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Zhang Z, Lei Z. The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:200-213. [PMID: 38947761 PMCID: PMC11213626 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Gadzhiev A, Petherbridge G, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Alekseev A, Gulyaeva M, Litvinov K, Boltunov I, Teymurov A, Zhigalin A, Daudova M, Shestopalov A. Pinnipeds and avian influenza: a global timeline and review of research on the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on pinniped populations with particular reference to the endangered Caspian seal ( Pusa caspica). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325977. [PMID: 39071164 PMCID: PMC11273096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reviews chronologically the international scientific and health management literature and resources relating to impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses on pinnipeds in order to reinforce strategies for the conservation of the endangered Caspian seal (Pusa caspica), currently under threat from the HPAI H5N1 subtype transmitted from infected avifauna which share its haul-out habitats. Many cases of mass pinniped deaths globally have occurred from HPAI spill-overs, and are attributed to infected sympatric aquatic avifauna. As the seasonal migrations of Caspian seals provide occasions for contact with viruses from infected migratory aquatic birds in many locations around the Caspian Sea, this poses a great challenge to seal conservation. These are thus critical locations for the surveillance of highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, whose future reassortments may present a pandemic threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimurad Gadzhiev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Guy Petherbridge
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Caspian Centre for Nature Conservation, International Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Association of Universities and Research Centers of Caspian Region States, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Litvinov
- Laboratory of Ecological and Biological Research, Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Ivan Boltunov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulgamid Teymurov
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Zhigalin
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Madina Daudova
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1372. [PMID: 38731377 PMCID: PMC11083745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Tare DS, Keng SS, Walimbe AM, Pawar SD. Phylogeography and gene pool analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses reported in India from 2006 to 2021. Arch Virol 2024; 169:111. [PMID: 38664271 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
India has reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus outbreaks since 2006, with the first human case reported in 2021. These included viruses belonging to the clades 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.2.2.1, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.2.1c. There are currently no data on the gene pool of HPAI H5N1 viruses in India. Molecular clock and phylogeography analysis of the HA and NA genes; and phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes of H5N1 viruses from India were carried out. Sequences reported from 2006 to 2015; and sequences from 2021 that were available in online databases were used in the analysis. Five separate introductions of H5N1 viruses into India were observed, via Indonesia or Korea (2002), Bangladesh (2009), Bhutan (2010), and China (2013, 2018) (clades 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.2.2.1, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1c, and 2.3.4.4b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight reassortant genotypes. The H5N1 virus isolated from the human case showed a unique reassortant genotype. Amino acid markers associated with adaptation to mammals were also present. This is the first report of the spatio-temporal origins and gene pool analysis of H5N1 viruses from India, highlighting the need for increased molecular surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
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5
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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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6
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Zeng J, Du F, Xiao L, Sun H, Lu L, Lei W, Zheng J, Wang L, Shu S, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tang K, Sun Q, Zhang C, Long H, Qiu Z, Zhai K, Li Z, Zhang G, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang Z, Lycett SJ, Gao GF, Shu Y, Liu J, Du X, Pu J. Spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 avian influenza viruses contributed to H5N1 emergence in 2021/2022 panzootic. J Virol 2024; 98:e0140123. [PMID: 38358287 PMCID: PMC10949427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 viruses have swept through continents, posing serious threats to the world. Through comprehensive analyses of epidemiological, genetic, and bird migration data, we found that the dominant genotype replacement of the H5N8 viruses in 2020 contributed to the H5N1 outbreak in the 2021/2022 wave. The 2020 outbreak of the H5N8 G1 genotype instead of the G0 genotype produced reassortment opportunities and led to the emergence of a new H5N1 virus with G1's HA and MP genes. Despite extensive reassortments in the 2021/2022 wave, the H5N1 virus retained the HA and MP genes, causing a significant outbreak in Europe and North America. Furtherly, through the wild bird migration flyways investigation, we found that the temporal-spatial coincidence between the outbreak of the H5N8 G1 virus and the bird autumn migration may have expanded the H5 viral spread, which may be one of the main drivers of the emergence of the 2020-2022 H5 panzootic.IMPORTANCESince 2020, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype variants of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread across continents, posing unprecedented threats globally. However, the factors promoting the genesis and spread of H5 HPAI viruses remain unclear. Here, we found that the spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 HPAI viruses contributed to the emergence of the H5N1 variant that caused the 2021/2022 panzootic, and the viral evolution in poultry of Egypt and surrounding area and autumn bird migration from the Russia-Kazakhstan region to Europe are important drivers of the emergence of the 2020-2022 H5 panzootic. These findings provide important targets for early warning and could help control the current and future HPAI epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanshu Du
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Weipan Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianru Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoyu Long
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Zhai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Geli Zhang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Samantha J. Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS)/Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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Lagan P, Hamil M, Cull S, Hanrahan A, Wregor RM, Lemon K. Swine influenza A virus infection dynamics and evolution in intensive pig production systems. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae017. [PMID: 38476866 PMCID: PMC10930190 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is one of the main viral pathogens responsible for respiratory disease in farmed pigs. While outbreaks are often epidemic in nature, increasing reports suggest that continuous, endemic infection of herds is now common. The move towards larger herd sizes and increased intensification in the commercial pig industry may promote endemic infection; however, the impact that intensification has on swIAV infection dynamics and evolution is unclear. We carried out a longitudinal surveillance study for over 18 months on two enzootically infected, intensive, indoor, and multi-site pig production flows. Frequent sampling of all production stages using individual and group sampling methods was performed, followed by virological and immunological testing and whole-genome sequencing. We identified weaned pigs between 4 and 12-weeks old as the main reservoir of swIAV in the production flows, with continuous, year-round infection. Despite the continuous nature of viral circulation, infection levels were not uniform, with increasing exposure at the herd level associated with reduced viral prevalence followed by subsequent rebound infection. A single virus subtype was maintained on each farm for the entire duration of the study. Viral evolution was characterised by long periods of stasis punctuated by periods of rapid change coinciding with increasing exposure within the herd. An accumulation of mutations in the surface glycoproteins consistent with antigenic drift was observed, in addition to amino acid substitutions in the internal gene products as well as reassortment exchange of internal gene segments from newly introduced strains. These data demonstrate that long-term, continuous infection of herds with a single subtype is possible and document the evolutionary mechanisms utilised to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 12 Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Hamil
- JMW Farms Ltd., 50 Hamiltonsbawn Road, Armagh BT60 1HW, Northern Ireland
| | - Susan Cull
- Craigavon Area Hospital, 68 Lurgan Road, Craigavon BT63 5QQ, Northern Ireland
| | - Anthony Hanrahan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland
