1
|
Dwivedi M, Jose S, Gupta M, Devi SS, Raj R, Kumar D. Copper transporter protein (MctB) as a therapeutic target to elicit antimycobacterial activity against tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5334-5348. [PMID: 37340670 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a prehistoric infection and major etiologic agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is considered to have advanced from an early progenitor species found in Eastern Africa. By the 1800s, there were approximately 800 to 1000 fatality case reports per 100,000 people in Europe and North America. This research suggests an In-silico study to identify potential inhibitory compounds for the target Mycobacterial copper transport protein (Mctb). ADME-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to find promising compounds to modulate the function of the target protein. Four chemical compounds, namely Anti-MCT1, Anti-MCT2, Anti-MCT3 and Anti-MCT4 out of 1500 small molecules from the Diverse-lib of MTiOpenScreen were observed to completely satisfy Lipinski rule of five and Veber's rule. Further, significantly steady interactions with the MctB target protein were observed. Docking experiments have presented 9 compounds with less than -9.0 kcal/mol free binding energies and further MD simulation eventually gave 4 compounds having potential interactions and affinity with target protein and favorable binding energy ranging from -9.2 to -9.3 kcal/mol. We may propose these compounds as an effective candidate to reduce the growth of M. tuberculosis and may also assist present a novel therapeutic approach for Tuberculosis. In vivo and In vitro validation would be needed to proceed further in this direction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Sandra Jose
- Technology and Advanced Studies, Vels Institute of Science, Chennai, India
| | - Megha Gupta
- Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Sreevidya S Devi
- Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Ritu Raj
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jubilee R, Komala M, Patel S. Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol and Lignans in the Management of Tuberculosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01378-7. [PMID: 38914838 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of herbal remedies, specifically resveratrol and lignans, as alternative treatments for tuberculosis (TB), given the challenges posed by drug-resistant strains and adverse effects of conventional therapies. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to analyze the mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and efficacy of resveratrol and lignans in the context of TB management. This review focused on the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of these compounds, examining their interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. Resveratrol and lignans were found to exhibit significant antibacterial properties through mechanisms such as SIRT1 modulation, coenzyme A transferase inhibition, suppression of intracellular bacterial proliferation in macrophages, and induction of autophagy. These mechanisms contribute to their effectiveness in combating TB and highlight their potential as alternative therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Jubilee
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, (Deemed to be University), Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - M Komala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraswati Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, (Deemed to be University), Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarangi A, Singh SP, Das BS, Rajput S, Fatima S, Bhattacharya D. Mycobacterial biofilms: A therapeutic target against bacterial persistence and generation of antibiotic resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32003. [PMID: 38882302 PMCID: PMC11176842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of Tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases. According to the WHO Report 2023, in 2022, approximately 10.6 million people got infected with TB, and 1.6 million died. It has multiple antibiotics for treatment, but the major drawback of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) is, its prolonged treatment duration. The major contributors to the lengthy treatment period are mycobacterial persistence and drug tolerance. Persistent M. tb is phenotypically drug tolerant and metabolically slow down which makes it difficult to be eliminated during ATT. These persisting bacteria are a huge reservoir of impending disease, waiting to get reactivated upon the onset of an immune compromising state. Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, although effective against replicating bacteria; fails to eliminate the drug-tolerant persisters making TB still the second-highest killer globally. There are different mechanisms for the development of drug-tolerant mycobacterial populations being investigated. Recently, the role of biofilms in the survival and host-evasion mechanism of persisters has come to light. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of adaptation, survival and attainment of drug tolerance by persisting M. tb-populations, in order to design better immune responses and therapeutics for the effective elimination of these bacteria by reducing the duration of treatment and also circumvent the generation of drug-resistance to achieve the goal of global eradication of TB. This review summarizes the drug-tolerance mechanism and biofilms' role in providing a niche to dormant-M.tb. We also discuss methods of targeting biofilms to achieve sterile eradication of the mycobacteria and prevent its reactivation by achieving adequate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashirbad Sarangi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Singh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI) Oregon National Primate Research Centre (ONPRC) Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Bhabani Shankar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sristi Rajput
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samreen Fatima
- UMass Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santoshi M, Bansia H, Hussain M, Jha AK, Nagaraja V. Identification of a 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a key enzyme involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1164-1181. [PMID: 38676355 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis, caused by dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), poses a threat to global health through the incubation of undiagnosed infections within the community. Dormant Mtb, which is phenotypically tolerant to antibiotics, accumulates triacylglycerol (TAG) utilizing fatty acids obtained from macrophage lipid droplets. TAG is vital to mycobacteria, serving as a cell envelope component and energy reservoir during latency. TAG synthesis occurs by sequential acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate, wherein the second acylation step is catalyzed by acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for the synthesis of TAG and various phospholipids. Here, we have characterized a putative acyltransferase of Mtb encoded by Rv3816c. We found that Rv3816c has all four characteristic motifs of AGPAT, exists as a membrane-bound enzyme, and functions as 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. The enzyme could transfer the acyl group to acylglycerol-3-phosphate (LPA) from monounsaturated fatty acyl-coenzyme A of chain length 16 or 18 to produce PA. Complementation of Escherichia coli PlsC mutant in vivo by Rv3816c confirmed that it functions as AGPAT. Its active site mutants, H43A and D48A, were incapable of transferring the acyl group to LPA in vitro and were not able to rescue the growth defect of E. coli PlsC mutant in vivo. Identifying Rv3816c as AGPAT and comparing its properties with other AGPAT homologs is not only a step toward understanding the TAG biosynthesis in mycobacteria but has the potential to explore it as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Santoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Abodh Kumar Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garber AI, Sano EB, Gallagher AL, Miller SR. Duplicate Gene Expression and Possible Mechanisms of Paralog Retention During Bacterial Genome Expansion. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae089. [PMID: 38670115 PMCID: PMC11086944 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication contributes to the evolution of expression and the origin of new genes, but the relative importance of different patterns of duplicate gene expression and mechanisms of retention remains debated and particularly poorly understood in bacteria. Here, we investigated gene expression patterns for two lab strains of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina with expanding genomes that contain about 10-fold more gene duplicates compared with most bacteria. Strikingly, we observed a generally stoichiometric pattern of greater combined duplicate transcript dosage with increased gene copy number, in contrast to the prevalence of expression reduction reported for many eukaryotes. We conclude that increased transcript dosage is likely an important mechanism of initial duplicate retention in these bacteria and may persist over long periods of evolutionary time. However, we also observed that paralog expression can diverge rapidly, including possible functional partitioning, for which different copies were respectively more highly expressed in at least one condition. Divergence may be promoted by the physical separation of most Acaryochloris duplicates on different genetic elements. In addition, expression pattern for ancestrally shared duplicates could differ between strains, emphasizing that duplicate expression fate need not be deterministic. We further observed evidence for context-dependent transcript dosage, where the aggregate expression of duplicates was either greater or lower than their single-copy homolog depending on physiological state. Finally, we illustrate how these different expression patterns of duplicated genes impact Acaryochloris biology for the innovation of a novel light-harvesting apparatus and for the regulation of recA paralogs in response to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiy I Garber
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Emiko B Sano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Amy L Gallagher
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Scott R Miller
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dechow SJ, Abramovitch RB. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis pH-driven adaptation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001458. [PMID: 38717801 PMCID: PMC11165653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host environmental cues as part of its pathogenesis. One important cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche - the macrophage. Acidic pH induces widespread transcriptional and metabolic remodelling in Mtb. These adaptations to acidic pH can lead Mtb to slow its growth and promote pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance. Mutants defective in pH-dependent adaptations exhibit reduced virulence in macrophages and animal infection models, suggesting that chemically targeting these pH-dependent pathways may have therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which Mtb regulates its growth and metabolism at acidic pH. Additionally, we consider the therapeutic potential of disrupting pH-driven adaptations in Mtb and review the growing class of compounds that exhibit pH-dependent activity or target pathways important for adaptation to acidic pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby J. Dechow
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gupta VK, Vaishnavi VV, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, P S A, K M J, Jeyasankar S, Raghunathan V, Baliga NS, Agarwal R. 3D Hydrogel Culture System Recapitulates Key Tuberculosis Phenotypes and Demonstrates Pyrazinamide Efficacy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304299. [PMID: 38655817 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The mortality caused by tuberculosis (TB) infections is a global concern, and there is a need to improve understanding of the disease. Current in vitro infection models to study the disease have limitations such as short investigation durations and divergent transcriptional signatures. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing a 3D collagen culture system that mimics the biomechanical and extracellular matrix (ECM) of lung microenvironment (collagen fibers, stiffness comparable to in vivo conditions) as the infection primarily manifests in the lungs. The system incorporates Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infected human THP-1 or primary monocytes/macrophages. Dual RNA sequencing reveals higher mammalian gene expression similarity with patient samples than 2D macrophage infections. Similarly, bacterial gene expression more accurately recapitulates in vivo gene expression patterns compared to bacteria in 2D infection models. Key phenotypes observed in humans, such as foamy macrophages and mycobacterial cords, are reproduced in the model. This biomaterial system overcomes challenges associated with traditional platforms by modulating immune cells and closely mimicking in vivo infection conditions, including showing efficacy with clinically relevant concentrations of anti-TB drug pyrazinamide, not seen in any other in vitro infection model, making it reliable and readily adoptable for tuberculosis studies and drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vijaya V Vaishnavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | | | - Abhirami P S
