanoic acid (23:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)] with 20-y cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) participants. Furthermore, this study compared the associations of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs with 5 common groups of fatty acids [i.e., total SFAs, total MUFAs, total ω-3 (n-3) PUFAs, total marine-derived ω-3 PUFAs, total ω-6 PUFAs]. METHODS This study used a cohort study design of 3229 ARIC participants enrolled at the Minnesota field center. Fatty acids were measured at visit 1 (1987-1989); and cognition was assessed at visits 2 (1990-1992), 4 (1996-1998), and 5 (2011-2013) using 3 tests: the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT), the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Word Fluency Test (WFT). RESULTS Higher proportions of plasma phospholipid total VLSFAs and each individual VLSFA were associated with less decline in WFT, a test of verbal fluency. For example, 1 SD higher in total VLSFAs at baseline was associated with 0.057 SD (95% CI: 0.018, 0.096, P = 0.004) less cognitive decline over 20 y as measured by WFT score. None of the 5 common fatty acid groups were associated with change in WFT, but a higher proportion of plasma phospholipid total MUFAs was associated with greater decline in DWRT; higher total ω-6 PUFAs with less decline in DWRT; and higher total ω-3 and total marine-derived ω-3 PUFAs with less decline in DSST. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that higher proportions of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs in midlife may be associated with less 20-y cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Misialek
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ma Jing
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John H Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Wruck
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tom H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Thota RN, Rosato JI, Burrows TL, Dias CB, Abbott KA, Martins RN, Garg ML. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation Reduces Kinase Associated with Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Midlife Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061612. [PMID: 32486256 PMCID: PMC7352487 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting kinases linked to insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation may help in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in its early stages. This study aimed to determine whether DHA-rich fish oil supplementation reduces glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), which is linked to both IR and AD. Baseline and post-intervention plasma samples from 58 adults with abdominal obesity (Age: 51.7 ± 1.7 years, BMI: 31.9 ± 0.8 kg/m2) were analysed for outcome measures. Participants were allocated to 2 g DHA-rich fish oil capsules (860 mg DHA + 120 mg EPA) (n = 31) or placebo capsules (n = 27) per day for 12 weeks. Compared to placebo, DHA-rich fish oil significantly reduced GSK-3β by −2.3 ± 0.3 ng/mL. An inverse correlation (p < 0.05) was found between baseline insulin and IR and their changes following intervention only in participants with C-reactive protein levels higher than 2.4 mg/L. DHA-rich fish oil reduces GSK-3 and IR, suggesting a potential role of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) in ameliorating AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N. Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; (R.N.T.); (J.I.R.); (C.B.D.); (K.A.A.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Jessica I. Rosato
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; (R.N.T.); (J.I.R.); (C.B.D.); (K.A.A.)
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Tracy L. Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Cintia B. Dias
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; (R.N.T.); (J.I.R.); (C.B.D.); (K.A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Kylie A. Abbott
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; (R.N.T.); (J.I.R.); (C.B.D.); (K.A.A.)
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Manohar L. Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; (R.N.T.); (J.I.R.); (C.B.D.); (K.A.A.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4921-5647
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Association of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake with cognitive performance in older adults: National Health and nutrition examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Nutr J 2020; 19:25. [PMID: 32222145 PMCID: PMC7103069 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence on the association of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake with cognitive performance is inconsistent. Therefore, the aim is to explore the association of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake with cognitive performance in the U.S. noninstitutionalized population of older adults. Methods We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. Intakes of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids were obtained through two 24-h dietary recalls and were adjusted by energy. Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD) Word Learning sub-test, Animal Fluency test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). For each cognitive test, people who scored lower than the lowest quartile in each age group were defined as having low cognitive performance. Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the association of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake with cognitive performance. Results A total of 2496 participants aged 60 years or older were included. In the full-adjusted model, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of CERAD test score, Animal Fluency test score and DSST test score were 0.58 (0.38–0.88), 0.68 (0.47–0.99) and 0.59 (0.37–0.92) for the highest versus lowest tertile of dietary ω-3 fatty acids intake, respectively; the ORs with 95% CI of CERAD test score, Animal Fluency test score and DSST test score were 0.48 (0.31–0.75), 0.60 (0.40–0.92) and 0.50 (0.34–0.75) for the highest versus lowest tertile of dietary ω-6 fatty acids intake, respectively. The association between ω-6: ω-3 ratio and cognitive performance was not statistically significant in three tests. In dose-response relationship analysis, L-shaped associations were apparent for ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake with CERAD test score, Animal Fluency test score and DSST test score. Conclusions Dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids intake might be inversely associated with low cognitive performance.