| | - Rosanna M Wregor
- JMW Farms Ltd., 50 Hamiltonsbawn Road, Armagh BT60 1HW, Northern Ireland
| | - Ken Lemon
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 12 Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
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8
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Grace D, Knight-Jones TJD, Melaku A, Alders R, Jemberu WT. The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa. Foods 2024; 13:411. [PMID: 38338547 PMCID: PMC10855203 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry diseases pose major constraints on smallholder production in Africa, causing high flock mortality and economic hardship. Infectious diseases, especially viral diseases like Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and bacterial diseases, especially colibacillosis and salmonellosis, are responsible for most chicken losses, with downstream effects on human nutrition and health. Beyond production impacts, poultry diseases directly harm public health if zoonotic, can give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and facilitate antimicrobial resistance through treatment attempts. HPAI, campylobacteriosis, and salmonellosis are the priority zoonoses. Sustainable solutions for poultry health remain elusive despite recognition of the problem. This review summarises current knowledge on major poultry diseases in smallholder systems, their impacts, and options for prevention and control. We find biosecurity, vaccination, good husbandry, and disease-resistant breeds can reduce disease burden, but practical limitations exist in implementing these measures across smallholder systems. Treatment is often inefficient for viral diseases, and treatment for bacterial diseases risks antimicrobial resistance. Ethnoveterinary practices offer accessible alternatives but require more rigorous evaluation. Multisectoral collaboration and policies that reach smallholder poultry keepers are essential to alleviate disease constraints. Successful control will improve livelihoods, nutrition, and gender equity for millions of rural families. This review concludes that sustainable, scalable solutions for smallholder poultry disease control remain a critical unmet need in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Grace
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | | | - Achenef Melaku
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia;
| | - Robyn Alders
- Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Wudu T. Jemberu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia or (W.T.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
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9
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Beyit AD, Meki IK, Barry Y, Haki ML, El Ghassem A, Hamma SM, Abdelwahab N, Doumbia B, Ahmed Benane H, Daf DS, Sidatt ZEA, Ould Mekhalla L, El Mamy B, Gueya MOB, Settypalli TBK, Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali H, Datta S, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Avian influenza H5N1 in a great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), Mauritania 2022. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2193-2197. [PMID: 36930249 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In February 2022, mortalities among great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) were reported in the Parc National de Diawling, southwestern Mauritania. Samples were collected and processed, indicating the presence of high pathogenicity avian influenza subtype H5N1. A nearly complete genome was generated for one sample, revealing a high similarity [> 99.5% (H5) nucleotide sequence identity] with Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 identified in Europe in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellahi Diambar Beyit
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Irene K Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yahya Barry
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Lemine Haki
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdellahi El Ghassem
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sidi Mohamed Hamma
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Navee Abdelwahab
- Office National de Recherches Et de Développement de L'Elevage Et du Pastoralisme (ONARDEP), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Baba Doumbia
- Direction Des Services Vétérinarie (DVS), Ministère de L'Elevage, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Hacen Ahmed Benane
- Direction Des Services Vétérinarie (DVS), Ministère de L'Elevage, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | | | - Bezeid El Mamy
- REDISSE III-MR, Ministère de L'Elevage, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Institut Supérieur d'Enseignement Technologique (ISET) de Rosso, Ministère de L'Enseignement Supérieur, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Molini U, Yabe J, Meki IK, Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali H, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Coetzee LM, Hamunyela E, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis) in Namibia, 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2167610. [PMID: 36632773 PMCID: PMC9980411 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2167610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In January 2022, significant mortality was observed among Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) on the west coast of Namibia. Samples collected were shown to be positive for H5N1 avian influenza by multiplex RT-qPCR. Full genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis identified the viruses as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b and that it clustered with similar viruses identified in Lesotho and Botswana in 2021. This is the first genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses in Namibia and has important implications for poultry disease management and wildlife conservation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Irene K. Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Molini U, Yabe J, Meki IK, Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali H, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Coetzee LM, Hamunyela E, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis) in Namibia, 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023. [PMID: 36632773 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2167610inpress] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In January 2022, significant mortality was observed among Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) on the west coast of Namibia. Samples collected were shown to be positive for H5N1 avian influenza by multiplex RT-qPCR. Full genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis identified the viruses as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b and that it clustered with similar viruses identified in Lesotho and Botswana in 2021. This is the first genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses in Namibia and has important implications for poultry disease management and wildlife conservation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Irene K Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Leyson C, Youk S, Lee SA, Moon LM, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Lenoch JB, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 38005949 PMCID: PMC10674317 DOI: 10.3390/v15112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A. Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Linda M. Moon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
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13
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Chauhan RP, Fogel R, Limson J. Nanopore MinION Sequencing Generates a White Spot Syndrome Virus Genome from a Pooled Cloacal Swab Sample of Domestic Chickens in South Africa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2802. [PMID: 38004813 PMCID: PMC10672864 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus is a highly contagious pathogen affecting shrimp farming worldwide. The host range of this virus is primarily limited to crustaceans, such as shrimps, crabs, prawns, crayfish, and lobsters; however, several species of non-crustaceans, including aquatic insects, piscivorous birds, and molluscs may serve as the vectors for ecological dissemination. The present study was aimed at studying the faecal virome of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The cloacal swab specimens (n = 35) were collected from domestic chickens in December 2022. The cloacal swab specimens were pooled-each pool containing five cloacal swabs-for metagenomic analysis using a sequence-independent single-primer amplification protocol, followed by Nanopore MinION sequencing. While the metagenomic sequencing generated several contigs aligning with reference genomes of animal viruses, one striking observation was the presence of a White spot syndrome virus genome in one pool of cloacal swab specimens. The generated White spot syndrome virus genome was 273,795 bp in size with 88.5% genome coverage and shared 99.94% nucleotide sequence identity with a reference genome reported in China during 2018 (GenBank accession: NC_003225.3). The Neighbour-Joining tree grouped South African White spot syndrome virus genome with other White spot syndrome virus genomes reported from South East Asia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a White spot syndrome virus genome generated from domestic chickens. The significance of White spot syndrome virus infection in domestic chickens is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janice Limson
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (R.P.C.); (R.F.)