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Jyothsna K M
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sharumathi Jeyasankar
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Varun Raghunathan
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nitin S Baliga
- Institute of Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ganusov VV, Kolloli A, Subbian S. Mathematical modeling suggests heterogeneous replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in rabbits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.579301. [PMID: 38370790 PMCID: PMC10871370 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.579301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major health problem with 10.6 million cases of the disease and 1.6 million deaths in 2021. It is well understood that pulmonary TB is due to replication of Mtb in the lung but quantitative details of Mtb replication and death in lungs of patients and how these rates are related to the degree of lung pathology are unknown. We performed experiments with rabbits infected with a novel, virulent clinical Mtb isolate of the Beijing lineage, HN878, carrying an unstable plasmid pBP10. In our in vitro experiments we found that pBP10 is more stable in HN878 strain than in a more commonly used laboratory-adapted Mtb strain H37Rv (the segregation coefficient being s = 0 . 10 in HN878 vs. s = 0 . 18 in H37Rv). Interestingly, the kinetics of plasmid-bearing bacteria in lungs of Mtb-infected rabbits did not follow an expected monotonic decline; the percent of plasmid-bearing cells increased between 28 and 56 days post-infection and remained stable between 84 and 112 days post-infection despite a large increase in bacterial numbers in the lung at late time points. Mathematical modeling suggested that such a non-monotonic change in the percent of plasmid-bearing cells can be explained if the lung Mtb population consists of several (at least 2) sub-populations with different replication/death kinetics: one major population expanding early and being controlled/eliminated, while another, a smaller population expanding at later times causing a counterintuitive increase in the percent of plasmid-bearing cells. Given that HN878 forms well circumscribed granulomas in rabbits, our results suggest independent bacterial dynamics in subsets of such granulomas. Our model predictions can be tested in future experiments in which HN878-pBP10 dynamics in individual granulomas is followed over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Host-Pathogen Interactions program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Costa SK, Antosca K, Beekman CN, Peterson RL, Penumutchu S, Belenky P. Short-Term Dietary Intervention with Whole Oats Protects from Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0237623. [PMID: 37439681 PMCID: PMC10434222 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02376-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis (AID) is known to be influenced by host dietary composition. However, how and when diet modulates gut dysbiosis remains poorly characterized. Thus, here, we utilize a multi-omics approach to characterize how a diet supplemented with oats, a rich source of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, or dextrose impacts amoxicillin-induced changes to gut microbiome structure and transcriptional activity. We demonstrate that oat administration during amoxicillin challenge provides greater protection from AID than the always oats or recovery oats diet groups. In particular, the group in which oats were provided at the time of antibiotic exposure induced the greatest protection against AID while the other oat diets saw greater effects after amoxicillin challenge. The oat diets likewise reduced amoxicillin-driven elimination of Firmicutes compared to the dextrose diet. Functionally, gut communities fed dextrose were carbohydrate starved and favored respiratory metabolism and consequent metabolic stress management while oat-fed communities shifted their transcriptomic profile and emphasized antibiotic stress management. The metabolic trends were exemplified when assessing transcriptional activity of the following two common gut commensal bacteria: Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These findings demonstrate that while host diet is important in shaping how antibiotics effect the gut microbiome composition and function, diet timing may play an even greater role in dietary intervention-based therapeutics. IMPORTANCE We utilize a multi-omics approach to demonstrate that diets supplemented with oats, a rich source of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, are able to confer protection against antibiotic-induced dysbiosis (AID). Our findings affirm that not only is host diet important in shaping antibiotics effects on gut microbiome composition and function but also that the timing of these diets may play an even greater role in managing AID. This work provides a nuanced perspective on dietary intervention against AID and may be informative on preventing AID during routine antibiotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K. Costa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katherine Antosca
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chapman N. Beekman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rachel L. Peterson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Swathi Penumutchu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tao B, Li Z, Wang Y, Wu J, Shi X, Shi J, Liu Q, Wang J. Environment pollutants exposure affects the endogenous activation of within-host Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115695. [PMID: 36958381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have linked ambient pollutants with tuberculosis (TB) risk, but the association has not been fully understood. Here, for the first time, we applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the reproductive state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by profiling the mutation rate of MTB (MTBMR) during within-host endogenous reactivated progression, intending to dissect the actual effects of ambient pollutants on the endogenous reactivation. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study on bacteriologically confirmed TB patients and followed them for relapse in Jiangsu and Sichuan Province, China. Endogenous and exogenous activation were distinguished by WGS of the pathogen. The average concentration of air pollution was estimated by considering a lag of 0-1 to 0-12 months. We applied a generalized additive model with a Poisson function to evaluate the relationships between ambient pollutants exposure and MTBMR. RESULTS In the single-pollutant adjusted models, the maximum effect for PM10 (MTBMR increase: 81.87%, 95% CI: 38.38, 139.03) and PM2.5 (MTBMR increase: 73.91%, 95% CI: 22.17, 147.55) was observed at a lag of 0-12 months for every 10 μg/m³ increase. For SO2, the maximum effect was observed at lag 0-8 months, with MTBMR increasing by 128.06% (95% CI: 45.92, 256.44); and for NO2, the maximum effect was observed at lag 0-9 months, with MTBMR increasing by 124.02% (95% CI: 34.5, 273.14). In contrast, the O3 concentration was inversely associated with MTBMR, and the maximum reduction of MTBMR was 6.18% (95% CI: -9.24, -3.02) at a lag of 0-9 months. Similar results were observed for multi-pollutant models. CONCLUSIONS Increased exposure to ambient pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2) contributed to a faster MTBMR, indicating that MTB exhibits increased reproductive activity, thus accelerating within-host endogenous reactivation. O3 exposure could decrease the MTBMR, suggesting that MTB exerts low reproductive activity by inhibiting within-host endogenous activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Epidemiology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jizhou Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinling Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyan Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Epidemiology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Djaharuddin I, Amir M, Qanitha A. Exploring the link between cardiovascular risk factors and manifestations in latent tuberculosis infection: a comprehensive literature review. Egypt Heart J 2023; 75:43. [PMID: 37249745 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-023-00370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is overt, and the prevalence of this double burden disease remains steadily rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This review aims to explore the association between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and the development of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. Furthermore, we elucidated the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to this relationship. MAIN BODY Approximately 25% of the global population carries a dormant form of tuberculosis (TB) infection. During this latent stage, certain subsets of mycobacteria actively reproduce, and recent research suggests that latent TB infection (LTBI) is connected to persistent, long-term low-grade inflammation that can potentially contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The presence of LTBI can be confirmed through a positive result on either a tuberculin skin test (TST) or an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Several plausible explanations for the association between LTBI and CVD include increased inflammation, autoimmunity related to heat shock proteins (HSP), and the presence of pathogens within the developing atherosclerotic plaque. The most commonly observed cardiovascular events and risk factors associated with LTBI are acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery stenosis, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS This article highlights the critical role of LTBI in perpetuating the tuberculosis disease cycle and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. Chronic and persistent low inflammation underlined the association. Identifying high-risk LTBI patients and providing targeted preventive medication are crucial strategies for global TB eradication and interrupting transmission chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irawaty Djaharuddin
- Department of Pulmonology and Respirology Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muzakkir Amir
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Andriany Qanitha
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pathirage R, Favrot L, Petit C, Yamsek M, Singh S, Mallareddy JR, Rana S, Natarajan A, Ronning DR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis CitA activity is modulated by cysteine oxidation and pyruvate binding. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:921-933. [PMID: 37252106 PMCID: PMC10211323 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As an adaptation for survival during infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes dormant, reducing its metabolism and growth. Two types of citrate synthases have been identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, GltA2 and CitA. Previous work shows that overexpression of CitA, the secondary citrate synthase, stimulates the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under hypoxic conditions without showing accumulation of triacylglycerols and makes mycobacteria more sensitive to antibiotics, suggesting that CitA may play a role as a metabolic switch during infection and may be an interesting TB drug target. To assess the druggability and possible mechanisms of targeting CitA with small-molecule compounds, the CitA crystal structure was solved to 2.1 Å by X-ray crystallography. The solved structure shows that CitA lacks an NADH binding site that would afford allosteric regulation, which is atypical of most citrate synthases. However, a pyruvate molecule is observed within the analogous domain, suggesting pyruvate may instead be the allosteric regulator for CitA. The R149 and R153 residues forming the charged portion of the pyruvate binding pocket were mutated to glutamate and methionine, respectively, to assess the effect of mutations on activity. Protein thermal shift assay shows thermal stabilization of CitA in the presence of pyruvate compared to the two CitA variants designed to decrease pyruvate affinity. Solved crystal structures of both variants show no significant structural changes. However, the catalytic efficiency of the R153M variant increases by 2.6-fold. Additionally, we show that covalent modification of C143 of CitA by Ebselen completely arrests enzyme activity. Similar inhibition is observed using two spirocyclic Michael acceptor containing compounds, which inhibit CitA with ICapp50 values of 6.6 and 10.9 μM. A crystal structure of CitA modified by Ebselen was solved, but significant structural changes were lacking. Considering that covalent modification of C143 inactivates CitA and the proximity of C143 to the pyruvate binding site, this suggests that structural and/or chemical changes in this sub-domain are responsible for regulating CitA enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasangi Pathirage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Lorenza Favrot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Cecile Petit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Melvin Yamsek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | | | - Sandeep Rana
