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Mattelaer N, Van der Schueren B, Van Oudenhove L, Weltens N, Vangoitsenhoven R. The circulating and central endocannabinoid system in obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01553-z. [PMID: 38834796 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in obesity treatment, focusing on restoring disturbances along the gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulatory signaling system, present along the entire gut-brain axis, that plays a critical role in central and peripheral regulation of food intake and body weight. Evidence on the impact of weight loss on the ECS is, however, more limited. Therefore, we set out to review the existing literature for changes in central and circulating endocannabinoid levels after bariatric surgery and other weight loss strategies in humans. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles. Fifty-six human studies were identified. Most studies measuring circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) found no difference between normal weight and obesity, or no correlation with BMI. In contrast, studies measuring circulating arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) found an increase or positive correlation with BMI. Two studies found a negative correlation between BMI and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in the brain. Only one study investigated the effect of pharmacological weight management on circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and found no effect on AEA concentrations. So far, six studies investigated potential changes in circulating endocannabinoids after bariatric surgery and reported conflicting results. Available evidence does not univocally support that circulating endocannabinoids are upregulated in individuals with obesity, which may be explained by variability across studies in several potential confounding factors (e.g. age and sex) as well as heterogeneity within the obesity population (e.g. BMI only vs. intra-abdominal adiposity). While several studies investigated the effect of lifestyle interventions on the circulating ECS, more studies are warranted that focus on pharmacologically and surgically induced weight loss. In addition, we identified several research needs which should be fulfilled to better understand the role of the ECS in obesity and its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Mattelaer
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Haddad NM, De Jesus LP, Serpa M, Van De Bilt M, Talib L, Costa A, Gattaz W, Loch AA. Endocannabinoid system alterations in schizophrenia: association with cannabis use and antipsychotic medication. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x. [PMID: 38502208 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Determining peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be important for differentiating individuals with schizophrenia. Such differentiation can also be extended to subgroups of individuals, those who use cannabis and antipsychotic medications, particularly those who are treatment resistant. Patients and controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Psychosis Group of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. A final sample of 93 individuals was divided into 3 groups: patients with schizophrenia using clozapine (treatment-resistant) (n = 29), patients with schizophrenia using another antipsychotic (n = 31), and controls (n = 33). By measuring the proteins and metabolites involved in the ECS pathways in the peripheral blood, AEA (anandamide), 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl ethanolamine), and CB2 receptor (peripheral) were quantified. Individuals reporting lifetime cannabis use had lower 2-AG plasma levels (p = 0.011). Regarding the CB2 receptor, the values of patients with schizophrenia and controls were similar, but those of patients using antipsychotics other than clozapine differed (p = 0.022). In generalized linear models to control for confounders, the use of cannabis remained the only factor that significantly influenced 2-AG levels. The relationship for non-clozapine antipsychotics as the only factor related to CB2 changes was marginally significant. We found for the first time that cannabis use and non-clozapine antipsychotic medication are potentially involved in the modulation of the ECS, specifically influencing 2-AG endocannabinoid and CB2 receptor levels. More studies regarding the ECS are needed since it has been increasingly related to the physiopathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mansur Haddad
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Peroni De Jesus
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Serpa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martinus Van De Bilt
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Leda Talib
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alana Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
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Courville AB, Majchrzak-Hong S, Yang S, Turner S, Wilhite B, Ness Shipley K, Horneffer Y, Domenichiello AF, Schwandt M, Cutler RG, Chen KY, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE. Dietary linoleic acid lowering alone does not lower arachidonic acid or endocannabinoids among women with overweight and obesity: A randomized, controlled trial. Lipids 2023; 58:271-284. [PMID: 38100748 PMCID: PMC10767670 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The linoleic acid (LA)-arachidonic acid (ARA)-inflammatory axis suggests dietary LA lowering benefits health because it lowers ARA and ARA-derived endocannabinoids (ECB). Dietary LA reduction increases concentrations of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA derived ECB. The aim of this study was to examine targeted reduction of dietary LA, with and without EPA and DHA, on plasma EPA and DHA and ECB (2-arachidonoyl glycerol [2-AG], anandamide [AEA], and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide [DHA-EA]). Healthy, pre-menopausal women (n = 62, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m2 , age 35 ± 7 years; mean ± SD) were randomized to three 12-week controlled diets: (1) high LA, low omega-3 EPA and DHA (H6L3); (2) low LA, low omega-3 EPA and DHA (L6L3); or (3) low LA, high omega-3 EPA and DHA (L6H3). Baseline plasma fatty acids and ECB were similar between diets. Starting at 4 weeks, L6L3 and L6H3 lowered plasma LA compared to H6L3 (p < 0.001). While plasma ARA changed from baseline by 8% in L6L3 and -8% in L6H3, there were no group differences. After 4 weeks, plasma EPA and DHA increased from baseline in women on the L6H3 diet (ps < 0.001) and were different than the H6L3 and L6L3 diets. No differences were found between diets for AEA or 2-AG, however, in L6L3 and L6H3, AEA increased by 14% (ps < 0.02). L6H3 resulted in 35% higher DHA-EA (p = 0.013) whereas no changes were seen with the other diets. Lowering dietary LA did not result in the expected changes in fatty acids associated with the LA-ARA inflammatory axis in women with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Courville
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Majchrzak-Hong
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Turner
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Breanne Wilhite
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Ness Shipley
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne Horneffer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy G Cutler
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Burr SD, Chen Y, Hartley CP, Zhao X, Liu J. Replacement of saturated fatty acids with linoleic acid in western diet attenuates atherosclerosis in a mouse model with inducible ablation of hepatic LDL receptor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16832. [PMID: 37803087 PMCID: PMC10558454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary saturate fatty acids (SFAs) have been consistently linked to atherosclerosis and obesity, both of which are characterized by chronic inflammation and impaired lipid metabolism. In comparison, the effects of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet, seem to diverge. Data from human studies suggest a positive association between high dietary intake of LA and the improvement of cardiovascular risk. However, excessive LA intake has been implicated in the development of obesity. Concerns have also been raised on the potential pro-inflammatory properties of LA metabolites. Herein, by utilizing a mouse model with liver-specific Ldlr knockdown, we directly determined the effects of replacing SFAs with LA in a Western diet on the development of obesity and atherosclerosis. Specifically, mice treated with a Ldlr ASO were placed on a Western diet containing either SFA-rich butter (WD-B) or LA-rich corn oil (WD-CO) for 12 weeks. Despite of showing no changes in body weight gain or adiposity, mice on WD-CO exhibited significantly less atherosclerotic lesions compared to those on WD-B diet. Reduced lesion formation in the WD-CO-fed mice corresponded with a reduction of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol content, especially in VLDL and LDL, and ApoB protein levels. Although it increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the liver, WD-CO did not appear to affect hepatic injury or damage when compared to WD-B. Collectively, our results indicate that replacing SFAs with LA in a Western diet could reduce the development of atherosclerosis independently of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Burr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Guggenheim Building 14-11A, 222 3Rd Avenue SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher P Hartley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Guggenheim Building 14-11A, 222 3Rd Avenue SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Hall KD. From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220214. [PMID: 37482782 PMCID: PMC10363698 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
More people now have obesity than suffer from starvation thanks to our modern food system. Agriculture was transformed over the 20th century by a variety of technological advancements that relied heavily on fossil fuels. In the United States, government policies and economic incentives led to surplus production of cheap inputs to processed food industries that produced a wide variety of heavily marketed, convenient, rewarding, timesaving, and relatively inexpensive ultra-processed foods. The energy available in the food supply increased by much more than the population needs, albeit with large inequities in nutrition security. While most of the rise in per capita food availability during the late 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States resulted in increased food waste, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed by which changes in the increasingly ultra-processed food environment resulted in excess energy intake disproportionately in people genetically susceptible to obesity. As populations continue to grow, substantial investments in coordinated nutrition and agricultural research are needed to transform our current food system to one that relies less on fossil fuels, preserves biodiversity, ensures environmental health, and provides equitable access to affordable, safe and nutritious food that reduces the prevalence of chronic diet-related diseases like obesity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Hall
- Integrative Physiology Section Chief, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12A South Drive, Room 4007, Bethesda, MD 20892-4007, USA