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14
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Hegazy AM, Hassanin O, Hemele MAM, Momenah MA, Al-Saeed FA, Shakak AO, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saadony MT, Tolba HMN. Evaluation of the immuno-stimulatory effect of aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in experimental chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103043. [PMID: 37741118 PMCID: PMC10520533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently detected clade 2.3.4.4 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in poultry encouraged us to study the efficacy of the 6 most extensively used saleable H5 poultry vaccinations (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-5 H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) with or without aqueous 8% neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract as an immunostimulant. One hundred thirty birds were randomly divided into 7 groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were divided into 2 subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) and (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) with 10 birds each. Subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) received the (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) vaccines, while subgroups (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) received the same previous vaccination but treated with neem leaf extract administrated 2 d before and after vaccination, and G7 with 10 birds was kept unvaccinated as positive control group. Clinical signs of the challenged group showed conjunctivitis, closed eyes, cyanosis in comb and wattle, ocular discharge, and greenish diarrhea, while postmortem lesions showed congested trachea and lung, hemorrhage on the shank, proventriculus, and pancreas; gelatinous fluid submandibular, congestion of all organs (septicemia), mottled spleen. The clinical signs and lesions were mild in neem leaf extract treated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 while moderate in monovalent vaccine and H5N3 with or without neem leaf extract treated and reached severe in the group immunized with H5N1 with or without neem leaf extract treatment. The protection levels in the bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1, and H5N3 treated with neem leaf extract, were 80%, 80%, and 60%, respectively, while bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1 and H5N3 without treatment were 60%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. The virus shedding was prevented in groups vaccinated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 vaccine treated with neem leaf extract, while decreased in the group vaccinated with H5N3 with neem leaf extract and Re-H5N1 without neem leaf extract compared with H5N3, H5N1, and monovalent vaccine. The immunological response after vaccination was stronger in the bivalent vaccine group than in the other commercial vaccine groups treated with neem leaf extract, with geometric mean titer (GMTs) of 315.2 and 207.9 at the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The use of immunostimulant antiviral medicinal plants, such as neem, completely protected chicken flocks against HPAI (H5N8) and prevented AI virus shedding, leading us to the conclusion that the use of bivalent vaccines induces a higher immune response than other different commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hegazy
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ola Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mai A M Hemele
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdullah Momenah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Osman Shakak
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Shendi, Shendi 142, Sudan; Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hala M N Tolba
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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15
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Carnegie L, Raghwani J, Fournié G, Hill SC. Phylodynamic approaches to studying avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:289-308. [PMID: 37565466 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2236568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can cause severe disease in domestic and wild birds and are a pandemic threat. Phylodynamics is the study of how epidemiological, evolutionary, and immunological processes can interact to shape viral phylogenies. This review summarizes how phylodynamic methods have and could contribute to the study of avian influenza viruses. Specifically, we assess how phylodynamics can be used to examine viral spread within and between wild or domestic bird populations at various geographical scales, identify factors associated with virus dispersal, and determine the order and timing of virus lineage movement between geographic regions or poultry production systems. We discuss factors that can complicate the interpretation of phylodynamic results and identify how future methodological developments could contribute to improved control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carnegie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
| | - J Raghwani
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
| | - G Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint Genes Champanelle, France
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
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16
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Hollingsworth BD, Grubaugh ND, Lazzaro BP, Murdock CC. Leveraging insect-specific viruses to elucidate mosquito population structure and dynamics. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011588. [PMID: 37651317 PMCID: PMC10470969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several aspects of mosquito ecology that are important for vectored disease transmission and control have been difficult to measure at epidemiologically important scales in the field. In particular, the ability to describe mosquito population structure and movement rates has been hindered by difficulty in quantifying fine-scale genetic variation among populations. The mosquito virome represents a possible avenue for quantifying population structure and movement rates across multiple spatial scales. Mosquito viromes contain a diversity of viruses, including several insect-specific viruses (ISVs) and "core" viruses that have high prevalence across populations. To date, virome studies have focused on viral discovery and have only recently begun examining viral ecology. While nonpathogenic ISVs may be of little public health relevance themselves, they provide a possible route for quantifying mosquito population structure and dynamics. For example, vertically transmitted viruses could behave as a rapidly evolving extension of the host's genome. It should be possible to apply established analytical methods to appropriate viral phylogenies and incidence data to generate novel approaches for estimating mosquito population structure and dispersal over epidemiologically relevant timescales. By studying the virome through the lens of spatial and genomic epidemiology, it may be possible to investigate otherwise cryptic aspects of mosquito ecology. A better understanding of mosquito population structure and dynamics are key for understanding mosquito-borne disease ecology and methods based on ISVs could provide a powerful tool for informing mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Hollingsworth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector-borne Diseases, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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17
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Meseko C, Milani A, Inuwa B, Chinyere C, Shittu I, Ahmed J, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Zecchin B, Bonfante F, Maniero S, Angot A, Niang M, Fusaro A, Gobbo F, Terregino C, Olasoju T, Monne I, Muhammad M. The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1387. [PMID: 37376688 DOI: 10.3390/v15061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8, which were identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021-2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed a widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses that have been detected in Europe since late 2020. The topology of the phylogenetic trees indicated the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country, followed by a regional evolution of the virus that was most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. Additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of the HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Bitrus Inuwa
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Chinonyerem Chinyere
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - James Ahmed
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Angélique Angot
- Animal Health Service (NSAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Taiwo Olasoju
- Federal Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services (FDV&PCS), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), Abuja 900108, Nigeria
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza & Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930101, Nigeria
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18
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Kim JY, Lee SH, Kim DW, Lee DW, Song CS, Lee DH, Kwon JH. Detection of intercontinental reassortant H6 avian influenza viruses from wild birds in South Korea, 2015 and 2017. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157984. [PMID: 37377949 PMCID: PMC10291271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds are phylogenetically separated in Eurasian and North American lineages due to the separated distribution and migration of wild birds. However, AIVs are occasionally dispersed between two continents by migratory wild birds flying across the Bering Strait. In this study, we isolated three AIVs from wild bird feces collected in South Korea that contain gene segments derived from American lineage AIVs, including an H6N2 isolated in 2015 and two H6N1 in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the H6N2 virus had American lineage matrix gene and the H6N1 viruses had American lineage nucleoprotein and non-structural genes. These results highlight that novel AIVs have continuously emerged by reassortment between viruses from the two continents. Therefore, continuous monitoring for the emergence and intercontinental spread of novel reassortant AIV is required to prepare for a possible future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hak Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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19
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Rosone F, Bonfante F, Sala MG, Maniero S, Cersini A, Ricci I, Garofalo L, Caciolo D, Denisi A, Napolitan A, Parente M, Zecchin B, Terregino C, Scicluna MT. Seroconversion of a Swine Herd in a Free-Range Rural Multi-Species Farm against HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b Clade Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1162. [PMCID: PMC10224318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from October 2021, several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 were reported in wild and domestic birds in Italy. Following the detection of an HPAIV in a free-ranging poultry farm in Ostia, province of Rome, despite the lack of clinical signs, additional virological and serological analyses were conducted on samples collected from free-ranging pigs, reared in the same holding, due to their direct contact with the infected poultry. While the swine nasal swabs were all RT-PCR negative for the influenza type A matrix (M) gene, the majority (%) of the tested pigs resulted serologically positive for the hemagglutination inhibition test and microneutralization assay, using an H5N1 strain considered to be homologous to the virus detected in the farm. These results provide further evidence of the worrisome replicative fitness that HPAI H5Nx viruses of the 2.3.4.4b clade have in mammalian species. Moreover, our report calls for additional active surveillance, to promptly intercept occasional spillover transmissions to domestic mammals in close contact with HPAI affected birds. Strengthened biosecurity measures and efficient separation should be prioritized in mixed-species farms in areas at risk of HPAI introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Marcello Giovanni Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Ida Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Daniela Caciolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Antonella Denisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Alessandra Napolitan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Monja Parente
- State Veterinarians of the Local Health Unit (LHU), 00054 Rome, Italy;
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
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20
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Surveillance and Phylogenetic Characterisation of Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Waterfowl in Zambia in 2015, 2020, and 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4606850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the southern African region has experienced repeated incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), with wild migratory birds being implicated in the spread. To understand the profile of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in Zambia, we surveyed wild waterfowl for AIVs and phylogenetically characterised the isolates detected in 2015, 2020, and 2021. A total of 2,851 faecal samples of wild waterfowl were collected from Lochinvar National Park in the Southern Province of Zambia. During the study period, 85 (3.0%) low pathogenicity AIVs belonging to various subtypes were isolated, with H2N9, H8N4, and H10N8 being reported for the first time in avian species in Africa. The majority of the isolates were detected from glossy ibis (order Pelecaniformes) making it the first report of AIV from these birds in Zambia. Phylogenetic analysis of all eight gene segments of the 30 full genomes obtained in this study revealed that all the isolates belonged to the Eurasian lineage with their closest relatives being viruses isolated from wild and/or domestic birds in Bangladesh, Belgium, Egypt, Georgia, Mongolia, the Netherlands, and South Africa. Additionally, the Zambian viruses were grouped into distinct clusters based on the year of isolation. While no notifiable AIVs of the H5 or H7 subtypes were detected in wild birds in Zambia, viral internal protein genes of some viruses were closely related to H7 low pathogenicity AIVs. This study shows that periodically, a considerable diversity of AIV subtypes are introduced into the Zambian ecosystem by wild migratory waterfowl. The findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs in wild waterfowl, including birds traditionally not considered to be major AIV reservoirs, for a better understanding of the eco-epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of AIVs in Africa.