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE USA
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chung ES, Kar P, Kamkaew M, Amir A, Aldridge BB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows linearly at the single-cell level with larger variability than model organisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.17.541183. [PMID: 37292927 PMCID: PMC10245742 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacterial pathogens to regulate growth is crucial to control homeostasis, virulence, and drug response. Yet, we do not understand the growth and cell cycle behaviors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a slow-growing pathogen, at the single-cell level. Here, we use time-lapse imaging and mathematical modeling to characterize these fundamental properties of Mtb. Whereas most organisms grow exponentially at the single-cell level, we find that Mtb exhibits a unique linear growth mode. Mtb growth characteristics are highly variable from cell-to-cell, notably in their growth speeds, cell cycle timing, and cell sizes. Together, our study demonstrates that growth behavior of Mtb diverges from what we have learned from model bacteria. Instead, Mtb generates a heterogeneous population while growing slowly and linearly. Our study provides a new level of detail into how Mtb grows and creates heterogeneity, and motivates more studies of growth behaviors in bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
|
14
|
Galvin CJ, Hobson M, Meng JX, Ierokomos A, Ivanov IE, Berger JM, Bryant Z. Single-molecule dynamics of DNA gyrase in evolutionarily distant bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103003. [PMID: 36775125 PMCID: PMC10130225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA gyrase is an essential nucleoprotein motor present in all bacteria and is a major target for antibiotic treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Gyrase hydrolyzes ATP to add negative supercoils to DNA using a strand passage mechanism that has been investigated using biophysical and biochemical approaches. To analyze the dynamics of substeps leading to strand passage, single-molecule rotor bead tracking (RBT) has been used previously to follow real-time supercoiling and conformational transitions in Escherichia coli (EC) gyrase. However, RBT has not yet been applied to gyrase from other pathogenically relevant bacteria, and it is not known whether substeps are conserved across evolutionarily distant species. Here, we compare gyrase supercoiling dynamics between two evolutionarily distant bacterial species, MTB and EC. We used RBT to measure supercoiling rates, processivities, and the geometries and transition kinetics of conformational states of purified gyrase proteins in complex with DNA. Our results show that E. coli and MTB gyrases are both processive, with the MTB enzyme displaying velocities ∼5.5× slower than the EC enzyme. Compared with EC gyrase, MTB gyrase also more readily populates an intermediate state with DNA chirally wrapped around the enzyme, in both the presence and absence of ATP. Our substep measurements reveal common features in conformational states of EC and MTB gyrases interacting with DNA but also suggest differences in populations and transition rates that may reflect distinct cellular needs between these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cooper J Galvin
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew Hobson
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Athena Ierokomos
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ivan E Ivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zev Bryant
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sumbal A, Sheikh SM, Ikram A, Amir A, Sumbal R, Saeed AR. Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) as a predictor of coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15365. [PMID: 37089330 PMCID: PMC10119758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A converging epidemic of Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is observed over past two decades. LTBI is a state of persistent immune stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but with no active clinical manifestation. Also, there has been as increasing trend for incidence of cardiovascular problems in patients suffering from latent TB infection. Reportedly, the risk of coronary artery disease spikes up to 1.52 times in patient with latent TB infection. Considering the fact that cardiovascular diseases account to be leading cause of death globally, we found a dire need to investigate the role of Latent TB infection in producing coronary artery disease and unveil this unconventional relationship. Purpose We aim to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate Latent TB infection as a predictor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A systemic search was conducted on electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) from inception to 24th June 2022. Studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria underwent statistical analysis on Review Manager 5.4.1. We calculated odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and graphically represented it through fixed-effect forest plot. Heterogeneity of I2>75% and p-value of p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results Pooled analysis of four selected studies showed that patient with Latent TB infection significantly developed Coronary Artery Disease (OR = 2.15 [1.48, 3.12]; p < 0.0001; I 2 = 0%). Conclusions Latent TB infection can be a potential useful predictor for Coronary Artery Disease. However, there is need for further investigation on a greater number of studies before this can truly become clear.
Collapse
|
16
|
Elmore JR, Dexter GN, Baldino H, Huenemann JD, Francis R, Peabody GL, Martinez-Baird J, Riley LA, Simmons T, Coleman-Derr D, Guss AM, Egbert RG. High-throughput genetic engineering of nonmodel and undomesticated bacteria via iterative site-specific genome integration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1285. [PMID: 36897939 PMCID: PMC10005180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient genome engineering is critical to understand and use microbial functions. Despite recent development of tools such as CRISPR-Cas gene editing, efficient integration of exogenous DNA with well-characterized functions remains limited to model bacteria. Here, we describe serine recombinase-assisted genome engineering, or SAGE, an easy-to-use, highly efficient, and extensible technology that enables selection marker-free, site-specific genome integration of up to 10 DNA constructs, often with efficiency on par with or superior to replicating plasmids. SAGE uses no replicating plasmids and thus lacks the host range limitations of other genome engineering technologies. We demonstrate the value of SAGE by characterizing genome integration efficiency in five bacteria that span multiple taxonomy groups and biotechnology applications and by identifying more than 95 heterologous promoters in each host with consistent transcription across environmental and genetic contexts. We anticipate that SAGE will rapidly expand the number of industrial and environmental bacteria compatible with high-throughput genetics and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Elmore
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Gara N. Dexter
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Henri Baldino
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jay D. Huenemann
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996,USA
| | - Ryan Francis
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - George L. Peabody
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jessica Martinez-Baird
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lauren A. Riley
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996,USA
| | - Tuesday Simmons
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Adam M. Guss
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Robert G. Egbert
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feria MG, Chang C, Ticona E, Moussa A, Zhang B, Ballena I, Azañero R, Ticona C, De Cecco CN, Fichtenbaum CJ, O’Donnell RE, La Rosa A, Sanchez J, Andorf S, Atehortua L, Katz JD, Chougnet CA, Deepe GS, Huaman MA. Pro-Inflammatory Alterations of Circulating Monocytes in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac629. [PMID: 36570965 PMCID: PMC9772871 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated the activation and pro-inflammatory profile of monocytes in individuals with LTBI and their association with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Individuals 40-70 years old in Lima, Peru, underwent QuantiFERON-TB testing to define LTBI, completed a coronary computed tomography angiography to evaluate CAD, and provided blood for monocyte profiling using flow cytometry. Cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to assess interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α responses. Results The clinical characteristics of the LTBI (n = 28) and non-LTBI (n = 41) groups were similar. All monocyte subsets from LTBI individuals exhibited higher mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CX3CR1 and CD36 compared with non-LTBI individuals. LTBI individuals had an increased proportion of nonclassical monocytes expressing IL-6 (44.9 vs 26.9; P = .014), TNF-α (62.3 vs 35.1; P = .014), and TNF-α+IL-6+ (43.2 vs 36.6; P = .042). Among LTBI individuals, CAD was associated with lower CX3CR1 MFI on classical monocytes and lower CD36 MFI across all monocyte subsets. In multivariable analyses, lower CD36 MFI on total monocytes (b = -0.17; P = .002) and all subsets remained independently associated with CAD in LTBI. Conclusions Individuals with LTBI have distinct monocyte alterations suggestive of an exacerbated inflammatory response and tissue migration. Whether these alterations contribute to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Feria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cecilia Chang
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Ticona
- Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Anissa Moussa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carlo N De Cecco
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carl J Fichtenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert E O’Donnell
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales, Callao, Peru
| | - Sandra Andorf
- Division of Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan D Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Correspondence: Moises A. Huaman, MD, MSc, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 200 Albert Sabin Way, Rm 3112, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0405 ()
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