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S. Stavrinou P, Andreou E, Aphamis G, Pantzaris M, Ioannou M, S. Patrikios I, D. Giannaki C. The Effects of a 6-Month High Dose Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidant Vitamins Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Functional Capacity in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Nutrients 2020; 12:E325. [PMID: 31991898 PMCID: PMC7071310 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a high-dose omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids supplementation, in combination with antioxidant vitamins, on cognitive function and functional capacity of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), over a 6-month period in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six older adults with MCI (age: 78.8 ± 7.3 years) were randomized 1:1 to receive either a 20 mL dose of a formula containing a mixture of omega-3 (810 mg Eicosapentaenoic acid and 4140 mg Docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (1800 mg gamma-Linolenic acid and 3150 mg Linoleic acid) (1:1 w/w), with 0.6 mg vitamin A, vitamin E (22 mg) plus pure γ-tocopherol (760 mg), or 20mL placebo containing olive oil. Participants completed assessments of cognitive function, functional capacity, body composition and various aspects of quality of life at baseline and following three and six months of supplementation. Thirty-six participants completed the study (eighteen from each group). A significant interaction between supplementation and time was found on cognitive function (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination -Revised (ACE-R), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Stroop Color and Word Test (STROOP) color test; p < 0.001, p = 0.011 and p = 0.037, respectively), functional capacity (6-min walk test and sit-to-stand-60; p = 0.028 and p = 0.032, respectively), fatigue (p < 0.001), physical health (p = 0.007), and daily sleepiness (p = 0.007)-showing a favorable improvement for the participants receiving the supplement. The results indicate that this nutritional modality could be promising for reducing cognitive and functional decline in the elderly with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi S. Stavrinou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (P.S.S.); (E.A.); (G.A.)
- University of Nicosia Research Foundation, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (P.S.S.); (E.A.); (G.A.)
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (P.S.S.); (E.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus;
| | - Melina Ioannou
- Noesis Cognitive Center, Materia Group, Nicosia 2221, Cyprus;
| | | | - Christoforos D. Giannaki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (P.S.S.); (E.A.); (G.A.)
- University of Nicosia Research Foundation, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus;
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Sharma G, Parihar A, Talaiya T, Dubey K, Porwal B, Parihar MS. Cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetes, risk factors and preventive strategies. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0105/jbcpp-2019-0105.xml. [PMID: 31967962 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a modifiable risk factor in progression of several diseases including dementia and type 2 diabetes. If cognitive impairments are not reversed at an early stage of appearance of symptoms, then the prolonged pathogenesis can lead to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it is necessary to detect the risk factors and mechanism of prevention of cognitive dysfunction at an early stage of disease. Poor lifestyle, age, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and inflammation are some of the major risk factors that contribute to cognitive and memory impairments in diabetic patients. Mild cognitive impairment was seen in those individuals of type 2 diabetes, who are on an unhealthy diet. Physical inactivity, frequent alcohol consumptions, and use of packed food products that provides an excess of cheap calories are found associated with cognitive impairment and depression in diabetic patients. Omega fatty acids (FAs) and polyphenol-rich foods, especially flavonoids, can reduce the bad effects of an unhealthy lifestyle; therefore, the consumption of omega FAs and flavonoids may be beneficial in maintaining normal cognitive function. These functional foods may improve cognitive functions by targeting many enzymes and molecules in cells chiefly through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or signaling actions. Here, we provide the current concepts on the risk factors of cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetes and the mechanism of prevention, using omega FAs and bioactive compounds obtained from fruits and vegetables. The knowledge derived from such studies may assist physicians in managing the health care of patients with cognitive difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
| | - Arti Parihar
- Department of Science, Bellingham Technical College, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Tanay Talaiya
- School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
| | - Kirti Dubey
- School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
| | - Bhagyesh Porwal
- School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
| | - Mordhwaj S Parihar
- School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India, Phone: +91-734-2511317
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Schneider F, Horowitz A, Lesch KP, Dandekar T. Delaying memory decline: different options and emerging solutions. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32066684 PMCID: PMC7026464 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory decline can be a devastating disease and increases in aging Western populations. Memory enhancement technologies hold promise for this and other conditions. Approaches include stem cell transplantation, which improved memory in several animal studies as well as vaccination against Alzheimer´s disease (AD) by β-amyloid antibodies. For a positive clinical effect, the vaccine should probably be administered over a long period of time and before amyloid pathologies manifest in the brain. Different drugs, such as erythropoietin or antiplatelet therapy, improve memory in neuropsychiatric diseases or AD or at least in animal studies. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diets improve memory through the gut-brain axis by altering the gut flora through probiotics. Sports, dancing, and memory techniques (e.g., Method of Loci) utilize behavioral approaches for memory enhancement, and were effective in several studies. Augmented reality (AR) is an auspicious way for enhancing memory in real time. Future approaches may include memory prosthesis for head-injured patients and light therapy for restoring memory in AD. Memory enhancement in humans in health and disease holds big promises for the future. Memory training helps only in mild or no impairment. Clinical application requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Schneider
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alan Horowitz