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21
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Descriptive Epidemiology of and Response to the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N8) Epidemic in South African Coastal Seabirds, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2708458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus was detected in coastal seabirds in late 2017 in South Africa, following a devastating epidemic in the commercial poultry and ostrich industries. By May 2018, the infection had been confirmed in fifteen seabird species at 31 sites along the southern coast, with the highest mortality recorded in terns (Family Laridae, Order Charadriiformes). Over 7,500 positive or suspected cases in seabirds were reported. Among those infected were three endangered species: African penguins (Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus, 1758), Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis Wahlberg, 1855), and Cape gannets (Morus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823). The scale and impact of this outbreak were unprecedented in southern African coastal seabirds and raised logistical challenges in resource allocation, risk mitigation, and outbreak response. It required the collaboration of multiple stakeholder groups, including a variety of government departments and nongovernmental organizations. With another HPAI outbreak in South African seabirds in 2021 and major incursions in seabird species in the northern hemisphere in 2022, it is vital to share and consolidate knowledge on the subject. We describe the epidemic, the lessons learned, and recommendations for developing contingency plans.
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22
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Zhang G, Li B, Raghwani J, Vrancken B, Jia R, Hill SC, Fournié G, Cheng Y, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Dong L, Pybus OG, Tian H. Bidirectional Movement of Emerging H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses Between Europe and Asia via Migratory Birds Since Early 2020. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad019. [PMID: 36703230 PMCID: PMC9922686 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds play a critical role in the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 across Eurasia. Elucidating the timing and pattern of virus transmission is essential therefore for understanding the spatial dissemination of these viruses. In this study, we surveyed >27,000 wild birds in China, tracked the year-round migration patterns of 20 bird species across China since 2006, and generated new HPAI H5N8 virus genomic data. Using this new data set, we investigated the seasonal transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N8 viruses across Eurasia. We found that introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses to different Eurasian regions were associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. Moreover, we report a backflow of HPAI H5N8 virus lineages from Europe to Asia, suggesting that Europe acts as both a source and a sink in the global HPAI virus transmission network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanchao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengmiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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24
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Letsholo SL, James J, Meyer SM, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Oarabile L, Kemolatlhe O, Pebe KT, Mafonko BR, Kgotlele TJ, Kumile K, Modise B, Thanda C, Nyange JFC, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Brown IH, Dundon WG, Banyard AC. Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122601. [PMID: 36560605 PMCID: PMC9788244 DOI: 10.3390/v14122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020-2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Letsholo
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Scott M. Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Letlhogile Oarabile
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Kemolatlhe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kgakgamatso T. Pebe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Bruce R. Mafonko
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo J. Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Boitumelo Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - John F. C. Nyange
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
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25
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Zhou Z, Cai D, Wei G, Cai B, Kong S, Ma M, Zhang J, Nie Q. Polymorphisms of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 and their relationship with chicken carcass traits. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102324. [PMID: 36436375 PMCID: PMC9706630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcass traits play important roles in the broiler industry and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can be efficient molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding of chicken carcass traits. Based on our previous RNA-seq data (accession number GSE58755), cysteine rich with epidermal growth factor like domains 1 (CRELD1) and DnaJ heat shock protein family member C30 (DNAJC30) are differentially expressed in breast muscle between white recessive rock chicken (WRR) and Xinghua chicken (XH). In this study, we further characterize the potential function and SNP mutation of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 in chicken for the first time. According to protein interaction network and enrichment analysis, CRELD1 and DNAJC30 may play some roles in chicken muscle development and fat deposition. In WRR and XH, the results of the relative tissue expression pattern demonstrated that CRELD1 and DNAJC30 are not only differentially expressed in breast muscle but also leg muscle and abdominal fat. Therefore, we identified 5 SNP sites of CRELD1 and 7 SNP sites of DNAJC30 and genotyped them in an F2 chicken population. There are 4 sites of CRELD1 and 3 sites of DNAJC30 are associated with chicken carcass traits like breast muscle weight, body weight, dressed weight, leg weight percentage, eviscerated weight with giblet percentage, intermuscular adipose width, shank length, and girth. These results suggest that the SNP sites of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 can be potential molecular markers to improve the chicken carcass traits and lay the foundation for marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Danfeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guohui Wei
- Wen's Nanfang Poultry Breeding Co. Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Bolin Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shaofen Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Manting Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China,Corresponding author:
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26
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Kabantiyok D, Ninyio N, Shittu I, Meseko C, Emeto TI, Adegboye OA. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1551. [PMID: 36146628 PMCID: PMC9506385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria's response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa's preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kabantiyok
- Laboratory Diagnostic Services Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Nathaniel Ninyio
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus I. Emeto
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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27
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Wild Bird Surveillance in the Gauteng Province of South Africa during the High-Risk Period for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Introduction. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092027. [PMID: 36146838 PMCID: PMC9504564 DOI: 10.3390/v14092027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds carried clade 2.3.4.4B H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses to South Africa in 2017, 2018 and 2021, where the Gauteng Province is a high-risk zone for virus introduction. Here, we combined environmental faecal sampling with sensitive rRT-PCR methods and direct Ion Torrent sequencing to survey wild populations between February and May 2022. An overall IAV incidence of 42.92% (100/231) in water bird faecal swab pools or swabs from moribund or dead European White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) was detected. In total, 7% of the IAV-positive pools tested H5-positive, with clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 HPAI confirmed in the storks; 10% of the IAV-positive samples were identified as H9N2, and five complete H9N2 genomes were phylogenetically closely related to a local 2021 wild duck H9N2 virus, recent Eurasian LPAI viruses or those detected in commercial ostriches in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces since 2018. H3N1, H4N2, H5N2 and H8Nx subtypes were also identified. Targeted surveillance of wild birds using environmental faecal sampling can thus be effectively applied under sub-Saharan African conditions, but region-specific studies should first be used to identify peak prevalence times which, in southern Africa, is linked to the peak rainfall period, when ducks are reproductively active.