ppe51 Variants Enable Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Acidic pH by Selectively Promoting Glycerol Uptake. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0021222. [PMID: 36226966 PMCID: PMC9664963 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In defined media supplemented with single carbon sources, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits carbon source specific growth restriction. When supplied with glycerol as the sole carbon source at pH 5.7, Mtb establishes a metabolically active state of nonreplicating persistence known as acid growth arrest. We hypothesized that acid growth arrest on glycerol is not a metabolic restriction, but rather an adaptive response. To test this hypothesis, we selected for and identified several Mtb mutants that could grow under these restrictive conditions. All mutations were mapped to the ppe51 gene and resulted in variants with 3 different amino acid substitutions- S211R, E215K, and A228D. Expression of the ppe51 variants in Mtb promoted growth at acidic pH showing that the mutant alleles are sufficient to cause the dominant gain-of-function, Enhanced Acid Growth (EAG) phenotype. Testing growth on other single carbon sources showed the PPE51 variants specifically enhanced growth on glycerol, suggesting PPE51 plays a role in glycerol uptake. Using radiolabeled glycerol, enhanced glycerol uptake was observed in Mtb expressing the PPE51 (S211R) variant, with glycerol overaccumulation in triacylglycerol. Notably, the EAG phenotype is deleterious for growth in macrophages, where the mutants have selectively faster replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages compared to resting macrophages. Recombinant PPE51 protein exhibited differential thermostability in the wild type (WT) or S211R variants in the presence of glycerol, supporting the model that EAG substitutions alter PPE51-glycerol interactions. Together, these findings support that PPE51 variants selectively promote glycerol uptake and that slowed growth at acidic pH is an important adaptive mechanism required for macrophage pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE It is puzzling why Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cannot grow on glycerol at acidic pH, as it has a carbon source and oxygen, everything it needs to grow. In this study, we found that Mtb limits uptake of glycerol at acidic pH to restrict its growth and that mutations in ppe51 promote uptake of glycerol at acidic pH and enable growth. That is, Mtb can grow well at acidic pH on glycerol, but has adapted instead to stop growth. Notably, ppe51 variants exhibit enhanced replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages, supporting a role for pH-dependent slowed growth during macrophage pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones RM, Adams KN, Eldesouky HE, Sherman DR. The evolving biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1027394. [PMID: 36275024 PMCID: PMC9579286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1027394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an ancient disease that has remained a leading cause of infectious death. Mtb has evolved drug resistance to every antibiotic regimen ever introduced, greatly complicating treatment, lowering rates of cure and menacing TB control in parts of the world. As technology has advanced, our understanding of antimicrobial resistance has improved, and our models of the phenomenon have evolved. In this review, we focus on recent research progress that supports an updated model for the evolution of drug resistance in Mtb. We highlight the contribution of drug tolerance on the path to resistance, and the influence of heterogeneity on tolerance. Resistance is likely to remain an issue for as long as drugs are needed to treat TB. However, with technology driving new insights and careful management of newly developed resources, antimicrobial resistance need not continue to threaten global progress against TB, as it has done for decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David R. Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Combination Therapy to Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Its Nonreplicating Persister Phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0069522. [PMID: 36165631 PMCID: PMC9578415 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00695-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exists in various metabolic states, including a nonreplicating persister (NRP) phenotype which may affect response to therapy. We have adopted a model-informed strategy to accelerate discovery of effective Mtb treatment regimens and previously found pretomanid (PMD), moxifloxacin (MXF), and bedaquiline (BDQ) to readily kill logarithmic- and acid-phase Mtb. Here, we studied multiple concentrations of each drug in flask-based, time-kill studies against NRP Mtb in single-, two- and three-drug combinations, including the active M2 metabolite of BDQ. We used nonparametric population algorithms in the Pmetrics package for R to model the data and to simulate the 95% confidence interval of bacterial population decline due to the two-drug combination regimen of PMD + MXF and compared this to observed declines with three-drug regimens. PMD + MXF at concentrations equivalent to average or peak human concentrations effectively eradicated Mtb. Unlike other states for Mtb, we observed no sustained emergence of less susceptible isolates for any regimen. The addition of BDQ as a third drug significantly (P < 0.05) shortened time to total bacterial suppression by 3 days compared to the two-drug regimen, similar to our findings for Mtb in logarithmic or acid growth phases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Marro FC, Laurent F, Josse J, Blocker AJ. Methods to monitor bacterial growth and replicative rates at the single-cell level. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6623663. [PMID: 35772001 PMCID: PMC9629498 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of bacterial growth and replicative rates within a population was proposed a century ago notably to explain the presence of bacterial persisters. The term "growth rate" at the single-cell level corresponds to the increase in size or mass of an individual bacterium while the "replicative rate" refers to its division capacity within a defined temporality. After a decades long hiatus, recent technical innovative approaches allow population growth and replicative rates heterogeneity monitoring at the single-cell level resuming in earnest. Among these techniques, the oldest and widely used is time-lapse microscopy, most recently combined with microfluidics. We also discuss recent fluorescence dilution methods informing only on replicative rates and best suited. Some new elegant single cell methods so far only sporadically used such as buoyant mass measurement and stable isotope probing have emerged. Overall, such tools are widely used to investigate and compare the growth and replicative rates of bacteria displaying drug-persistent behaviors to that of bacteria growing in specific ecological niches or collected from patients. In this review, we describe the current methods available, discussing both the type of queries these have been used to answer and the specific strengths and limitations of each method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Marro
- Evotec ID Lyon, In Vitro Biology, Infectious Diseases and Antibacterials Unit, Gerland, 69007 Lyon, France,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France,Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (ISPB), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,Centre de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéo-articulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon; www.crioac-lyon.fr), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France,Laboratoire de bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Josse
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France,Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (ISPB), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,Centre de Référence pour la prise en charge des Infections ostéo-articulaires complexes (CRIOAc Lyon; www.crioac-lyon.fr), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ariel J Blocker
- Corresponding author. Evotec ID Lyon, In Vitro Biology, Infectious Diseases and Antibacterials Unit, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nelson KN, Talarico S, Poonja S, McDaniel CJ, Cilnis M, Chang AH, Raz K, Noboa WS, Cowan L, Shaw T, Posey J, Silk BJ. Mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Implications for Using Whole-Genome Sequencing for Investigating Recent Tuberculosis Transmission. Front Public Health 2022; 9:790544. [PMID: 35096744 PMCID: PMC8793027 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.790544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) control programs use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for detecting and investigating TB case clusters. Existence of few genomic differences between Mtb isolates might indicate TB cases are the result of recent transmission. However, the variable and sometimes long duration of latent infection, combined with uncertainty in the Mtb mutation rate during latency, can complicate interpretation of WGS results. To estimate the association between infection duration and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) accumulation in the Mtb genome, we first analyzed pairwise SNP differences among TB cases from Los Angeles County, California, with strong epidemiologic links. We found that SNP distance alone was insufficient for concluding that cases are linked through recent transmission. Second, we describe a well-characterized cluster of TB cases in California to illustrate the role of genomic data in conclusions regarding recent transmission. Longer presumed latent periods were inconsistently associated with larger SNP differences. Our analyses suggest that WGS alone cannot be used to definitively determine that a case is attributable to recent transmission. Methods for integrating clinical, epidemiologic, and genomic data can guide conclusions regarding the likelihood of recent transmission, providing local public health practitioners with better tools for monitoring and investigating TB transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Nelson
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Talarico
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shameer Poonja
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Clinton J McDaniel
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Martin Cilnis
- TB Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Alicia H Chang
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kala Raz
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wendy S Noboa
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Cowan
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tambi Shaw
- TB Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - James Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin J Silk
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), Viral Hepatitis, STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kreutzfeldt KM, Jansen RS, Hartman TE, Gouzy A, Wang R, Krieger IV, Zimmerman MD, Gengenbacher M, Sarathy JP, Xie M, Dartois V, Sacchettini JC, Rhee KY, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S. CinA mediates multidrug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2203. [PMID: 35459278 PMCID: PMC9033802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to resist and tolerate antibiotics complicates the development of improved tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapies. Here we define the Mtb protein CinA as a major determinant of drug tolerance and as a potential target to shorten TB chemotherapy. By reducing the fraction of drug-tolerant persisters, genetic inactivation of cinA accelerated killing of Mtb by four antibiotics in clinical use: isoniazid, ethionamide, delamanid and pretomanid. Mtb ΔcinA was killed rapidly in conditions known to impede the efficacy of isoniazid, such as during nutrient starvation, during persistence in a caseum mimetic, in activated macrophages and during chronic mouse infection. Deletion of CinA also increased in vivo killing of Mtb by BPaL, a combination of pretomanid, bedaquiline and linezolid that is used to treat highly drug-resistant TB. Genetic and drug metabolism studies suggest that CinA mediates drug tolerance via cleavage of NAD-drug adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaj M Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Travis E Hartman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alexandre Gouzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Inna V Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Jansy P Sarathy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dong Y, Ou X, Liu C, Fan W, Zhao Y, Zhou X. Diversity of glpK Gene and Its Effect on Drug Sensitivity in Mycobacterium bovis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1467-1475. [PMID: 35401008 PMCID: PMC8986483 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xichao Ou
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfa Liu
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixing Fan
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiangmei Zhou, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Medium throughput protocol for genome-based quantification of intracellular mycobacterial loads and macrophage survival during in vitro infection. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101241. [PMID: 35310069 PMCID: PMC8931439 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a streamlined protocol for assessing intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) loads in macrophages. This protocol describes the simultaneous assessment of macrophage viability using automated microscopy. Further, we detail the quantification of mycobacterial loads using a rapid, inexpensive, and accurate approach for mycobacterial DNA isolation from paraformaldehyde-fixed macrophages. Simultaneous assessment of the bacterial loads using internal standard and macrophage viability allows for precise quantification of the effects of perturbations on Mtb and host cells while accounting for technical artifacts. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chatterjee et al. (2021).