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Barrera C, Castillo V, Valenzuela R, Valenzuela CA, Garcia-Diaz DF, Llanos M. Effects on Fetal Metabolic Programming and Endocannabinoid System of a Normocaloric Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation of Female Mice with Pregestational Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3531. [PMID: 37630722 PMCID: PMC10458167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming provides explanatory mechanisms for the currently high prevalence of gestational obesity. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the regulation of energy balance, and with a high-fat diet (HFD), it is overactivated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a nutritional intervention during pregnancy and lactation on obese female progenitors, on metabolic alterations of the offspring and on the involvement of ECS. Female mice (C57/BL/6-F0), 45 days old, and their offspring (males) were separated according to type of diet before and during gestation and lactation: CON-F1: control diet; HFD-F1 group: HFD (fat: 60% Kcal); INT-F1 group: HFD until mating and control diet (fat: 10% Kcal) afterward. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (IS) were tested at 2 and 4 months. At 120 days, mice were sacrificed, plasma was extracted for the determination of hormones, and livers for gene expression and the protein level determination of ECS components. INT-F1 group presented a lower IS compared to CON-F1, and normal levels of adiponectin and corticosterone in relation to the HFD-F1 group. The intervention increased hepatic gene expression for fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase enzymes; however, these differences were not observed at the protein expression level. Our results suggest that this intervention model normalized some hormonal parameters and hepatic mRNA levels of ECS components that were altered in the offspring of progenitors with pre-pregnancy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Valeska Castillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Diego F. Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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Pekkarinen L, Kantonen T, Oikonen V, Haaparanta-Solin M, Aarnio R, Dickens AM, von Eyken A, Latva-Rasku A, Dadson P, Kirjavainen AK, Rajander J, Kalliokoski K, Rönnemaa T, Nummenmaa L, Nuutila P. Lower abdominal adipose tissue cannabinoid type 1 receptor availability in young men with overweight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1844-1858. [PMID: 37368516 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) modulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, and the CB1R tone is dysgulated in obesity. This study aimed to investigate CB1R availability in peripheral tissue and brain in young men with overweight versus lean men. METHODS Healthy males with high (HR, n = 16) or low (LR, n = 20) obesity risk were studied with fluoride 18-labeled FMPEP-d2 positron emission tomography to quantify CB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. Obesity risk was assessed by BMI, physical exercise habits, and familial obesity risk, including parental overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. To assess insulin sensitivity, fluoro-[18 F]-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed. Serum endocannabinoids were analyzed. RESULTS CB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue was lower in the HR than in the LR group, whereas no difference was found in other tissues. CB1R availability of abdominal adipose tissue and brain correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and negatively with unfavorable lipid profile, BMI, body adiposity, and inflammatory markers. Serum arachidonoyl glycerol concentration was associated with lower CB1R availability of the whole brain, unfavorable lipid profile, and higher serum inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest endocannabinoid dysregulation already in the preobesity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pekkarinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tatu Kantonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alex M Dickens
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annie von Eyken
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Johan Rajander
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Graham DS, Liu G, Arasteh A, Yin XM, Yan S. Ability of high fat diet to induce liver pathology correlates with the level of linoleic acid and Vitamin E in the diet. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286726. [PMID: 37267350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased uptake of fat, such as through the ingestion of high fat diet (HFD), can lead to fatty liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. It is not clear whether certain fatty acids may be more pathogenic than others to the liver. Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet and its excessive consumption can lead to increased lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that a high level of LA in HFD will contribute significantly to the hepatic steatosis and injury, whereas vitamin E (VIT-E) may reverse the effects from LA by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. To test this hypothesis, we fed mice with the following diets for 20 weeks: a standard low-fat diet (CHOW), HFD with a low level of LA (LOW-LA, 1% of energy from LA), HFD with a high level of LA (HI-LA, 8% of energy from LA), or HI-LA diet with VIT-E supplement (HI-LA + VIT-E). We found that the HI-LA diet resulted in more body weight gain, larger adipocyte area, and higher serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) relative to the CHOW and LOW-LA diets. In mice fed with the HI-LA diet, severer hepatic steatosis was seen with higher levels of hepatic TG and FFA. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was altered in the liver by HI-LA diet, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1). Liver injury, inflammation and fibrotic response were all enhanced in mice fed with the HI-LA diet when compared with the LOW-LA diet. Notably, addition of VIT-E supplement, which restores the proper VIT-E/PUFA ratio, significantly reduced the detrimental effects of the high level of LA. Taken together, our results suggest that a high level of LA and a low ratio of VIT-E/PUFA in HFD can contribute significantly to metabolic abnormalities and hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton S Graham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ailar Arasteh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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O'Keefe L, Vu T, Simcocks AC, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hutchinson DS, Hryciw DH. Treatment of Diet-Induced Obese Rats with CB 2 Agonist AM1241 or CB 2 Antagonist AM630 Reduces Leptin and Alters Thermogenic mRNA in Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087601. [PMID: 37108770 PMCID: PMC10147021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a contributor to co-morbidities, resulting in alterations in hormones, lipids, and low-grade inflammation, with the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2) contributing to the inflammatory response. The effects of modulating CB2 with pharmacological treatments on inflammation and adaptations to the obese state are not known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue of CB2 agonism and CB2 antagonism treatment in a DIO model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) (21% fat) for 9 weeks, then received daily intraperitoneal injections with a vehicle, AM630 (0.3 mg/kg), or AM1241 (3 mg/kg), for a further 6 weeks. AM630 or AM1241 treatment in DIO rats did not alter their body weight, food intake, or liver weight, and it had no effect on their numerous circulating cytokines or peri-renal fat pad mass. AM1241 decreased heart weight and BAT weight; both treatments (AM630 or AM1241) decreased plasma leptin levels, while AM630 also decreased plasma ghrelin and GLP-1 levels. Both treatments decreased Adrb3 and TNF-α mRNA levels in eWAT and TNF-α levels in pWAT. AM630 treatment also decreased the mRNA levels of Cnr2, leptin, and Slc2a4 in eWAT. In BAT, both treatments decreased leptin, UCP1, and Slc2a4 mRNA levels, with AM1241 also decreasing Adrb3, IL1β, and PRDM16 mRNA levels, and AM630 increasing IL6 mRNA levels. In DIO, CB2 agonist and CB2 antagonist treatment reduces circulating leptin in the absence of weight loss and modulates the mRNA responsible for thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lannie O'Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Teresa Vu
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna C Simcocks
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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10
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Sui K, Yasrebi A, Longoria CR, MacDonell AT, Jaffri ZH, Martinez SA, Fisher SE, Malonza N, Jung K, Tveter KM, Wiersielis KR, Uzumcu M, Shapses SA, Campbell SC, Roepke TA, Roopchand DE. Coconut Oil Saturated Fatty Acids Improved Energy Homeostasis but not Blood Pressure or Cognition in VCD-Treated Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad001. [PMID: 36626144 PMCID: PMC11009791 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, cardiometabolic disease, cognitive decline, and osteoporosis are symptoms of postmenopause, which can be modeled using 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-treated mice to induce ovarian failure and estrogen deficiency combined with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. The trend of replacing saturated fatty acids (SFAs), for example coconut oil, with seed oils that are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid (LA), may induce inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and worsen symptoms of estrogen deficiency. To investigate this hypothesis, vehicle (Veh)- or VCD-treated C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD (45% kcal fat) with a high LA:SFA ratio (22.5%: 8%), referred to as the 22.5% LA diet, or a HFD with a low LA:SFA ratio (1%: 31%), referred to as 1% LA diet, for a period of 23 to 25 weeks. Compared with VCD-treated mice fed the 22.5% LA diet, VCD-treated mice fed the 1% LA diet showed lower weight gain and improved glucose tolerance. However, VCD-treated mice fed the 1% LA diet had higher blood pressure and showed evidence of spatial cognitive impairment. Mice fed the 1% LA or 22.5% LA diets showed gut microbial taxa changes that have been associated with a mix of both beneficial and unfavorable cognitive and metabolic phenotypes. Overall, these data suggest that consuming different types of dietary fat from a variety of sources, without overemphasis on any particular type, is the optimal approach for promoting metabolic health regardless of estrogen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sui
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Candace R Longoria
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Avery T MacDonell
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zehra H Jaffri
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Savannah A Martinez
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Samuel E Fisher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Natasha Malonza
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Katie Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kevin M Tveter
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kimberly R Wiersielis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mehmet Uzumcu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sara C Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Department of Food Science, NJ Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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11
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Ou X, Wang X, Zhao B, Zhao Y, Liu H, Chang Y, Wang Z, Yang W, Zhang X, Yu K. Metabolome and transcriptome signatures shed light on the anti-obesity effect of Polygonatum sibiricum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181861. [PMID: 37143889 PMCID: PMC10151794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become one of the major threats to human health across the globe. The rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum have shown promising anti-obesity effect. However, the metabolic and genetic basis mediating this beneficial effect are not fully resolved. It is well known that older rhizomes of P. sibiricum exert stronger pharmacological effects. Here, we performed high-resolution metabolome profiling of P. sibiricum rhizomes at different growth stages, and identified that three candidate anti-obesity metabolites, namely phloretin, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, accumulated more in adult rhizomes. To elucidate the genetic basis controlling the accumulation of these metabolites, we performed transcriptome profiling of rhizomes from juvenile and adult P. sibiricum. Through third-generation long-read sequencing, we built a high-quality transcript pool of P. sibiricum, and resolved the genetic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of phloretin, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed altered expression of the genetic pathways in adult rhizomes, which likely lead to higher accumulation of these candidate metabolites. Overall, we identified several metabolic and genetic signatures related to the anti-obesity effect of P. sibiricum. The metabolic and transcriptional datasets generated in this work could also facilitate future research on other beneficial effects of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Ou, ; Xuebin Zhang, ; Ke Yu,
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu, China
| | - Yuankai Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Ou, ; Xuebin Zhang, ; Ke Yu,