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28
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Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091901. [PMID: 36146708 PMCID: PMC9504354 DOI: 10.3390/v14091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, the poultry population in Burkina Faso has been seriously hit by different waves of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epizootics. In December 2021, three distinct regions of Burkina Faso, namely, Gomboussougou, Bonyollo, and Koubri, detected HPAI H5N1 viruses in poultry. Whole genome characterization and statistical phylogenetic approaches were applied to shed light on the potential origin of these viruses and estimate the time of virus emergence. Our results revealed that the HPAI H5N1 viruses reported in the three affected regions of Burkina Faso cluster together within clade 2.3.4.4b, and are closely related to HPAI H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Niger in the period 2021–2022, except for the PA gene, which clusters with H9N2 viruses of the zoonotic G1 lineage collected in West Africa between 2017 and 2020. These reassortant viruses possess several mutations that may be associated with an increased zoonotic potential. Although it is difficult to ascertain where and when the reassortment event occurred, the emergence of a H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a vulnerable region, such as West Africa, raises concerns about its possible impact on animal and human health. These findings also highlight the risk that West Africa may become a new hotspot for the emergence of new genotypes of HPAI viruses.
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29
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Alkie TN, Lopes S, Hisanaga T, Xu W, Suderman M, Koziuk J, Fisher M, Redford T, Lung O, Joseph T, Himsworth CG, Brown IH, Bowes V, Lewis NS, Berhane Y. A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac077. [PMID: 36105667 PMCID: PMC9463990 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2016 to 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses circulated in Asia, Europe, and Africa, causing waves of infections and the deaths of millions of wild and domestic birds and presenting a zoonotic risk. In late 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from poultry in Canada and also retrospectively from a great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), raising concerns that the spread of these viruses to North America was mediated by migratory wild bird populations. In February and April 2022, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and broiler chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus from bald eagle was genetically related to H5N1 HPAI virus isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, in January 2022. The virus identified from broiler chickens was a reassortant H5N1 HPAI virus with unique constellation genome segments containing PB2 and NP from North American lineage LPAI viruses, and the remaining gene segments were genetically related to the original Newfoundland-like H5N1 HPAI viruses detected in November and December 2021 in Canada. This is the first report of H5 HPAI viruses' introduction to North America from the Pacific and the North Atlantic-linked flyways and highlights the expanding risk of genetically distinct virus introductions from different geographical locations and the potential for local reassortment with both the American lineage LPAI viruses in wild birds and with both Asian-like and European-like H5 HPAI viruses. We also report the presence of some amino acid substitutions across each segment that might contribute to the replicative efficiency of these viruses in mammalian host, evade adaptive immunity, and pose a potential zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Sara Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Campus, The Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Janice Koziuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Chelsea G Himsworth
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative British Columbia, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ian H Brown
- International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Campus, The Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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30
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Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Analysis of Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Circulating in Egypt, 2019–2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081758. [PMID: 36016379 PMCID: PMC9415572 DOI: 10.3390/v14081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus was first detected in Egypt in late 2016. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly among different poultry sectors, becoming the dominant HPAI H5 subtype reported in Egypt. Different genotypes of the HPAI H5N8 virus were reported in Egypt; however, the geographic patterns and molecular evolution of the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses are still unclear. Here, extensive epidemiological surveillance was conducted, including more than half a million samples collected from different poultry sectors (farms/backyards/live bird markets) from all governorates in Egypt during 2019–2021. In addition, genetic characterization and evolutionary analyses were performed using 47 selected positive H5N8 isolates obtained during the same period. The result of the conducted surveillance showed that HPAI H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b continue to circulate in different locations in Egypt, with an obvious seasonal pattern, and no further detection of the HPAI H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 was observed in the poultry population during 2019–2021. In addition, phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses revealed that two major genotypes (G5 and G6) of HPAI H5N8 viruses were continually expanding among the poultry sectors in Egypt. Notably, molecular dating analysis suggested that the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 virus is the potential ancestral viruses of the European H5N8 viruses of 2020–2021. In summary, the data of this study highlight the current epidemiology, diversity, and evolution of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Egypt and call for continuous monitoring of the genetic features of the avian influenza viruses in Egypt.
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31
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Ye H, Zhang J, Sang Y, Shan N, Qiu W, Zhong W, Li J, Yuan Z. Divergent Reassortment and Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Birds of China During 2021. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:913551. [PMID: 35847056 PMCID: PMC9279683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses had caused several outbreaks among wild bird and poultry populations across the globe, and strikingly, caused human infection, posing serious public health concerns. In this study, we conducted influenza surveillance in China during 2021 to monitor the evolution of influenza viruses in poultry. A total of 35 influenza viruses were obtained in chickens, ducks, and geese, of which 30 H5N8 viruses, 3 H5N1 viruses, and 2 H5N6 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis suggested all of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 isolates were derived from clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses during 2020/21 season, and notably, the internal genes of H5N1 and H5N6 viruses shared different genetic heterogeneity with H5N8 viruses and had been reassorted with wild bird-origin H5N1 viruses from Europe. By contrast, almost all H5N8 viruses exhibited only one phylogenic cluster with wild bird-origin H5N8 viruses in China and Korea, indicating that H5N8 viruses in China were more stable. Besides, we found that Korea is the main output geographic location in the spread of these H5N8 viruses to northern and eastern China, and especially, the co-circulation of H5N8 viruses occurred within China, with central China acted as a seeding population during the H5N8 epidemic. The statistical support was strong for viral migration from wild birds to chickens and ducks, indicating that 2.3.4.4b poultry-origin H5N8 viruses during 2020–2021 were originated from wild birds. Our findings provide novel insights into evolution and transmission dynamics of H5 subtype influenza viruses among poultry after novel H5N8 viruses invaded China for nearly one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejia Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfen Sang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Zhong
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbao Li
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoxia Yuan,
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32