Collapse
|
26
|
Bulut K, Markova A, Canbay AE, Schmidt WE, Kahraman A. Whipple's disease - a rare and challenging complication in a patient with Crohn's disease. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:598-601. [PMID: 35176806 DOI: 10.1055/a-1747-3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whipple's disease (WD) is a rare and infectious condition leading to multi-organ impairment caused by Tropheryma whipplei (TW), a ubiquitously occurring bacterium. TW can be detected in tissues by histological detection of PAS ("periodic acid-ship reaction")-positive macrophages and by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR). Clinically, WD is often characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. These symptoms are also typical for a flare in Crohn's disease (CD) and, therefore, can lead to fatal misdiagnosis and wrong treatment by using biologics (e.g., anti-TNF-α). CASE REPORT We here report a young male patient with pre-existing CD. The patient's symptoms were misinterpreted as a flare of CD and illustrate the multifaceted nature of WD. After intensifying immunosuppressive therapy, the patient developed therapy-refractory diarrhea with several opportunistic infections with a final, fatal outcome. CONCLUSION Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are not only at risk from infectious complications known with clostridium difficile or cytomegalovirus (CMV); infection with WD should also be ruled out by endoscopy and biopsy before the escalation of the immunosuppressive regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Bulut
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, St. Clemens-Hospital Geldern, Germany
| | - Antoaneta Markova
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic of Essen, Germany
| | - Ali E Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Grundig Clinic, Bühl/Baden, Bühl, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic of Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bhattacharjee A, Sarma S, Sen T, Singh AK. Alterations in molecular response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against anti-tuberculosis drugs. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3987-4002. [PMID: 35066765 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has plagued humans since the early middle-ages. More than one million deaths are recorded annually due to TB, even in present times. These deaths are primarily attributed to the constant appearance of resistant TB strains. Even with the advent of new therapeutics and diagnostics techniques, tuberculosis remains challenging to control due to resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Aided by various molecular changes, these strains adapt to stress created by anti-tuberculosis drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review thus is an overview of ongoing research in the genome and transcriptome of antibiotic-resistant TB. It explores omics-based research to identify mutation and utilization of differential gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows several mutations distinctive in the first- and second-line drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. It also explores the expressional differences of genes involved in the fundamental process of the cells and how they help in drug resistance. With the development of transcriptomics-based studies, a new insight has developed to inquire about gene expression changes in drug resistance. This information on expressional pattern changes can be utilized to design the basic platform of anti-TB treatments and therapeutic approaches. These novel insights can be instrumental in disease diagnosis and global containment of resistant TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Bhattacharjee
- Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sangita Sarma
- Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tejosmita Sen
- Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aqdas M, Maurya SK, Pahari S, Singh S, Khan N, Sethi K, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. Immunotherapeutic Role of NOD-2 and TLR-4 Signaling as an Adjunct to Antituberculosis Chemotherapy. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2999-3008. [PMID: 34613696 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects. Here, we attempted a novel strategy to reinforce host immunity through NOD-like receptor (NOD-2) and Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) signaling in the murine model of TB. Intriguingly, we noticed that it not only bolstered the immunity but also reduced the dose and duration of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy. Further, we observed expansion in the pool of effector (CD44hi, CD62Llo, CD127hi) and central (CD44hi, CD62Lhi, CD127hi) memory CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells and increased the intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by activated dendritic cells [CD86hi, CD40hi, IL-6hi, IL-12hi, TNF-αhi, nitric oxide (NO)hi] with significant reduction in Mtb load in the lungs and spleen of infected animals. We infer that the signaling through NOD-2 and TLR-4 may be an important approach to reduce the dose and duration of the drugs to treat TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aqdas
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | | | - Susanta Pahari
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Kanupriya Sethi
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar − 140001, India
| | - Javed Naim Agrewala
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar − 140001, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ferreira CM, Barbosa AM, Barreira-Silva P, Silvestre R, Cunha C, Carvalho A, Rodrigues F, Correia-Neves M, Castro AG, Torrado E. Early IL-10 promotes vasculature-associated CD4+ T cells unable to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150060. [PMID: 34554927 PMCID: PMC8663558 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, there is a delayed appearance of effector T cells in the lungs following aerosol infection. The immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 antagonizes control of M. tuberculosis infection through mechanisms associated with reduced CD4+ T cell responses. Here, we show that IL-10 overexpression only before the onset of the T cell response impaired control of M. tuberculosis growth; during chronic infection, IL-10 overexpression reduced the CD4+ T cell response without affecting the outcome of infection. IL-10 overexpression early during infection did not, we found, significantly impair the kinetics of CD4+ T cell priming and effector differentiation. However, CD4+ T cells primed and differentiated in an IL-10–enriched environment displayed reduced expression of CXCR3 and, because they did not migrate into the lung parenchyma, their ability to control infection was limited. Importantly, these CD4+ T cells maintained their vasculature phenotype and were unable to control infection, even after adoptive transfer into low IL-10 settings. Together our data support a model wherein, during M. tuberculosis infection, IL-10 acts intrinsically on T cells, impairing their parenchymal migratory capacity and ability to engage with infected phagocytic cells, thereby impeding control of infection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Su H, Lin K, Tiwari D, Healy C, Trujillo C, Liu Y, Ioerger TR, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S. Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210332. [PMID: 34269789 PMCID: PMC8289691 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequency, whereas latent infection after BPL depletion was independent of adaptive immunity and rarely reactivated. We identified immune signatures of T cells indicative of relapse and demonstrated that BCG vaccination failed to protect mice from TB relapse. These reproducible genetic latency models allow investigation of the host immunological determinants that control the latent state and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic strategies in settings that mimic aspects of latency and TB relapse in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Claire Healy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carolina Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lunn AM, Unnikrishnan M, Perrier S. Dual pH-Responsive Macrophage-Targeted Isoniazid Glycoparticles for Intracellular Tuberculosis Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3756-3768. [PMID: 34339606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic that kills over a million people every year, particularly in low-resource communities. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most common bacterium that causes TB, is difficult to treat, particularly in its latent phase, in part due to its ability to survive and replicate within the host macrophage. New therapeutic approaches resulting in better tolerated and shorter antibiotic courses that target intracellular bacteria are critical to effective treatment. The development of a novel, pH-responsive, mannosylated nanoparticle, covalently linked with isoniazid, a first-line TB antibiotic, is presented. This nanoparticle drug delivery agent has increased macrophage uptake and, upon exposure to the acidic phagolysosome, releases isoniazid through hydrolysis of a hydrazone bond, and disintegrates into a linear polymer. Full antibiotic activity is shown to be retained, with mannosylated isoniazid particles being the only treatment exhibiting complete bacterial eradication of intracellular bacteria, compared to an equivalent PEGylated system and free isoniazid. Such a system, able to effectively kill intracellular mycobacteria, holds promise for improved outcomes in TB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Al-Shar'i NA, Singh V, Deka S, Srivastava A, Tiwari V, Mailavaram RP. Tuberculosis: An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Newer Anti-TB Drugs, Treatment Regimens and Host- Directed Therapies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:547-570. [PMID: 33319660 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201211200447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that inhabits inside and amidst immune cells of the host with adapted physiology to regulate interdependent cellular functions with intact pathogenic potential. The complexity of this disease is attributed to various factors such as the reactivation of latent TB form after prolonged persistence, disease progression specifically in immunocompromised patients, advent of multi- and extensivelydrug resistant (MDR and XDR) Mtb strains, adverse effects of tailor-made regimens, and drug-drug interactions among anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV therapies. Thus, there is a compelling demand for newer anti-TB drugs or regimens to overcome these obstacles. Considerable multifaceted transformations in the current TB methodologies and molecular interventions underpinning hostpathogen interactions and drug resistance mechanisms may assist to overcome the emerging drug resistance. Evidently, recent scientific and clinical advances have revolutionised the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of all forms of the disease. This review sheds light on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of TB disease, molecular mechanisms of drug-resistance, progress on the development of novel or repurposed anti-TB drugs and regimens, host-directed therapies, with particular emphasis on underlying knowledge gaps and prospective for futuristic TB control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Pran K Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar A Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Amavya Srivastava
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Raghu P Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram - 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Walter ND, Born SEM, Robertson GT, Reichlen M, Dide-Agossou C, Ektnitphong VA, Rossmassler K, Ramey ME, Bauman AA, Ozols V, Bearrows SC, Schoolnik G, Dolganov G, Garcia B, Musisi E, Worodria W, Huang L, Davis JL, Nguyen NV, Nguyen HV, Nguyen ATV, Phan H, Wilusz C, Podell BK, Sanoussi ND, de Jong BC, Merle CS, Affolabi D, McIlleron H, Garcia-Cremades M, Maidji E, Eshun-Wilson F, Aguilar-Rodriguez B, Karthikeyan D, Mdluli K, Bansbach C, Lenaerts AJ, Savic RM, Nahid P, Vásquez JJ, Voskuil MI. Mycobacterium tuberculosis precursor rRNA as a measure of treatment-shortening activity of drugs and regimens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2899. [PMID: 34006838 PMCID: PMC8131613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is urgent need for new drug regimens that more rapidly cure tuberculosis (TB). Existing TB drugs and regimens vary in treatment-shortening activity, but the molecular basis of these differences is unclear, and no existing assay directly quantifies the ability of a drug or regimen to shorten treatment. Here, we show that drugs historically classified as sterilizing and non-sterilizing have distinct impacts on a fundamental aspect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. In culture, in mice, and in human studies, measurement of precursor rRNA reveals that sterilizing drugs and highly effective drug regimens profoundly suppress M. tuberculosis rRNA synthesis, whereas non-sterilizing drugs and weaker regimens do not. The rRNA synthesis ratio provides a readout of drug effect that is orthogonal to traditional measures of bacterial burden. We propose that this metric of drug activity may accelerate the development of shorter TB regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Walter
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah E M Born