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Ou, ; Xuebin Zhang, ; Ke Yu,
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12
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Ben Necib R, Manca C, Lacroix S, Martin C, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Hemp seed significantly modulates the endocannabinoidome and produces beneficial metabolic effects with improved intestinal barrier function and decreased inflammation in mice under a high-fat, high-sucrose diet as compared with linseed. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882455. [PMID: 36238310 PMCID: PMC9552265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids support cardiometabolic health and reduce chronic low-grade inflammation. These fatty acids may impart their health benefits partly by modulating the endocannabinoidome and the gut microbiome, both of which are key regulators of metabolism and the inflammatory response. Whole hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa) are of exceptional nutritional value, being rich in omega-3 fatty acids. We assessed the effects of dietary substitution (equivalent to about 2 tablespoons of seeds a day for humans) of whole hemp seeds in comparison with whole linseeds in a diet-induced obesity mouse model and determined their effects on obesity and the gut microbiome-endocannabinoidome axis. We show that whole hemp seed substitution did not affect weigh gain, adiposity, or food intake, whereas linseed substitution did, in association with higher fasting glucose levels, greater insulin release during an oral glucose tolerance test, and higher levels of liver triglycerides than controls. Furthermore, hemp seed substitution mitigated diet-induced obesity-associated increases in intestinal permeability and circulating PAI-1 levels, while having no effects on markers of inflammation in epididymal adipose tissue, which were, however, increased in mice fed linseeds. Both hemp seeds and linseeds were able to modify the expression of several endocannabinoidome genes and markedly increased the levels of several omega-3 fatty acid–derived endocannabinoidome bioactive lipids with previously suggested anti-inflammatory actions in a tissue specific manner, despite the relatively low level of seed substitution. While neither diet markedly modified the gut microbiome, mice on the hemp seed diet had higher abundance of Clostridiaceae 1 and Rikenellaceae than mice fed linseed or control diet, respectively. Thus, hemp seed-containing foods might represent a source of healthy fats that are not likely to exacerbate the metabolic consequences of obesogenic diets while producing intestinal permeability protective effects and some anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Ben Necib
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Manca
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
- École de nutrition, Faculté Des Sciences De l’Agriculture Et De l’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Cristoforo Silvestri,
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13
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Li LJ, Wu J, Chen Z, Weir NL, Tsai MY, Albert P, Zhang C. Plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in early pregnancy and fetal growth trajectories throughout pregnancy: Findings from the US fetal growth studies-singletons cohort. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104180. [PMID: 35853297 PMCID: PMC9294651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate plasma phospholipid PUFA levels in early pregnancy and fetal growth trajectories throughout pregnancy. Methods Within the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies–Singleton Cohort, we enrolled 2,802 pregnant women at gestational weeks 8–13 and randomly assigned them to four ultrasonogram schedules to capture weekly fetal growth throughout pregnancy. Eleven plasma phospholipid PUFAs were measured at early pregnancy using blood samples collected from a subsample of 321 pregnant women. We modeled fetal growth trajectories across tertiles of PUFAs with cubic splines using linear mixed models after adjusting for major confounders. We then compared pairwise weekly fetal growth biometrics referencing the lowest tertile in each PUFA using the Wald test. Findings Among plasma n-3 PUFAs in early pregnancy, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n3) showed positive associations with all fetal growth measurements. For instance, compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of DHA had greater estimated fetal growth (EFW) and abdominal circumference (AC), starting at 13 weeks of gestation and throughout pregnancy (at gestational week 38: 3235.3 vs. 3089.0 g for EFW; 344.6 vs. 339.2 mm for AC). As for plasma n-6 PUFAs, some showed positive associations (e.g., linoleic acid [LA], 18:2n6) while others (e.g., docosatetraenoic acid [DTA], 22:4n6) showed inverse associations with fetal growth measures. Interpretation Our data suggested that higher plasma levels of DHA and ALA in the first trimester were associated with increased fetal size and weight throughout subsequent pregnancy. Funding National Institute of Child Health and Human Development intramural funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Global Centre for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Wu
- Glotech Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie L Weir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Global Centre for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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14
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Coccurello R, Marrone MC, Maccarrone M. The Endocannabinoids-Microbiota Partnership in Gut-Brain Axis Homeostasis: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869606. [PMID: 35721203 PMCID: PMC9204215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest years have witnessed a growing interest towards the relationship between neuropsychiatric disease in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and severe alterations in gut microbiota composition. In parallel, an increasing literature has focused the attention towards the association between derangement of the endocannabinoids machinery and some mechanisms and symptoms identified in ASD pathophysiology, such as alteration of neural development, immune system dysfunction, defective social interaction and stereotypic behavior. In this narrative review, we put together the vast ground of endocannabinoids and their partnership with gut microbiota, pursuing the hypothesis that the crosstalk between these two complex homeostatic systems (bioactive lipid mediators, receptors, biosynthetic and hydrolytic enzymes and the entire bacterial gut ecosystem, signaling molecules, metabolites and short chain fatty acids) may disclose new ideas and functional connections for the development of synergic treatments combining “gut-therapy,” nutritional intervention and pharmacological approaches. The two separate domains of the literature have been examined looking for all the plausible (and so far known) overlapping points, describing the mutual changes induced by acting either on the endocannabinoid system or on gut bacteria population and their relevance for the understanding of ASD pathophysiology. Both human pathology and symptoms relief in ASD subjects, as well as multiple ASD-like animal models, have been taken into consideration in order to provide evidence of the relevance of the endocannabinoids-microbiota crosstalk in this major neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Council of Research (CNR), Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Coccurello, ; Mauro Maccarrone,
| | - Maria Cristina Marrone
- Ministry of University and Research, Mission Unity for Recovery and Resilience Plan, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical and Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Coccurello, ; Mauro Maccarrone,
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15
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Zhang T, Huang J, Li Y, Zhong D, Wang S, Xu F, Zhang X, Feng Y, Yin J. Plasma Fatty Acids, Not Dietary Fatty Acids, Associated with Obesity in Four Ethnic Minority Groups Unique to Southwest China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3753-3765. [PMID: 36504638 PMCID: PMC9733631 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s386812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids (DFAs) and plasma fatty acids (PFAs) are linked to obesity. However, whether this association exists among ethnic minorities remains lacking. The present cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the correlation between DFAs, PFAs and obesity in four ethnic minority groups to Southwest China. METHODS A total of 166 obese people, and 166 normal-BMI subjects matched based on their age-, sex-, and ethnicity- were recruited from four different ethnic minority groups. DFAs were obtained through food frequency questionnaires. PFAs were assayed by GC/MS method. Binary and multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation among DFAs, PFAs and obesity. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was conducted to assess the relationship between DFAs and PFAs. RESULTS FAs were found to be highest in the Naxi people and lowest in the Hani people. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that plasma C16:0 (OR = 1.310; 95% CI, 1.028-1.669) in the Hani people; plasma C20:3 n-6 (OR = 6.250; 95% CI, 1.224-31.927) and dietary C20:1 (OR = 9.231; 95% CI, 1.253-68.016) in the Wa people; plasma C18:0 (OR = 0.788; 95% CI, 0.681-0.912) in the Naxi people were seen to be independent predictive factors for obesity. CCA showed that DFAs were positively correlated with PFAs in the Naxi (r: 0.676; P < 0.05) and Bulang people (r: 0.897; P < 0.05), but there was no correlation in the Hani and Wa people. CONCLUSION In this study, PFAs but not DFAs were independently associated with obesity, and different among the four ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Ultrasonography Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanru Li
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dubo Zhong
- Yunnan Yunce Quality Inspection Limited Company, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songmei Wang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuemei Feng
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Yuemei Feng, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13678754163, Email
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianzhong Yin, Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longyang District, Baoshan, Yunnan Province, 678000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13987645337, Email
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16
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Effects of endocannabinoids on feed intake, stress response and whole-body energy metabolism in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23657. [PMID: 34880316 PMCID: PMC8655048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, particularly anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are instrumental in regulating energy homeostasis and stress response. However, little is known about the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in ruminants, although EC could improve dairy health and productivity, at least by increasing feed intake. In this study, we report if intraperitoneal (i.p.) AEA and 2-AG administration affects feed intake, whole-body macronutrient metabolism, isolation and restraint stress, and whether diet composition modulates circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in cows. Twenty Simmental cows in late lactation were fed a grass silage and a corn silage based diet. On each diet, cows received daily i.p. injections with either AEA (5 µg/kg; n = 7), 2-AG (2.5 µg/kg; n = 6) or saline (n = 7) for 8 days. Endocannabinoid administration for 5 days under free-ranging (non-stressed) conditions had no effect on feed intake or energy balance, but attenuated the stress-induced suppression of feed intake when housing changed to individual tie-stalls without social or tactile interaction. Endocannabinoids increased whole-body carbohydrate oxidation, reduced fat oxidation, and affected plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and fatty acid contents of total lipids. There was no effect of endocannabinoids on plasma triglyceride concentrations or hepatic lipogenesis. Plasma AEA concentrations were not affected by diet, however, plasma 2-AG concentrations tended to be lower on the corn silage based diet. In conclusion, endocannabinoids attenuate stress-induced hypophagia, increase short-term feed intake and whole-body carbohydrate oxidation and decrease whole-body fat oxidation in cows.