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,EMBL, Computational Biology and Structures Program, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bhatti GK, Reddy AP, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Lifestyle Modifications and Nutritional Interventions in Aging-Associated Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:369. [PMID: 31998117 PMCID: PMC6966236 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of incurable neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ; plaques) and tau hyperphosphorylation as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain followed by neuronal death, cognitive decline, and memory loss. The high prevalence of AD in the developed world has become a major public health challenge associated with social and economic burdens on individuals and society. Due to there being limited options for early diagnosis and determining the exact pathophysiology of AD, finding effective therapeutic strategies has become a great challenge. Several possible risk factors associated with AD pathology have been identified; however, their roles are still inconclusive. Recent clinical trials of the drugs targeting Aβ and tau have failed to find a cure for the AD pathology. Therefore, effective preventive strategies should be followed to reduce the exponential increase in the prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia, especially AD. Although the search for new therapeutic targets is a great challenge for the scientific community, the roles of lifestyle interventions and nutraceuticals in the prevention of many metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases are highly appreciated in the literature. In this article, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in AD pathology and the possible ameliorative action of lifestyle and nutritional interventions including diet, exercise, Calorie restriction (CR), and various bioactive compounds on cognitive decline and dementia. This article will provide insights into the role of non-pharmacologic interventions in the modulation of AD pathology, which may offer the benefit of improving quality of life by reducing cognitive decline and incident AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
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Moga DC, Beech BF, Abner EL, Schmitt FA, El Khouli RH, Martinez AI, Eckmann L, Huffmyer M, George R, Jicha GA. INtervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in delaying the onset of Alzheimer's Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE), a randomized controlled trial: rationale, study design, and protocol. Trials 2019; 20:806. [PMID: 31888732 PMCID: PMC6937673 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes a 10-20-year preclinical period with progressive accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the absence of symptomatic cognitive or functional decline. The duration of this preclinical stage in part depends on the rate of pathologic progression, which is offset by compensatory mechanisms, referred to as cognitive reserve (CR). Comorbid medical conditions, psychosocial stressors, and inappropriate medication use may lower CR, hastening the onset of symptomatic AD. Here, we describe a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to test the efficacy of a medication therapy management (MTM) intervention to reduce inappropriate medication use, bolster cognitive reserve, and ultimately delay symptomatic AD. METHODS/DESIGN Our study aims to enroll 90 non-demented community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years of age. Participants will undergo positron emission tomography (PET) scans, measuring Aβ levels using standardized uptake value ratios (SUVr). Participants will be randomly assigned to MTM intervention or control, stratified by Aβ levels, and followed for 12 months via in-person and telephone visits. Outcomes of interest include: (1) medication appropriateness (measured with the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI)); (2) scores from Trail Making Test B (TMTB), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT); (3) perceived health status (measured with the SF-36). We will also evaluate pre- to post-intervention change in: (1) use of inappropriate medications as measured by MAI; 2) CR Change Score (CRCS), defined as the difference in scopolamine-challenged vs unchallenged cognitive scores at baseline and follow-up. Baseline Aβ SUVr will be used to examine the relative impact of preclinical AD (pAD) pathology on CRCS, as well as the interplay of amyloid burden with inappropriate medication use. DISCUSSION This manuscript describes the protocol of INCREASE ("INtervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in delaying the onset of Alzheimer's Symptomatic Expression"): a randomized controlled trial that investigates the impact of deprescribing inappropriate medications and optimizing medication regimens on potentially delaying the onset of symptomatic AD and AD-related dementias. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02849639. Registered on 29 July 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Moga
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | | | - Erin L Abner
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Riham H El Khouli
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley I Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lynne Eckmann
- PRO2RX LLC Pharmacy Consulting Services, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark Huffmyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- PRO2RX LLC Pharmacy Consulting Services, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rosmy George
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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47
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Zhang X, Han H, Ge X, Liu L, Wang T, Yu H. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:548-554. [PMID: 31804628 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have positive effect on cognitive function with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is still controversial. The aim for this meta-analysis was to assess the scientific evidence published in the last 10 years on the effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs intake on MCI patients to explore whether n-3 LC-PUFAs have positive effective. A comprehensive literature search was developed using the Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PubMed database. The pooled effect for all studies was calculated using random-effects model. And the terms of weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled and indicated the effects. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 statistics. A total of seven randomized clinical trials involving 213 cases of intervention and 221 cases of placebo were included in this analysis. Compared with placebo, n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements effectively improved cognition in elders with MCI (WMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.04-1.67, Z = 2.05, P = 0.04). Slight heterogeneity was detected across studies. Our results provided further evidence that n-3 LC-PUFAs may have beneficial effect in elderly with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Disease Risk Assessment, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South XinJian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Department of Mathematics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Disease Risk Assessment, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South XinJian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Disease Risk Assessment, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South XinJian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Disease Risk Assessment, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South XinJian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Diseases Risk Assessment, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Disease Risk Assessment, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South XinJian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China. .,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Diseases Risk Assessment, Taiyuan, China.