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Hill NJ, Bishop MA, Trovão NS, Ineson KM, Schaefer AL, Puryear WB, Zhou K, Foss AD, Clark DE, MacKenzie KG, Gass JD, Borkenhagen LK, Hall JS, Runstadler JA. Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010062. [PMID: 35588106 PMCID: PMC9119557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to human habitats. This study sought to address this imbalance by characterizing spillover dynamics and global transmission patterns of IAV over 10 years at greater taxonomic resolution than previously considered. Furthermore, the circulation of viral subtypes in birds that are either host-adapted (low pathogenic H13, H16) or host-generalist (highly pathogenic avian influenza—HPAI H5) provided a unique opportunity to test and extend models of viral evolution. Using Bayesian phylodynamic modelling we uncovered a complex transmission network that relied on ecologically divergent bird hosts. The generalist subtype, HPAI H5 was driven largely by wild geese and swans that acted as a source for wild ducks, gulls, land birds, and domestic geese. Gulls were responsible for moving HPAI H5 more rapidly than any other host, a finding that may reflect their long-distance, pelagic movements and their immuno-naïve status against this subtype. Wild ducks, long viewed as primary hosts for spillover, occupied an optimal space for viral transmission, contributing to geographic expansion and rapid dispersal of HPAI H5. Evidence of inter-hemispheric dispersal via both the Pacific and Atlantic Rims was detected, supporting surveillance at high latitudes along continental margins to achieve early detection. Both neutral (geographic expansion) and non-neutral (antigenic selection) evolutionary processes were found to shape subtype evolution which manifested as unique geographic hotspots for each subtype at the global scale. This study reveals how a diversity of avian hosts contribute to viral spread and spillover with the potential to improve surveillance in an era of rapid global change. Our study provides novel insights into the biology of influenza A virus (IAV), which is timely in view of the unusually large number of animal and human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 across Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Currently we face challenges with predicting how the avian reservoir will influence IAV spread because the mechanisms by which different subtypes disperse are not well understood. Our study sought to address this knowledge gap by systematically comparing the evolutionary dynamics that drive IAV transmission across subtypes and bird hosts with the goal of identifying spillover pathways at the wild-domestic interface. By analyzing the evolution of IAV over 10 years at greater taxonomic resolution than previously considered, we uncovered a complex transmission network that relied on ecologically divergent bird hosts. Domestic birds were responsible for slow but steady range expansion of HPAI H5, while wild birds such as geese, swans, gulls and ducks contibuted to rapid but episodic dispersal via uniquely different pathways. By assessing how virus-host systems are coupled, findings from this study have the potential to refine and enhance global surveillance and outbreak prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary Anne Bishop
- Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Nídia S. Trovão
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Ineson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Schaefer
- Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Wendy B. Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexa D. Foss
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Clark
- Division of Water Supply Protection, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, West Boylston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. MacKenzie
- Division of Water Supply Protection, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, West Boylston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Borkenhagen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Hall
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
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33
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Wille M, Grillo V, Ban de Gouvea Pedroso S, Burgess GW, Crawley A, Dickason C, Hansbro PM, Hoque MA, Horwood PF, Kirkland PD, Kung NYH, Lynch SE, Martin S, McArthur M, O’Riley K, Read AJ, Warner S, Hoye BJ, Lisovski S, Leen T, Hurt AC, Butler J, Broz I, Davies KR, Mileto P, Neave MJ, Stevens V, Breed AC, Lam TTY, Holmes EC, Klaassen M, Wong FYK. Australia as a global sink for the genetic diversity of avian influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010150. [PMID: 35536868 PMCID: PMC9089890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our understanding of the ecology and evolution of avian influenza A virus (AIV) in wild birds is derived from studies conducted in the northern hemisphere on waterfowl, with a substantial bias towards dabbling ducks. However, relevant environmental conditions and patterns of avian migration and reproduction are substantially different in the southern hemisphere. Through the sequencing and analysis of 333 unique AIV genomes collected from wild birds collected over 15 years we show that Australia is a global sink for AIV diversity and not integrally linked with the Eurasian gene pool. Rather, AIV are infrequently introduced to Australia, followed by decades of isolated circulation and eventual extinction. The number of co-circulating viral lineages varies per subtype. AIV haemagglutinin (HA) subtypes that are rarely identified at duck-centric study sites (H8-12) had more detected introductions and contemporary co-circulating lineages in Australia. Combined with a lack of duck migration beyond the Australian-Papuan region, these findings suggest introductions by long-distance migratory shorebirds. In addition, on the available data we found no evidence of directional or consistent patterns in virus movement across the Australian continent. This feature corresponds to patterns of bird movement, whereby waterfowl have nomadic and erratic rainfall-dependant distributions rather than consistent intra-continental migratory routes. Finally, we detected high levels of virus gene segment reassortment, with a high diversity of AIV genome constellations across years and locations. These data, in addition to those from other studies in Africa and South America, clearly show that patterns of AIV dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere are distinct from those in the temperate north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Graham W. Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | | | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram (previously Chittagong) Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Nina Yu-Hsin Kung
- Animal Biosecurity & Welfare, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health Food Science Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Stacey E. Lynch
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sue Martin
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Australia
| | - Michaela McArthur
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Kensington, Australia
| | - Kim O’Riley
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Read
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Simone Warner
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bethany J. Hoye
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Trent Leen
- Geelong Field & Game, Geelong, Australia
- Wetlands Environmental Taskforce, Field & Game Australia, Seymour, Australia
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ivano Broz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kelly R. Davies
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Patrick Mileto
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Neave
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Vicky Stevens
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Breed
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, Australia
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Tommy T. Y. Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Frank Y. K. Wong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
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34
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Makalo MRJ, Dundon WG, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Phalatsi MS, Lepheana RJ, Matlali M, Mahloane RG, Molomo M, Mphaka PC. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) virus outbreaks in Lesotho, May 2021. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:757-760. [PMID: 35171076 PMCID: PMC8920393 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn May 2021, Lesotho reported its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to the OIE. Samples were collected from infected poultry and the virus was confirmed by molecular tests to be of the H5N1 subtype. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity with A/H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Senegal in early 2021. The identification of A/H5N1 HPAI in Lesotho has important implications for disease management and food security in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabusetsa R J Makalo
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moeketsi S Phalatsi
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, P.O Roma 180, Lesotho
| | - Relebohile J Lepheana
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
| | - Mpaliseng Matlali
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
| | - Relebohile G Mahloane
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
| | - Marosi Molomo
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
| | - Palesa C Mphaka
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private A82, Maseru 100, Lesotho
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35
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Lo FT, Zecchin B, Diallo AA, Racky O, Tassoni L, Diop A, Diouf M, Diouf M, Samb YN, Pastori A, Gobbo F, Ellero F, Diop M, Lo MM, Diouf MN, Fall M, Ndiaye AA, Gaye AM, Badiane M, Lo M, Youm BN, Ndao I, Niaga M, Terregino C, Diop B, Ndiaye Y, Angot A, Seck I, Niang M, Soumare B, Fusaro A, Monne I. Intercontinental Spread of Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) to Senegal. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:234-237. [PMID: 34932444 PMCID: PMC8714199 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2021, Senegal reported the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H5N1), which was detected on a poultry farm in Thies, Senegal, and in great white pelicans in the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary. We report evidence of new transcontinental spread of H5N1 from Europe toward Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alpha A. Diallo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - O. Racky
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Luca Tassoni
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Aida Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Moussa Diouf
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mayékor Diouf
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Yacine N. Samb
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Ambra Pastori
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Francesca Ellero
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mariame Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Modou M. Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mame N. Diouf