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Reichlen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Victoria A Ektnitphong
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karen Rossmassler
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michelle E Ramey
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Allison A Bauman
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Victor Ozols
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shelby C Bearrows
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gary Schoolnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Dolganov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Garcia
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emmanuel Musisi
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nhung V Nguyen
- Vietnam National TB Programme/UCSF Research Collaboration Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung V Nguyen
- Vietnam National TB Programme/UCSF Research Collaboration Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh T V Nguyen
- Vietnam National TB Programme/UCSF Research Collaboration Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Phan
- Vietnam National TB Programme/UCSF Research Collaboration Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Carol Wilusz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Bouke C de Jong
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Corinne S Merle
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme on Research and Training in Tropical Disease, Geneva CH, Switzerland
| | | | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria Garcia-Cremades
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Franceen Eshun-Wilson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dhuvarakesh Karthikeyan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Khisimuzi Mdluli
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Radojka M Savic
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vietnam National TB Programme/UCSF Research Collaboration Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua J Vásquez
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin I Voskuil
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Khoufi EAA. Association between latent tuberculosis and ischemic heart disease: a hospital-based cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:362. [PMID: 34367441 PMCID: PMC8308999 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.362.28110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction atherosclerosis could be a sequela of long-term activation of cell-mediated immunity as the case of latent tuberculosis infection. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological event in ischemic heart disease. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to detect the association between both diseases. Methods this cross-sectional study included 98 patients with a history of previously diagnosed ischemic heart disease who did a multi-detector computed tomography coronary angiogram (MDCTCA). Detailed clinical examination and investigations as chest X-ray and sputum examination were done for those with positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold test (QFT) to exclude active tuberculosis (TB). Participants having positive QFT results but with no evidence of active TB were considered as LTBI positive. Results the prevalence of LTBI in patients with IHD was 19.3% as only nineteen of the ninety-eight patients were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection using the QuantiFERON serum test. Eighty-four percent (84.2%) of patients with LTBI had coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) compared to only 55.6% in patients without LTBI with a statistically significant difference. In multivariable analysis, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (AOR 0.179, 95% C.I.: 0.03-0.967), and LTBI (AOR 1.024, 95% C.I.: 1.002-1.736) were significantly associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis (p=0.0001, and p= 0.003 respectively). Conclusion the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among patients with ischemic heart diseases is high. Among different factors that are already well known to precipitate ischemic heart disease, latent tuberculosis should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ali Al Khoufi
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A simple magnetic-assisted microfluidic method for rapid detection and phenotypic characterization of ultralow concentrations of bacteria. Talanta 2021; 230:122291. [PMID: 33934763 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and enumeration of bacteria at ultralow concentrations and antibiotic resistance profiling are of great importance for early diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia. In this work, we describe a simple, rapid, and versatile magnetic-assisted microfluidic method for rapid bacterial detection. The developed method enables magnetophoretic loading of bead-captured bacteria into the microfluidic chamber under external static and dynamic magnetic fields in 4 min. A shallow microfluidic chamber design that enables the monolayer orientation and transportation of the beads and a glass substrate with a thickness of 0.17 mm was utilized to allow high-resolution fluorescence imaging for quantitative detection. Escherichia coli (E. coli) with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing gene and streptavidin-modified superparamagnetic microbeads were used as model bacteria and capturing beads, respectively. The specificity of the method was validated using Lactobacillus gasseri as a negative control group. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were determined as 2 CFU/ml and 10 CFU/ml of E. coli, respectively. The magnetic-assisted microfluidic method is a versatile tool for the detection of ultralow concentrations of viable bacteria with the linear range of 5-5000 CFU/ml E. coli in 1 h, and providing growth curves and phenotypic characterization bead-captured E. coli in the following 5 h of incubation. Our results are promising for future rapid and sensitive antibiotic susceptibility testing of ultralow numbers of viable cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Higher Dosing of Rifamycins Does Not Increase Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Hollow-Fiber Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02255-20. [PMID: 33558283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02255-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the translational value of preclinical models can allow more-successful and more-focused research on shortening the duration of tuberculosis treatment. Although the hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM) is considered a valuable addition to the drug development pipeline, its exact role has not been fully determined yet. Since the strategy of increasing the dose of rifamycins is being evaluated for its treatment-shortening potential, additional in vitro modeling is important. Therefore, we assessed increased dosing of rifampin and rifapentine in our HFIM in order to gain more insight into the place of the HFIM in the drug development pipeline. Total and free-fraction concentrations corresponding to daily dosing of 2.7, 10, and 50 mg of rifampin/kg of body weight, as well as 600 mg and 1,500 mg rifapentine, were assessed in our HFIM using the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Drug activity and the emergence of drug resistance were assessed by CFU counting and subsequent mathematical modeling over 14 days, and pharmacokinetic exposures were checked. We found that increasing rifampin exposure above what is expected with the standard dose did not result in higher antimycobacterial activity. For rifapentine, only the highest concentration showed increased activity, but the clinical relevance of this observation is questionable. Moreover, for both drugs, the emergence of resistance was unrelated to exposure. In conclusion, in the simplest experimental setup, the results of the HFIM did not fully correspond to preexisting clinical data. The inclusion of additional parameters and readouts in this preclinical model could be of interest for proper assessment of the translational value of the HFIM.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang HJ, Wang D, Wen X, Weiner DM, Via LE. One Size Fits All? Not in In Vivo Modeling of Tuberculosis Chemotherapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:613149. [PMID: 33796474 PMCID: PMC8008060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.613149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem despite almost universal efforts to provide patients with highly effective chemotherapy, in part, because many infected individuals are not diagnosed and treated, others do not complete treatment, and a small proportion harbor Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains that have become resistant to drugs in the standard regimen. Development and approval of new drugs for TB have accelerated in the last 10 years, but more drugs are needed due to both Mtb's development of resistance and the desire to shorten therapy to 4 months or less. The drug development process needs predictive animal models that recapitulate the complex pathology and bacterial burden distribution of human disease. The human host response to pulmonary infection with Mtb is granulomatous inflammation usually resulting in contained lesions and limited bacterial replication. In those who develop progressive or active disease, regions of necrosis and cavitation can develop leading to lasting lung damage and possible death. This review describes the major vertebrate animal models used in evaluating compound activity against Mtb and the disease presentation that develops. Each of the models, including the zebrafish, various mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates provides data on number of Mtb bacteria and pathology resolution. The models where individual lesions can be dissected from the tissue or sampled can also provide data on lesion-specific bacterial loads and lesion-specific drug concentrations. With the inclusion of medical imaging, a compound's effect on resolution of pathology within individual lesions and animals can also be determined over time. Incorporation of measurement of drug exposure and drug distribution within animals and their tissues is important for choosing the best compounds to push toward the clinic and to the development of better regimens. We review the practical aspects of each model and the advantages and limitations of each in order to promote choosing a rational combination of them for a compound's development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Decheng Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Danielle M Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Plumlee CR, Duffy FJ, Gern BH, Delahaye JL, Cohen SB, Stoltzfus CR, Rustad TR, Hansen SG, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Aitchison JD, Sherman DR, Ganusov VV, Gerner MY, Zak DE, Urdahl KB. Ultra-low Dose Aerosol Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis More Closely Models Human Tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:68-82.e5. [PMID: 33142108 PMCID: PMC7854984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a heterogeneous disease manifesting in a subset of individuals infected with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Unlike human TB, murine infection results in uniformly high lung bacterial burdens and poorly organized granulomas. To develop a TB model that more closely resembles human disease, we infected mice with an ultra-low dose (ULD) of between 1-3 founding bacteria, reflecting a physiologic inoculum. ULD-infected mice exhibited highly heterogeneous bacterial burdens, well-circumscribed granulomas that shared features with human granulomas, and prolonged Mtb containment with unilateral pulmonary infection in some mice. We identified blood RNA signatures in mice infected with an ULD or a conventional Mtb dose (50-100 CFU) that correlated with lung bacterial burdens and predicted Mtb infection outcomes across species, including risk of progression to active TB in humans. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the murine TB model and show that ULD infection recapitulates key features of human TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Plumlee
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fergal J Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin H Gern
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared L Delahaye
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara B Cohen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caleb R Stoltzfus
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tige R Rustad
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David R Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel E Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bhardwaj SK, Bhardwaj N, Kumar V, Bhatt D, Azzouz A, Bhaumik J, Kim KH, Deep A. Recent progress in nanomaterial-based sensing of airborne viral and bacterial pathogens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106183. [PMID: 33113463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens are small microbes that can cause a multitude of diseases (e.g., the common cold, flu, asthma, anthrax, tuberculosis, botulism, and pneumonia). As pathogens are transmitted from infected hosts via a number of routes (e.g., aerosolization, sneezing, and coughing), there is a great demand to accurately monitor their presence and behavior. Despite such need, conventional detection methods (e.g., colony counting, immunoassays, and various molecular techniques) generally suffer from a number of demerits (e.g., complex, time-consuming, and labor-intensive nature). To help overcome such limitations, nanomaterial-based biosensors have evolved as alternative candidates to realize portable, rapid, facile, and direct on-site identification of target microbes. In this review, nano-biosensors developed for the detection of airborne pathogens are listed and discussed in reference to conventional options. The prospects for the development of advanced nano-biosensors with enhanced accuracy and portability are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160025, India