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17
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Ivanisevic M, Horvaticek M, Delmis K, Delmis J. Supplementation of EPA and DHA in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Med 2021; 53:848-859. [PMID: 34210228 PMCID: PMC8260041 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1936151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Lower proportions of n-3 PUFAs have been observed in neonates born to diabetic mothers. We aimed to investigate the association between DHA and EPA supplementation during pregnancy complicated with type 1 diabetes on concentration and proportion of fatty acids in maternal and foetal blood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 111 eligible pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and presented the results of 84 (intervention arm and control arm comprised 42 participants each) of them who successfully finished the trial in an academic hospital. The initiation of EPA and DHA supplementation or placebo started at randomization visit on gestational week 11-12. Blood samples were taken on the first (screening) visit to the clinic (1st trimester, between 8th and 10th gestational week, GW), then in the second trimester (19-24th GW) and third trimester (30th-33rd GW). On the delivery day, a blood sample was taken on fasting just before birth. The umbilical vein blood sample was taken shortly after the delivery. RESULTS We found a significant increase in the intervention group when compared the first and the third trimester for n-3 PUFAs concentration, 4.3 mg/L (3.3-7.6): 10.0 mg/L (7.1-13.7), p < .001. In the intervention group, the concentration of DHA in maternal vein serum was 11.4 mg/L (7.7-17.5), and in umbilical vein serum, it was 5.1 mg/L (3.0-7.7), which was significantly higher than that in the control group, maternal vein serum: median 9.2 mg/L(6.0-12.3), p = .03 and umbilical vein serum: median 3.4 mg/L (2.1-5.6), p = .009. CONCLUSION The increased weight gain in pregnancy and concentration and proportions of DHA, n-3 PUFAs with a decreased proportion of AA, n-6 PUFAs, and AA/DHA ratio in maternal and umbilical vein serum summarize the effect of supplementation with EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivanisevic
- Referral Center for Diabetes in Pregnancy, Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Josip Delmis
- Referral Center for Diabetes in Pregnancy, Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Hamilton JS, Klett EL. Linoleic acid and the regulation of glucose homeostasis: A review of the evidence. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 175:102366. [PMID: 34763302 PMCID: PMC8691379 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of linoleic acid (LA, ω-6 18:2), the most common ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the Modern Western diet (MWD), has significantly increased over the last century in tandem with unprecedented incidence of chronic metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although an essential fatty acid for health, LA was a very rare fatty acid in the diet of humans during their evolution. While the intake of other dietary macronutrients (carbohydrates like fructose) has also risen, diets rich in ω-6 PUFAs have been promoted in an effort to reduce cardiovascular disease despite unclear evidence as to how increased dietary LA consumption could promote a proinflammatory state and affect glucose metabolism. Current evidence suggests that sex, genetics, environmental factors, and disease status can differentially modulate how LA influences insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake as well as insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell function. Therefore, the aim of this review will be to summarize recent additions to our knowledge to refine the unique physiological and pathophysiological roles of LA in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Hamilton
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric L Klett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
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19
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Knuth MM, Stutts WL, Ritter MM, Garrard KP, Kullman SW. Vitamin D deficiency promotes accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased endocannabinoid tone in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100142. [PMID: 34673019 PMCID: PMC8604674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is well known for its traditional role in bone mineral homeostasis; however, recent evidence suggests that vitamin D also plays a significant role in metabolic control. This study served to investigate putative linkages between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and metabolic disruption of bioactive lipids by MS imaging. Our approach employed infrared-matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization MS imaging for lipid metabolite profiling in 6-month-old zebrafish fed either a VDD or a vitamin D-sufficient (VDS) diet. Using a lipidomics pipeline, we found that VDD zebrafish had a greater abundance of bioactive lipids (N-acyls, endocannabinoids [ECs], diacylglycerols/triacylglycerols, bile acids/bile alcohols, and vitamin D derivatives) suggestive of increased EC tone compared with VDS zebrafish. Tandem MS was performed on several differentially expressed metabolites with sufficient ion abundances to aid in structural elucidation and provide additional support for MS annotations. To confirm activation of the EC pathways, we subsequently examined expression of genes involved in EC biosynthesis, metabolism, and receptor signaling in adipose tissue and liver from VDD and VDS zebrafish. Gene expression changes were congruent with increased EC tone, with VDD zebrafish demonstrating increased synthesis and metabolism of anandamide compared with VDS zebrafish. Taken together, our data suggest that VDD may promote accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased EC tone in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Knuth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Whitney L Stutts
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Morgan M Ritter
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Precision Engineering Consortium, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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20
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Carlson SE, Schipper L, Brenna JT, Agostoni C, Calder PC, Forsyth S, Legrand P, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM, Koletzko BV, Muhlhausler B. Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2085-2098. [PMID: 34265035 PMCID: PMC8634410 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes, such as growth, development, and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential disadvantages of high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA to achieve positive impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Area, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus–French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Eline M van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold V Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Paediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Boyd JT, LoCoco PM, Furr AR, Bendele MR, Tram M, Li Q, Chang FM, Colley ME, Samenuk GM, Arris DA, Locke EE, Bach SBH, Tobon A, Ruparel SB, Hargreaves KM. Elevated dietary ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce reversible peripheral nerve dysfunction that exacerbates comorbid pain conditions. Nat Metab 2021; 3:762-773. [PMID: 34140694 PMCID: PMC8287645 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide1 and is commonly associated with comorbid disorders2. However, the role of diet in chronic pain is poorly understood. Of particular interest is the Western-style diet, enriched with ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that accumulate in membrane phospholipids and oxidise into pronociceptive oxylipins3,4. Here we report that mice administered an ω-6 PUFA-enriched diet develop persistent nociceptive hypersensitivities, spontaneously active and hyper-responsive glabrous afferent fibres and histologic markers of peripheral nerve damage reminiscent of a peripheral neuropathy. Linoleic and arachidonic acids accumulate in lumbar dorsal root ganglia, with increased liberation via elevated phospholipase (PLA)2 activity. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of PLA2G7 or diet reversal with high levels of ω-3 PUFAs attenuate nociceptive behaviours, neurophysiologic abnormalities and afferent histopathology induced by high ω-6 intake. Additionally, ω-6 PUFA accumulation exacerbates allodynia observed in preclinical inflammatory and neuropathic pain models and is strongly correlated with multiple pain indices of clinical diabetic neuropathy. Collectively, these data reveal dietary enrichment with ω-6 PUFAs as a new aetiology of peripheral neuropathy and risk factor for chronic pain and implicate multiple therapeutic considerations for clinical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Boyd
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter M LoCoco
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ashley R Furr
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michelle R Bendele
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meilinn Tram
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Fang-Mei Chang
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Madeline E Colley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Grace M Samenuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dominic A Arris
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin E Locke
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephan B H Bach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro Tobon
- Department of Neurology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shivani B Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth M Hargreaves
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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22
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Armeli F, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Pinto A, Businaro R. Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neglected Role of Nutrition in the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060790. [PMID: 34073983 PMCID: PMC8225112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal depletion. The broad-spectrum neuroprotective activity of the Mediterranean diet is widely documented, but it is not yet known whether its nutritional and caloric balance can induce a modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In recent decades, many studies have shown how endocannabinoid tone enhancement may be a promising new therapeutic strategy to counteract the main hallmarks of neurodegeneration. From a phylogenetic point of view, the human co-evolution between the endocannabinoid system and dietary habits could play a key role in the pro-homeostatic activity of the Mediterranean lifestyle: this adaptive balance among our ancestors has been compromised by the modern Western diet, resulting in a “clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome”. This review aims to evaluate the evidence accumulated in the literature on the neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the Mediterranean diet related to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, suggesting new prospects for research and clinical interventions against neurodegenerative diseases in light of a nutraceutical paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Pavlisova J, Horakova O, Kalendova V, Buresova J, Bardova K, Holendova B, Plecita-Hlavata L, Vackova S, Windrichova J, Topolcan O, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M. Chronic n-3 fatty acid intake enhances insulin response to oral glucose and elevates GLP-1 in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:9764-9775. [PMID: 33078809 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can exert beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis, especially in obese rodents. Gut incretin hormones regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis, but their involvement in the above effects is not entirely clear. This study aims to assess the effects of chronic n-3 PUFA administration on the insulin and incretin responses in C57BL/6N obese male mice subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) after 8 weeks of feeding a corn-oil-based high-fat diet (cHF). The weight gain and adiposity were partially reduced in mice fed cHF in which some of the corn oil was replaced with n-3 PUFA concentrate containing ∼60% DHA and EPA in a 3 : 1 ratio. In addition, these mice had improved glucose tolerance, which was consistent with an increased insulin response to oral glucose and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. While the stimulatory effects of n-3 PUFA on GLP-1 levels could not be attributed to changes in intestinal or plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity, their beneficial effects on glucose tolerance were abolished when mice were pretreated with the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9-39. Moreover, chronic n-3 PUFA intake prevented the detrimental effects of cHF feeding on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic islets. Collectively, our data suggest that n-3 PUFA may modulate postprandial glucose metabolism in obese mice through a GLP-1-based mechanism. The significance of these findings in terms of the effective DHA and EPA ratio of the n-3 PUFA concentrate as well as the effect of n-3 PUFA in humans requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pavlisova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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24
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Circulating Metabolites Associated with Body Fat and Lean Mass in Adults with Overweight/Obesity. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050317. [PMID: 34068443 PMCID: PMC8153621 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between fat mass and lean mass within human metabolism is not completely understood. We aimed to identify specific circulating metabolomic profiles associated with these body composition compartments. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted over 236 adults with overweight/obesity from the Satiety Innovation (SATIN) study. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A targeted multiplatform metabolite profiling approach was applied. Associations between 168 circulating metabolites and the body composition measures were assessed using elastic net regression analyses. The accuracy of the multimetabolite weighted models was evaluated using a 10-fold cross-validation approach and the Pearson's correlation coefficients between metabolomic profiles and body compartments were estimated. Two different profiles including 86 and 65 metabolites were selected for % body fat and lean mass. These metabolites mainly consisted of lipids (sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines), acylcarnitines, and amino acids. Several metabolites overlapped between these body composition measures but none of them towards the same direction. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the metabolomic profiles and % body fat or lean mass were 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. Our findings suggest alterations in lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and protein degradation with increased adiposity and decreased lean body mass. These findings could help us to better understand the interplay between body composition compartments with human metabolic processes.