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mathioro Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Amadou A. Ndiaye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Adji M. Gaye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Médoune Badiane
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Babacor N. Youm
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Ibrahima Ndao
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Marius Niaga
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Boly Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Youssou Ndiaye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Angelique Angot
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Baba Soumare
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
| | - Isabella Monne
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles–Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal (F.T. Lo, A.A. Diallo, R.O. Ba, A. Diop, Moussa Diouf, Mayékor Diouf, Y.N. Samb, M. Diop, M.M. Lo, M.N. Diouf)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (B. Zecchin, L. Tassoni, A. Pastori, F. Gobbo, F. Ellero, C. Terregino, A. Fusaro, I. Monne)
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Rufisque, Senegal (M. Fall, A.A. Ndiaye, A.M. Gaye, M. Badiane, M. Lo)
- Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Dakar, Senegal (B.N. Youm, I. Ndao, M. Niaga)
- Direction de la Prévention, Dakar (B. Diop)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dakar (Y. Ndiaye)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (A. Angot)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana (I. Seck, M. Niang, B. Soumare)
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Bianchini EA, Bogiatto RJ, Donatello RA, Casazza ML, Ackerman JT, De La Cruz SEW, Cline TD. Host Correlates of Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Wild Waterfowl of the Sacramento Valley, California. Avian Dis 2021; 66:20-28. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond J. Bogiatto
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA 95929
| | - Robin A. Donatello
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA 95929
| | - Michael L. Casazza
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620
| | - Susan E. W. De La Cruz
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, Vallejo, CA 94592
| | - Troy D. Cline
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA 95929
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Mellouli FE, Abouchoaib N, Zekhnini H, Khayli M, Fusaro A, Idrissi HR, Benhoussa A. Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds in Morocco, 2016–2019. Avian Dis 2021; 66:29-38. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha El Mellouli
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nabil Abouchoaib
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hasnae Zekhnini
- Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Science Ain chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mounir Khayli
- Epidemiology and Health Surveillance Unit (SEVS), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, 6472 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Hamid Rguibi Idrissi
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Benhoussa
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, 10106 Rabat, Morocco
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Fusade-Boyer M, Djegui F, Batawui K, Byuragaba DK, Jones JC, Wabwire-Mangeni F, Erima B, Atim G, Ukuli QA, Tugume T, Dogno K, Adjabli K, Nzuzi M, Adjin R, Jeevan T, Rubrum A, Go-Maro W, Kayali G, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF. Antigenic and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 through 2019. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:753-761. [PMID: 33754959 PMCID: PMC8057090 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1908097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot, with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years. However, in 2017, low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses were detected in poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular, phylogenetic, and antigenic characterization of isolates from Benin, Togo, and Uganda showed that they belonged to the G1 lineage. Isolates from Benin and Togo clustered with viruses previously described in Western Africa, whereas viruses from Uganda were genetically distant and clustered with viruses from the Middle East. Viruses from Benin exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from Togo and Uganda, suggesting antigenic drift associated with reduced replication in Calu-3 cells. The viruses exhibited mammalian adaptation markers similar to those of the human strain A/Senegal/0243/2019 (H9N2). Therefore, viral genetic and antigenic surveillance in Africa is of paramount importance to detect further evolution or emergence of new zoonotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gladys Atim
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Koffi Dogno
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Mvibudulu Nzuzi
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Zamperin G, Bianco A, Smith J, Bortolami A, Vervelde L, Schivo A, Fortin A, Marciano S, Panzarin V, Mazzetto E, Milani A, Berhane Y, Digard P, Bonfante F, Monne I. Heterogeneity of Early Host Response to Infection with Four Low-Pathogenic H7 Viruses with a Different Evolutionary History in the Field. Viruses 2021; 13:2323. [PMID: 34835129 PMCID: PMC8620788 DOI: 10.3390/v13112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Once low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes from wild birds enter into poultry species, there is the possibility of them mutating into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), resulting in severe epizootics with up to 100% mortality. This mutation from a LPAIV to HPAIV strain is the main cause of an AIV's major economic impact on poultry production. Although AIVs are inextricably linked to their hosts in their evolutionary history, the contribution of host-related factors in the emergence of HPAI viruses has only been marginally explored so far. In this study, transcriptomic sequencing of tracheal tissue from chickens infected with four distinct LP H7 viruses, characterized by a different history of pathogenicity evolution in the field, was implemented. Despite the inoculation of a normalized infectious dose of viruses belonging to the same subtype (H7) and pathotype (LPAI), the use of animals of the same age, sex and species as well as the identification of a comparable viral load in the target samples, the analyses revealed a heterogeneity in the gene expression profile in response to infection with each of the H7 viruses administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Zamperin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Alice Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Alessia Schivo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Paul Digard
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (J.S.); (L.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (S.M.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (I.M.)
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Re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in domestic Goose, China. J Infect 2021; 83:709-737. [PMID: 34670125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marimwe MC, Fosgate GT, Roberts LC, Tavornpanich S, Olivier AJ, Abolnik C. The spatiotemporal epidemiology of high pathogenicity avian influenza outbreaks in key ostrich producing areas of South Africa. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105474. [PMID: 34564052 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) has become a major focus point worldwide due to its zoonotic potential and economic effects resulting from trade restrictions and high mortality rates in poultry. Key ostrich producing provinces of South Africa have experienced three H5N2 HPAI outbreaks (2004, 2006 and 2011) and one H5N8 HPAI (2017) outbreak over the past two decades. The Klein Karoo region in the Western Cape Province, a province with a largely Mediterranean climate, is the predominant ostrich producing region in the country. Understanding the epidemiology of HPAI in ostrich producing areas is an essential first step in developing effective and efficient control measures. This study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns associated with the 2011 (H5N2) and 2017 (H5N8) HPAI outbreaks in the key ostrich producing areas of South Africa. Six hundred and nine and 340 active ostrich farms/holdings were subjected to surveillance during 2011 and 2017 respectively, with over 70 % of these farms located within five local municipalities of the study area. Forty-two and fifty-one farms were affected in the 2011 and 2017 outbreaks respectively. Both HPAI outbreaks occurred predominantly in areas of high ostrich farm density. However, the temporal occurrence, spatial and directional distributions of the outbreaks were different. The 2011 outbreak occurred earlier in the South African autumn months with a predominantly contiguous and stationary distribution, whilst the 2017 outbreak onset was during the winter with a more expansive multidirectional spatial distribution. Results suggest potential dissimilarities in the important risk factors for introduction and possible mode of spread. The 2011 outbreak pattern resembled an outbreak characterised by point introductions with the risk of introduction possibly being linked to high ostrich farm density and common management and husbandry practices in the ostrich industry. In contrast, the 2017 outbreak appeared to have a more propagating mode of transmission. The findings highlight epidemiological features of HPAI outbreak occurrence within ostrich populations that could be used to inform surveillance and control measures including targeted surveillance within high-risk spatial clusters. The study emphasizes the importance of both; implementation of a multi-pronged approach to HPAI control and the need for constant evaluation of the interaction of the host, environment and agent with each outbreak, in order to strengthen disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Marimwe
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa.