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Deepanshu Bhatt
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002 Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huaman MA, Qualls JE, Jose S, Schmidt SM, Moussa A, Kuhel DG, Konaniah E, Komaravolu RK, Fichtenbaum CJ, Deepe GS, Hui DY. Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin Infection Aggravates Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607957. [PMID: 33391278 PMCID: PMC7775372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To examine whether mycobacterial infection exacerbates atherosclerosis development in experimental conditions, we infected low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Twelve-week old male Ldlr-/- mice were infected with BCG (0.3–3.0x106 colony-forming units) via the intranasal route. Mice were subsequently fed a western-type diet containing 21% fat and 0.2% cholesterol for up to 16 weeks. Age-matched uninfected Ldlr-/- mice fed with an identical diet served as controls. Atherosclerotic lesions in aorta were examined using Oil Red O staining. Changes induced by BCG infection on the immunophenotyping profile of circulating T lymphocytes and monocytes were assessed using flow cytometry. BCG infection increased atherosclerotic lesions in en face aorta after 8 weeks (plaque ratio; 0.021±0.01 vs. 0.013±0.01; p = 0.011) and 16 weeks (plaque ratio, 0.15±0.13 vs. 0.06±0.02; p = 0.003). No significant differences in plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed between infected and uninfected mice. Compared to uninfected mice, BCG infection increased systemic CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and the proportion of Ly6Clow non-classical monocytes at weeks 8 and 16. Aortic plaque ratios correlated with CD4/CD8 T cell ratios (Spearman’s rho = 0.498; p = 0.001) and the proportion of Ly6Clow non-classical monocytes (Spearman’s rho = 0.629; p < 0.001) at week 16. In conclusion, BCG infection expanded the proportion of CD4+ T cell and Ly6Clow monocytes, and aggravated atherosclerosis formation in the aortas of hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice. Our results indicate that mycobacterial infection is capable of enhancing atherosclerosis development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moises A Huaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anissa Moussa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David G Kuhel
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ravi K Komaravolu
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Carl J Fichtenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Y Hui
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thacker VV, Dhar N, Sharma K, Barrile R, Karalis K, McKinney JD. A lung-on-chip model of early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection reveals an essential role for alveolar epithelial cells in controlling bacterial growth. eLife 2020; 9:59961. [PMID: 33228849 PMCID: PMC7735758 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We establish a murine lung-on-chip infection model and use time-lapse imaging to reveal the dynamics of host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions at an air-liquid interface with a spatiotemporal resolution unattainable in animal models and to probe the direct role of pulmonary surfactant in early infection. Surfactant deficiency results in rapid and uncontrolled bacterial growth in both macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, under normal surfactant levels, a significant fraction of intracellular bacteria are non-growing. The surfactant-deficient phenotype is rescued by exogenous addition of surfactant replacement formulations, which have no effect on bacterial viability in the absence of host cells. Surfactant partially removes virulence-associated lipids and proteins from the bacterial cell surface. Consistent with this mechanism, the attenuation of bacteria lacking the ESX-1 secretion system is independent of surfactant levels. These findings may partly explain why smokers and elderly persons with compromised surfactant function are at increased risk of developing active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Droplets in the air carry these bacteria deep into the lungs, where they cling onto and infect lung cells. Only small droplets, holding one or two bacteria, can reach the right cells, which means that just a couple of bacterial cells can trigger an infection. But people respond differently to the bacteria: some develop active and fatal forms of tuberculosis, while many show no signs of infection. With no effective tuberculosis vaccine for adults, understanding why individuals respond differently to Mycobacterium tuberculosis may help develop treatments. Different responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis may stem from the earliest stages of infection, but these stages are difficult to study. For one thing, tracking the movements of the few bacterial cells that initiate infection is tricky. For another, studying the molecules, called ‘surfactants’, that the lungs produce to protect themselves from tuberculosis can prove difficult because these molecules are necessary for the lungs to inflate and deflate normally. Normally, the role of a molecule can be studied by genetically modifying an animal so it does not produce the molecule in question, which provides information as to its potential roles. Unfortunately, due to the role of surfactants in normal breathing, animals lacking them die. Therefore, to reveal the role of some of surfactants in tuberculosis, Thacker et al. used ‘lung-on-chip’ technology. The ‘chip’ (a transparent device made of a polymer compatible with biological tissues) is coated with layers of cells and has channels to simulate air and blood flow. To see what effects surfactants have on M. tuberculosis bacteria, Thacker et al. altered the levels of surfactants produced by the cells on the lung-on-chip device. Two types of mouse cells were grown on the chip: lung cells and immune cells. When cells lacked surfactants, bacteria grew rapidly on both lung and immune cells, but when surfactants were present bacteria grew much slower on both cell types, or did not grow at all. Further probing showed that the surfactants pulled out proteins and fats on the surface of M. tuberculosis that help the bacteria to infect their host, highlighting the protective role of surfactants in tuberculosis. These findings lay the foundations for a system to study respiratory infections without using animals. This will allow scientists to study the early stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is crucial for finding ways to manage tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Thacker
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kunal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dwyer RA, Witte C, Buss P, Goosen WJ, Miller M. Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black ( Diceros bicornis) and White ( Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580476. [PMID: 33330701 PMCID: PMC7672123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of tuberculosis (TB) resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have been recorded in captive white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros. More recently, cases have been documented in free-ranging populations of both species in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) endemic areas of South Africa. There is limited information on risk factors and transmission patterns for MTBC infections in African rhinoceros, however, extrapolation from literature on MTBC infections in other species and multi-host systems provides a foundation for understanding TB epidemiology in rhinoceros species. Current diagnostic tests include blood-based immunoassays but distinguishing between subclinical and active infections remains challenging due to the lack of diagnostic techniques. In other species, demographic risk factors for MTBC infection include sex and age, where males and adults are generally at higher risk than females and younger individuals. Limited available historical information reflects similar age- and sex-associated patterns for TB in captive black and white rhinoceros, with more reports of MTBC-associated disease in black rhinoceros than in white rhinoceros. The degree of MTBC exposure in susceptible wildlife depends on their level of interaction, either directly with other infected individuals or indirectly through MTBC contaminated environments, which is dependent on the presence and abundance of infected reservoir hosts and the amount of MTBC shed in their excreta. Captive African rhinoceros have shown evidence of MTBC shedding, and although infection levels are low in free-ranging rhinoceros, there is a risk for intraspecies transmission. Free-ranging rhinoceros in bTB endemic areas may be exposed to MTBC from other infected host species, such as the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), through shared environmental niches, and resource co-utilization. This review describes current knowledge and information gaps regarding the epidemiology of TB in African rhinoceros.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dwyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Harnagel A, Lopez Quezada L, Park SW, Baranowski C, Kieser K, Jiang X, Roberts J, Vaubourgeix J, Yang A, Nelson B, Fay A, Rubin E, Ehrt S, Nathan C, Lupoli TJ. Nonredundant functions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperones promote survival under stress. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:272-289. [PMID: 32996193 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chaperones ClpB and DnaK, homologs of the respective eukaryotic heat shock proteins Hsp104 and Hsp70, are essential in the reactivation of toxic protein aggregates that occur during translation or periods of stress. In the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the protective effect of chaperones extends to survival in the presence of host stresses, such as protein-damaging oxidants. However, we lack a full understanding of the interplay of Hsps and other stress response genes in mycobacteria. Here, we employ genome-wide transposon mutagenesis to identify the genes that support clpB function in Mtb. In addition to validating the role of ClpB in Mtb's response to oxidants, we show that HtpG, a homolog of Hsp90, plays a distinct role from ClpB in the proteotoxic stress response. While loss of neither clpB nor htpG is lethal to the cell, loss of both through genetic depletion or small molecule inhibition impairs recovery after exposure to host-like stresses, especially reactive nitrogen species. Moreover, defects in cells lacking clpB can be complemented by overexpression of other chaperones, demonstrating that Mtb's stress response network depends upon finely tuned chaperone expression levels. These results suggest that inhibition of multiple chaperones could work in concert with host immunity to disable Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Harnagel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Landys Lopez Quezada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sae Woong Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Baranowski
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Kieser
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Vaubourgeix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Yang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brock Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison Fay
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Rubin
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ault RC, Headley CA, Hare AE, Carruthers BJ, Mejias A, Turner J. Blood RNA signatures predict recent tuberculosis exposure in mice, macaques and humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16873. [PMID: 33037303 PMCID: PMC7547102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death due to a single infectious disease. Knowing when a person was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is critical as recent infection is the strongest clinical risk factor for progression to TB disease in immunocompetent individuals. However, time since M.tb infection is challenging to determine in routine clinical practice. To define a biomarker for recent TB exposure, we determined whether gene expression patterns in blood RNA correlated with time since M.tb infection or exposure. First, we found RNA signatures that accurately discriminated early and late time periods after experimental infection in mice and cynomolgus macaques. Next, we found a 6-gene blood RNA signature that identified recently exposed individuals in two independent human cohorts, including adult household contacts of TB cases and adolescents who recently acquired M.tb infection. Our work supports the need for future longitudinal studies of recent TB contacts to determine whether biomarkers of recent infection can provide prognostic information of TB disease risk in individuals and help map recent transmission in communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Ault