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25
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Bielawiec P, Harasim-Symbor E, Sztolsztener K, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K, Chabowski A. Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response by Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Is Associated with Improved n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio in the White and Red Skeletal Muscle in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051603. [PMID: 34064937 PMCID: PMC8151284 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fatty acids has increased drastically, exceeding the nutritional requirements of an individual and leading to numerous metabolic disorders. Recent data indicate a growing interest in using cannabidiol (CBD) as an agent with beneficial effects in the treatment of obesity. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the influence of chronic CBD administration on the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio in different lipid fractions, inflammatory pathway and oxidative stress parameters in the white and red gastrocnemius muscle. All the designed experiments were performed on Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a standard rodent diet for seven weeks and subsequently injected with CBD (10 mg/kg once daily for two weeks) or its vehicle. Lipid content and oxidative stress parameters were assessed using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), colorimetric and/or immunoenzymatic methods, respectively. The total expression of proteins of an inflammatory pathway was measured by Western blotting. Our results revealed that fatty acids (FAs) oversupply is associated with an increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which results in an excessive accumulation of FAs, especially of n-6 PUFAs, in skeletal muscles. We showed that CBD significantly improved the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and shifted the equilibrium towards anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs, particularly in the red gastrocnemius muscle. Additionally, CBD prevented generation of lipid peroxidation products and attenuated inflammatory response in both types of skeletal muscle. In summary, the results mentioned above indicate that CBD presents potential therapeutic properties with respect to the treatment of obesity and related disturbances.
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26
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Høstmark AT. Intended Ranges and Correlations between Percentages of Variables Like Oleic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Arachidonic Acid. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051012. [PMID: 34066523 PMCID: PMC8148551 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In chicken muscle, we previously showed that ranges of oleic acid (OA), arachidonic acid (AA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might explain why %OA was inversely related to %AA, and that %EPA correlated positively with %AA. We here try to clarify further how ranges of the fatty acids could make strong associations between their relative amounts, utilizing published data from chicken muscle and human sera. We generated random number variables (OA’, AA’, EPA’) in lieu of the true variables, and we studied effects of altering their ranges upon scatterplots of %OA’ vs. %AA’ (%EPA’), and %AA’ vs. %EPA’. To explain the results, we first applied the equation OA’ + AA’ + EPA’ = S, i.e., %OA’ + %AA’ + %EPA’ = 100. Next, we considered how the OA’ (AA’, EPA’) fractions of S related to S. Increasing the OA’ range towards higher values improved the positive association between %AA’ and %EPA’. Thus, increased intake of OA could improve the positive correlations between percentages of eicosanoid precursors, raising the question of whether “intended ranges” of some fatty acids represent a case of evolutionary selection to, e.g., achieve balance between eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Torbjørn Høstmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Sallam NA, Borgland SL. Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12965. [PMID: 33856071 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to palatable food and an abundance of food-related cues exacerbate non-homeostatic feeding. The metabolic and economical sequelae of non-homeostatic feeding outweigh those of homeostatic feeding and contribute significantly to the global obesity pandemic. The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary central circuit that governs the motivation to consume food. Insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are two major, presumably opposing, players in regulating homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding centrally and peripherally. Insulin is generally regarded as a postprandial satiety signal, whereas eCBs mainly function as pre-prandial orexinergic signals. In this review, we discuss the effects of insulin and eCB-mediated actions within the mesolimbic pathways. We propose that insulin and eCBs have regional- and time course-dependent roles. We discuss their mechanisms of actions in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, as well as how their mechanisms converge to finely tune dopaminergic activity and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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28
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Mullins AP, Arjmandi BH. Health Benefits of Plant-Based Nutrition: Focus on Beans in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:519. [PMID: 33562498 PMCID: PMC7915747 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming over 650,000 American lives annually. Typically not a singular disease, CVD often coexists with dyslipidemia, hypertension, type-2 diabetes (T2D), chronic system-wide inflammation, and obesity. Obesity, an independent risk factor for both CVD and T2D, further worsens the problem, with over 42% of adults and 18.5% of youth in the U.S. categorized as such. Dietary behavior is a most important modifiable risk factor for controlling the onset and progression of obesity and related disease conditions. Plant-based eating patterns that include beans and legumes support health and disease mitigation through nutritional profile and bioactive compounds including phytochemical. This review focuses on the characteristics of beans and ability to improve obesity-related diseases and associated factors including excess body weight, gut microbiome environment, and low-grade inflammation. Additionally, there are growing data that link obesity to compromised immune response and elevated risk for complications from immune-related diseases. Body weight management and nutritional status may improve immune function and possibly prevent disease severity. Inclusion of beans as part of a plant-based dietary strategy imparts cardiovascular, metabolic, and colon protective effects; improves obesity, low-grade inflammation, and may play a role in immune-related disease risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P. Mullins
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences--Leon County Extension Services, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Bahram H. Arjmandi
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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29
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Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7469-7490. [PMID: 34718828 PMCID: PMC8557709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of obesity is widely recognized, while the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are the focus of intense research. A disrupted endocannabinoid system, which critically modulates feeding and metabolic functions, through central and peripheral mechanisms, is a landmark indicator of obesity, as corroborated by investigations centered on the cannabinoid receptor CB1, considered to offer promise in terms of pharmacologically targeted treatment for obesity. In recent years, novel insights have been obtained, not only into relation to the mode of action of CB receptors, but also CB ligands, non-CB receptors, and metabolizing enzymes considered to be part of the endocannabinoid system (particularly the hypothalamus). The outcome has been a substantial expansion in knowledge of this complex signaling system and in drug development. Here we review recent literature, providing further evidence on the role of hypothalamic endocannabinoids in regulating energy balance and the implication for the pathophysiology of obesity. We discuss how these lipids are dynamically regulated in obesity onset, by diet and metabolic hormones in specific hypothalamic neurons, the impact of gender, and the role of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes as promising targets for tackling obesity and related diseases.