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Laura C Roberts
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa
| | - Saraya Tavornpanich
- Department of Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, 0160, Norway
| | - Adriaan J Olivier
- South African Ostrich Business Chamber, Oudtshoorn, 6620, South Africa
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Zhu Y, Pan Z, Rong J, Mao K, Yang D, Zhang T, Xu J, Qiu F, Pan J. Boronate affinity surface imprinted polymers supported on dendritic fibrous silica for enhanced selective separation of shikimic acid via covalent binding. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Multiple Gene Segments Are Associated with Enhanced Virulence of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mallards. J Virol 2021; 95:e0095521. [PMID: 34232725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from the H5Nx Goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to cause outbreaks in domestic and wild bird populations. Two distinct genetic groups of H5N8 HPAI viruses, hemagglutinin (HA) clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4B, caused intercontinental outbreaks in 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017, respectively. Experimental infections using viruses from these outbreaks demonstrated a marked difference in virulence in mallards, with the H5N8 virus from 2014 causing mild clinical disease and the 2016 H5N8 virus causing high mortality. To assess which gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of H5N8 HPAI viruses in mallards, we generated reassortant viruses with 2014 and 2016 viruses. For single-segment reassortants in the genetic backbone of the 2016 virus, pathogenesis experiments in mallards revealed that morbidity and mortality were reduced for all eight single-segment reassortants compared to the parental 2016 virus, with significant reductions in mortality observed with the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix (M) reassortants. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed with reassortants that either have the polymerase complex segments or the HA and neuraminidase (NA) segments of the 2016 virus in the genetic backbone of the 2014 virus. In vitro assays showed that the NP and polymerase acidic (PA) segments of the 2014 virus lowered polymerase activity when combined with the polymerase complex segments of the 2016 virus. Furthermore, the M segment of the 2016 H5N8 virus was linked to filamentous virion morphology. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that gene segments related to the more virulent 2016 H5N8 virus have persisted in the contemporary H5Nx HPAI gene pool until 2020. IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of H5Nx HPAI viruses from the goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to occur in many countries and have resulted in substantial impact on wild birds and poultry. Epidemiological evidence has shown that wild waterfowl play a major role in the spread of these viruses. While HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous species causes high mortality, a wide range of disease outcomes has been observed in waterfowl species. In this study, we examined which gene segments contribute to severe disease in mallards infected with H5N8 HPAI viruses. No virus gene was solely responsible for attenuating the high virulence of a 2016 H5N8 virus, but the PB2, NP, and M segments significantly reduced mortality. The findings herein advance our knowledge on the pathobiology of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and have potential implications on the ecology and epidemiology of H5Nx HPAI in wild bird populations.
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Zhang J, Huang L, Chen Y, Wang X, Liao M, Qi W. Avian influenza H10 subtype viruses continuously pose threat to public health in China. J Infect 2021; 83:607-635. [PMID: 34371074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Avian Influenza Para-reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Avian Influenza Para-reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Avian Influenza Para-reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Avian Influenza Para-reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Avian Influenza Para-reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081565. [PMID: 34452430 PMCID: PMC8412109 DOI: 10.3390/v13081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to circulate worldwide, causing numerous outbreaks among bird species and severe public health concerns. H5N1 and H5N8 are the two most fundamental HPAI subtypes detected in birds in the last two decades. The two viruses may compete with each other while sharing the same host population and, thus, suppress the spread of one of the viruses. In this study, we performed a statistical analysis to investigate the temporal correlation of the HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 subtypes using globally reported data in 2015-2020. This was joined with an in-depth analysis using data generated via our national surveillance program in Egypt. A total of 6412 outbreaks were reported worldwide during this period, with 39% (2529) as H5N1 and 61% (3883) as H5N8. In Egypt, 65% of positive cases were found in backyards, while only 12% were found in farms and 23% in live bird markets. Overall, our findings depict a trade-off between the number of positive H5N1 and H5N8 samples around early 2017, which is suggestive of the potential replacement between the two subtypes. Further research is still required to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms of this competitive dynamic. This, in turn, will implicate the design of effective strategies for disease control.
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Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017-2019. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082208. [PMID: 34438666 PMCID: PMC8388380 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During 2020–2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were spreading rapidly, and two genetically distinct lineages were detected in Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. HPAI H5N8 viruses have been circulating in Egyptian poultry flocks since 2016. In this study, 74 commercial chicken farms tested positive for HPAI H5N8 virus. Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) of Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses showed a relationship with those recently isolated in Europe. Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 continue to circulate, causing huge economic losses and serious impact on poultry production worldwide. Recently, HPAIV H5N8 has been spreading rapidly, and a large number of HPAI H5N8 outbreaks have been reported in Eurasia 2020–2021. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of HPAI H5N8 virus at different geographical locations in Egypt from 2017 to 2019. This was followed by genetic and pathogenic studies. Our findings highlight the wide spread of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Egypt, including in 22 governorates. The genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments emphasized a phylogenetic relatedness between the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses and viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b recently isolated in Europe. These findings suggest that a potential back transmission of Egyptian HPAI H5N8 virus has occurred from domestic poultry in Egypt to migratory wild birds, followed by further spread to different countries. This highlights the importance of continuous epidemiological and genetic studies of AIVs at the domestic–wild bird interface.
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Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081445. [PMID: 34452311 PMCID: PMC8402768 DOI: 10.3390/v13081445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.
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Briand FX, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Martenot C, Cherbonnel M, Massin P, Kerbrat F, Chatel M, Guillemoto C, Guillou-Cloarec C, Ogor K, Le Prioux A, Allée C, Beven V, Hirchaud E, Blanchard Y, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin S, Eterradossi N, Grasland B. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Spread by Short- and Long-Range Transmission, France, 2016-17. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:508-516. [PMID: 33496244 PMCID: PMC7853534 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.202920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in France during winter 2016–17. Genotype A viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern France. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype A viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern France. In some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. The intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the density of duck holdings in each production area. To avoid the introduction of disease into an unaffected area, it is crucial that authorities limit the movements of potentially infected birds.
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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050630. [PMID: 34065291 PMCID: PMC8161317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
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Laleye AT, Bianco A, Shittu I, Sulaiman L, Fusaro A, Inuwa B, Oyetunde J, Zecchin B, Bakam J, Pastori A, Olawuyi K, Schivo A, Meseko C, Vakuru C, Fortin A, Monne I, Joannis T. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian Influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b reveals independent introductions in nigeria. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:423-433. [PMID: 33480188 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among recurrent sanitary emergencies able to spread rapidly worldwide, avian influenza is one of the main constraints for animal health and food security. In West Africa, Nigeria has been experiencing repeated outbreaks of different strains of avian influenza virus (AIV) since 2006 and is also recognized as a hot spot in the region for the introduction of emerging strains by migratory wild birds. Here, we generated complete genomes of 20 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses collected during active surveillance in Nigerian live bird markets (LBM) and from outbreaks reported in the country between 2016 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Nigerian viruses cluster into four separate genetic groups within HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. The first group includes 2016-2017 Nigerian viruses with high genetic similarity to H5N8 viruses detected in Central African countries, while the second includes Nigerian viruses collected both in LBM and poultry farms (2018-2019), as well as in Cameroon, Egypt and Siberia. A natural reassortant strain identified in 2019 represents the third group: H5N8 viruses with the same gene constellation were identified in 2018 in South Africa. Finally, the fourth introduction represents the first detection in the African continent of the H5N6 subtype, which is related to European viruses. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses confirmed that the four introductions originated from different sources and provide evidence of the virus spread within Nigeria, as well as diffusion beyond its borders. The multiple epidemiological links between Nigeria, Central and Southern African countries highlight the need for harmonized and coordinated surveillance system to control AIV impact. Improved surveillance at the Wetlands, LBMs and early warning of outbreaks are crucial for prevention and control of AIV, which can be potentially zoonotic and be a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Bitrus Inuwa
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Judith Bakam
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Ambra Pastori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Schivo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Columba Vakuru
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Tony Joannis
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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