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48
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van den Brink AC, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Berendsen AAM, van de Rest O. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets Are Associated with Less Cognitive Decline and a Lower Risk of Alzheimer's Disease-A Review. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:1040-1065. [PMID: 31209456 PMCID: PMC6855954 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As there is currently no cure for dementia, there is an urgent need for preventive strategies. The current review provides an overview of the existing evidence examining the associations of the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets and their dietary components with cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A systematic search was conducted within Ovid Medline for studies published up to 27 March 2019 and reference lists from existing reviews and select articles were examined to supplement the electronic search results. In total, 56 articles were included. Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with better cognitive scores in 9 of 12 cross-sectional studies, 17 of 25 longitudinal studies, and 1 of 3 trials. Higher adherence to the DASH diet was associated with better cognitive function in 1 cross-sectional study, 2 of 5 longitudinal studies, and 1 trial. Higher adherence to the MIND diet was associated with better cognitive scores in 1 cross-sectional study and 2 of 3 longitudinal studies. Evidence on the association of these dietary patterns with dementia in general was limited. However, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of AD in 1 case-control study and 6 of 8 longitudinal studies. Moreover, higher adherence to the DASH or MIND diets was associated with a lower AD risk in 1 longitudinal study. With respect to the components of these dietary patterns, olive oil may be associated with less cognitive decline. In conclusion, current scientific evidence suggests that higher adherence to the Mediterranean, DASH, or MIND diets is associated with less cognitive decline and a lower risk of AD, where the strongest associations are observed for the MIND diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnes A M Berendsen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Nutrients in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9874159. [PMID: 31565158 PMCID: PMC6746160 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9874159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease caused by the complex interaction of multiple mechanisms, some of which are still not fully understood. To date, pharmacological treatments and supplementation of individual nutrients have been poorly effective in terms of the prevention and treatment of AD, while alternative strategies based on multimodal approaches (diet, exercise, and cognitive training) seem to be more promising. In this context, the focus on dietary patterns rather than on single food components could be more useful in preventing or counteracting the pathological processes typical of AD, thanks to the potential synergistic effects of various nutrients (neuronutrients). The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the currently existing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, which are three dietary patterns with well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, they have been related to brain protection and AD prevention, perhaps thanks to their high content of neuroprotective bioactive compounds. Similarly, intermittent fasting (IF) or calorie restriction (CR) is emerging as interesting approaches that seem to promote hippocampal neurogenesis, activate adaptive stress response systems, and enhance neuronal plasticity, thus leading to motor and cognitive improvements in animal models of AD and hopefully also in human beings.
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50
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Effect of 1 Year Krill Oil Supplementation on Cognitive Achievement of Dutch Adolescents: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061230. [PMID: 31151199 PMCID: PMC6628105 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important for brain development and function, maybe especially during adolescence. Observational studies have demonstrated an association between fish consumption (a source of LCPUFA) and cognition in adolescents, but intervention trials are lacking. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of one year of krill oil (a source of LCPUFA) supplementation on the cognitive performance of adolescents with a low Omega-3 Index (O3I ≤ 5%). A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled supplementation trial with repeated measurements (baseline (T0), three months (T1), six months (T2), and 12 months (T3)) in adolescents (267 randomized) was executed. Participants were randomized to 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day in Cohort I or placebo and 800 mg EPA + DHA per day in Cohort II or placebo. O3I was monitored by a finger prick at all time points. At T0, T2, and T3, participants executed a neurocognitive test battery. Covariate corrected mixed models were run with either condition (krill or placebo) or O3I as predictors. Krill oil supplementation led to a small but significant increase in mean O3I, but few participants increased to the intended O3I range (8–11%). There was no significant effect of supplementation on the neurocognitive tests, nor a relationship between O3I and neurocognitive test scores. The increase in O3I was small in most participants, probably due to non-compliance. Possibly the increase in O3I was too small to demonstrate an effect. More research on the influence of LCPUFAs on cognition in adolescents is needed.
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