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30
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Different Ratios of Corn and Coconut Oil Blends in High‐Fat Diets Influence Fat Deposition without Altering Metabolic Biomarkers in Male Rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Preguiça I, Alves A, Nunes S, Fernandes R, Gomes P, Viana SD, Reis F. Diet-induced rodent models of obesity-related metabolic disorders-A guide to a translational perspective. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13081. [PMID: 32691524 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diet is a critical element determining human health and diseases, and unbalanced food habits are major risk factors for the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Despite technological and pharmacological advances, as well as intensification of awareness campaigns, the prevalence of metabolic disorders worldwide is still increasing. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches with increased efficacy are urgently required, which often depends on cellular and molecular investigations using robust animal models. In the absence of perfect rodent models, those induced by excessive consumption of fat and sugars better replicate the key aspects that are the root causes of human metabolic diseases. However, the results obtained using these models cannot be directly compared, particularly because of the use of different dietary protocols, and animal species and strains, among other confounding factors. This review article revisits diet-induced models of obesity and related metabolic disorders, namely, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A critical analysis focused on the main pathophysiological features of rodent models, as opposed to the criteria defined for humans, is provided as a practical guide with a translational perspective for the establishment of animal models of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Preguiça
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Alves
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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32
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Boyer C, Cussonneau L, Brun C, Deval C, Pais de Barros JP, Chanon S, Bernoud-Hubac N, Daira P, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Swenson JE, Gauquelin-Koch G, Simon C, Blanc S, Combaret L, Bertile F, Lefai E. Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears. Front Zool 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 33292302 PMCID: PMC7681968 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. In hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos), we hypothesized that beyond an overall suppression of the ECS, seasonal shift in endocannabinoids compounds could be linked to bear’s peculiar features that include hibernation without arousal episodes and capacity to react to external disturbance. We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. We also speculated on a role of OEA in the conservation of an anorexigenic signal and in the maintenance of torpor during hibernation, while sustaining the capacity of bears to sense stimuli from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boyer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laura Cussonneau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Brun
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Deval
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Chanon
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | | | - Patricia Daira
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Chantal Simon
- Université de Lyon, INSERM, INRAE, INSA, Functional Lipidomic Plateform, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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33
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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34
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Dietary fatty acids and the time elapsed from their intake are related to their composition in rat submandibular gland and salivary flow rates. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4123-4131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Dybing K, Kuda O, Holbech Jensen BA, Rossmeisl M, Frøyland L, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. The Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Lean Fish Species is Influenced by the Fatty Acid Composition in Fish Fillets. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3038. [PMID: 33022997 PMCID: PMC7600456 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fillets from marine fish species contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of phospholipids (PLs). To investigate the importance of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs in mediating the anti-obesogenic effect of lean seafood, we compared the anti-obesogenic properties of fillets from cod with fillets from pangasius, a fresh water fish with a very low content of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs. We prepared high-fat/high-protein diets using chicken, cod and pangasius as the protein sources, and fed male C57BL/6J mice these diets for 12 weeks. Mice fed the diet containing cod gained less adipose tissue mass and had smaller white adipocytes than mice fed the chicken-containing diet, whereas mice fed the pangasius-containing diet were in between mice fed the chicken-containing diet and mice fed the cod-containing diet. Of note, mice fed the pangasius-containing diet exhibited reduced glucose tolerance compared to mice fed the cod-containing diet. Although the sum of marine n-3 PUFAs comprised less than 2% of the total fatty acids in the cod-containing diet, this was sufficient to significantly increase the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in mouse tissues and enhance production of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as compared with mice fed pangasius or chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Karianne Dybing
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Benjamin Anderschou Holbech Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Livar Frøyland
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
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36
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Reynolds LM, Dutta R, Seeds MC, Lake KN, Hallmark B, Mathias RA, Howard TD, Chilton FH. FADS genetic and metabolomic analyses identify the ∆5 desaturase (FADS1) step as a critical control point in the formation of biologically important lipids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15873. [PMID: 32985521 PMCID: PMC7522985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have undergone intense evolutionary selection to optimize their capacity to generate necessary quantities of long chain (LC-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing lipids. To better understand the impact of genetic variation within a locus of three FADS genes (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) on a diverse family of lipids, we examined the associations of 247 lipid metabolites (including four major classes of LC-PUFA-containing molecules and signaling molecules) with common and low-frequency genetic variants located within the FADS locus. Genetic variation in the FADS locus was strongly associated (p < 1.2 × 10–8) with 52 LC-PUFA-containing lipids and signaling molecules, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, lyso-phospholipids, and an endocannabinoid. Notably, the majority (80%) of FADS-associated lipids were not significantly associated with genetic variants outside of this FADS locus. These findings highlight the central role genetic variation at the FADS locus plays in regulating levels of physiologically critical LC-PUFA-containing lipids that participate in innate immunity, energy homeostasis, and brain development/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Reynolds
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, and the Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kirsten N Lake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Brian Hallmark
- The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA. .,The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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37
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Sakayori N, Katakura M, Hamazaki K, Higuchi O, Fujii K, Fukabori R, Iguchi Y, Setogawa S, Takao K, Miyazawa T, Arita M, Kobayashi K. Maternal dietary imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids triggers the offspring's overeating in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:473. [PMID: 32859990 PMCID: PMC7455742 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and its effects on our society warrant intensifying basic animal research for understanding why habitual intake of highly palatable foods has increased due to recent global environmental changes. Here, we report that pregnant mice that consume a diet high in omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low in omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs (an n-6high/n-3low diet), whose n-6/n-3 ratio is approximately 120, induces hedonic consumption in the offspring by upregulating the midbrain dopaminergic system. We found that exposure to the n-6high/n-3low diet specifically increases the consumption of palatable foods via increased mesolimbic dopamine release. In addition, neurodevelopmental analyses revealed that this induced hedonic consumption is programmed during embryogenesis, as dopaminergic neurogenesis is increased during in utero access to the n-6high/n-3low diet. Our findings reveal that maternal consumption of PUFAs can have long-lasting effects on the offspring’s pattern for consuming highly palatable foods. Sakayori et al. show that feeding pregnant mice with a diet high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low in omega-3 PUFAs triggers hedonic consumption in the offspring by increasing its dopaminergic neurogenesis. This study suggests that maternal consumption of diets with unbalanced PUFAs contributes to the offspring’s overconsumption of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Sakayori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan. .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan. .,Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Oki Higuchi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.,Biodynamic Plant Institute Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yoshio Iguchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Susumu Setogawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.,Division for Memory and Cognitive Function, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Comprehensive Research Facilities for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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38
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Yagin NL, Hajjarzadeh S, Aliasgharzadeh S, Aliasgari F, Mahdavi R. The association of dietary patterns with endocannabinoids levels in overweight and obese women. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:161. [PMID: 32631352 PMCID: PMC7339382 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the main arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids, are frequently reported in overweight and obese individuals. Recently, endocannabinoids have become a research interest in obesity area regarding their role in food intake. The relationship between dietary patterns and endocannabinoids is poorly understood; therefore, this study evaluated the association of the dietary patterns with AEA and 2-AG levels in overweight and obese women. METHODS In this cross sectional study, 183 overweight and obese females from Tabriz, Iran who aged between 19 and 50 years old and with mean BMI = 32.44 ± 3.79 kg/m2 were interviewed. The AEA and 2-AG levels were measured, and the dietary patterns were assessed using food frequency questionnaire. To extract the dietary patterns, factor analysis was applied. The association between AEA and 2-AG levels and dietary patterns was analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Three major dietary patterns including "Western", "healthy", and "traditional" were extracted. After adjusting for age, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass, higher levels of AEA and 2-AG were observed in participants who were in the highest quintile of the Western pattern (P < 0.05). Also, in both unadjusted and adjusted models, significantly lower levels of AEA and 2-AG were detected in the women of the highest quintile of the healthy pattern (P < 0.01). Moreover, there was no significant association between "traditional" pattern and AEA and 2- AG levels in both unadjusted and adjusted models (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In regard with the lower levels of endocannabinoids in healthy dietary pattern, adherence to healthy pattern might have promising results in regulating endocannabinoids levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Lotfi Yagin
- Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hajjarzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soghra Aliasgharzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aliasgari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yamashima T, Ota T, Mizukoshi E, Nakamura H, Yamamoto Y, Kikuchi M, Yamashita T, Kaneko S. Intake of ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils and Risk of Lifestyle Diseases. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1489-1509. [PMID: 32623461 PMCID: PMC7666899 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although excessive consumption of deep-fried foods is regarded as 1 of the most important epidemiological factors of lifestyle diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, the exact mechanism remains unknown. This review aims to discuss whether heated cooking oil-derived peroxidation products cause cell degeneration/death for the occurrence of lifestyle diseases. Deep-fried foods cooked in ω-6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils such as rapeseed (canola), soybean, sunflower, and corn oils, already contain or intrinsically generate "hydroxynonenal" by peroxidation. As demonstrated previously, hydroxynonenal promotes carbonylation of heat-shock protein 70.1 (Hsp70.1), with the resultant impaired ability of cells to recycle damaged proteins and stabilize the lysosomal membrane. Until now, the implication of lysosomal/autophagy failure due to the daily consumption of ω-6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils in the progression of cell degeneration/death has not been reported. Since the "calpain-cathepsin hypothesis" was formulated as a cause of ischemic neuronal death in 1998, its relevance to Alzheimer's neuronal death has been suggested with particular attention to hydroxynonenal. However, its relevance to cell death of the hypothalamus, liver, and pancreas, especially related to appetite/energy control, is unknown. The hypothalamus senses information from both adipocyte-derived leptin and circulating free fatty acids. Concentrations of circulating fatty acid and its oxidized form, especially hydroxynonenal, are increased in obese and/or aged subjects. As overactivation of the fatty acid receptor G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) in response to excessive or oxidized fatty acids in these subjects may lead to the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, it should be evaluated whether GPR40 overactivation contributes to diverse cell death. Here, we describe the molecular implication of ω-6 PUFA-rich vegetable oil-derived hydroxynonenal in lysosomal destabilization leading to cell death. By oxidizing Hsp70.1, both the dietary PUFA- (exogenous) and the membrane phospholipid- (intrinsic) peroxidation product "hydroxynonenal," when combined, may play crucial roles in the occurrence of diverse lifestyle diseases including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Michelsen KG, Picklo MJ. Decreasing the Ratio of Dietary Linoleic to α-Linolenic Acid from 10 to 4 by Changing Only the Former Does Not Prevent Adiposity or Bone Deterioration in Obese Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1370-1378. [PMID: 32135009 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) has been considered to promote low-grade chronic inflammation and adiposity. Studies show adiposity and inflammation are inversely associated with bone mass. OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), while keeping ALA constant, mitigates high-fat diet (HF)-induced adiposity and bone loss. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 4 treatment groups and fed 1 of the following diets ad libitum for 6 mo: a normal-fat diet (NF; 3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) with the ratio of the PUFAs LA to ALA at 6; or HFs (4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) with the ratio of LA to ALA at 10:1, 7:1, or 4:1, respectively. ALA content in the diets was kept the same for all groups at 1% energy. Bone structure, body composition, bone-related cytokines in serum, and gene expression in bone were measured. Data were analyzed using 1-factor ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with those fed the NF, mice fed the HFs had 19.6% higher fat mass (P < 0.01) and 13.5% higher concentration of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (P < 0.05), a bone resorption cytokine. Mice fed the HFs had 19.5% and 12.2% lower tibial and second lumbar vertebral bone mass, respectively (P < 0.01). Decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 did not affect body mass, fat mass, serum TRAP and TNF-α, or any bone structural parameters. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 by simply reducing LA intake does not prevent adiposity or improve bone structure in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Brian R Gregoire
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Kim G Michelsen
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Mamounis KJ, Shvedov NR, Margolies N, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA. The effects of dietary fatty acids in the physiological outcomes of maternal high-fat diet on offspring energy homeostasis in mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:273-284. [PMID: 31556363 PMCID: PMC7096261 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The early-life origins of disease hypothesis has been applied to obesity research and modeled through overnutrition, usually with a high-fat diet (HFD). Since the obesity epidemic coincided with societal change in dietary fat consumption, rather than amount, manipulation of fatty acid (FA) profile is an under-investigated area of study. Additionally, the binding of FAs to nuclear receptors may have persistent intergenerational, extranutritive endocrinological effects that interact with the actions of reproductive steroids causing sex-dependent effects. To determine the role of FA type in the effects underlying maternal HFD, we fed wild-type C57BL6/J mating pairs, from preconception through lactation, a HFD with high saturated fat levels from coconut oil or high linoleic acid (LA) levels from vegetable oil. Male and female offspring body weight and food intake were measured weekly for 25 weeks. Assays for glucose metabolism, body composition, and calorimetry were performed at 25 weeks. Plasma metabolic peptides and liver mRNA were measured terminally. Obesity was primarily affected by adult rather than maternal diet in males, yet in females, maternal HFD potentiated the effects of adult HFD. Maternal HFD high in LA impaired glucose disposal in males weaned onto HFD and insulin sensitivity of females. Plasma leptin correlated with adiposity, but insulin and insulin receptor expression in the liver were altered by maternal LA in males. Our results suggest that maternal FA profile is most influential on offspring glucose metabolism and that adult diet is more important than maternal diet for obesity and other parameters of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Mamounis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Naomi R. Shvedov
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Margolies
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Saleh-Ghadimi S, Alizadeh M, Jafari-Vayghan H, Darabi M, Golmohammadi A, Kheirouri S. Effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and endocannabinoid system modulation in patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 32370762 PMCID: PMC7201600 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation, associated with increased inflammatory process, may act as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Dietary fat may influence the ECS tone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed oil on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile and ECS activity by the measurement of serum N-arachydonoil ethanolamine (AEA) and cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1), cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mRNA expression. Methods This clinical trial was performed on 44 patients with CAD. The intervention group received 1.5% fat milk supplemented with flaxseed oil (containing 2.5 g α-linolenic acid or ALA), while the placebo group received 1.5% fat milk for 10 weeks. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was measured by gas chromatography. The AEA level was determined using an ELISA kit, and real-time PCR was performed to measure CB1, CB2, and FAAH mRNA expression pre- and post-intervention. Results Flaxseed oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the ALA content and a significant reduction in linoleic acid (LA) content of membrane phospholipids, compared to the placebo group (MD = − 0.35 and 2.89, respectively; P < 0.05). The within group analysis showed that flaxseed oil supplementation caused a significant reduction in both LA and arachidonic acid (MD = − 4.84 and − 4.03, respectively; P < 0.05) and an elevation in the ALA (MD = 0.37, P < 0.001) content of membrane phospholipids compared with the baseline. In the intervention group, a marked reduction was observed in the serum AEA level after 10 weeks of intervention, compared with the placebo group (MD = 0.64, P = 0.016). Changes in CB2 mRNA expression in the flaxseed oil group were significant (fold change = 1.30, P = 0.003), compared with the placebo group. Conclusion Flaxseed oil supplementation could attenuate the ECS tone by decreasing the AEA level and increasing CB2 mRNA expression. Therefore, flaxseed oil may be considered a promising agent with cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Golmohammadi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chagas LDS, Sandre PC, Ribeiro e Ribeiro NCA, Marcondes H, Oliveira Silva P, Savino W, Serfaty CA. Environmental Signals on Microglial Function during Brain Development, Neuroplasticity, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062111. [PMID: 32204421 PMCID: PMC7139373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environmental contexts such as stress, lesions, infectious diseases, and nutritional and hormonal disorders can interfere with CNS homeostasis, directly impacting microglial physiology. Despite many encouraging discoveries in this field, there are still some controversies that raise issues to be discussed, especially regarding the relationship between the microglial phenotype assumed in distinct contexts and respective consequences in different neurobiological processes, such as disorders of brain development and neuroplasticity. Also, there is an increasing interest in discussing microglial–immune system cross-talk in health and in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature concerning microglial function during development and homeostasis. In addition, we explore the contribution of microglia to synaptic disorders mediated by different neuroinflammatory outcomes during pre- and postnatal development, with long-term consequences impacting on the risk and vulnerability to the emergence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Chagas
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Poliana Capucho Sandre
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Natalia Cristina Aparecida Ribeiro e Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Henrique Marcondes
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Priscilla Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Claudio A. Serfaty
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
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Saleh-Ghadimi S, Kheirouri S, Maleki V, Jafari-Vayghan H, Alizadeh M. Endocannabinoid system and cardiometabolic risk factors: A comprehensive systematic review insight into the mechanistic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Life Sci 2020; 250:117556. [PMID: 32184122 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) have a pathophysiological role in the setting of cardiometabolic diseases. This systematic review was carried out to appraise the effect of omega-3 on cardiometabolic risk factors by highlighting the mediating effect of endocannabinoids. SCOPUS, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and ProQuest databases were searched until January 2020. All published English-language animal studies and clinical trials that evaluated the effects of omega-3 on cardiometabolic diseases with a focus on endocannabinoids were included. Of 1407 studies, 16 animal studies and three clinical trials were included for analysis. Eleven animal studies and two human studies showed a marked reduction in 2-AG and AEA levels following intake of omega-3 which correlated with decreased adiposity, weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis. Moreover, endocannabinoids were elevated in three studies that replaced omega-3 with omega-6. Omega-3 showed anti-inflammatory properties due to reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, regulation of T-cells function and increased levels of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide and oxylipins; however, a limited number of studies examined a correlation between inflammatory cytokines and endocannabinoids following omega-3 administration. In conclusion, omega-3 modulates endocannabinoid tone, which subsequently attenuates inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, further randomized clinical trials are needed before any recommendations are made to target the ECS using omega-3 as an alternative therapy to drugs for cardiometabolic disease improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ramírez-Orozco RE, García-Ruiz R, Morales P, Villalón CM, Villafán-Bernal JR, Marichal-Cancino BA. Potential metabolic and behavioural roles of the putative endocannabinoid receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in feeding. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:947-960. [PMID: 31146657 PMCID: PMC7052828 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190118143014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are ancient biomolecules involved in several cellular (e.g., metabolism) and physiological (e.g., eating behaviour) functions. Indeed, eating behaviour alterations in marijuana users have led to investigate the orexigen-ic/anorexigenic effects of cannabinoids in animal/human models. This increasing body of research suggests that the endo-cannabinoid system plays an important role in feeding control. Accordingly, within the endocannabinoid system, canna-binoid receptors, enzymes and genes represent potential therapeutic targets for dealing with multiple metabolic and behav-ioural dysfunctions (e.g., obesity, anorexia, etc.). Paradoxically, our understanding on the endocannabinoid system as a cel-lular mediator is yet limited. For example: (i) only two cannabinoid receptors have been classified, but they are not enough to explain the pharmacological profile of several experimental effects induced by cannabinoids; and (ii) several orphan G pro-tein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with cannabinoids and we do not know how to classify them (e.g., GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119; amongst others). On this basis, the present review attempts to summarize the lines of evidence supporting the potential role of GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in metabolism and feeding control that may explain some of the divergent effects and puzzling data re-lated to cannabinoid research. Moreover, their therapeutic potential in feeding behaviour alterations will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Ramírez-Orozco
- Departamento de Nutricion y Cultura Fisica, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Ricardo García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Cinvestav- Coapa, Czda. Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, 14330 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Rafael Villafán-Bernal
- Departamento de Cirugia, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, CP 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
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Carta G, Murru E, Vargiu R, Collu M, Carta M, Banni S, Stancampiano R. Essential fatty acids deficient diet modulates N-Acylethanolamide profile in rat's tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 153:102053. [PMID: 31978675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
No data are available on whether a diet deficient of the essential fatty acids is able to modulate tissue levels of endocannabinoids and congeners. Male rats fed for 12 weeks a diet deficient of essential fatty acids, palmitic and oleic acids (EFAD), replaced with saturated fatty acids (SAFA), showed lowered n-3 and n-6 PUFAs levels in plasma, liver and adipose tissue, with concomitant steep increase of oleic and mead acids, while in hypothalamus no changes in PUFA concentration were detected and only palmitoleic acid was found increased. We found a reduction of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide in liver and brain, while oleoylethanolamide increased significantly in liver and adipose tissue, associated to a 50 % body weight decrease. Changes in N-acylethanolamide profile may contribute to body weight reduction distinctive of EFA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranca Carta
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Romina Vargiu
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Manolo Carta
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy.