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colwyn A Headley
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexander E Hare
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bridget J Carruthers
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mishra R, Kohli S, Malhotra N, Bandyopadhyay P, Mehta M, Munshi M, Adiga V, Ahuja VK, Shandil RK, Rajmani RS, Seshasayee ASN, Singh A. Targeting redox heterogeneity to counteract drug tolerance in replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/518/eaaw6635. [PMID: 31723039 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to tolerate multiple antibiotics represents a major problem in tuberculosis (TB) management. Heterogeneity in Mtb populations is one of the factors that drives antibiotic tolerance during infection. However, the mechanisms underpinning this variation in bacterial population remain poorly understood. Here, we show that phagosomal acidification alters the redox physiology of Mtb to generate a population of replicating bacteria that display drug tolerance during infection. RNA sequencing of this redox-altered population revealed the involvement of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, and drug efflux pumps in antibiotic tolerance. The fraction of the pH- and redox-dependent tolerant population increased when Mtb infected macrophages with actively replicating HIV-1, suggesting that redox heterogeneity could contribute to high rates of TB therapy failure during HIV-TB coinfection. Pharmacological inhibition of phagosomal acidification by the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) eradicated drug-tolerant Mtb, ameliorated lung pathology, and reduced postchemotherapeutic relapse in in vivo models. The pharmacological profile of CQ (C max and AUClast) exhibited no major drug-drug interaction when coadministered with first line anti-TB drugs in mice. Our data establish a link between phagosomal pH, redox metabolism, and drug tolerance in replicating Mtb and suggest repositioning of CQ to shorten TB therapy and achieve a relapse-free cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sakshi Kohli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitish Malhotra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Parijat Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Radha K Shandil
- Foundation for Neglected Disease Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aswin Sai Narain Seshasayee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2005c Induces Dendritic Cell Maturation and Th1 Responses and Exhibits Immunotherapeutic Activity by Fusion with the Rv2882c Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030370. [PMID: 32664238 PMCID: PMC7564171 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents a promising approach for improving current antibiotic treatments through the engagement of the host’s immune system. Latency-associated antigens have been included as components of multistage subunit tuberculosis vaccines. We first identified Rv2005c, a DosR regulon-encoded protein, as a seroreactive protein. In this study, we found that Rv2005c induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation and Th1 responses, and its expression by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) within macrophages was enhanced by treatment with CoCl2, a hypoxia-mimetic agent. T cells activated by Rv2005c-matured DCs induced antimycobacterial activity in macrophages under hypoxic conditions but not under normoxic conditions. However, Rv2005c alone did not exhibit any significant vaccine efficacy in our mouse model. The fusion of Rv2005c to the macrophage-activating protein Rv2882c resulted in significant activation of DCs and antimycobacterial activity in macrophages, which were enhanced under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the Rv2882c-Rv2005c fusion protein showed significant adjunctive immunotherapeutic effects and led to the generation of long-lasting, antigen-specific, multifunctional CD4+ T cells that coproduced TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 in the lungs of our established mouse model. Overall, these results provide a novel fusion protein with immunotherapeutic potential as adjunctive chemotherapy for tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chuang YM, Dutta NK, Gordy JT, Campodónico VL, Pinn ML, Markham RB, Hung CF, Karakousis PC. Antibiotic Treatment Shapes the Antigenic Environment During Chronic TB Infection, Offering Novel Targets for Therapeutic Vaccination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32411131 PMCID: PMC7198710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The lengthy and complicated current regimen required to treat drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) reflects the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in host tissues. The stringent response pathway, governed by the dual (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase, RelMtb, is a major mechanism underlying Mtb persistence and antibiotic tolerance. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that RelMtb is a “persistence antigen” presented during TB chemotherapy and that enhanced immunity to RelMtb can enhance the tuberculocidal activity of the first-line anti-TB drug, isoniazid, which has reduced efficacy against Mtb persisters. C57BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and, 4 weeks later, received either human-equivalent daily doses of isoniazid alone, or isoniazid in combination with a DNA vaccine targeting relMtb. After isoniazid treatment, there was a significant reduction in dominant antigen ESAT6-reactive CD4+ or TB10.4-reactive CD8+ T cells in the lungs and spleens of mice. However, the total number of RelMtb-reactive CD4+ T cells remained stable in mouse lungs and spleens, as did the number of RelMtb-reactive CD8+T cells. Therapeutic vaccination with relMtb DNA vaccine enhanced the activity of isoniazid in Mtb-infected C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. When treatment with isoniazid was discontinued, mice immunized with the relMtb DNA vaccine showed a lower mean lung bacterial burden at relapse compared to the control group. Our work shows that antitubercular treatment shapes the antigenic environment, and that therapeutic vaccination targeting the Mtb stringent response may represent a novel approach to enhance immunity against Mtb persisters, with the ultimate goal of shortening curative TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Noton K Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James T Gordy
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Victoria L Campodónico
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael L Pinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard B Markham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
DeNegre AA, Myers K, Fefferman NH. Impact of Strain Competition on Bacterial Resistance in Immunocompromised Populations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030114. [PMID: 32156072 PMCID: PMC7148506 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the risk of emerging drug resistance that occurs with the frequent use of antimicrobial agents, targeted and prophylactic antibiotics have been considered crucial to opportunistic infection management among the HIV/AIDS-immunocompromised. As we recently demonstrated, the disrupted selective pressures that occur in AIDS-prevalent host populations increase the probability of novel emergence. This effect is concerning, given that bacterial strains unresponsive to first-line antibiotics can be particularly dangerous to hosts whose immune response is insufficient to fight infection in the absence of antibiotic support. While greater host susceptibility within a highly immunocompromised population may offer a fitness advantage to drug-resistant bacterial strains, this advantage could be mitigated by increased morbidity and mortality among the AIDS-immunocompromised. Using a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) epidemiological model parameterized to reflect conditions in an AIDS-prevalent host population, we examine the evolutionary relationship between drug-sensitive and -resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We explore this relationship when the fitness of the resistant strain is varied relative to that of the sensitive strain to investigate the likely long-term multi-strain dynamics of the AIDS-mediated increased emergence of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. DeNegre
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- The Command, Control and Interoperability Center for Advanced Data Analysis (CCICADA), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kellen Myers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Tusculum University, Greeneville, TN 37745, USA
| | - Nina H. Fefferman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- The Command, Control and Interoperability Center for Advanced Data Analysis (CCICADA), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Peptidoglycan Hydrolases RipA and Ami1 Are Critical for Replication and Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Host. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03315-19. [PMID: 32127458 PMCID: PMC7064781 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03315-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global heath burden, with 1.6 million people succumbing to the disease every year. The search for new drugs to improve the current chemotherapeutic regimen is crucial to reducing this global health burden. The cell wall polymer peptidoglycan (PG) has emerged as a very successful drug target in bacterial pathogens, as many currently used antibiotics target the synthesis of this macromolecule. However, the multitude of genes encoding PG-synthesizing and PG-modifying enzymes with apparent redundant functions has hindered the identification of novel drug targets in PG synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we demonstrate that two PG-cleaving enzymes are important for virulence of M. tuberculosis. In particular, the d,l-endopeptidase RipA represents a potentially attractive drug target, as its depletion results in the clearance of M. tuberculosis from the host and renders the bacteria hypersusceptible to rifampin, a frontline TB drug, and to several cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Synthesis and cleavage of the cell wall polymer peptidoglycan (PG) are carefully orchestrated processes and are essential for the growth and survival of bacteria. Yet, the function and importance of many enzymes that act on PG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain to be elucidated. We demonstrate that the activity of the N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase Ami1 is dispensable for cell division in M. tuberculosisin vitro yet contributes to the bacterium’s ability to persist during chronic infection in mice. Furthermore, the d,l-endopeptidase RipA, a predicted essential enzyme, is dispensable for the viability of M. tuberculosis but required for efficient cell division in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of RipA sensitizes M. tuberculosis to rifampin and to cell envelope-targeting antibiotics. Ami1 helps sustain residual cell division in cells lacking RipA, but the partial redundancy provided by Ami1 is not sufficient during infection, as depletion of RipA prevents M. tuberculosis from replicating in macrophages and leads to dramatic killing of the bacteria in mice. Notably, RipA is essential for persistence of M. tuberculosis in mice, suggesting that cell division is required during chronic mouse infection. Despite the multiplicity of enzymes acting on PG with redundant functions, we have identified two PG hydrolases that are important for M. tuberculosis to replicate and persist in the host.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang N, Strydom N, Tyagi S, Soni H, Tasneen R, Nuermberger EL, Savic RM. Mechanistic Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Murine Models for Drug and Vaccine Efficacy Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01727-19. [PMID: 31907182 PMCID: PMC7038312 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01727-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) drug, regimen, and vaccine development rely heavily on preclinical animal experiments, and quantification of bacterial and immune response dynamics is essential for understanding drug and vaccine efficacy. A mechanism-based model was built to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection over time in BALB/c and athymic nude mice, which consisted of bacterial replication, bacterial death, and adaptive immune effects. The adaptive immune effect was best described by a sigmoidal function on both bacterial load and incubation time. Applications to demonstrate the utility of this baseline model showed (i) the important influence of the adaptive immune response on pyrazinamide (PZA) drug efficacy, (ii) a persistent adaptive immune effect in mice relapsing after chemotherapy cessation, and (iii) the protective effect of vaccines after M. tuberculosis challenge. These findings demonstrate the utility of our model for describing M. tuberculosis infection and corresponding adaptive immune dynamics for evaluating the efficacy of TB drugs, regimens, and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natasha Strydom
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandeep Tyagi
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heena Soni
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rada M Savic
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|