| | - Roberto Stancampiano
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
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Shrestha N, Sleep SL, Cuffe JSM, Holland OJ, Perkins AV, Yau SY, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Role of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in fetal programming. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:907-915. [PMID: 31883131 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition plays a critical role in fetal development and can influence adult onset of disease. Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are major omega-6 (n-6) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively, that are essential in our diet. LA and ALA are critical for the development of the fetal neurological and immune systems. However, in recent years, the consumption of n-6 PUFA has increased gradually worldwide, and elevated n-6 PUFA consumption may be harmful to human health. Consumption of diets with high levels of n-6 PUFA before or during pregnancy may have detrimental effects on fetal development and may influence overall health of offspring in adulthood. This review discusses the role of n-6 PUFA in fetal programming, the importance of a balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the maternal diet, and the need of further animal models and human studies that critically evaluate both n-6 and n-3 PUFA contents in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Simone L Sleep
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Suk Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioural and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Vic., Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
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48
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Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Michelsen KG, Picklo MJ. Increasing Dietary Fish Oil Reduces Adiposity and Mitigates Bone Deterioration in Growing C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2020; 150:99-107. [PMID: 31511877 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of total fat is linked to obesity and inversely associated with bone density in humans. Epidemiologic and animal studies show that long-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs supplied as fish oil (FO) are beneficial to skeletal health. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that increasing dietary FO would decrease adiposity and improve bone-related outcomes in growing obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 6 treatment groups and fed either a normal-fat diet (3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) or a high-fat diet (HF; 4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) containing either 0%, 3%, or 9% energy as FO (0FO, 3FO, and 9FO, respectively) ad libitum for 6 mo. Bone structure, body composition, and serum bone-related cytokines were measured. RESULTS The HF diet increased the expression of the adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa) and serum concentrations of leptin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and decreased serum concentrations of osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). FO decreased fat mass (P < 0.05), serum TRAP (P < 0.05), and adipose tissue Tnfa expression (P < 0.01). Bone content of long-chain n-3 PUFAs was increased and n-6 PUFAs were decreased with the elevation in dietary FO content (P < 0.01). Compared with mice fed 9FO, animals fed 3FO had higher femoral bone volume/total volume (25%), trabecular number (23%), connectivity density (82%), and bone mass of second lumbar vertebrae (12%) and lower femoral trabecular separation (-19%). Mice fed the 3FO HF diet had 42% higher bone mass than those fed the 0FO HF diet. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate increasing dietary FO ≤3% energy can decrease adiposity and mitigate HF diet-induced bone deterioration in growing C57BL/6 mice possibly by reducing inflammation and bone resorption. FO at 9% diet energy had no further beneficial effects on bone of obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Brian R Gregoire
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Kim G Michelsen
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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49
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Cinquina V, Calvigioni D, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Fife-Gernedl V, Shirran SL, Fuszard MA, Botting CH, Poullet P, Piscitelli F, Máté Z, Szabó G, Yanagawa Y, Kasper S, Di Marzo V, Mackie K, McBain CJ, Bock C, Keimpema E, Harkany T. Life-long epigenetic programming of cortical architecture by maternal 'Western' diet during pregnancy. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:22-36. [PMID: 31735910 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human diets led to preferences toward polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content with 'Western' diets enriched in ω-6 PUFAs. Mounting evidence points to ω-6 PUFA excess limiting metabolic and cognitive processes that define longevity in humans. When chosen during pregnancy, ω-6 PUFA-enriched 'Western' diets can reprogram maternal bodily metabolism with maternal nutrient supply precipitating the body-wide imprinting of molecular and cellular adaptations at the level of long-range intercellular signaling networks in the unborn fetus. Even though unfavorable neurological outcomes are amongst the most common complications of intrauterine ω-6 PUFA excess, cellular underpinnings of life-long modifications to brain architecture remain unknown. Here, we show that nutritional ω-6 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids desensitize CB1 cannabinoid receptors, thus inducing epigenetic repression of transcriptional regulatory networks controlling neuronal differentiation. We found that cortical neurons lose their positional identity and axonal selectivity when mouse fetuses are exposed to excess ω-6 PUFAs in utero. Conversion of ω-6 PUFAs into endocannabinoids disrupted the temporal precision of signaling at neuronal CB1 cannabinoid receptors, chiefly deregulating Stat3-dependent transcriptional cascades otherwise required to execute neuronal differentiation programs. Global proteomics identified the immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) as direct substrates, with DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility profiling uncovering epigenetic reprogramming at >1400 sites in neurons after prolonged cannabinoid exposure. We found anxiety and depression-like behavioral traits to manifest in adult offspring, which is consistent with genetic models of reduced IgCAM expression, to suggest causality for cortical wiring defects. Overall, our data uncover a regulatory mechanism whose disruption by maternal food choices could limit an offspring's brain function for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Calvigioni
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Fife-Gernedl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sally L Shirran
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Fuszard
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chris J McBain
- Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Dietary fatty acid quality affects systemic parameters and promotes prostatitis and pre-neoplastic lesions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19233. [PMID: 31848441 PMCID: PMC6917739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and nutritional factors, including fatty acids (FA), are associated with prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. We hypothesized that different FA in normolipidic diets (7%) affect prostate physiology, increasing the susceptibility to prostate disorders. Thus, we fed male C57/BL6 mice with normolipidic diets based on linseed oil, soybean oil or lard (varying saturated and unsaturated FA contents and ω-3/ω-6 ratios) for 12 or 32 weeks after weaning and examined structural and functional parameters of the ventral prostate (VP) in the systemic metabolic context. Mongolian gerbils were included because they present a metabolic detour for low water consumption (i.e., oxidize FA to produce metabolic water). A linseed oil-based diet (LO, 67.4% PUFAs, ω-3/ω-6 = 3.70) resulted in a thermogenic profile, while a soybean oil-based diet (SO, 52.7% PUFAs, ω-3/ω-6 = 0.11) increased body growth and adiposity. Mice fed lard (PF, 13.1% PUFA, ω-3/ω-6 = 0.07) depicted a biphasic growth, resulting in decreased adiposity in adulthood. SO and PF resulted in hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, respectively. PF and SO increased prostate epithelial volume, and lard resulted in epithelial hyperplasia. Animals in the LO group had smaller prostates with predominant atrophic epithelia and inflammatory loci. Inflammatory cells were frequent in the VP of PF mice (predominantly stromal) and LO mice (predominantly luminal). RNAseq after 12 weeks revealed good predictors of a later-onset inflammation. The transcriptome unveiled ontologies related to ER stress after 32 weeks on PF diets. In conclusion, different FA qualities result in different metabolic phenotypes and differentially impact prostate size, epithelial volume, inflammation and gene expression.
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